Surigao del Norte National High School

Peñaranda St., Surigao City

CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA)STARCH A; POTENTIAL SUBSTITUTE FOR

COMMERCIAL PLASTIC BAGS

A Research Proposal

Presented to

the Faculty of the Senior High School

SURIGAO DEL NORTE NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Surigao City

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements for Senior High School

Practical Research II

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics

(STEM)

VINCE KYLE P.COMPUESTO

VINCE JUSTINE P.CENIZA

JEMAILA A. AGUILAR

CHRISTYL ANN BAYANG

FRIEZL ANN CONSIGNA

February, 2023
 Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

APPROVAL SHEET

EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSA PARADISIACA (BANANA PEEL) AND JASMINUM

POLYANTHUM (WHITE JASMINE) AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMMERCAL FLOOR WAX

VINCE KYLEP.COMPUESTO; VINCE JUSTINE P CENIZA; JEMAILA A AGUILAR;

CHRISTYL ANN BAYANG; FRIEZL ANN CONSIGNA

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senior High School in

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) this
research has been reviewed and is recommended for acceptance for
ORAL EXAMINATION.

NESSEL D. AUDITOR, MAed

Adviser

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on the Oral Examination with grade of

__________, on .

_____________________________
Chairperson

________________________ _______________________
Member Member

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Senior High

School: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
(STEM)

FLORAMYR P. SARVIDA, EdD

SHS Research Coordinator

QUEEN ANN M. NAVALLO. PhD.JD

Asst. School Principal II
 Surigao del Norte National High School
Peñaranda St., Surigao City

CHAPTER 1

The Problem and It’s Background

This chapter presents the introduction, theoretical and conceptual framework,

statement of the problem, significance of the study, scope and limitations of the study, and
definition of terms.

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the long history of human existence here on earth. Many innovation and
progression occurred. As the world advance humans keep up and strive for survival, as
human population grows pollution also increases. Plastic is one of the prime and main
examples of pollutants that poses a threat on maintaining the balance of our ecosystems. And
it’s one of the most used and produced product around the world, Today 380 million tons of
plastic is produce all around the world Every year (Earthday Org, 2022).

Plastic is one of the biggest breakthroughs of human existence here on earth. During
its introduction in the 19th century and mass production in the late 20th century plastic has
been a staple on many everyday products and equipments. Many people likes to use plastic
because of it's versatile nature and cheap production. In 1862 Alexander Parkes first
demonstrated the first man made plastic at the 1862 London exhibition. It is made from an
organic material called parkesine that derives from cellulose. He is one of the few inventors
that pioneers the creation and introduction of plastic in the modern world. But it is in 1907
when Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland pioneered the first fully synthetic plastic, that is made
of formaldehyde and phenol, and created under heat and pressure.

Plastic comes in many varieties each has unique properties and purposes. Plastics are
a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that use polymers as a main ingredient.
Their plasticity makes it possible for plastics to be moulded, extruded or pressed into solid
objects of various shapes. Most plastics are created using harmful substances that contains
bisphenols, dioxin, and Phthalated these substances can posed a major threat and can harm
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and cause many illnesses to humans and wildlife’s, also wrong disposal of plastic waste can
cause major effects in our environment if left untreated. For this reason, the researchers have
agreed and came up with an idea that they should make an alternative version of a synthetic
plastic.

This study aims to find a way to make a plastic made of cassava starch that is non-
toxic and have no any harmful and hazardous chemicals. And also to help to minimize the
production and usage of plastic on the daily basis, in which pose a major problems in our
environment.

STATEMENTS OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to determine if) is effective as alternative for commercialized floor wax.
Specifically, it seeks answers to the following questions:

1. How much weight does the cassava starch ( manihot esculenta) alternative organic
plastic bag can hold

2. What components of cassava starch(manihot esculenta) that ables it to create a plastic

like substance?

3. What quality does the cassava starch ( manihot esculenta) alternative plastic bag have
that sets it apart from the other commercial use plastic..

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The main focus of this study was to prove that Cassava starch ( manihot esculenta)
can create an alternative organic plastic bag that can substitute the commercial use synthetic
plastic bag. Specifically it aims to:

1. To determine the durability and quality of cassava starch (manihot esculenta) alternative
organic plastic bag compared to the commercial synthetic plastic bag in terms of weight
capacity and Elasticity.
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2. To identify the components of cassava starch ( manihot esculenta) that makes it as

plastic like substance.

3. To know the benefits of using the cassava starch ( manihot esculenta) organic plastic
bag as alternative to the commercial synthetic one.

HYPOTHESIS

HO1: There is a significant difference between the cassava starch plastic bag and commercial
synthetic plastic bag in terms of durability, weight capacity , and Elasticity

HO2: It is expected that cassava starch (manihot esculenta) can be created as an organic
alternative plastic bag

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will be undertaken to find out the property of the cassava starch as an
organic plastic bag as alternative to the commercial synthetic plastic bag. With this it would
make a huge difference in using and fighting against the harmful effects of plastic in the
environment. It would also make huge help to the environmental conservation.

The result of this study may be of great contribution to the following:

Students

It would help students to learn the impact of plastic pollution on the environment and also
they can learn on how to use and create their own cassava starch organic plastic bag using
organic and non toxic materials.

Public markets

This organic plastic bag can benefit the public markets because of its organic property it is
easy to dispose and can lessen the daily plastic waste of many public market that’s still using
commercial synthetic plastic bags.
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House

As many households still using commercial synthetic plastic bags this organic plastic can
benefit many households as it economical and non toxic and also it they can create their own
organic plastic bags at home.

Future Researchers

This research will be a useful reference and a guideline for the future researchers who would
plan to make any related study. They could improve and find more solutions for the problem
focused in this study by taking up information from here. This study can be their reference,
The possibilities of the effectiveness of strategies and techniques mentioned in this study
provide them ideas and options as to how they will come up with a study that can persuade
more of the people behind the implementation of this organic plastic alternative plastic bag.

SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study is limited only for the investigation of Cassava starch as an alternative source for
organic plastic. We chose this project to look into alternative sources of plastic, such as
Cassava starch, and how we can support the environment. Economically The scope and
limitation of this study are roughly discussed below to provide a clear and specific
understanding regarding the topic of the study.

Focus - The research focuses on the components of the cassava starch on creating an
organic plastic bag

Content - The content of this study is all about the benefits and uses of cassava starch in
the society.
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Respondents - The respondents of this study are the future researchers and the people in the
community.

Source of data - The data was gathered by doing some research about the cassava starch.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

For a clear understanding of the study, the following terms are defined conceptually and
operationally.

Cassava starch - . a starch made by leaching , drying, and pulverizing the root of the cassava
plant.

Plastic bag- refers to a type of container made of thin, flexible, plastic film, nonwoven
fabric, or plastic textile.

Plastic – refers to a group of materials, either synthetic or naturally occurring, that may be
shaped when soft and then hardened to retain the given shape.

Synthetic- it refers to the materials that are made artificially by combining two or more
components together; this usually involves causing a chemical reaction between two or more
compounds.
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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section provides the concepts, writings, and finding experts with significance to
the present study. Cited literature and studies are synthesized to point out links, provide
insights, and establish relationships, between and among the variables under investigation.

Articles from books, periodicals, and internet sources were reviewed and relevant ideas
from these sources are herein presented.

Related Studies

This chapter includes the ideas, generalizations, articles studies and other sources.
Those that were included in this chapter helps in familiarizing information that are relevant
and similar to this present study.

Bioplastics are biodegradable plastics which can be

Biodegraded by microorganisms from plant-derived compounds, such as starch,

cellulose, and lignin . Biodegradable plastics have the same functional quality like
conventional plastics, but they can be decomposed by the action of microorganisms, which
produces water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) . In other words, they can
return back to nature after its use because it can be broken down in the environment, hence
eco-friendly plastics . Conventional plastics take 50 years to decompose in nature, while
bioplastics can be degraded 10 to 20 times faster . Starch is a natural polymer extracted from
plants and can be used to produce biodegradable plastics due to its eco- friendliness,
abundance, and low cost. Cassava contains a large amount of starch, which can be suitably
used for the production of bioplastics. This potential is a great opportunity to add value to
cassava as the raw material in the manufacture of eco-friendly plastics . In fact, cassava holds
huge potential for the production of bioplastics since Indonesia is the third-largest producer
of cassava in the world. Nonetheless, there has been a lack of attention and appropriate
 Surigao del Norte National High School
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treatment towards it, and indeed further exploration should take place.( Nanang Eko
Wahyuningtiyas, 2017)

Cassava starch has been successfully expanded under extrusion

conditions. Due to its low bulk density, a little modification is needed so that
its moisture content is increased. Twin screw extrusion is recommended for
direct expansion of cassava starches. Cassava starch can also be used as the
raw material for plate expanded or baking products. Cassava starch can be
expanded in mounds, at 200-240°C for 1-3 minutes, to form into package
utensils, such as bowls. About 10% additives, including calcium carbonate,
agar, or emulsifier are needed to improve the properties. The bulk density is
reported in the range of 0.15 to 0.176 g/cm3 (Poovarodom and Praditduang,
1999)

Biodegradable plastics are polymers or polymer blends, which in addition to possessing

properties similar to conventional plastics are susceptible to “natural” enzyme hydrolysis or
other chemical attack. The plastic is therefore either broken down to oligosaccharides or
monomers, through “depolymerization”, or are degraded to gaseous components through
mineralization. Starch, a natural polymer, is biodegradable and as such can play an important
role in the biodegradable plastic manufacturing process. It is also inexpensive and renewable.
In tropical countries cassava starch offers opportunities due to its purity, clearness of its paste
and low cost of production. This starch also posseses properties that enable it to be blended
with other expensive polymers required for producing biodegradable plastic. Projections for
the requirement of biodegradable plastic,by the year 2000, is 1.68 million tons ( K
Sriroth ,1993)

 
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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter deals with the equipment, materials, procedures and materials that were
used in the study. This briefly discusses the research design, data gathering procedure and
construction of the mode.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This study uses a Quantitative research approach , the design of the research used
experimental design. It focuses on the potential of (manihot esculenta) cassava starch as a
substitute for commercial plastic bags. The purpose of the study was to reveal the benefits
and effectiveness of a commercial bag made out( manihot esculenta) starch or cassava starch.
Experimental Research Design is a study that uses two variables and a scientific
methodology. A framework of protocols and methods known as an experimental research
design was developed to perform experimental research employing two sets of variables in a
scientific manner. The first set of variables serves as a constant, while the second set's
differences are calculated using their differences.

EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

Equipment

Container

Casserole

Spatula
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Measuring cup

Small bowls

Bowl

Gas stove

Heat resistant gloves

Kitchen towel

Hairnet

Material

Cassava starch

Water

Vinegar

Glycerin

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

In this research study, the researchers will collect their primary data through
experimentation and observation in order to gather and produce reliable data. The type of
research instrument takes place in a pure and science research site which is best suit for
gathering a reliable data. The outcomes will be reliable and error free.

RESEARCH LOCALE

The study will be conducted in Peñaranda St., Surigao City . The product will be
tested in the laboratory at Surigao del Norte National High School, Peñaranda Street, Surigao
City. It can be reached by riding a multicab, a tricycle, or even a motorbike.
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DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE

To make the data gathering easier, a technique was developed. To ascertain the
efficacy of plastic bag made from the cassava starch, the researchers used a proper sampling
approach to gather five( 5 ) study participants. In order to determine the cassava starch as an
alternative organic plastic bag.

PROCEDURES:

1. Make a mixture of 4 parts water,1 parts cassava starch, 1/3 parts vinegar, and 1/3 parts
Glycerin.

2. Put the bioplastic mixture on top of a boiling water

3. Consistently mix the mixture for 3 minutes

4. If the mixture reached the sticky consistency remove it on top of the boiling water

5. Pour it to a board size mold and spread it evenly wait for 72 hours or until it dry

6. Cut and build your desired design of bioplastic use the left over mixture as an
adhesive
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Flow Chart and General Procedure

1. Preparing for the main materials

2. Pre heat and boil a Casserole with 3 cups of water

3. Mix a mixture of 4 parts water ,1 parts cassava starch, 1/3 parts vinegar ,
and 1/3 parts Glycerin in a medium bowl using a small whisk

4. Put on a heat resistant glove and put the bowl with the mixture on
top of the pre heated Casserole.

5. Consistently stir the mixture for 3 minutes until it reaches to a

sticky consistency using a Spatula

6. Prepare the mold and place in over the heat matt

7. Remove the mixture on top of the pre heated Casserole and put
it on the matt while wearing a heat resistant glove

8. Pour the mixture on the board size mold using a Spatula

9. Scatter and evenly fill every space on the mold

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12. Have fun on building the bioplastic just by folding it to one side
and seal both sides using the bioplastic mixture and cut two strings
of the dried bioplastic and glued it in both of the front that will
work as an handle.

13. And for the bottom part simply fold the bottom part upward and

14. Testing the product by putting weights on it

15 Data gathering

References:

https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/cassava-starch

https://www.endocrine.org

https://doi.org/10.34256/irjmtcon80

https://www.researchgate.net

https://www.scidev.net/global/news/scientists-develop-biodegradable-plastic-from-
cassava-starch/

https://iopscience.iop.org
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