ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

 Income inequality refers to the extent to which income is distributed in an uneven manner
among population. (Inequality.Org)

TWO TYPES OF ECONOMIC INEQUALITY

1) Wealth Inequality

2) Income Inequality

WEALTH INEQUALITY

Wealth refers to the net worth of a country. (Stock Variable)

 Wealth Inequality is the degree to which wealth is distributed unequally in an economy or

population.

INCOME INEQUALITY

Income is new earnings that are constantly being added to the pile of a country’s wealth. (Flow
Variable)

 Income Inequality is an extreme disparity of income distributions with a high concentration

of income usually in the hands of a small percentage of a population.

MEASURING ‘GLOBAL ECONOMIC INEQUALITY’

 Economist usually look at income using the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT

 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished
goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period.

Credit Suisse Research Institute (CSRI)

“Global wealth today estimated to be about 3.5 trillion dollars and it is not distributed equally.”
(Global Wealth Report 2016)

“While the bottom half collectively own less than 1 percent of total wealth, the wealthiest top 10
percent upon 89 percent of all global assets.”

ECONOMIC BIGBANG BY: BRANKO MILANOVIC

 The term applied to the liberalization in 1986 of the London
Stock Exchange (LSE) when trading was automated.
“The simplistic key to the deal here is that the stuff in the universe sometimes had to explode,
while other stars had to cool and die.”

Richard Freeman (Harvard Economist)

“The triumph of globalization and market capitalism has improved living standards for billions, while
concentrating billions among the few.”

GLOBAL SOUTH

 The Global South is an emerging term used by the World Bank to refer to low and middle
income countries located in Asia, Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean which contrast to
the high income nations of the Global North.

1ST, 2ND AND 3RD WORLD

 It is outdated and inaccurate ways of talking about “Global Stratification.”

GLOBAL STRATIFICATION

 Social Stratification draws attention to inequalities between smaller groups of people.

 Global stratification is social stratification on a global scale. Global stratification draws

attention to inequalities between entire countries.

1ST WORLD (aligned with NATO)

 The major industrialized Non-Communist nations. ( America Canada)

2ND WORLD (under the influence of Soviet Union)

The communist and social nations of the worlds (France china Germany)

3RD WORLD

• The underdeveloped nations of the world. ( india and Philippines)

• MARKET INTEGRATION - The market integration hypothesis proposes that market norms
emphasizing fair treatment of anonymous others have culturally evolved to sustain mutually
beneficial exchanges in contexts demanding frequent interaction with strangers

• The social institution that has one of the biggest impacts on society is the economy
ECONOMY PRODUCTION THREE SECTORS

PRIMARY SECTORS

• RAW MATERIALS FROM NATURAL ENVIRONMENT , WORKERS LIKE FARMERS OR MINERS FIT
WELL IN THE PRIMARY SECTOR

SECONDARY SECTORS

• GAINS THE RAW MATERIALS AND TRANSFORMED THEM INTO MANUFACTURED GOODS

TERTIARY SECTOR

• INVOLVES SERVICE THAN GOLD

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS –

 World economies have been brought closer together by globalization. It is reflected in

the phrase “when the american economy sneezes, the rest of the world catches cold”
but it is important to remember that it is not only the economy of the united states but
also other economies in the world that have a signbificant impact on the global market
and finance
• The strenght of a more powerful economy brings greater effect on other countries in the
same manner, crises on weaker economies have less effect on other country

THE BRETTON WODS SYSTEM

• The bretton woods agreement was negotiated in july 1944 to establish a new international
monetary system, the bretton woods system. The agreement was developed by delegates
from 44 countries at the united nations monetary and financial conference held in bretton
woods, new hampshire.

• These countries were brought together to help regulate and promote international trade
across borders. As with the benefits of all currency pegging regimes, currency pegs are
expected to provide currency stabilization for trade of goods and services as well as
financing.

• Under the bretton woods system, gold was the basis for the U.S. Dollar and other currencies
were pegged to the U.S. Dollar’s value. The bretton woods system effectively came to an end
in the early 1970s when president richard M. Nixon announced that the U.S. Would no
longer exchange gold for U.S. Currency.

Bretton woods system (five key elements)

• -First element is the expression of currency in terms of gold or gold value to establish a par
value

• Second element is that “the official monetary authority in each country ( a central bank or its
equivalent) would agree to exchange its own currency for those of other countries at
established exchange rate plus or minus a one-percent margin
 • Third element is the establishment of an overseer for these exchange rates: thus the
international monetary fund (IMF) was founded

• Fourth key element eliminating restrictions on the currencies of member state in the
international trade

• Fifth key element is that the U.S dollar became global currency

The general agreement on tariffs and trade (gatt)

• -The general agreement on tariffs and trade (GATT), signed on oct. 30, 1947, by 23 countries,
was a legal agreement minimizing barriers to international trade by eliminating or reducing
quotas, tariffs, and subsidies while preserving significant regulations. The GATT was intended
to boost economic recovery after world war II through reconstructing and liberalizing global
trade.

• The GATT was created to form rules to end or restrict the most costly and undesirable
features of the prewar protectionist period, namely quantitative trade barriers such as trade
controls and quotas. The agreement also provided a system to arbitrate commercial
disputes among nations, and the framework enabled a number of multilateral negotiations
for the reduction of tariff barriers. The GATT was regarded as a significant success in the
postwar years.

World trade organization

• The world trade organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with
the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and
signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is
to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.

• World trade organization (WTO) is an independent multilateral organization that become

responsible for trade in services non tariff related barriers to trade and other broader areas
of trade in liberalization

The international monetary fund (imf) and the world bank

• The international monetary fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster
global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade,
promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around
the world.

• Created in 1945, the IMF is governed by and accountable to the 189 countries that make up
its near-global membership.

• The imf's primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system—
the system of exchange rates and international payments that enables countries (and their
citizens) to transact with each other.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (oecd)

• Organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) with 35 member states as
of 2016 with latvia as its latest member. It is highly influential despite the group having little
formal power. This emanates from the member countries resources and economic power

ORGANIZATION OF THE PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES (OPEC)

• The organization of the petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) is a permanent,

intergovernmental organization, created at the baghdad conference on september 10–14,
1960, by iran, iraq, kuwait, saudi arabia and venezuela. The five founding members were
later joined by ten other members: qatar (1961) – terminated its membership in january
2019; indonesia (1962) – suspended its membership in january 2009, reactivated it in
january 2016, but decided to suspend it again in november 2016; libya (1962); united arab
emirates (1967); algeria (1969); nigeria (1971); ecuador (1973) – suspended its
membership in december 1992, but reactivated it in october 2007; angola (2007); gabon
(1975) - terminated its membership in january 1995 but rejoined in july 2016; equatorial
guinea (2017); and congo (2018). OPEC had its headquarters in geneva, switzerland, in the
first five years of its existence. This was moved to vienna, austria, on september 1, 1965.

European union

• European union (EU), international organization comprising 28 european countries and

governing common economic, social, and security policies. Originally confined to western
europe, the EU undertook a robust expansion into central and eastern europe in the early
21st century.

• Critics argued that the euro increased the prices in Eurozone

• and resulted in depressed economic growth rates like in Greece, Spain and Portugal. The
policies of European central bank are considered to be a significant contributor in these
situations

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

• The north american free trade agreement (NAFTA) is a treaty entered into by the united
states, canada, and mexico; it went into effect on january 1, 1994. (Free trade had existed
between the U.S. And canada since 1989; NAFTA broadened that arrangement.) On that day,
the three countries became the largest free market in the world-;the combined economies
of the three nations at that time measured $6 trillion and directly affected more than 365
million people. NAFTA was created to eliminate tariff barriers to agricultural, manufacturing,
and services; to remove investment restrictions; and to protect intellectual property rights.
This was to be done while also addressing environmental and labor concerns (although
many observers charge that the three governments have been lax in ensuring environmental
and labor safeguards since the agreement went into effect). Small businesses were among
those that were expected to benefit the most from the lowering of trade barriers since it
would make doing business in mexico and canada less expensive and would reduce the red
tape needed to import or export goods.
History of Global Market Integration

• Before the rise of today's modern economy, people only produced for their family.
Nowadays, economy demands the different sectors to work together in order to produce,
distribute, and exchange products and services. What caused this shift in the way people
produce for their needs? In order to understand this, we will be going back in time 12,000
years ago.

The Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution

• The agricultural revolution and industrial revolution the first big economic change ws the
agricultural revolutin (pomeranz 2000. When people learned how to domesticate plants and
animals, they realized yhat it was much more productive than the hunter-gatherer societie.
This became a new agricultural economy. Farming helped societies build surpluses, meaning,
not everyone had to spend their time producing food this in turn, lead the major
developments like permanent settlements, trade networks and population growth. The
second major economic revolution is the industrial revolution of the 1800s. With the rise of
industry came new economic tools, like steam engines, manufacturing and mass production.
Factories popped up and changed how work functioned. Instead of working at home where
people work for their family by making things from start to finish, they bgan working as
wage labourers and becoming more specialized in their skills. Overall productivity went up,
standard of living rose, and people had to access to a wider variety of goods due to mass
production. However every economic revolution comes with economic casualties. The
workers in the factories who were mainly poor women and children worked in dangerous
conditions for low wages. Asa resul, nineteenth century industrialist were known as robber
barons with more productivity came greater wealth, but also greater economic inequality. In
the late nineteenth century labour unions began to form. These organization of workers
sought to improve wages and working conditions through collective actions, strikes,
negotiations. Inspired by marxist principles, labour unions give way for minimum wage laws,
reasonable working hours, and regulations to protect the safety of workers.

Socialism and Capitalism

Capitalism

• Is a system in which all natural resources and means of production are privately owned. It
emphasizes profit maximization and competition as the main drivers of efficiency. This
means that when one owns a business, he needs to outperform his competitors if he is going
to succeed. He is incentivized to be more efficient by improving the quality of one's product
and reducing its prices.

• This is what economist adam smith in the 1770s called the "invisible hand" of the market.
The idea is that if ones leaves a capitalist economy alone, consumers will regulate things
themselves by selecting goods and services that provide the best value. In practice, however,
an economy does not work very well it is a left completely on autopilot.

• Socialism
 • Socialism emphasizes collective goals, expecting everyone to work for the common good and
placing a higher value on meeting everyone's basic needs that on individual profit. When karl
marx first wrote about socialism, he viewed it as a stepping stone toward communism, a
political and economic system in which all members of the society are socially equal in
practice, this has not played out in the countries that have modeled their economies on
socialism like cuba, north korea, china, USSR. Why? Government would simply wither away
and disappear, but that never happened.

The Information Revolution

• Ours is the time for information revolution. Technology has reduced the role of human labor
and shifted it from a manufacturing based economy tp one that is based on service work and
the production of ideas rather than goods. This has had a lot of residual effects on our
economy. Computers and other technologies are beginnings ro replace other jobs because
of automation or outsourcing jobs offshore. We also see the decline in union membership.
Nowadays, most unions are for public sector jobs, like teachers. What do jobs in a post-
industrial society looks like? Agricultural jobs which ones a massive part of the Philippine
labor force, have fallen drastically over the last century.

• In other countries such as the United States, manufacturing jobs, which were the lifeblood of
their economy more much of the twentieth century, have decided for the last 30 years. The
US economy had began with their many workers serving in either the primary or secondary
economic sectors. But today much of their economy is centered on the teriary sector or the
service industry. The service industry includes every jobs such as administrative assistant,
nurses, teachers and lawyers.

• These is big and diverse group because the teriary sector, like all the economic sectors we
have been discussing as defined mainly by what if rather than what kinds of jobs it includes.
Sociologists have a way of distinguishing between types of jobs, which is based more on the
social status and compensation that come wih them. These are the primary labor market
and the secondary labor market

• The primary labor market includes jobs that provide many benefits to workers, like incomes,
jobs security, health insurance, and retirement packages. These are white collar professions,
like doctors, accountants, and engineers. Secondary labor market jobs provide fewer
benefits and include lower skilled jobs and lower level service sector jobs. They tend to pay
less, have more unpredictable schedules, and typically do not offer benefits like health
insurance. They also tend to have less job security. What is next for capitalism and
socialism? No one knows what the next economic revolution is going to look like. Nowadays,
a key part of both our economic and political landscape in corporation. Corporation are
defined as organisations that exist as legal entities and have liabilities that are separate from
its members. They are their own thing. More and more these days, corporations are
operating across national boundaries which means that the future of the Philippine
economy and most countries economies will play out on a global scale.

GLOBAL CORPORATIONS
 • Global corporations the increase in international trade has both created and been surprised
b international regulatory groups, like WTO, and transnational trade agreements, like
NAFTA. There is not a single country that is completely independent. All are dependen to
some degree on international trade for their own prosperity. Without international trade
there will be no need for international regulatory groups and agreements regulate the flow
of goods and services between countries. They reduced tariffs, which are taxes on imports,
and make customs procedures easier.

• This makes tradings across national borders much more feasible. These international trade
agreements often benefits private industries the most. Companies can produces their goods
and services across many different countries. For instance, you cna have a backpack that was
designed in the united states but the materials came from china, and it was put together in
mexico before it was shipped back to the united states to be sold. These companies that
extend beyond the boundaries of one country are called multinational or transnational
corporations (mncs or tncs). They are also referred to as global corporations.

• They internationally surpass national borders and take advantage of opportunities in

different countries to manufacture, distribute, market, and sell their products. Some global
corporation are ubiquitous like mcdonald's or coca-cola, and yet, they market themselves as
american companies. Others can be surprising like general electric which is based in the
united states but has more than half of its business and employees working in other
countries. Another example is ford motor company, the classic american car company,
headquartered in michigan that manufacturers cars worldwide.

Introduction

The state has traditionally been the subject of most interest to scholars of global politics
because it is viewed as “The Institution that creates warfare and sets economic policies for a
country.”

Today, the globalization of politics created an atmosphere where the ideas of the nation-
state, state sovereignty, government control, and state policies are challenged from all sides.

With globalization, some scholars suggest a decrease in the power of the state and that
other actors are actually becoming more powerful. These actors include multinational corporations
and global civil society organizations, like the Red Cross, that cross national boundaries.

Is the idea of the nation-state outdated in the contemporary world? If so, what is it that we
need to think about as “replacements”?

 Regional alliances and worldwide organizations of states.

 International and regional economic bond bodies.

 The traditional nation-state and the idea of national autonomy comes from the non-state
actors.

 Multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations

There is a series of specific factors behind the emergence of global governance.

  The declining power of nation-states.

 The vast flows of all sorts of things that run into and often right through the borders of
nation-states.

 Mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into various of nation-states.

 Horrendous events within nation-states that the states themselves either foment and carry
out, or are unable to control (Nordstrom, 2004).

 There are global problems that single nation-state cannot hope to tackle on their
own. One is the global financial crises and panic that sweep the world periodically, which
nations are often unable to deal with on their own (Strange,1996).

 Nation-states have long struggled to deal with problems like these through various
interstate systems (e.g., alliances such as NATO), but the more recent trend is toward the
development of more truly global structures and methods of dealing with various sorts of
issues and problems.

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO GOVERNMENTS

The decisions, the conflict, and the resolution of that conflict are done through the
institutions of government established and codified in that particular state, whether or not through
elections. In addition, the policy is developed and implemented in the interest of the people of a
state by a specific government.

There have been several challenges to the government and ultimately, to state autonomy.
We can divide these challenges into four: traditional challenges, challenges from national or identity
movements, global economics, and global social movements.

 External intervention can generally be described as invasion by other countries. These days,
we can see external intervention in the other forms.

 Internal political challenges can also happen.

 Regional organizations challenging state autonomy.

 It is important to know that a nation has cultural identity that people attached to,
while a state is a definite entity due to its specific boundaries. However, different people
with different identities can live in different states.

 Global movements, such as the Al-Qaeda and ISIS, are another example of national
or identity movements. In this case, they are structured around the fundamentalist version
of Islam.

GLOBAL ECONOMIC

Global economy demands the states to conform to the rules of free-market capitalism.
Government austerity comes from developments of organizations that cooperate across
countries, such as WTO and regional agreements, such as NAFTA, the European Union (EU), and
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN).
Neoliberal Economics or Neoliberal Capitalism

 Started in the 1980s

 It focuses on free trade and dismantling trade barriers.

 Requires a state to cooperate in the global market through the free flow of capital, the
privatization of services, and fiscal austerity or constraint.

 Seen as threat, in general, because a state cannot protect its own economic interest as a
sovereign state.

GLOBAL SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

Global social movements are movements of the people that leads or that emerge the global
organizations. For example in human rights is part of global social movements were the person
sentenced to give a death penalty in the country where he/she commits but some of the country
are against to this death penalty there will be a challenge before the country decides what will
be the decisions of the court were the other country are in the justice of human rights.

Another example of global social movements is environmental movement were social

movements emerging in local areas fight back as a response to the controlling efforts by the
apparatus of government to protect the interest of neoliberal capitalists.

THE RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AND GLOBALIZATION

The state is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and practices. State has
a four elements were people, territory, government and sovereignty. These four elements
maintaining the good state of the community and if one of these elements are not belong the
state will be effectively safe, good governance and good states.

Institutions That Govern International Relations

There are several international organizations that governments of countries around the
world and individuals participate in. These include the United Nations, the International Court of
Justice, NAFTA, and NATO. There are also non-governmental organizations promoting social and
economic growth.

United Nations was coined by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 after the Second
World War.

 Operation began on October 24, 1945.

 It started with 50 representatives from different countries

It has a function in 4 Areas

• Military Issues
• Economic Issues

• Environmental issues

• Human protection

United Nations was coined by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942 after the Second
World War.

 Operation began on October 24, 1945.

 It started with 50 representatives from different countries

It has a function in 4 Areas

• Military Issues

• Economic Issues

• Environmental issues

• Human protection

Peace and security becomes the central mission of the UN after the war up to this day.

The UN has a security council that decides what to do if two or more countries waging war
or an act of fighting.

Security has 5 permanent member U.S., Britain, Russia, China, and France. And 10 additional
member for two years term.

UNICEF or the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund.

 It is responsible for providing humanitarian and development aid to children around the
word.

 It was established in 1946

 In 1950 UNICEF’s mandate was extended the long term needs of children and women in
developing countries.

 In 1953 it became a permanent part of the U.N. systems.

 In the terms of economic issues the main focus of UN is the reduction of Global inequality
through sustainable development. Goals and millennium development goals.

UNEP – United Environment Programme

 A programme that coordinates the organizations environmental activities and assists

developing country in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices

 UNEP’s activities cover a wide range of issues regarding the atmosphere, marine and
terrestrial ecosystems, environmental governance and green economy.
 ICJ (International Court of Justice)

 It is usually referred to as “World Court”

 This is where countries can settle disputes in a court law, as well as a place where war
criminals and rulers who have done terrible things to their people can be put to trial for their
crimes.

UN promotes and protects human rights.

UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR)

 Department of the secretariat of the United Nations that works to promote and protect the
human rights that guaranteed.

Purpose

The objectives of OHCHR are to:

1. Promote universal enjoyment of all human rights by giving practical effect to the will and
resolve of the world community as expressed by the United Nation.

2. Play the leading role on human rights issues and emphasize the importance of human rights
at the international and national levels.

3. Promote international cooperation for human rights.

4. Stimulate and coordinate action for human rights throughout the United Nations system.

5. 5. Promote universal ratification and implementation of international standards.

6. 6. Assist in the development of new norms.

7. 7. Support human rights organs and treaty monitoring bodies.

8. 8. Respond to serious violations of human rights .

9. 9. Undertake preventive human rights action.

10. 10. Promote the establishment of national human rights infrastructures.

Under the international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of human rights of
1948

UN Development Groups Human Rights Mainstreaming Mechanism (UNDG-HRM)

 Was established in 2009

 This aims to bolster system wide coherence, collaboration and support to resident
coordinates and United Nations country leans, so that they can better provide support to
member states to strengthen national capacity for the promotion and protection of human
rights.

NATO or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

 an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North America and European Countries

 NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states
agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party.

Organizations that are independent of any government, they are usually non-profit and
many NGO’s are active in humanitarian or social areas or one of the major example of NGO is
the Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries)

Since they are not tied to any government bodies. They can allow to operate freely
throughout the world.

They provide emergency relief such as food, water and medical supplies for those whose
have or towns have been destroyed by disaster or war.

GLOBAL ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONS: THE WTO AND NAFTA

World Trade Organization (WTO)

• An intergovernmental organization that is concerned with the regulation of international

trade between nations.

• The WTO deals with the regulations of trade in goods, services and intellectual property
between participating countries by providing a framework for negotiating trade agreements
and a dispute resolution process aimed at enforcing participants adherence to WTO
agreements.

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

 An agreement among the United Nations, Canada and Mexico designed to remove tariff
barriers between the three countries

 A tariff is a federal tax on imports or exports. NAFTA required the elimination of tariffs on
half of U.S. goods shipped to Mexico and the gradual phase out of other tariffs among the
U.S., Canada and Mexico over a 14 years period.

GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBALISM

Globalization

• Increase or decline in the degree of globalism

• The word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economics,
cultures, and populations, brought about by cross border trades in goods and
services, technology, and flows of investment, people and information.

• The wide-ranging effects of globalization are complex and politically changed as of

major technological advances globalization benefits society as a whole, while
harming certain group.

Globalism
• seeks to describe and explains nothing more than a world which is characterized by
networks of connections that spans multi continental distances.

• It attempts to understands all the interconnection of modern world and to highlight patterns
that underline and explain them.

• Informationalism

• Refers to a technological paradigm that replaces and subsumes the previous

paradigm of industrialism (Castells, 1996)

• Global Citizenship

• It is associated with rights and obligations e.g. The right to vote and the obligation to
pay taxes

• Caecilla Johana Van Perski defined global citizenship “ as a moral and ethical
disposition that can guide the understanding of individuals or groups of local and global
contexts and remind them to their relative responsibilities within various communities.

The processes of globalization and regionalization remerged during the 1980s and
heightened during the end of the cold war in the 1990s.

The regionalization of the world system and economic activity undermines the potential benefits
coming out from a liberalized global economy.

Hardwired - According to nayan chanda(2007), it is because of our basic human need to make
our lives better that made globalization possible, Therefore, one can trace the beginning of
globalization from our ancestors in Africa who walked out from the said continent in the late Ice
age

CYCLES - GLOBALIZATION IS A LONG TERM CYCLICAL PROCESS AND THUS. FINDING ITS ORIGIN
WILL BE A CLAUNTING TASK. Subscribing to this view will suggest adherence to the idea that
other global ages have appeared.

Epoch –

Sequential occurrence of the epochs:

 Globalization of religion

 European colonial conquest

 Intra-European wars

 Heyday of European imperialism

 Post world war ii period

  Post-cold war period

Events - specific events are also considered as part of the fourth view in explaining the origin of
globalization.

Broader, more recent changes

- These broad changes happened in the last haft of the twentieth century.
- The emergence of the united states as the global power(post world war ii)
- The emergence of multination corporation.
- The demise of the soviet union and the end of the cold war

 the united states soon began to progress in different aspects like in diplomacy, media,
film (as in the Hollywood), and many more
 The united states, Germany and great Britain had in their homeland great corporations
which the world knows today

Global demography –

Demographic transition is a singular historical period during which mortality and fertility rates
decline from high to low levels in a particular country or region.

 The transition started in mid- or late 1700s in Europe.

 During that time, death rates and fertility began to decline.

 High to low fertility happened 200 years in france and 100 years in the united states.

 the united states soon began to progress in different aspects like in diplomacy, media, film
(as in the Hollywood), and many more

 The united states, Germany and great Britain had in their homeland great corporations
which the world knows today

 There was a reverse in global population shares during the twentieth century as Africa, asia,
latin America, and oceania had high levels of population growth rates

Global migration

-The nuances of the movements of people around the world can be seen through the categories of
migrants ---”vagabonds” and “tourists”

 Vagabonds are on the move “ because they have to be” they are not fairing well in their
home countries and are forced to move in the hope that their circumstances will improve
 Tourist, on the other hand, are on the move because they want to be and because they
afford it.

 Migration is traditionally governed either by “push” factors such as persecution, economic

depression, war, and famine in the home country or by “pull” factors such as a favorable
immigration policy, a labor shortage, and a similarity of language and culture in the country
of destination.

 Many countries faces issues of illegal migration. The united states faces a major influx of
illegal immigrants from mexico and other center American states. A fence is being
constructed on the us-mexico border to control this flow of people. Other countries with
similar concerns about illegal immigration include great Britain, Switzerland, and Greece as
well as countries in asia

 The nuances of the movements of people around the world can be seen through the
categories of migrants ---”vagabonds” and “tourists”

 Vagabonds are on the move “ because they have to be” they are not fairing well in their
home countries and are forced to move in the hope that their circumstances will improve

 Tourist, on the other hand, are on the move because they want to be and because they
afford it.

Globalization encompasses a multitude of processes that involves the economy, political

systems, and culture. Social structures, therefore, are directly affected by globalization

Globalization has gained many connotations pertaining to progress, development, and

integration. On the one hand, some view globalization as a positive phenomenon. For instance,
Swedish Journalist Thomas Larsson(2001) saw globalization as “the process of the world
shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer.

The Task of Defining Globalization

• Many opinions about globalization have flourished

• Could be broad and inclusive or

• Narrow and exclusive

• Globalization means the onset of the borderless world.

Narrow and exclusive definitions are better justified but can be limiting in the sense that their
application adhere to only particular definitions

Defining Globalization

The characteristics of the globalization trend include the internationalizing of production, the
new international division of labor, new migratory movements from South to North, the new
competitive state… making states into agencies of the globalizing world”(as cited in RAWOO
Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council, 2000 p. 14)

Other definitions of globalization are shown in chronological order in the Appendix. Each could
fall to either one of the two types of definitions.

Defining Globalization

The concept is complex and multifaceted as the definitions deal with either:

• Economic

• Political

• Social dimensions.

In a comprehensive study of 114 definitions by the GCSP

67 of them refer to economic dimension. These definitions include political and social
dimensions as well

A more recent definition was given by Ritzer (2015). “globalization is trans planetary process or
a set of processes involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of
people, objects, place and information as well as the structures they encounter and create that
are barriers to, or expedite those flows

First, the perspective of the person who defines globalization shapes its definition. The
overview of definitions implies that globalization is many things to many different people.

• Arjun Appadurai, “ globalization is a ‘world of a things’ that have different speeds, axes,
points of origin and termination, and varied relationships to institutional structures in
different regions, nations, or societies’”

• Second, Globalization is the debate and the debate is globalization. One became part and
parcel of the other.

• Globalization is the debate about it.” (as cited in Kumar, 2003, p .95)

• Third globalization is a reality. It is changing as human society develops. Has happened

before and still happening today. We should accept it to continue to happen in the future

Overall, globalization is a concept that is not easy to define because in reality,

globalization has a shifting nature. It is a complex, multifaceted, and can be influenced by
the people who define it. Moreover, the issues and concern involving globalization have a
wide range– from individual to society,
 Metaphors of Globalization - Metaphor make use of one term to help us better understand
another term. In our case, the states of matter—solid and liquid—will be used.

• Solid and Liquid - The social relationships and object remained where they were
created. Solidity also refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the movement of
things.

• Solid can either be natural or man made.

• Ex. Natural solids are landforms and bodies of water.

• Ex. Man-made barriers include Great wall of China and the Berlin wall.

• An imaginary line such as the nine-dash line used by the People’s Republic of China is an
example of modern-made solid.

• This creates limited access of Filipino fishers to the South China Sea.

Liquid, as state of matter, takes the shape of its container. Moreover, liquids are not fixed. Liquidity,
therefore, refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information, and place in the
contemporary world

• Today’s liquid phenomena change quickly and their aspect spatial and temporal, are in
continuous fluctuation. This means that space and time are crucial elements of globalization.

• Changes in the stock market are a matter of seconds. Another characteristic of liquid
phenome is that their movement is difficult to stop. Ex. Videos uploaded on Youtube or
Facebook are unstoppable once they become viral.

• Liquidity and Solidity are in constant interaction

• Liquidity is the one increasing and proliferating today,

• The metaphor that could best describe globalization is liquidity

• The literature on globalization make use of the concept of flows.

Flows

• -It is only logical to discuss the flows of liquid phenomena. Flows are the movement of
people, things places, and information brought by the growing “porosity” of global
limitations.

• Ex. Food cuisines being patronized and consumed by Filipinos.

• Foods are being globalized

 Globalization Theories

 We have established the many definitions of and issues defining globalization and the
metaphors that we can use to understand easily the concept.

 Homogeneity refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic
factors, and political orientations of societies and expand to create common practices, same
economies, and similar forms of government.

 Global economic crises are also products of homogeneity in economic globalization

 The political realm also suffers homogenization if one takes into account the emerging
similar models of governance in the world.

 The global flow of media is often characterized as media imperialism.

 In terms of the economy, there is recognition of the spread of neoliberalism, capitalism,

and the market economy in the world.

 The internet can be seen as an arena for alternative media

 Global media are dominated by a small number of large corporations.

 The internet could end up being less diverse and competitive. Independent Media Center,
associated with the alter-globalization movement, helps to counter this trends.

 Hacktivists extend activism to the internet by hacking into computer programs to promote a
particular cause.

The Globalization of Religion

 Globalization has played a tremendous role in providing a context for the current revival
and the resurgence of religion.

 Globalization provide religions a fertile milieu to spread and thrive.

 Global communications, global finance, and the like have allowed ideas of the Muslims and
the universal Christian church to be given concrete shape as never before”

Environmental degradation is the exhaustion of the world's natural resources. It occurs due to
crimes committed by humans against nature.

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

 LAND DEGRADATION- Land degradation is caused by multiple forces, including extreme

weather conditions particularly drought, and human activities that pollute or degrade the
quality of soils and land.
  WATER DEGRADATION- Water degradation is the misuse and also
the pollution of water supplies. Often, individuals throughout the world have to deal with
either limited water supplies, or polluted water, often causes by human actions.

 AIR DEGRADATION- Air Degradation means the presence of chemicals or compounds in the
air which lower the quality of the air or cause detrimental changes to the quality of life (such
as the damaging of the ozone layer or causing global warming).

What is the relation between “Environmental Degradation” and “Global Economy”?

 Global Food Security means delivering sufficient food to the entire world population.

 “When all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a
healthy and active life.“

–World Food Summit (1996)

Challenges to ‘Global Food Security’

o Rising population

o Changing diets and rising incomes

o Falling water tables

o More foodless days

o Slowing irrigation

o Increasing soil erosion

o Climate change

o Melting water reserves

o Flattening yields

o Little time to prepare

Solution and Agenda

o -Sustainability (Sustainable Development Goals) for the year of 2030

o New Vision for Agriculture of 2009

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION, POVERTY AND INEQUALITY

- Hans Rosling (Swedish Statistician): “The 1 to 2 billion poorest in the world who
don’t have food for the day suffer from the worst disease, globalization deficiency.
The way globalization is occurring could be much better, but the worst thing is not
being part of it.”

Examples of Inequality:

 Income Inequality

 Wealth Inequality

 Racial Economic Inequality

 Economic Globalization has helped millions of people get out of extreme poverty but the
challenge of the future is to lift up the poor while at the same time keep the planet liveable.

 considered as the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in

monetary units of account. (Wikipedia)

 is the exchange of goods and services integrated into a huge single global market.

 a world without borders, inhabited by marketing individuals and/or companies who have
joined the geographical world with the intent of conducting research and development and
making sales. (Encyclopedia.com)

The United Nations (UN) tried to address the different problems in the world and guided by: 8
Millennium Development Goals

o Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.

o Achieve universal primary education.

o Promote gender equality and empower women.

o Reduce child mortality.

o Improve maternal health.

o Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases.

o Ensure environmental sustainability.

o Develop a global partnership for development.

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL TRADE

Economic Globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result

of growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital,
and wide and rapid spread of technologies. (Shangquan, 2000)

Global Trade is the worldwide business that involves making and collecting payments for
transactions in good and services, and transporting them to interested markets.
(BusinessDictionary)

2 Types of ‘Economies Associated With Economic Globalization’

1) Protectionism

2) Trade Liberation of Free Trade

PROTECTIONISM – means “a policy of systematic government intervention in foreign trade with

the objective of encouraging domestic production.” (McAleese 2007 as cited in Ritzier, 2015)

-Usually comes in the forms of quota and tariffs.

o TARIFFS – are required fees on imports and exports.

o QUOTA -  is a quantitative limit through imports. It restricts imports of commodities

physically. It specifies the maximum amount that can be imported during a given time
period.

o TRADE LIBERATION OR FREE TRADE - Agreements and technological advances in

transportation and communication.

o -Goods and services move around easier than ever.

FAIR TRADE – as defined by the International Fair Trade Association, is the “concern for the
social, economic, and environmental well-being of marginalized small producers.” (Downie
2007)

-Aims for a more moral and equitable global economic systems.

ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS

o No poverty

o Zero hunger

o Good health and well-being

o Quality education
o Gender equality

o Clean water and sanitation

o Affordable and clean energy

o Decent work and economic growth

o Industry innovation and infrastructure

o Reduced inequalities

o Sustainability cities and communities

o Responsible consumption and production

o Climate action

o Life below water

o Life on land

o Peace, justice and strong institutions

o Partnership for the goals