Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology (10th Ed.)

Anatomy & Physiology - Laboratory
STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

Session # 26
LESSON TITLE: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Part 2) Materials:

Pen and notebook
LEARNING TARGETS:
Upon completion of this lesson, you can:

1. Describe the structural and functional components of each
endocrine glands;
2. Identify other hormones with their significant functions in
the human body; Reference:
3. List down diseases and disorders that affect the endocrine
system; and, VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019). Seeley’s
4. Enumerate the effects of aging to the endocrine system. essentials of anatomy & physiology (10th ed.).
New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
LESSON PREVIEW/ REVIEW

Write 5 important things you have learned from the last session. Make sure to not miss any detail!
1. The Principal Endocrine Glands and the location of each glands in a model and figures.
2. The Classes of chemical messengers which includes Autocrine, Paracrine and the Endocrine.
3. The histological features of some of the important endocrine glands.
4. The common characteristics of all hormones
5. The location of each of the endocrine glands in the body.
MAIN LESSON
You will study and read their book, if available, about this lesson.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS VS. ORGANS
❖ Endocrine cells can be organized either grouped as a single gland with only endocrine functions (synthesis and secretion of
hormones), or packed into small clusters inside other organs that have a different primary function.
❖ The major glands of the endocrine system include the pituitary, the thyroid, and the parathyroid and adrenal glands,
❖ while some of the organs that contain endocrine cell clusters in their structure are: heart, liver, stomach, pancreas and gonads.
Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary
TRH: Thyroid Releasing Hormone

GnRH: Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone CRH:
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone GHRH: Growth
Hormone Releasing Hormone
The endocrine cell types of the anterior lobe are distinguishable according to their hormone content.
acidophils that produce:
● somatotropin (growth hormone-GH) and
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● prolactin (PRL)
basophils that produce:
● adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH),
● thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and
● the gonadotropins follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and
● luteinizing hormone (LH).
These six types of secretory cells have also been classified by light microscopy based on their staining as: basophilic (dark blue),
acidophilic (reddish) or chromophobic (slightly blue basophilic cytoplasm).
Hormones of the Posterior Lobe

● The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not glandular tissue with epithelial secretory cells, but largely neuronal tissue, thus
its name “neurohypophysis”.
● Under the microscope, the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland contains mainly nerve processes and endings, (the terminal
portion of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract) and nuclei of supportive glial cells (pituicytes).
● These axons found in the posterior lobe carry droplets of either oxytocin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), hormones produced
by neurons whose cell bodies are housed in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus respectively.
Thyroid Hormones
● The thyroid gland is composed of spherical follicles that selectively absorb iodine from the blood for production of thyroid
hormones, and also for storage of iodine as thyroglobulin.
● Inside the follicles, a material named colloid serves as a reservoir of substrates for thyroid hormone production (including
thyroglobulin) and, to a lesser extent, as a reservoir for the hormones themselves.

● Surrounding the follicles, a single layer of thyroid epithelial (follicular) cells secrete the thyroid hormones T3 and T4, while
scattered among them and in spaces between the follicles are the parafollicular cells, which secrete calcitonin.
Parathyroid Hormones
● The parathyroid glands show a very distinct cellular pattern, they are richly vascularized, and consist of mainly chief
(parathyroid) cells, with a thin capsule of connective tissue that divide the gland into lobules.
● These cells synthesize and secrete PTH, a polypeptide hormone that plays a major role in bone remodeling and calcium
homeostasis, by increasing the concentration of calcium in the blood.
● Apart from regulating calcium levels and bone mass, PTH participates also in the renal excretion of phosphate and in the
activation of vitamin D.

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING
You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the correct
answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not allowed.
Complete the diagram by filling out the Glands/Organs in the boxes, the Hormones produced in the circles, and the
Functions in the linear shapes.

Illustration in labelling:
Promotes sperm production

and stimulates ovaries Promotes sperm production
and stimulates ovaries
Stimulates ovulation and
testosterone production Stress hormone
Maintain healthy muscles and bones
LH FSH ACTH
GH HYPOTHALAMU
Milk production S
PITUITAR
MELATO
PRL Y PINEAL BODY NIN
Sleep cycles
ADH
OXYTOCIN
Regulates water balance Release and absorption of
PARATHYROID PTH calcium
Contractions during labor
Calcitonin
THYROID THYMUS
Calcium from bones
HEART THYMO Stimulates the development
T3 & T4 SINS of diseases
energy
ADRENAL
ALDOS
TERONE
STOMACH
Maintain blood pressure
Increase sugars in the GLUCAGON

CORTISOL Raise blood sugar
blood stream PANCREAS
Regulate blood
EPINE KIDNEY INSULIN
sugar levels
Increase cardiac output PHRINE
Sexual development and SEX

HORMONES OVARY ESTROGEN
reproduction female development
TESTOSTE TESTES
Male development RONE
RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY
The instructor will now provide you the rationalization to these questions. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves.
Write the correct answers beside the image presented in the CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING part. Make sure to use another pen
color (preferably red ink) for easy distinction.

LESSON WRAP-UP
You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you track how
much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.
AL ACTIVITY: THE OUTCOME SENTENCES STRATEGY
This strategy is an excellent way to show your grasp of learning and to give you time to reflect about what you have learned.
Complete each phrase with what you have deemed to express.
1. I was surprised that the pineal and pituitary gland is part of the endocrine system, I thought at first that it is under the nervous
system.
2. I have a question about
3. I would still like to know more about
4. I learned a great deal about
5. Today, I understood
6. I am still confused about


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Anatomy & Physiology - Laboratory

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS NURSING / FIRST YEAR

LESSON TITLE: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (Part 2) Materials:

Upon completion of this lesson, you can:

LESSON PREVIEW/ REVIEW

3. The histological features of some of the important endocrine glands.

4. The common characteristics of all hormones

5. The location of each of the endocrine glands in the body.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS VS. ORGANS

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

TRH: Thyroid Releasing Hormone

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

Hormones of the Posterior Lobe

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

Promotes sperm production

Increase sugars in the GLUCAGON

Sexual development and SEX

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

AL ACTIVITY: THE OUTCOME SENTENCES STRATEGY

2. I have a question about

3. I would still like to know more about

4. I learned a great deal about

6. I am still confused about

This document and the information thereon is the property of PHINMA

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