1. In 1907, Belgian scientist Leo Baekeland invented Bakelite, the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
2. Baekeland developed a process to control the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde, allowing its preparation on an industrial scale.
3. Bakelite was initially treated with disdain but went on to enjoy widespread popularity throughout the early 20th century as a versatile material known as "the material of a thousand uses."
1. In 1907, Belgian scientist Leo Baekeland invented Bakelite, the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
2. Baekeland developed a process to control the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde, allowing its preparation on an industrial scale.
3. Bakelite was initially treated with disdain but went on to enjoy widespread popularity throughout the early 20th century as a versatile material known as "the material of a thousand uses."
1. In 1907, Belgian scientist Leo Baekeland invented Bakelite, the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
2. Baekeland developed a process to control the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde, allowing its preparation on an industrial scale.
3. Bakelite was initially treated with disdain but went on to enjoy widespread popularity throughout the early 20th century as a versatile material known as "the material of a thousand uses."
1. In 1907, Belgian scientist Leo Baekeland invented Bakelite, the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic.
2. Baekeland developed a process to control the reaction between phenol and formaldehyde, allowing its preparation on an industrial scale.
3. Bakelite was initially treated with disdain but went on to enjoy widespread popularity throughout the early 20th century as a versatile material known as "the material of a thousand uses."
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EXERCISE 1
Performer Houdini
Harry Houdini (1874 to 1926) was a Hungarian-American illusionist and stunt
performer, noted for his sensational escape acts. He first attracted attention as “Harry Handcuff Houdini” on a tour of Europe, where he challenged police forces to keep him locked up. Soon he extended his repertoire to include chains, ropes slung from skyscrapers, straitjackets under water, and having to hold his breath inside a sealed milk can.
In 1904, thousands watched as Houdini tried to escape from special handcuffs
commissioned by London’s Daily Mirror newspaper. Another stunt saw him buried alive and only just able to claw himself to the surface. While many suspected that these escapes were faked, Houdini presented himself as the scourge of fake magicians and spiritualists. As President of the Society of American Magicians, he was keen to uphold professional standards and expose fraudulent artists. He was also quick to sue anyone who pirated his stunts.
Are the following statements true, false, or not given in the text?
1. Houdini was more successful in Europe than in America.
2. Many people were skeptical about Houdini’s escape acts. 3. He took legal action against those who tried to copy him.
EXERCISE 2:
The birth of modern plastics
In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York,
discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite’, was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry The term ‘plastic’ comes from the Greek plassein, meaning ‘to mould’. Some plastics are derived from natural sources, some are semi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are ‘thermosetting’: like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fixed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermosetting plastic. The history of today’s plastics begins with the discovery of a series of semi- synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of these early plastics was generated by a number of factors – immense technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘luxury’ materials such as tortoiseshell and ivory Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on research into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances produced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was wealthy New Yorkers, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had seen the patenting of the first semi-synthetic thermosetting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the essential features of which are still in use today The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novak, which became soluble and malleable when heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increase strength and moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and hexa, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermosetting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a second time. The resulting granular power was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to extreme heat and pressure, thereby ‘setting’ its form for life The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television sets, was governed to a large extent by the technical requirements of the moulding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to extract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the world, and if necessary the product was moulded in separate pieces. Moulds had to be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving rise to the smooth, ‘streamlined’ style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient use of machines
Baekeland’s invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrial expansion – ‘the material of a thousand uses’. Being both non-porous and heat- resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers seized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the pre-plastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despised and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been experiencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the collectors’ marketplace, and museums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material 1 Bakelite was immediately welcomed as a practical and versatile - Ch?n - material
2 Bakelite was only available in a limited range of colours
