Lecture Notes 1 1

Lecture Notes #1
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
1. Communication is a process.
2. Communication involves communicators, not just a speaker and a listener.
3. Communication can be expressed through written or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both spoken words and
nonverbal actions at the same time.
4. Communication is irreversible.
5. Communication is proactive.
6. Meaning in communication is individually construed.
7. Communication is symbolic.
DEFINITION OF COMMUNICATION
Communication comes from the Latin words: Cum which means “with” and Munus which means “service, duty, office”.
When combined, Cum Munus means “performing an office with”. After Cum Munus, it became Communis which means
“joint, used by two”. As proof of how dynamic language is, it became Communicare which means “to share, to divide
with”. Centuries passed, the concept of communication has changed dramatically. From the previous three Latin terms,
it became Comunicaccion – a French term that bears the meaning of communication as defined today.
Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or nonverbal means, including speech,
or oral communication; writing and graphical representations (such as infographics, maps, and charts); and signs,
signals, and behavior. More simply, communication is said to be "the creation and exchange of meaning."
All creatures on earth have developed means in which to convey their emotions and thoughts to one another. However,
it's the ability of humans to use words and language to transfer specific meanings that sets them apart from the animal
kingdom. - Richard Nordquist, 2019
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is divided into elements which help us better understand its mechanics or process. These elements are
the following:
1. Speaker/Sender/Communicator/Source – the source of information or message
2. Message/Speech – the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions
3. Channel/Medium – the medium or the means, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the
encoded message is conveyed
4. Receiver/Decoder – the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message
5. Feedback/Response – the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver
6. Barrier/Noise – the factors that affect the flow of communication
COMMUNICATION MODELS
The purpose of a model is to offer a visual representation of a concept with the intent of facilitating the understanding
of it. Models are systematic representations of the process which helps in understanding how communication works
can be done. They form general perspectives on communication by breaking communication from complex to simple
and keeps the components in order. Methods or channels of communication to be used and the purpose of
communication must be considered before choosing a specific communication model. It is not easy to determine where
a conversation begins and ends, because communication is a complex process. That is why we have models of
communication — to simplify the process of understanding communication.
1. LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL

It is a straight-line communication found typically in mass communication: television, radio, newspaper, etc. According
to this model, there is no means for immediate feedback.
*The Linear Model of Communication is criticized for implying that communication occurs solely in one way. It also
ignores the influence of context and personal experiences on communication.
references
https://www.elcomblus.com/nature -and-definition-of-
communication/#:~:text=Meaning%20in%20communication%20is%20individually,meaning%20in%20a%20particular%20experience .
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-communication-1689877 https://pumble.com/learn/communication/communication-models/
https://open.lib.umn.edu/communication/chapter/1-2-the-communication-process
Lecture Notes #1
*Communication is assumed to have a beginning and an end in the model; therefore, it is not continuous.
*There is no idea of feedback, making it ineffective for direct human contact and limited to mass media such as
newspapers and television.
*There is no means of knowing whether or not the message was successful.
Because the listener is also a participant, human communication is generally circular rather than sequential.
*It is possible that communication may not take place in turn and that more than one message will be transmitted at
the same time.
*The transmitter must be capable of encoding, and the receiver must be capable of decoding.
examples of Linear Communication Model

1.1 Berlo’s SMCR Model of Communication- It presents the communication process in its simplest form. The model
consists of four component that are each influenced by different factors. To ensure the message is conveyed as
effectively as possible, the sender and the receiver must share some common ground. Communication skills play a
crucial role in this. Other factors, such as culture, knowledge and attitude are also vital. What may be considered rude
in some cultures, may be perfectly fine in others. Communication doesn’t always go as smoothly as one would hope.
Various problems, such as disruptions, noise and an asynchronous process, may obstruct proper communication.
1.2 Aristotle’s Model- It was designed to examine how to become a better and more persuasive communicator.
It is a foolproof way to excel in public speaking, seminars, and lectures, where the sender (public speaker, professor,
etc.) passes on their message to the receiver (the audience). So, the sender is the only active member in this model,
whereas the audience is passive. Aristotle identified three elements that improve communication:
Ethos — defines the credibility of the speaker. Speaker gains credibility, authority, and power by being an expert in a
field of their choice.
Pathos — connects the speaker with the audience through different emotions (anger, sadness, happiness, etc.)
Logos — an important element that signifies logic. It is not enough for the speech to be interesting — it needs to follow
the rules of logic.
2. INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL

It takes the Linear Communication Model and multiplies it times two with a quick flip of the return message. It now
allows for a feedback element. The interaction model of communication describes communication as a process in which
participants alternate positions as sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving
feedback within physical and psychological contexts (Schramm, 1997). Rather than illustrating communication as a
linear, one-way process, the interaction model incorporates feedback, which makes communication a more interactive,
two-way process. Feedback includes messages sent in response to other messages.
example of Interactive Communication Model

Osgood - Schramm’s Model- the emergence of this model “meant a clear break with the traditional linear/one-way
picture of communication.” This model is useful for describing interpersonal, synchronous communication, but less
suitable for cases with little or no feedback. The Osgood-Schramm model is a circular model of communication, in which
messages go in two directions.
There are four principles in this model:
1. Communication is circular — individuals involved in the communication process are changing their roles as encoders
and decoders.
2. Communication is equal and reciprocal— both parties are equally engaged as encoders and decoders.
3. The message requires interpretation — the information needs to be properly interpreted to be understood.
4. There are three steps in the process of communication: Encoding, Decoding, and Interpreting
In this model, there is no difference between a sender and a receiver. Both parties are equally encoding and decoding
the messages. The interpreter is a person trying to understand the message. Furthermore, this model shows that
information is of no use until it is put into words and conveyed to other people.
references
Lecture Notes #1
3. TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL

This model depicts face to face interaction, or transaction as a dynamic and changeable process.
In the model, the sender and the receiver can play the same roles simultaneously, as sometimes happens, as messages
can be sent back and forth simultaneously. It appears chaotic and ineffective: throw in some noise, and it would be a
wonder whether any message is conveyed successfully in this environment.
This model relates communication with social reality, cultural up-bringing and relational context (relationships). Non-
verbal feedback is also considered feedback in this model. Many scholars view communication as more than a process
that is used to carry on conversations and convey meaning. We don’t send messages like computers, and we don’t
neatly alternate between the roles of sender and receiver as an interaction unfolds. We also can’t consciously decide
to stop communicating, because communication is more than sending and receiving messages. The transaction model
differs from the transmission and interaction models in significant ways, including the conceptualization of
communication, the role of sender and receiver, and the role of context (Barnlund, 1970).
Linear Communication Model Berlo’s SMCR Communication Model
Aristotle’s Communication Model
Interactive Communication Model Osgood-Schramm’s Communication Model
Transactional Communication Model
references
Lecture Notes #1
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1. Regulation/ Control
*The speaker gives limitation to the receiver by giving and setting rules and regulations. Communication can be used to
control human behavior. It can be used to regulate the nature and amount of activities humans engage in. It ranges
from simple requests to laws governing countries and large territories. The main focus of Regulation or Control as a
function of communication is to influence one’s behavior. That means that if anyone behaves in such a way the other
one wanted it to be, it’s a behavioral influence.
Basic Forms of Regulation/Control
• Doctors’ prescriptions
• Parents’ instructions to their children
• Friends giving advice on what course of action to take
• Scolding
• Employers orders to their employees
• Customers making orders
2. Information
*Giving, receiving or sharing ideas, thoughts, message or information. Communication can be used in giving and getting
information. In this function of communication, it has to be two-way. That means that an individual cannot only get
information, he has to give also so that there will be reciprocation. Part of this function is to make sure that the
information an individual gives and gets is accurate and clear.
Basic Forms of Information
2.1 GIVING INFORMATION USING STATEMENTS
I have three sisters
For every action, there is a reaction.
2.2 GIVING INFORMATION USING RHETORICAL QUESTION
Did you know that some earphones can be used as microphones?
2.3 GETTING INFORMATION USING QUESTIONS
Where is Mrs. Ching?
Did it rain last night?
Is it windy outside?
3. Emotional Expression
*Expressing sentiments, emotions, feelings and opinion. Emotional expression as a function of communication refers to
the use of expressions such as love, fear, anger, joy, hope, or any other emotion.
Basic Examples of Emotional Expression
Yes!
Oh no!
Ouch!
Expletives
Really?
4. Motivation
* Motivation as a function of communication refers to a person using language to express desires, needs, wants, likes
and dislikes, inclinations, choices, and aspirations. Motivation could either be extrinsic or intrinsic. An individual may
communicate within self if he uses intrinsic motivation.
Basic Forms of Motivation
• Expressing one’s ambitions (I dream of…)
• Talking about preferences (This is good over the other)
• Ordering in a fast food restaurant (I want…)
• Asking for milk (Can I…?)
references
Lecture Notes #1
• Making petitions
• Expressing a need (I need…)
5. Social Interaction
*Involves the careful assessment of the practices of everyday communicating between people in various real-life
contexts. Social Interaction builds and strengthens relationships. If an individual uses communication to interact with
other people, it is under social interaction as a function of communication. The interaction could be positive or negative.
Basic Forms of Social Interaction
• Invitations
• Greetings
• Appreciations
• Encouragement
• Marriage proposals etc.
references

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Lecture Notes #1

ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

1. LINEAR COMMUNICATION MODEL

examples of Linear Communication Model

2. INTERACTIVE COMMUNICATION MODEL

example of Interactive Communication Model

3. TRANSACTIONAL COMMUNICATION MODEL

Linear Communication Model Berlo’s SMCR Communication Model

Aristotle’s Communication Model

Interactive Communication Model Osgood-Schramm’s Communication Model

Transactional Communication Model

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