CLOUD COMPUTING

Introduction to Cloud:
What is the cloud: "The cloud" refers to servers that are accessed over the Internet and the
software and databases that run on those servers. Cloud servers are in data centers all over
the world. By using cloud computing, users and companies do not have to manage physical
servers themselves or run software applications on their own machines.

The cloud enables users to access the same files and applications from almost any device,
because the computing and storage takes place on servers in a data centre, instead of
locally on the user device. Therefore, a user can log into their Instagram account on a new
phone after their old phone breaks and still find their old account in place, with all their
photos, videos, and conversation history. It works the same way with cloud email providers
like Gmail or Microsoft Office 365, and with cloud storage providers like Dropbox or Google
Drive.
For businesses, switching to cloud computing removes some IT costs and overhead: for
instance, they no longer need to update and maintain their own servers, as the cloud
vendor they are using will do that.
What are the different types of cloud deployments?
Which define how services are offered via the cloud, these different cloud deployment
types have to do with where the cloud servers are and who manages them.
The most common cloud deployments are:
•Private cloud: A private cloud is a server, data center, or distributed network only
dedicated to one organization.
•Public cloud: A public cloud is a service run by an external vendor that may include
servers in one or multiple data centers. Unlike a private cloud, public clouds are shared by
multiple organizations. Using virtual machines, individual servers may be shared by
different companies, a situation that is called "multitenancy" because multiple tenants are
renting server space within the same server.
•Hybrid cloud: hybrid cloud deployments combine public and private clouds, and may
even include on-premises legacy servers. An organization may use their private cloud for
some services and their public cloud for others, or they may use the public cloud as backup
for their private cloud.
•Multi-cloud: multi-cloud is a type of cloud deployment that involves using multiple public
clouds. In other words, an organization with a multi-cloud deployment rents virtual servers
and services from several external vendors — to continue the analogy used above, this is
like leasing several adjacent plots of land from different landlords. Multi-cloud deployments
can also be hybrid cloud, and vice versa.

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Introduction to Cloud Computing:

The term “Cloud Computing” refers to services provided by the cloud that is responsible for
delivering of computing services such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software,
analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).
Cloud computing applies a virtualized platform with elastic resources on demand by
provisioning hardware, software, and data sets dynamically.

Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises data center. With an on-
premises data center, we must manage everything, such as purchasing and installing
hardware, virtualization, installing the operating system, and any other required
applications, setting up the network, configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for
data. After doing all the set-up, we become responsible for maintaining it through its entire
lifecycle.

However, if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the hardware
purchase and maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of software and platform as a
service. We can take any required services on rent. The cloud computing services are
charged based on usage.

The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal that makes handy for the
user to manage the compute, storage, network, and application resources. Some of the
cloud service providers are in the following figure.

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What are the different types of cloud computing services?

Cloud computing can be separated into three general service delivery categories or forms
of cloud computing:
1. Software-as-a-service (SaaS) involves the licensure of a software application to
customers. Licenses are typically provided through a pay-as-you-go model or on-demand.
This type of system can be found in Microsoft Office's 365.
2. Infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) involves a method for delivering everything
from operating systems to servers and storage through IP-based connectivity as part of an
on-demand service. Clients can avoid the need to purchase software or servers, and instead
procure these resources in an outsourced, on-demand service. Popular examples of the
IaaS system include IBM Cloud and Microsoft Azure.
3. Platform-as-a-service (PaaS) is considered the most complex of the three layers of
cloud-based computing. PaaS shares some similarities with SaaS, the primary difference
being that instead of delivering software online, it is actually a platform for creating
software that is delivered via the Internet. This model includes platforms like
Salesforce.com and Heroku.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING

There are four key characteristics of cloud computing. They are shown in the following
diagram:

On demand self-service
Cloud Computing allows the users to use web services and resources on demand. One can
logon to a website at any time and use them.

Broad network access

Since Cloud Computing is completely web based, it can be accessed from anywhere and at
any time.

Resource pooling
Cloud Computing allows multiple tenants to share a pool of resources. One can share single
physical instance of hardware, database and basic infrastructure.

Rapid elasticity
It is very easy to scale up or down the resources at any time. Resources used by the
customers or currently assigned to customers are automatically monitored and resources. It
makes it possible

Measured service
In this service cloud provider controls and monitors all the aspects of cloud service.
Resource optimization, billing, and capacity planning etc. depend on it.
Cloud computing examples and use cases
Examples of cloud computing capabilities and diversity include the following:
•Google Docs, Microsoft 365: Users can access Google Docs and Microsoft 365
through the internet. Users can be more productive because they can access work

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presentations and spreadsheets stored in the cloud at anytime from anywhere on any
device.
•Email, Calendar, Skype, WhatsApp: Emails, calendars, Skype and WhatsApp take
advantage of the cloud's ability to provide users with access to data remotely so they can
access their personal data on any device, whenever and wherever they want.
•Zoom: Zoom is a cloud-based software platform for video and audio conferencing that
records meetings and saves them to the cloud, enabling users to access them anywhere
and at any time. Another common communication and collaboration platform is Microsoft
Teams.
•AWS Lambda: Lambda enables developers to run code for applications or back-end
services without having to provision or manage servers. The pay-as-you-go model
constantly scales with an organization to accommodate real-time changes in data usage
and data storage. Other major cloud providers also support serverless computing
capabilities, such as Google Cloud Functions and Azure Functions.
Advantages of cloud computing:
 Cost efficiency – The biggest reason behind shifting to cloud computing is that it takes

considerably lesser cost than an on-premise technology. Now the companies need not
store the data in disks anymore as the Cloud offers enormous storage space, saving
money and resources of the companies.
 High Speed – Cloud computing lets you deploy the service quickly in fewer clicks. This

quick deployment lets you get the resources required for your system within fewer
minutes.
 Excellent accessibility – Storing the information in cloud allows you to access it

anywhere and anytime regardless of the machine making it highly accessible and
flexible technology of present times.
 Back-up and restore data – Once the data is stored in Cloud, it is easier to get the

back-up and recovery of that, which is quite a time taking process on-premise.
 Manageability – Cloud computing eliminates the need for IT infrastructure updates

and maintenance since the service provider ensures timely, guaranteed and seamless
delivery of your services and also takes care of all the maintenance and management
of your IT services according to the service level agreement (SLA).
 Sporadic Batch processing – Cloud computing lets you add or subtract resources and

services according to your needs. So, if the workload is not 24/7, you need not worry
about the resources and services getting wasted and you won’t end up stuck with
unused services.
 Strategic edge – Cloud computing provides your company a competitive edge over the

competitors when it comes to accessing the latest and mission critical applications
whenever you need them without having to invest your time and money on
installations. It lets you focus on keeping up with the business competition by offering
access to most trending and in demand applications and doing all the manual work of

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installing and maintaining the applications for you.

What are the disadvantages of cloud computing?
Despite the clear upsides to relying on cloud services, cloud computing carries its own
challenges for IT professionals:
•Cloud security: Security is often considered the greatest challenge facing cloud
computing. When relying on the cloud, organizations risk data breaches, hacking of APIs
and interfaces, compromised credentials and authentication issues. Furthermore, there is a
lack of transparency regarding how and where sensitive information entrusted to the cloud
provider is handled. Security demands careful attention to cloud configurations and
business policy and practice.
•Cost unpredictability: Pay-as-you-go subscription plans for cloud use, along with
scaling resources to accommodate fluctuating workload demands, can make it tough to
define and predict final costs. Cloud costs are also frequently interdependent, with one
cloud service often utilizing one or more other cloud services -- all of which appear in the
recurring monthly bill. This can create additional unplanned cloud costs.
•Lack of capability and expertise: With cloud-supporting technologies rapidly
advancing, organizations are struggling to keep up with the growing demand for tools and
employees with the proper skill sets and knowledge needed to architect, deploy, and
manage workloads and data in a cloud.
•IT governance: The emphasis on do-it-yourself capability in cloud computing can make
IT governance difficult, as there is no control over provisioning, deprovisioning and
management of infrastructure operations. This can make it challenging to properly manage
risks and security, IT compliance and data quality.
•Compliance with industry laws: When transferring data from on-premises local
storage into cloud storage, it can be difficult to manage compliance with industry
regulations through a third party. It's important to know where data and workloads are
actually hosted in order to maintain regulatory compliance and proper business
governance.
•Management of multiple clouds: Every cloud is different, so multi-cloud deployments
can disjoint efforts to address more general cloud computing challenges.
•Cloud performance: Performance -- such as latency -- is largely beyond the control of
the organization contracting cloud services with a provider. Network and provider outages
can interfere with productivity and disrupt business processes if organizations are not
prepared with contingency plans.
•Building a private cloud: Architecting, building and managing private clouds --
whether for its own purpose or for a hybrid cloud goal -- can be a daunting task for IT
departments and staff.
•Cloud migration: The process of moving applications and other data to the cloud often
causes complications. Migration projects frequently take longer than anticipated and go
over budget. The issue of workload and data repatriation -- moving from the cloud back to a
local data center -- is often overlooked until unforeseen cost or performance problems
arise.

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•Vendor lock-in: Often, switching between cloud providers can cause significant issues.
This includes technical incompatibilities, legal and regulatory limitations and substantial
costs incurred from sizable data migrations.
HISTORY OF CLOUD COMPUTING
The concept of Cloud Computing came into existence in 1950 with implementation of
mainframe computers, accessible via thin/static clients. Since then, cloud computing
has been evolved from static clients to dynamic ones from software to services.
The following diagram explains the evolution of cloud computing:

CLOUD TYPES AND ITS SERVICES

Most people separate cloud computing into two distinct sets of models:
1. Deployment models: This refers to the location and management of the cloud’s
infrastructure.
2. Service models: This consists of the particular types of services that you can access
on a cloud computing platform.
The NIST model
The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a set of working definitions that
separate cloud computing into service models and deployment models. Those models and their
relationship to essential characteristics of cloud computing are shown in Figure.

The NIST model originally did not require a cloud to use virtualization to pool resources, nor did it
absolutely require that a cloud support multi-tenancy in the earliest definitions of cloud computing. Multi-
tenancy is the sharing of resources among two or more clients. The latest version of the NIST definition
does require that cloud computing networks use virtualization and support multi-tenancy.

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The Cloud Cube Model

The Open Group maintains an association called the Jericho whose main focus is how to protect cloud
networks. The group has an interesting model that attempts to categorize a cloud network based on four
dimensional factors.

The four dimensions of the Cloud Cube Model are shown in Figure and listed here:
 Physical location of the data: Internal (I) / External (E) determines your organization’s
boundaries.
 Ownership: Proprietary (P) / Open (O) is a measure of not only the technologyownership, but of
interoperability, ease of data transfer, and degree of vendor application lock-in.
 Security boundary: Perimeterised (Per) / De-perimiterised (D-p) is a measure of whether the
operation is inside or outside the security boundary or network firewall.
 Sourcing: Insourced or Outsourced means whether the service is provided by the
customer or the service provider.

The Jericho Forum has designed the Cloud Cube Model to help select cloud formations for security
cooperation. Their fascinating new cloud model helps IT managers and business tycoons assess the
benefits of cloud computing.

DEPLOYMENT MODELS
Deployment models define the type of access to the cloud, i.e., how the cloud is located? Cloud can have
any of the four types of access: Public, Private, Hybrid and Community.

Public cloud
The Public Cloud allows systems and services to be easily accessible to the general public. Public cloud
may be less secure because of its openness, e.g., e-mail.

Private cloud
The Private Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible within an organization. It offers increased
security because of its private nature.

Community cloud
The Community Cloud allows systems and services to be accessible by group of organizations.

Hybrid cloud
The Hybrid Cloud is mixture of public and private cloud. However, the critical activities are performed
using private cloud while the non-critical activities are performed using public cloud.
SERVICE MODELS
Service Models are the reference models on which the Cloud Computing is based. These can be
categorized into three basic service models as listed below:
1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

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There are many other service models all of which can take the form like XaaS, i.e., Anything as a Service.
This can be Network as a Service, Business as a Service, Identity as a Service, Database as a Service

The Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is the most basic level of service. Each of the service models make
use of the underlying service model, i.e., each inherits the security and management mechanism from the
underlying model, as shown in the following diagram:

Infrastructure as a service (iaas)

IaaS provides access to fundamental resources such as physical machines, virtual machines,
virtual storage, etc.
Platform as a service (paas)
PaaS provides the runtime environment for applications, development & deployment tools, etc.
Software as a service (saas)
SaaS model allows to use software applications as a service to end users.
SaaS examples: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, MailChimp, ZenDesk, DocuSign,
Slack, Hubspot.
PaaS examples: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Heroku, Windows Azure (mostly used as PaaS), Force.com,
OpenShift, Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud.
IaaS examples: AWS EC2, Rackspace, Google Compute Engine (GCE), Digital Ocean, Magento 1
Enterprise Edition*.
CLOUD COMPUTING CHALLENGES
Cloud computing, an emergent technology, has placed many challenges in different aspects of data and
information handling. Some of these are shown in the following diagram:

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Security and Privacy

Security and Privacy of information is the biggest challenge to cloud computing. Security and privacy
issues can be overcome by employing encryption, security hardware and security applications.

Portability

This is another challenge to cloud computing those applications should easily be migrated from one
cloud provider to another. There must not be vendor lock-in. However, it is not yet made possible
because each of the cloud provider uses different standard languages for their platforms.

Interoperability

It means the application on one platform should be able to incorporate services from the other platforms.
It is made possible via web services, but developing such web services is very complex.

Computing Performance

Data intensive applications on cloud requires high network bandwidth, which results in high cost. Low
bandwidth does not meet the desired computing performance of cloud application.

Reliability and Availability

It is necessary for cloud systems to be reliable and robust because most of the businesses are now becoming
dependent on services provided by third-party.

CLOUD COMPUTING APPLICATIONS

Cloud service providers provide various applications in the field of art, business, data storage and backup
services, education, entertainment, management, social networking, etc.

The most widely used cloud computing applications are given below -

1. Art Applications

Cloud computing offers various art applications for quickly and easily design attractive cards, booklets,
and images. Some most commonly used cloud art applications are given below:
i Moo
Moo is one of the best cloud art applications. It is used for designing and printing business cards,
postcards, and mini cards.

ii. Vistaprint
Vistaprint allows us to easily design various printed marketing products such as business cards,
Postcards, Booklets, and wedding invitations cards.

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iii. Adobe Creative Cloud

Adobe creative cloud is made for designers, artists, filmmakers, and other creative professionals. It
is a suite of apps which includes PhotoShop image editing programming, Illustrator, InDesign,
TypeKit, Dreamweaver, XD, and Audition.

2. Business Applications

Business applications are based on cloud service providers. Today, every organization requires the cloud
business application to grow their business. It also ensures that business applications are 24*7 available to
users.
There are the following business applications of cloud computing -

i. MailChimp

MailChimp is an email publishing platform which provides various options to design, send, and
save templates for emails.

iii. Salesforce

Salesforce platform provides tools for sales, service, marketing, e-commerce, and more. It also
provides a cloud development platform.

iv. Chatter

Chatter helps us to share important information about the organization in real time.

v. Bitrix24

Bitrix24 is a collaboration platform which provides communication, management, and social

collaboration tools.

vi. Paypal

Paypal offers the simplest and easiest online payment mode using a secure internet account.
Paypal accepts the payment through debit cards, credit cards, and also from Paypal account
holders.

vii. Slack

Slack stands for Searchable Log of all Conversation and Knowledge. It provides a user-
friendly interface that helps us to create public and private channels for communication.

viii. Quickbooks
Quickbooks works on the terminology "Run Enterprise anytime, anywhere, on any device." It
provides online accounting solutions for the business. It allows more than 20 users to work
simultaneously on the same system.

3. Data Storage and Backup Applications

Cloud computing allows us to store information (data, files, images, audios, and videos) on the cloud and
access this information using an internet connection. As the cloud provider is responsible for providing
security, so they offer various backup recovery application for retrieving the lost data.

A list of data storage and backup applications in the cloud are given below -

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i. Box.com

Box provides an online environment for secure content management, workflow, and
collaboration. It allows us to store different files such as Excel, Word, PDF, and images on the
cloud. The main advantage of using box is that it provides drag & drop service for files and easily
integrates with Office 365, G Suite, Salesforce, and more than 1400 tools.

ii. Mozy

Mozy provides powerful online backup solutions for our personal and business data. It schedules
automatically back up for each day at a specific time.

iii. Joukuu

Joukuu provides the simplest way to share and track cloud-based backup files. Many users use
joukuu to search files, folders, and collaborate on documents.

iv. Google G Suite

Google G Suite is one of the best cloud storage and backup application. It includes Google
Calendar, Docs, Forms, Google+, Hangouts, as well as cloud storage and tools for managing cloud
apps. The most popular app in the Google G Suite is Gmail. Gmail offers free email services to
users.

4. Education Applications

Cloud computing in the education sector becomes very popular. It offers various online distance learning
platforms and student information portals to the students. The advantage of using cloud in the field of
education is that it offers strong virtual classroom environments, Ease of accessibility, secure data storage,
scalability, greater reach for the students, and minimal hardware requirements for the applications.

There are the following education applications offered by the cloud -

i. Google Apps for Education

Google Apps for Education is the most widely used platform for free web-based email,

ii. Chromebooks for Education

Chromebook for Education is one of the most important Google's projects. It is designed for the purpose
that it enhances education innovation.

iii. Tablets with Google Play for Education

It allows educators to quickly implement the latest technology solutions into the classroom and make it
available to their students.
iv. AWS in Education

AWS cloud provides an education-friendly environment to universities, community colleges, and

schools.
5. Entertainment Applications

Entertainment industries use a multi-cloud strategy to interact with the target audience. Cloud computing
offers various entertainment applications such as online games and video conferencing.

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i. Online games

Today, cloud gaming becomes one of the most important entertainment media. It offers various
online games that run remotely from the cloud. The best cloud gaming services are Shaow,
GeForce Now, Vortex, Project xCloud, and PlayStation Now.

ii. Video Conferencing Apps

Video conferencing apps provides a simple and instant connected experience. It allows us to
communicate with our business partners, friends, and relatives using a cloud-based video
conferencing. The benefits of using video conferencing are that it reduces cost, increases
efficiency, and removes interoperability.

6. Management Applications

Cloud computing offers various cloud management tools which help admins to manage all types of cloud
activities, such as resource deployment, data integration, and disaster recovery. These management tools
also provide administrative control over the platforms, applications, and infrastructure.

Some important management applications are -

i. Toggl

Toggl helps users to track allocated time period for a particular project.
ii. Evernote

Evernote allows you to sync and save your recorded notes, typed notes, and other notes in one
convenient place. It is available for both free as well as a paid version.

It uses platforms like Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Browser, and Unix.
iii. Outright

Outright is used by management users for the purpose of accounts. It helps to track income,
expenses, profits, and losses in real-time environment.

iv. GoToMeeting

GoToMeeting provides Video Conferencing and online meeting apps, which allows you to start
a meeting with your business partners from anytime, anywhere using mobile phones or tablets.
Using GoToMeeting app, you can perform the tasks related to the management such as join
meetings in seconds, view presentations on the shared screen, get alerts for upcoming meetings,
etc.

7. Social Applications

Social cloud applications allow a large number of users to connect with each other using social networking
applications such as Facebook, Twitter, Linkedln, etc.

There are the following cloud based social applications -

i. Facebook

Facebook is a social networking website which allows active users to share files, photos, videos,
status, more to their friends, relatives, and business partners using the cloud storage system. On
Facebook, we will always get notifications when our friends like and comment on the posts.
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ii. Twitter

Twitter is a social networking site. It is a microblogging system. It allows users to follow high
profile celebrities, friends, relatives, and receive news. It sends and receives short posts called
tweets.

iii. Yammer

Yammer is the best team collaboration tool that allows a team of employees to chat, share
images, documents, and videos.
iv. LinkedIn

LinkedIn is a social network for students, freshers, and professionals.

CLOUD STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE

Cloud storage has an infrastructure which bases on the principle of virtualization in Cloud Computing.
Virtualization eliminates the hardware by utilizing the single hardware and making many virtual
separations of it.
Its infrastructure is elastic, scalable, and multi-tenant. With the help of proper tools, the whole
infrastructure can manage and information can store and retrieve easily.

With the help of ID and password, the whole content can retrieve from anywhere and at any time. In
addition, there are proper security measures which authenticate the whole process of uploading and
downloading.

RISKS RELATED TO CLOUD COMPUTING

Although Cloud Computing is a great innovation in the world of computing, there also exist downsides of
cloud computing. Some of them are discussed below:

Security & privacy

It is the biggest concern about cloud computing. Since data management and infrastructure management
in cloud is provided by third-party, it is always a risk to handover the sensitive information to such
providers. Although the cloud computing vendors ensure more secure password protected accounts, any
sign of security breach would result in loss of clients and businesses.

Lock-in
It is very difficult for the customers to switch from one Cloud Service Provider (CSP) to another. It
results in dependency on a particular CSP for service.

Isolation failure
This risk involves the failure of isolation mechanism that separates storage, memory, routing between the
different tenants.

Management interface compromise

In case of public cloud provider, the customer management interfaces are accessible through the Internet.

Insecure or incomplete data deletion

It is possible that the data requested for deletion may not get deleted. It happens either because extra
copies of data are stored but are not available or disk destroyed also stores data from other tenants.

CLOUD SERVICE REQUIREMENTS

1. Efficiency / cost reduction

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2. Data security
3. Scalability
4. Mobility
5. Disaster recovery
6. Control
7. Market reach
8. Automatic Software Updates
a. Efficiency / cost reduction: By using cloud infrastructure, you don't have to spend huge amounts
of money on purchasing and maintaining equipment.

b. Data security: Cloud offers many advanced security features that guarantee that data is securely
stored and handled. Cloud storage providers implement baseline protections for their platforms
and the data they process, such authentication, access control, and encryption.

c. Scalability: Different companies have different IT needs -- a large enterprise of 1000+ employees
won't have the same IT requirements as a start-up.Using cloud is a great solution because it
enables enterprise to efficiently -- and quickly -- scale up/down according to business demands.

d. Mobility: Cloud computing allows mobile access to corporate data via smartphones and devices,
which is a great way to ensure that no one is ever left out of the loop. Staff with busy schedules,
or who live a long way away from the corporate office, can use this feature to keep instantly up-
to-date with clients and coworkers.

e. Disaster recovery: Data loss is a major concern for all organizations, along with data security.
Storing your data in the cloud guarantees that data is always available, even if your equipment
like laptops or PCs, is damaged. Cloud-based services provide quick data recovery for all kinds of
emergency scenarios.

f. Control: Cloud enables you complete visibility and control over your data. You can easily decide
which users have what level of access to what data.

g. Market reach: Developing in the cloud enables users to get their applications to market quickly.

h. Automatic Software Updates: Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and update

themselves.
Who Needs Cloud Adoption?

1. Healthcare: Fueled by digital and social consumer behaviors and the need for secure and
accessible electronic health records (EHRs), hospitals, clinics, and other medical organizations are
using cloud computing for document storage, marketing, and human resources.

2. Marketing and Advertising: In an industry dependent on social media, as well as the quick
creation and publishing of customer-relevant content, agencies are using hybrid cloud adoption
strategies to deliver critical client messages to their local and worldwide audiences.

3. Retail: A successful e-commerce strategy requires a sound Internet strategy. With the help of
cloud adoption, Internet-based retail is able to effectively market to customers and save their
product data for less money.

4. Finance: Efficient expense management, human resources, and customer communications are
three of the most important business needs of today’s finance organizations. For these reasons,

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financial services institutions are now placing their email platforms and marketing tools in the cloud.
5. Education: Internet-based education opportunities are now more popular than ever. The cloud
allows universities, private institutions, and K-12 public schools to provide learning, homework, and
grading systems online.

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