E-Waste Guidelines

Guidelines for E-Waste Management in Kenya
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 i

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
December 2010
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 ii

A publication of the
National Environment Management Authority, Kenya (NEMA)
© National Environment Management Authority, 2010
First published 2010
Extracts may be published if the source is duly acknowledged
All Correspondence should be addressed to:
The Director General
National Environment Management Authority, Kenya

P. O. Box 67839 Nairobi 00200
Tel. 020-605522/3/6/7/; 601945, 608767, 608667
Mobile 0724 253398, 0733 600035
Fax: 020-608997
E-mail: [email protected]
Website: www.nema.go.ke
This report was prepared with support from Institutions below
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 iii

NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................... i
DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................... x
ACRONYMS..............................................................................................................................................xii
FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. xiv
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................... xv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... xvi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................xvii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Strategic objective......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Scope............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Purpose.......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Rationale ....................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 3
2.0 THE GLOBAL AND LOCAL CONTEXT ON E-WASTE............................................................. 3
2.1 The problem of e-waste................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.1 The global situation............................................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 The Kenyan situation ............................................................................................................ 3
2.2 Consequences of poor e-waste handling....................................................................................... 4
2.3 Swot Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 Converting the challenges into opportunities................................................................................ 6
CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................................... 7
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 v

3.0 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................... 7
3.1 Existing policy .............................................................................................................................. 7
3.1.1 International instruments....................................................................................................... 7
3.1.2 Sessional Paper No 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development ....................................... 7
3.2 Legislation..................................................................................................................................... 7
3.3 Institutional framework................................................................................................................. 8
3.4 Efforts towards development of an e-waste policy ....................................................................... 8
CHAPTER FOUR......................................................................................................................................... 9
4.0 E-WASTE CATEGORIES ............................................................................................................... 9
4.1 Categorization based on mode of operation and function............................................................. 9
4.2 Categorization based on element composition............................................................................ 10
4.2.1 Elements found in small amounts ....................................................................................... 10
4.2.2 Elements found in trace amounts ........................................................................................ 10
4.2.3 Hazardous elements ............................................................................................................ 11
4.2.4 Generally non hazardous elements...................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 13
5.0 GUIDELINES FOR TARGET GROUPS IN E-WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................. 13
5.1 Guidelines for producers / manufacturers ................................................................................... 13
5.2 Guidelines for importers ............................................................................................................. 13
5.3 Guidelines for assemblers ........................................................................................................... 13
5.4 Guidelines for refurbishers.......................................................................................................... 14
5.5 Guidelines for recyclers .............................................................................................................. 14
5.6 Guidelines for government organisations ................................................................................... 14
5.7 Guidelines for consumers............................................................................................................ 15
5.8 Guidelines for learning institutions............................................................................................. 15
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 vi

5.9 Guidelines for transporters.......................................................................................................... 15
5.10 Guidelines for disposal authorities.............................................................................................. 15
5.11 Guidelines for informal sector e-waste collectors....................................................................... 16
5.12 Guidelines for people living near dumpsites............................................................................... 16
CHAPTER SIX........................................................................................................................................... 17
6.0 GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTION SYSTEMS ........................................................................... 17
6.1 General guidelines ...................................................................................................................... 17
6.2 Guidelines for selection of collection channels / method ........................................................... 18
6.2.1 Retailer take back and storage ............................................................................................ 18
6.2.2 Producer take back and storage........................................................................................... 18
6.2.3 Municipal collection and storage ........................................................................................ 18
6.2.4 Other collection points ........................................................................................................ 18
6.3 Guidelines for establishing collection and storage infrastructure ............................................... 18
6.4 Guidelines for design and technical specifications of e-waste collection points ........................ 19
6.5 Guidelines for operation of Producer Responsibility Organisations........................................... 19
6.5.1 About the PRO Structure .................................................................................................... 19
6.5.2 Roles of Producer Responsibility Organisation .................................................................. 20
CHAPTER SEVEN .................................................................................................................................... 22
7.0 GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR E-WASTE ....................................... 22
7.1 Guidelines for development of e-waste treatment technology.................................................... 22
7.1.1 Guidelines for development of first level e-waste treatment .............................................. 23
7.1.2 Guidelines for development of second level e-waste treatment.......................................... 24
7.1.3 Guidelines for development of third level e-waste treatment ............................................. 24
CHAPTER EIGHT ..................................................................................................................................... 27
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 vii

8.0 GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIT TREATMENT FACILITY, AN

INTEGRATED PROCESSING TREATMENT FACILITY AND DISPOSAL SITES FOR E-WASTE . 27
8.1 General Guidelines for setting-up and management of a unit treatment facility or an integrated
e-waste facilities...................................................................................................................................... 27
8.2 Guidelines for facility operation requirements ........................................................................... 27
8.2.1Guidelines for collection systems for e-waste ............................................................................ 27
8.2.2Guidelines for storage areas ........................................................................................................ 28
8.2.3 Guidelines for dismantling and segregation of dismantled parts ................................................ 28
8.2.4 Guidelines for recycling and recovery of e-waste....................................................................... 29
8.2.5 Guidelines for developing a treatment and disposal unit ............................................................ 30
8.3 Guidelines for e-waste disposal sites .......................................................................................... 30
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................ 31
Appendix 1: Hazardous Substances that can occur in e-waste ............................................................... 31
Appendix 2:Volumes entering the market of the stakeholders ............................................................... 34
Appendix 3:Mass flow diagram.............................................................................................................. 35
Appendix 4:CRT treatment technology .................................................................................................. 36
Appendix 5:Electromagnetic, Eddy current and Density Separation Using Water ................................ 37
Appendix 6:List of stakeholders who took part in developing the e-waste guidelines........................... 39
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 41
List of Tables
Table 2.1:SWOT Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 5
Table 4.1: E-waste categories ....................................................................................................................... 9
Table 4.2: Hazardous elements in electrical and electronic equipment ...................................................... 11
Table 4.3: Non hazardous elements in electrical and electronic equipment………………….…………...12
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 viii

List of Figures
Figure 6.1: Cradle to cradle electronic and electric management ............................................................... 17
Figure 6.2: Proposed e-waste management flow structure ......................................................................... 21
Figure 7.1: E-waste treatment process ........................................................................................................ 23
Figure 7.2: Recycling options for managing plastics from end-of-life electronics..................................... 25
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 ix

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Basel convention and Bamako conventions. The Conventions recommend that signatories ensure
that the generation of hazardous waste and other waste within a country are reduced to a minimum,
taking into account social, technological and economic aspects. Secondly, where a country exporting
hazardous waste does not have the technical capacity, necessary facilities or suitable disposal sites to
dispose of the waste in question in an environmentally sound and efficient manner, steps must be
taken to minimise pollution and its consequences for health.
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) is a compound consisting of chlorine, fluorine, and carbon. CFCs are
commonly used as refrigerants, solvents, and foam blowing agents.
Collector means a person who receives e-waste directly from a residence for recycling or
processing for reuse. "Collector" includes, but is not limited to, manufacturers, recyclers, and
refurbishers who receive e-waste directly from the public.
Electrical equipment includes any machine powered by electricity. They usually consist of an
enclosure, a variety of electrical components, and often a power switch. Examples of these include:
major appliance, microcontroller, power tool and small appliances. It also often refers only to the
components part of the electrical distribution system such as: Electric switchboards, distribution
boards, circuit breakers and disconnects, electricity meter and transformers.
Electronic Equipment is equipment that involves the controlled conduction of electrons (especially
in a gas or vacuum or semiconductor) e.g. amplifier, audio and sound system, cassette player, CD
player, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope, detector, equalizer, mixer, modem, telephone etc.
Environmental Audit (EA) is a systematic evaluation of activities and processes of an ongoing

project to determine how far these activities conform to the Environmental Management Plan of that
specific project and sound environmental management practices.
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic examination conducted to determine

whether or not an activity or project will have any significant impacts on the environment, provide
mitigation for the adverse impacts and optimize the positive impacts.
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environment protection strategy that makes the
producer responsible for the entire life cycle of the product, especially for take back, recycle and final
disposal of the product.
E-waste is a term encompassing various forms of electrical and electronic equipment that are old,
end-of-life electronic appliances that have ceased to be of any value to their owners. (definition by
UNEP)
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) is a compound consisting of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 x

carbon. The HCFCs are one class of chemicals being used to replace the CFCs.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a class of organic compounds with 1 to 10 chlorine atoms
attached to a molecule composed of two benzene rings. They are widely used for many applications,
especially as dielectric fluids in transformers, capacitors, and coolants. They are toxic and are
classified as Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
Producer Responsibility Organisation (PRO) is a delegated extended producer responsibility

(EPR) by the producer to a third party, which is paid by the producer for spent-product management.
Recycler is a person who engages in treating or processing (of used or waste materials) to make them
suitable for reuse.
Recycling is the processing of used materials (waste) into new products to prevent waste of
potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy usage,
reduce air pollution and water pollution by reducing the need for "conventional" waste disposal or
producing a new product from a recyclable material.
Refurbisher means a person who renovates or processes e-waste for reuse, but does not include
telecommunications carriers, telecommunications manufacturers, or commercial mobile service
providers with an existing recycling programme.
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a system of incorporating environmental

considerations into policies, plans and programmes. It is sometimes referred to as Strategic
Environmental Impact Assessment.
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 xi

ACRONYMS
ARF Advanced Recycling Fee

BAT Best Available Technologies
CCK Communication Commission of Kenya
CCN City Council of Nairobi
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
CFSK Computer for Schools Kenya
CDF Constituency Development Fund
CoP Conference of Parties
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
EMCA Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act
HCFCs Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
ICT Information and Communication Technologies

ICWE International Conferences Workshops and Exhibitions
KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards

KRA Kenya Revenue Authority
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LCF Licensed collection facility

MEMR Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
MoIC Ministry of Information and Communication
MoLG Ministry of Local Government
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NGO Non Governmental Organisation
NEAP National Environment Action Plan
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 xii

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

PC Personal Computer
PCBs Polychlorinated biphenyls
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
PRO Producer Responsibility Organisations
SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats
ULF Unified Licensing Framework
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme
UPSs Uninterrupted Powers Supplies
USA United States of America
WEEE Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 xiii

FOREWORD
The environment sector is important in economic development of Kenya. This is because the sector
provides raw materials to support various economic activities and livelihoods. However, the sector is also
the recipient of waste products from production and disposal processes often becoming harmful to both
human health and the environment. The situation has been escalated by the increasing population,
changing consumption patterns and lifestyles leading to increased reliance on electrical and electronic
equipments. The resulting e-waste generated by these appliances is a major concern to sound
environmental management in the country.
While the use of electronics has greatly improved efficiency and quality of life for Kenyans, electronic
and electrical appliances generate e-waste at their end of life. The e-waste is a new and emerging waste
that is causing environmental degradation due to limited capacity on its handling and disposal. The
generation of e-waste has escalated due to increased access to low quality electronic goods and
subsequent high rates of obsolescence. The situation is escalated by obsolete donations especially from
developing countries which add to the high generation of e-waste.
Kenya like other countries has embraced ICT in both public and private sectors. As such, the country is
facing the challenge of accumulated e-waste whose handling and disposal has not been substantively
addressed by the present environmental laws. An estimated 50 million tonnes of e-waste is produced
globally each year with Kenya generating an average of 3,000 tonnes e-waste from computers, monitors,
printers, mobile phones, fridges and batteries among others. Lack of segregation and poor disposal
systems has led to mixing of e-waste with ordinary waste in our dumpsites.
The e-waste Guidelines have been developed to streamline the procedures of handling and disposal of e-
waste generated by various sectors. The e-waste guidelines provide a framework for identification,
collection, sorting, recycling and disposing of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste). The guidelines
provide the basis for developing legal instruments to enhance enforcement to lay down procedures. We
are therefore determined to address e-waste to encourage separation to enhance material recovery and
promote recycling.
In addition the country will explore other available options and opportunities contained in international
instruments which Kenya is a signatory. For instance, the Bamako as well as Basel Conventions prohibits
the importation of any hazardous waste. Kenya welcomes the provisions to ship e-waste back to the
country of origin whenever such consignments are detected
It is important to note that the management of e-waste is in-line with the provisions of Vision 2030 which
calls for a clean and healthy environment for development. The Guidelines are also in line with the
Vision of the Ministry of Environment & Mineral Resources that aspires for a clean, secure and
sustainably managed environment and mineral resources to support national prosperity. The management
of e-waste will therefore enhance the quality of the environment by controlling the quantities of e–waste
generated.
Signed by:
Hon John N. Michuki, EGH, MP
Minister for Environment & Mineral Resources
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 xiv

PREFACE
A clean and healthy environment is of utmost importance to all citizenry whether in the public or private
sector. With global development and innovations in technology, electronic devices are a constant feature
of day-to-day life. In this regard, the Kenyan government has rolled out an e-government programme to
promote use of information and communication technology (ICT) in all sectors. The resultant waste from
their usage has over the years accumulated, and now poses a threat to our environment.
E-waste management is an emerging challenge that requires a comprehensive mechanism to address it

effectively. All sectors use electronic and electrical appliances thus generating e-waste. Although the
telecommunication sector has put in place preliminary systems for the collection and call back systems,
there is need for a national coordination in the management of e-waste in the country. In addition,
manufacturers of specific products will be tasked to bear costs related to the collection and disposal of
waste associated with their respective products.
The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources through NEMA has developed the e-waste
Guidelines to streamline the collection and disposal of e-waste. A comprehensive awareness will be
conducted among various stakeholders to build their capacity in handling and disposing e-waste. The
guidelines have identified the various types of e-waste and mode of handling including transportation,
sorting, treatment, recycling, re-use and disposal. The guidelines were developed through elaborate
consultations with relevant stakeholder thus ensuring ownership and effective implementation.
A clean and healthy environment is critical for all. As such, the Ministry is determined to put in place
relevant programmes to promote a high quality of the environment. Although the use of electronic and
electrical appliances is necessary across all sectors, the resulting e-waste has to be addressed in order to
balance environmental conservation and development in-line with the principles of sustainable
development.
Signed by:
Mr. Ali D. Mohammed

Permanent Secretary
Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 xv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
On behalf of the National Environment Management Authority, I wish to acknowledge the technical
officers drawn from key lead agencies who worked tirelessly to formulate the e-waste guidelines. The
major institutions represented included, Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources, Ministry of
Information and Communication, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife,
Communications Commission of Kenya, Kenya Revenue Authority, Department of Resource Surveys and
Remote Sensing, Meteorological Department, Mines and Geology Department and Kenya Bureau of
Standards. I also wish to thank the universities that participated in the process namely, University of
Nairobi and Africa Nazarene University.
The technical support offered by international organizations such as, United Nations Environment
Programme, Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative, International Conferences Workshops and
Exhibitions (ICWE-Africa) is highly appreciated. In addition, local non-governmental organization
namely, Computers for Schools Kenya and Masuro Consultants played an active role in the formulation
of the e-waste guidelines.
Last but not least, I thank my own staff from NEMA who on top of being contributors to the formulation
of the document also offered the Secretariat during the entire drafting process. The e-waste guidelines are
therefore a product of broad consultations among relevant lead agencies which should make
implementation easier.
It is my hope that these guidelines will provide practical strategies for the collection, handling and
disposal of e-waste by various stakeholders. The guidelines will also form basis for the formulation of
relevant e-waste regulations to facilitate the enforcement of standards and procedures stipulated for the
appropriate to management of e-waste. The e-waste regulations will form part of the existing Waste
Management Regulations (2006).
I am convinced that our concerted efforts will collectively enhance the quality of the environment.
DR. AYUB MACHARIA

AG. DIRECTOR GENERAL
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 xvi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Increased use of technology especially in ICT, low initial cost, and unplanned obsolescence of
electrical and electronic equipment has led to an e-waste generation problem for Kenya. UNEP
estimates the current e-waste generated annually in Kenya at 11,400 tonnes from refrigerators,
2,800 tonnes from TVs, 2,500 tonnes from personal computers, 500 tonnes from printers and 150
tonnes from mobile phones (Press Release UNEP, 2010). This high rate of accumulation of e-
waste stems not only from the rapid pace of emerging technologies but also from e-waste
disposal by developed countries in the form of used electronic equipment with short life-spans.
There are two key international conventions regulating waste management: the Basel and
Bamako Conventions. The Conventions recommend that signatories ensure that the generation of
hazardous wastes, and other wastes within a country, are reduced to a minimum, taking into
account social, technological and economic aspects. Secondly, a country can export hazardous
waste if it does not have the technical capacity, necessary facilities or suitable disposal sites to
handle the waste in question in an environmentally sound and efficient manner. Steps must be
taken to minimise pollution and its consequences for health as far as possible. It should,
however, be noted that most developing countries are yet to legislate law and guidelines on e-
waste and continue to act as dumping sites from developed countries.
The purpose of these guidelines is to assist the government, private sector, learning institutions
and other stakeholders to manage electrical and electronic waste effectively to enhance
environmental conservation. The development of these guidelines is one of the activities in the
e-learning strategy for the environment sector. The e-learning strategy was developed in 2009
and adopted in April 2010. The guidelines have been developed through a consultative process
involving various stakeholders in the environment sector as listed in Appendix 5.
The guidelines have been developed with the strategic objective of providing a framework for
the development of regulations and policies in Kenya. Specific objectives of the guidelines
include:
 To enhance environmental protection from e-waste.

 To establish a basis for a policy and regulatory frameworks on e-waste management.
 To raise public awareness on sustainable management of e-waste in Kenya.
Included in the guidelines are approaches to enhance environmental protection; policy and
regulatory frameworks; environmental awareness; categories of e-waste and target groups; e-
waste treatment technologies; and disposal procedures.
It is important to note that the guidelines are not a panacea for Kenya’s e-waste problems, but
will provide a basis for the development of e-waste regulations and an e-waste policy in Kenya.
The following activities have been identified as necessary complementary to the development of
the guidelines:
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 xvii

 The development of a regulatory framework to enable proper collection, recycling and to set
the required standards for e-waste management. These guidelines will provide a basis for the
development of this framework.
 The need to ensure that health and safety aspects of the people involved in the operations are
protected, along with issues of emissions and waste emerging from such operations.
 The need to not only streamline the existing e-waste management systems from different
stakeholders in the private and public sector but also to attract recyclers who could make the
recycling process safe and efficient. This will create opportunities for employment through
economically viable activities as a result of processing e-waste.
 Development of economic instruments by the Government such as land, financial subsidies
etc., to ensure an efficient collection and recycling system and to attract would-be investors
in this field
These guidelines have been divided into eight chapters. The background and rationale for the
development of the guidelines are provided in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 presents the global and
national context on the status of e-waste. In the same Chapter, there is provision for a SWOT
analysis in which the strengths and opportunities of e-waste are identified. Chapter 3 elaborates
on the legal and institutional framework on national laws and international conventions and
agreements relating to environmental management. The different categories of e-waste that have
been included in these guidelines are highlighted in Chapter 4. Guidelines for specific target
groups are outlined in Chapter 5. The document ends with a discussion of the guidelines for
collection and disposal systems, treatment technology for e-waste, and the establishment of
integrated e-waste recycling and treatment as highlighted in chapters 6, 7 and 8 respectively.
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 xviii

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 BACKGROUND
The term e-waste is a generic term encompassing various forms of electrical and electronic
equipment that are old, end-of-life electronic appliances, or have ceased to be of any value to
their owners (UNEP). E-waste includes electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage,
recycling, or disposal. E-waste is the most rapidly growing problem in the waste stream due to its
quantity, toxicity and carcinogenicity. Often, the toxic material is improperly disposed and thus
poses a threat to human health and the environment.
Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) poses one of the greatest environmental challenges
globally and in particular to developing countries. Increased changes in technology especially in
ICT, low initial cost, and high rates of obsolescence have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of e-
waste generation in Kenya. UNEP estimates the current e-waste generated annually in Kenya at
11,400 tonnes from refrigerators, 2,800 tonnes from TVs, 2,500 tonnes from personal computers,
500 tonnes from printers and 150 tonnes from mobile phones (UNEP & UNU, 2009). This has
resulted in e-waste management challenges that call for interventions.
It is in response to this need that these guidelines have been developed and will be key to the
establishment of e-waste regulations and an e-waste policy for Kenya. Included in the guidelines
are approaches to enhance environmental protection, policy and regulatory frameworks,
environmental awareness, e-waste categories and target groups, e-waste treatment technologies,
and disposal procedures.
1.1 Objectives
1.2.1 Strategic objective
To provide a framework for the development of regulations and policies with the participation of
key stakeholders in the sustainable management of e-waste in Kenya.
1.2.2 Specific objectives
 To provide guidelines that will enhance environmental protection from e-waste

 To establish a basis for a policy and regulatory frameworks on e-waste management
 To raise public awareness on sustainable management of e-waste in Kenya.
1.2 Scope
These guidelines apply to the handling and management of the various categories and elements
of e-waste in Kenya. The guidelines provide a clear mechanism for the management of e-waste
NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 1

at various stages in the supply chain, the objective being to ensure the integrity of the
environment is assured against the potential adverse impacts of e-waste and its elements.
1.3 Purpose
The purpose of these guidelines is to assist the government, private sector, learning institutions
among others to manage e-waste in a manner that enhances environmental conservation.
1.4 Rationale
The guidelines will provide a regulatory framework to enable proper collection, recycling and to
set the required standards for e-waste management. These guidelines will provide vital
information to aid the development of a management framework. They will also ensure that health
and safety aspects of the people involved in the operations are protected, along with issues of
emissions and waste emerging from such operations. The existing e-waste management systems
from different stakeholders will be streamlined and attract recyclers who make the recycling
process safe and efficient. The guidelines will further enhance the development of economic
instruments such as land, financial subsidies etc. to ensure an efficient collection and recycling
system.

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 THE GLOBAL AND LOCAL CONTEXT ON E-WASTE

Increased economic growth has been facilitated by technology which has become an integral part
of our daily life. Its use has generated opportunities, as well as challenges in the form of
electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) and e-waste disposal. E-waste contains toxic and
hazardous substances that pose a threat to human health and the environment. Different treatment
and disposal systems have been used in various parts of the world.
2.1 The problem of e-waste

2.1.1 The global situation
Developed countries have various legislations and guidelines on e-waste. Their generated e-
waste currently accounts for1% of total solid waste generation and is expected to grow to 2% by
2010. In the USA it accounts for 1% to 3% of total municipal waste generation. According to the
European Community directive 2002/96/EC on Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(European Commission, 2010), e-waste is growing three times faster than average annual
municipal solid waste generation. It is estimated that the total amount of e-waste generated in the
EU ranges from 5 to 7 million tonnes per annum or about 14 to 15 kg per capita and is expected
to grow at a rate of 3% to 5% per year. In developing countries, it ranges from 0.01% to 1% of
the total municipal solid waste generation. In China and India however where annual generation
per capita is less than 1 kg, it is growing at an exponential pace.
2.1.2 The Kenyan situation
The exact situation with regard to e-waste quantities in Kenya remains unclear due to the fact
that a comprehensive baseline on e-waste in Kenya has never been undertaken. An assessment
by UNEP (2009) estimates that Kenya generates 1,400 tonnes from refrigerators, 2,800 tonnes
from TVs, 2,500 tonnes from personal computers, 500 tonnes from printers and 150 tonnes from
mobile phones (UNEP, 2010). The mass flow study carried out in 2007 by Kenya ICT Action
Network showed (Appendix 1) that 1,513 tonnes of electronics entered the market. The
consumer in addition to receiving 1489.4 tonnes also received 151.3 tonnes from the second
hand market. It was also revealed that consumers are likely to dispose 1,210.4 tonnes in the
second-hard market, and 18.6 tonnes to collectors or as general waste which is sent to
refurbishers. The consumer disposes a further 18.6 tonnes directly to recyclers. Refurbishers and
recyclers then send 605.2 tonnes for disposal.
Although there have been initiatives by reputable firms to manage e-waste such Nokia through
their recycling scheme and Computer for Schools through their refurbishment programme, the
practices for managing e-waste are mostly handled by the informal sector (Jua Kali). Most of
these operators have inadequate skills, are neither registered nor authorized and operate in a
secretive manner. These operations are well connected to the supply chain processes of sourcing
the raw material to finding markets for the recovered materials during post-recycling operations.
The processes are highly toxic and impact adversely to both the environment and human health.

The lack of clear disposal mechanisms has resulted in excessive stocks being held by the
consumer. The lack of well developed structures to handle e-waste disposal cause a ‘drag’ on
waste volumes. A lot of the old technology is held in storage due to a lack of clear strategies and
processes for disposal. Disposal options vary widely depending on the user. Government
ministries and departments have to bond the computers and invite competitive tenders for
disposal as scrap in line with procurement procedures. The process is slow and results in obsolete
computers being held in government stores. Private sector corporations often donate the
computers as charity to deserving users. Collectors, refurbishers and the recycling infrastructures
are generally not developed and therefore the flow down the value chain has much lower
volumes. Safaricom initiated a take back scheme which failed because of location of collection
centres and lack of awareness and incentives for consumers.
2.2 Consequences of poor e-waste handling
The ecological, economic and social consequences resulting from poor handling and
management of e-waste include:
Environmental consequences
 Air pollution, especially when e-waste is burnt
 Waste management problem of non-biodegradable equipment
 Toxicity and radioactive nature of e-waste to the human, water, soil and animals
 Blockage of water runoff channels
 Increased amount of waste
 Waste management disposal problem
Economic consequences
 Substantial public spending on health care
 Investments in complex and expensive environment remediation technologies
 Loss / waste of resources that can be recycled for re-use
 Opportunities for recycling industries and employment lost
 Ozone depletion has led to unpredictable weather conditions. Prolonged droughts and
floods demand the use of resources which should be deployed for growth and
development in other sectors
Social consequences
 E-waste affects people’s health (e.g. lead poisoning and cancerous mercury).
 Growth of informal waste disposal centres in the neighbourhood
 Informal trade and management of e-waste
 Loss of appreciation for ICT
2.3 Swot Analysis
The ecological, economic and social consequences from e- waste could be turned into
opportunities for the good of society as shown in Table 1.

Table 2.1: SWOT Analysis
Strengths Weakness
 Kenya has identified the problem of  Lack of coordinated approach across the
e-waste and key stakeholders are Ministries to deal with e-waste
involved  Lack of awareness of the need for the e-
 Potential employment creation and waste management system
revenue generation source  No mechanism to implement the policy
 MENR concept paper being intentions (e.g. MoIC policy statement)
developed  Limited national capacity to process e-waste
 MoLG is developing a solid waste  Lack of a mechanism to separate e-waste
management policy. from solid waste and a structured system of
 CCK has developed solid waste e-waste collection
management into licensing  None or limited extended producer/supplier
conditions responsibility
 CCN is developing an integrated  Lack of affordability of new IT
solid waste management strategy in  Lack of collection systems leads to e-waste
conjunction with UNEP being stockpiled at homes, office and repair
 Significant level of refurbishment is shops
already taking place  No national e-waste policy in Kenya
 Lack of formal training in e-waste
management
Threats Opportunities
 Dumping of e-waste by developed  Willingness by stakeholders to contribute to
nations e-waste management
 Hazardous nature of e-waste  CCN has allocated land to CFSK to build a
 No regulatory and policy structures national e-waste recycling centre
to safeguard health, environment  Employment opportunities
and social consequences of e-waste  Informal business in recycling found around
 Limited capacity of MENR, NEMA dumpsites can be formalized
and other government agencies to  Capacity in formal business can be
deal with e-waste developed
 Significant amount of second-hand  Some manufacturers e.g. (Sony Ericsson,
equipment in the market with short LG) and suppliers and service providers (e.g.
remaining lifespan Safaricom) are implementing take back
schemes
 Funds available that can be used by small
entrepreneurs (e.g. CDF, Youth and Women
Fund)

2.4 Converting the challenges into opportunities

Despite the problem of e-waste, its proper management using environmentally sound systems,
presents numerous socio-economic opportunities that can stimulate entrepreneurship,
employment and enhancement of livelihoods.
a. Recycling level. Organisations and individuals that will be licensed to recycle will either
create job opportunities or self-employ themselves. Experiences across the world indicate
that the scale of operation for recycling e-waste is growing at viable and potentially
profitable rates.
b. Dismantling and refurbishing level. The refurbisher extends the functional life of electronic
or electrical equipment by breaking apart the end of use equipment and selling the parts that
can still be used. This process, besides creating job opportunities, saves the environment by
diverting large volumes of e-waste from energy-intensive down cycling processes where the
equipment is reverted to raw materials for use in manufacturing. The environmental and
social benefits of refurbishing and reuse include diminished demand for new products and
virgin raw materials and diminished use of landfills.
c. Collection level. Through the Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO) and take back
systems those who collect e-waste and hand it over to recyclers, refurbishers and treatment
plants are paid a take back fee which in away provides for livelihoods.
d. Creation of artificial mines. It is a fact that e-waste contains hundreds of tonnes of various
metals. These metals can be isolated, treated and made available for use in new forms. This is
done by establishing metal separation facilities at landfills or e-waste deposits. This process
not only creates employment but also reduces metal loading on e-waste deposit sites and
hence reduces the risk of soil contamination, besides making available new metals for use

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

There are no specific national environmental laws or Guidelines for e-waste. None of the
existing environmental laws make any direct reference to the handling of electronic and
electrical waste. However provisions made for Environmental Management and Coordination
(Waste Management Regulations) regulations 2006, may apply to electronic waste where they
can be classified as hazardous waste.
3.1 Existing policy
3.1.1 International instruments
Kenya is a signatory to many agreements and conventions on environmental management. These
include support for the provisions of Agenda 21 amongst other declarations and statements of
principle, such as the Rio Declaration in 1992 on Environment and Development. Kenya is also
party to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous
Wastes and their Disposal.
Kenya also supported the Nairobi Declaration on the Environmentally Sound Management of
Electrical and Electronic Waste at the Conference of the Parties (CoP 8) meeting in Nairobi,
2007. The declaration sought to develop a work plan for the environmentally sound management
of electrical and electronic waste (e-waste), focusing on the needs of developing countries and
countries with economies in transition.
3.1.2 Sessional Paper No 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development
In 1999 the Government of Kenya produced the Sessional Paper No 6 on Environment and
Development. The overall goal of the policy was to integrate environmental concerns into the
national planning and management processes and provide guidelines for environmentally
sustainable development. The policy paper identified areas requiring action which included
development of comprehensive waste management policy, guidelines, and standards.
3.2 Legislation
The Environment Management and Coordination Act of 1999 is an ACT of Parliament that
provides for the establishment of an appropriate legal and institutional framework for the
management of the environment. The act allows the minister in charge of environment to gazette
standards, regulations and guidelines for the proper management, conservation and protection of
the environment.
The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006, is
the government’s legal instrument that deals with waste management in Kenya. Although there is
no direct provision for e-waste, the Waste Management Regulations 2006 apply to electronic
waste by virtue of their composition which includes several of the substances listed as hazardous
waste.
The Environment Management and Coordination (Controlled Substances) Regulations 2007,
deals with management and control of substances that deplete the Ozone. However, the

regulations provide a list of hazardous substances but do not detail how they should be handled
in relation to e-waste management.
3.3 Institutional framework

The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
The Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources (MEMR) is responsible for the
environment at policy level. One of its key functions is the full implementation of the
Environmental Management Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999 which defines hazardous waste,
pollutants and pollution. To achieve this objective, the Ministry’s role is to create an enabling
environment through policy, legal and regulatory reforms for environmental and natural
resources management.
The National Environment Management Authority
The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the principal instrument of
Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment. In the NEMA
strategic plan 2010-12, key objectives include universal compliance and enforcement of
environmental regulations, developing guidelines and standards and the prosecution of offenders
failing to meet the provisions of the EMCA 1999. The lead agencies that are also pertinent to e-
waste management include the Ministry of Information and Communication, Communication
Commission of Kenya (CCK), Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS), Kenya Revenue Authority
(KRA), Ministry of Education, Ministry of Local Government (MoLG) and City Council of
Nairobi (CCN).
Ministry of Information and Communication

The Ministry of Information and Communication (MoIC) has recognised the potential challenge
posed by e-waste and has included a clause in its 2006 policy document that specifically
addresses the issue.
Communications Commission of Kenya
The CCK is working on issues of enforcement through the Unified Licensing Framework (ULF).
Ministry of Local Government
The Ministry of Local Government (MoLG) is developing a solid waste management policy and
the CCN is developing an integrated solid waste management strategy in conjunction with
UNEP.
3.4 Efforts towards development of an e-waste policy
MoIC has a clause that addresses e-waste in the 2006 policy. CCK is also working on the
enforcement through the Unified Licensing Framework (ULF). MoLG is developing a solid
waste management policy while CCN is developing an integrated solid waste management
strategy in conjunction with UNEP. The development of these guidelines is expected to integrate
the above developments to manage e-waste in the country effectively.

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 E-WASTE CATEGORIES

This chapter describes the different categories of electronic and electrical appliances, the e-waste
resulting from them and their levels of toxicity. It’s important to note that these elements may be
found in combination with others. The objective of this section is to understand different types of
electrical and electronic equipment so that they may be disposed of appropriately through
sorting, collection, dismantling, treatment and disposal. There are two broad categories of e-
waste based on mode of operation and function and based on elemental composition.
NB: The list below is not exhaustive, but a guideline.
4.1 Categorization based on mode of operation and function

The classification of equipment is based on the mode of operation and function. It reveals the
composition of physical components before dismantling in order to facilitate sorting. Table 2
shows some of e-waste categories
Table 4.1: E-waste categories
Type of e-waste Examples of equipment

ICT and Tele- Mainframes, Printers, Personal computers (CPU, mouse, screen and
communications keyboard included), Laptop computer, Networking equipment,
equipment Scanners, Mobile phones, CD / DVDs / Floppy Disks, UPSs, Radio
sets, Television sets, Video cameras, Video recorders, Hi-fi recorders,
Audio amplifiers and Musical instruments.
Office electronics Photocopying equipment, Electrical and electronic typewriters, Pocket
and desk calculators, Facsimile and Telephones.
Refrigerators, Freezers, Washing machines, Dish washing machines,

Large Household
Cooking equipment, Microwaves, Electric heating appliances, Electric
Appliances
hot plates, Electric radiators, Electric fans, Air conditioner appliances,
exhaust ventilation and conditioning equipment, large appliances for
heating beds, rooms and seating furniture.
Small Household Vacuum cleaners, Carpet sweepers, Water dispensers, Toasters, Fryers,
Appliances Appliances for hair-cutting, hair drying, brushing teeth, shaving and
massage; Electric knives, Clocks, Appliances used for sewing, knitting
and weaving.
Consumer Equipment for turning, milling, sanding, grinding, sawing, cutting,
Equipment. shearing, drilling, punching, folding, bending or processing wood,
metal and other materials. Tools for riveting, nailing or screwing or
removing rivets, nails, screws or similar uses, Tools for welding,
soldering or similar use. Tools for mowing or other gardening activities,

Type of e-waste Examples of equipment
Sewing machines etc.

Toys, leisure and Electric trains or car racing sets, Hand-held video game, Video games,
sports equipment Computers for biking, diving, running, rowing, etc., Sports equipment
with electric or electronic components.
Lighting Fluorescent tubes, Compact fluorescent lamps, High intensity discharge

lamps, including pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps; Low
pressure sodium lamps, Other lighting or equipment for the purpose of
spreading or controlling light with the exception of filament bulbs.
Medical equipment Scanners, Operating equipments, Stethoscopes, Radiotherapy

equipment, Cardiology, Dialysis, Pulmonary ventilators, Nuclear
medicine equipment, Laboratory equipment for in-vitro diagnosis,
Analysers, Freezers, Fertilization tests. Other appliances for detecting,
preventing, monitoring, treating, alleviating illness, injury or disability.
Automatic Automatic dispensers for hot drinks, Automatic dispensers for hot or
dispensers cold bottles or cans, Automatic dispensers for solid products, Automatic
dispensers for money, and other appliances which deliver automatically
all kind of products.
Monitoring and Smoke detectors, Heating regulators, Thermostats, Measuring,

control instruments weighing or adjusting appliances for household or as laboratory
equipment and other monitoring and control instruments used in
industrial installations (e.g. in control panels).
Batteries Lead Batteries, Nickel and Cadmium batteries etc.
4.2 Categorization based on element composition

This category is based on the physical, chemical and gaseous components found in the electrical and
electronic appliances. They include epoxy resins, fiber glass, Polychlorinated biphenlys (PCBs),
(polyvinyl chlorides) (PVC), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
thermosetting plastics, lead, tin, copper, silicon, beryllium, carbon, iron and Aluminium. They also vary
in quantity:
4.2.1 Elements found in small amounts
They include cadmium, mercury, and thallium.
4.2.2 Elements found in trace amounts
They include americium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium,
germanium, gold, indium, lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium,
ruthenium, selenium, silver, tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, and yttrium etc.

Almost all electronics contain lead and tin (as solder) and copper (as wire and printed circuit
board tracks), though the use of lead-free solder is now being promoted all over the world. These
substances can be divided further based on their level of toxicity to humans and the environment.
4.2.3 Hazardous elements

This category includes those elements that are harmful to the environment and human health;
Table 3 below shows some hazardous elements in electrical and electronic equipment
Table 4:2: Hazardous elements in electrical and electronic equipment
Element For example found in electrical and electronic equipment such as:
Americium Smoke alarms (radioactive source).
Mercury Fluorescent tubes (numerous applications); tilt switches (pinball games,
mechanical doorbells, thermostats).
Sulfur Lead-acid batteries.
PCBs Prior to ban, almost all 1930s–1970s equipment, including capacitors,
transformers, wiring insulation, paints, inks, and flexible sealants used PCBs.
Cadmium Light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation
environments and nickel-cadmium batteries.
Lead Old solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries and formulations of PVC.
Beryllium Filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used on
oxide heat sinks of CPUs and power transistors, magnetrons, X-ray-transparent
ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers
Polyvinyl PVC contains additional chemicals to change the chemical consistency of the
chloride product. Some of these additives can leach out of vinyl products e.g.
plasticizers that are added to make PVC flexible.
4.2.4 Generally non hazardous elements

This category includes materials that are not harmful. They can be extracted from the used
electrical and electronic appliances and applied elsewhere. They include;

Table 4.3 Non hazardous elements in electrical and electronic equipment
Element For example found in electrical and electronic equipment such as:
Tin Solder, coatings on component leads.
Copper Copper wire, printed circuit board tracks, component leads.
Aluminium Nearly all electronic goods using more than a few watts of power,
including electrolytic capacitors.
Iron Steel chassis, cases, and fixings.
Germanium: 1950s–1960s transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors).
Silicon Glass, transistors, ICs, printed circuit boards.
Nickel Nickel-cadmium batteries.
Lithium Lithium-ion batteries.
Zinc Plating for steel parts.
Gold Connector plating, primarily in computer equipment.

CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 GUIDELINES FOR TARGET GROUPS IN E-WASTE MANAGEMENT

There is no system to manage the various groups involved in the management of e-waste in
Kenya. E-waste has to be managed through a carefully organised system and existing actors
should be part of the proposed system. The target groups do have a collective responsibility for
managing the e-waste at different stages in its life-cycle.
5.1 Guidelines for producers / manufacturers

There are very few (if any) manufacturers of electronic equipment in Kenya. Most companies
have their production plants in Asia, where they have specialised equipment and methods to
recover useful raw materials from scrap. Producers need to:
 Establish channels to collect the waste at the end of its life-cycle.
 Implement individual take-back schemes or get organised into sectoral or sub-sector
Producer Responsibility Organisations (PRO) that encompass Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR).
 Clearly label products for easy identification and to show the constituents of the product.
 Comply with Kenya standards in the manufacture of electronic goods.
 Build in the cost of product take back and disposal into the purchase product price.
5.2 Guidelines for importers

Importers of electronic and electric equipment are divided into two categories; importers of new
units and importers of used units. Importers need to:
 Specify standards for products on the expected remaining lifespan of the equipments and
electrical appliances.
 Notify NEMA for consent to transport e-waste through Kenya subject to stated conditions
 State the number of years a computer has been in use before donation. The specifications
should be stated according to the regulations on importation of pre-owned hand electronic
equipment.
 Ensure used electrical and electronic goods reach the pre-destined end users. A record of
customers should be kept to facilitate waste collection e.g. schools.
 Indicate an envisaged lifespan of used units when importing used equipment and bear
responsibility for this by ensuring that take back mechanisms are in place.
 Desist from importing hazardous e-waste.
5.3 Guidelines for assemblers

Assemblers need to:
 Clearly label products for easy identification of product constituents.
 Clearly indicate Extended Producer Responsibility on electrical and electronic equipment.
 Comply with Kenyan standards on the assembly of electronic goods.

5.4 Guidelines for refurbishers

The refurbisher extends the functional life of equipment and feeds it into the second-hand
market. Refurbishers need to:
 Ensure unusable material should go to a licensed disposer
 Ensure waste plucked out of the equipment will go to the recycler
 Provide incentives to the consumer to donate used devices
5.5 Guidelines for recyclers

These are organisations and individuals who dismantle, separate fractions and recover material
from e-waste after the lifespan of the equipment. Recyclers need to;
 Establish recycling infrastructure and environmentally sound technologies to manage
electrical and electronic waste
 Ensure that dismantling is done in an environmentally safe manner.
 Provide recycling processes to be approved and licensed by NEMA
 Ensure that revenue generated through sales of the materials recovered will support the
administrative, plant and machinery and other overheads
5.6 Guidelines for government organisations

These are the organisations that are involved in the formulation and enforcement of regulations
regarding generation, handling and disposal of e-waste. They include MEMR, Ministry of Local
Government, KEBS, NEMA, KRA and CCK. Government organisations need to:
 Prepare a framework with appropriate legislation to support e-waste management
 Monitor the processes of e-waste handling regularly
 Create a management plan with responsibilities for different target groups
 Provide incentives to entrepreneurs to set up e-waste collection and treatment facilities
 Regulate / control the number of e-waste facilities within a geographical area
 Approve innovative e-waste management technologies that are environmentally sound
 Form multi-stakeholder monitoring committees to oversee the implementation of the e-waste
management guidelines
 Create awareness among all the stakeholders through the legislative frame work of e-waste
management
 Develop standards to prevent the importation and donations of useless or harmful e-waste
 Determine the impact of and come up with strategies for managing technology changes such
as analogue-to-digital television equipment and deciding the procedure for Strategic
Environmental Assessments

5.7 Guidelines for consumers

The consumer can either be an individual or a corporate organisation that owns a device which
falls into one of the e-waste categories and which is considered to have ceased to be of any
value. Consumers need to:
 Separate e-waste from other wastes to facilitate collection, treatment and recycling
 Dispose e-waste generated to the e-waste collection centres
 Sell or donate e-waste to licensed refurbishers
 Take back equipment to the manufacturer, importer or assembler, if they allow it
 Dump e-waste at the licensed dumping site specified for the e-waste
 Be responsible for following recommended disposal methods or procedures especially dates
of expiry or end of usage period of the product
5.8 Guidelines for learning institutions

Learning institutions can be those associated with basic education or higher education. They are
recipients of electrical and electronic goods. Unfortunately, most of the second hand products are
not inspected before they are donated. Coupled with poor handling and use, their lifespan
becomes shorter resulting in huge amounts of e-waste in most learning institutions. In order to
manage e-waste, learning institutions need to:
 Create awareness and conduct sensitization campaigns on responsible e-waste management
 Develop Memorandum of Understandings (MoUs) with PROs for take-back, recycling and
refurbishing of e-waste at life-end
 Develop mechanisms to ensure that inspection certificates clearly specify end-of-life date
and who bears responsibility thereafter
 Develop and mainstream e-waste education in curricula
5.9 Guidelines for transporters

Transporters need to:
 Ensure e-waste is properly stored
 Ensure vehicles transporting e-waste obtain a waste transport license from NEMA.
 Ensure e-waste is disposed in licensed dumping sites
5.10 Guidelines for disposal authorities

Disposal authorities need to:
 Develop disposal standards for each type of toxic waste, including procedures for
disassembling and recycling
 Provide efficient transport for e-waste
 Develop proper infrastructure for e-waste collection and disposal
 Set manageable fees to sustain e-waste management

5.11 Guidelines for informal sector e-waste collectors
 Informal sector e-waste collectors will only need to acquire a license if they collect e-waste
from various sources
5.12 Guidelines for people living near dumpsites
 People living near dumpsites need to be educated on how to detect potential health hazards,
through organised workshops by the e-waste management stakeholders and environmental
health practitioners

CHAPTER SIX
6.0 GUIDELINES FOR COLLECTION SYSTEMS

These guidelines seek to implement the 4Rs, (Reduce, Repair, Reuse and Recycle) to effectively
minimise e-waste. The proposed recommendations are presented in figure 1.
Figure 6.1: Cradle to cradle electronic and electric management
Source: E-Waste Assessment in South Africa: A case study in Gauteng Province
6.1 General guidelines

 Collection mechanisms for e-waste in terms of packaging, labelling and transportation shall
be as per the existing Waste Management Regulations 2006.
 Collection centres shall be established by producers/dealers, manufacturers, importers and
distributors. They shall seek approval from NEMA and Local Authorities and their details
shall be publicised for public use.
 Collection centres shall store the e-waste after sorting it into various categories for easier
access by downstream users as well as to facilitate record keeping on the quantities of
various categories of waste.
 Producers / dealers, manufacturers, importers and distributors have to enrol in an e-waste
collection scheme by virtue of the fact that they introduce electrical and electronic equipment
into the environment.
 Producers / dealers, manufacturers, importers and distributors should have the extended
producer/manufacturer responsibility to ensure that at the end-of-life span of the equipment,
the disposal is managed responsibly.
 National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) with other relevant key government
stakeholders will regulate the collection, recycling, refurbishing and disposal of e-waste.
 Records of licensed facilities as well occupational health and safety concerns of various
facilities will be monitored by NEMA.
 Awareness creation on delivery mechanisms of waste to these centres shall be the
responsibility of the producers, local authorities, distributors and importers.

6.2 Guidelines for selection of collection channels / method

These collection systems have been described in terms of the collection channels and
infrastructure required to make these channels operational. The commonly used collection
channels are municipal collection sites, retailer take-back, and producer take-back. The
collection mechanisms are described below.
6.2.1 Retailer take back and storage
 Consumers take back e-waste to retail stores that distribute similar products
 Consumers may give back the product at the retail store depending upon purchase of a new
product, or without any purchase required
 Distributors may also provide take back schemes to ensure availability and accessibility of
free of charge of designated collection facilities
 Take back fees may be included in the cost of sale and refunded on delivery/return
6.2.2 Producer take back and storage
 It usually applies to larger commercial equipment and operates on the principle of “new
equipment replacing the old ones”
 E-waste is taken back by producers either directly at their facilities or designated collection
centres that fed into the e-waste system
 The collected waste is stored on site to be transported for treatment elsewhere or on the site
6.2.3 Municipal collection and storage
 Consumers and businesses should be able to leave e-waste at municipal sites
 Sorting containers should be provided at Municipal collection site
 The collected waste should be stored on-site or directly fed into the e-waste treatment system
6.2.4 Other collection points
 E-waste can be dropped at specially created sites or centres
 There can be specialised sorting centres controlled such as Producer Responsibility
Organisation (PRO) or third party sites, whose operators may be remunerated for the
provision of space
6.3 Guidelines for establishing collection and storage infrastructure

The operation of a collection system described above requires storage and transportation
infrastructure. Collection infrastructure requires establishment of e-waste collection points and
storage areas. The following are guidelines for establishing collection points and storage areas:
 Collection points and storage areas should provide sorting infrastructure to effectively
separate e-waste from other municipal waste
 Collection facilities should be available and accessible taking into account the population
density.

 Collection and transport of separated e-waste should be done in such a way that enables reuse
and recycling of those components or whole appliances.
 Sites for storage of e-waste prior to their treatment should have impermeable surface for
appropriate areas with the provision of spillage collection facilities and where appropriate,
decanters and cleanser-degreasers.
 Sites for storage of e-waste prior to their treatment should have weatherproof covering for
appropriate areas.
6.4 Guidelines for design and technical specifications of e-waste collection points
A Licensed Collection Facility (LCF) should:
 Enable household e-waste to be collected from the LCF in streams of either large household
appliances other than cooling appliances and display equipment containing CRTs amongst
other waste.
 Be accessible to members of the public.
 Have signs to direct members of the public to deposit e-waste to the relevant container or
area prevent mixing of e-waste with other waste or allow contamination with hazardous
material
 State the maximum quantity that can be deposited on the site.
 Have impermeable surface with a sealed drainage and impermeable drains which do not leak
to ensure that all liquids are in a sealed sump except where they may be lawfully discharged.
 Have a weatherproof cover
 Have a Collection Point and Storage Facility adequate to serve the geographical area and the
volume of separated e-waste tonnage captured.
 Have adequate collection points and storage facilities to serve the population size.
 Be located where it meets the requirements of the collection option identified (i.e. retailer
take back collection centre, municipal collection centre or other) and able to handle the
number of trucks or trailers of different capacities required to transport the e-waste.
6.5 Guidelines for operation of Producer Responsibility Organisations

Producer Responsibility Organisations are committees that take the responsibility for the end-of-
life disposal of products being manufactured or assembled. They can be established with the
support of all manufacturers largely responsible for the management of e-waste in an
environmentally sound manner. Manufacturers should implement take-back policies for used
devices to ensure that they do not turn into e-waste.
6.5.1 About the PRO Structure

 The PRO will be expected to operate as a non-profit committee built on the ethos of
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and be an active participant in this sector.

 The cost of establishing these structures shall be supported by the manufacturers. The details
on the contribution made by individual companies can be worked out through detailed
deliberation. A part of revenue can also be generated through the sale of the e-waste by the
recycler.
 The PRO should operate with all stakeholder participation (including representatives of the
informal sector) and with full operational transparency to ensure efficacy in its
implementation.
6.5.2 Roles of Producer Responsibility Organisation

 The Producer Responsibility Organisation will have overall responsibility for the complete
recycling process of e-waste with different levels of engagement in various processes.
 The PRO will take on direct responsibility of collection and storage of all waste resulting
from electrical and electronic equipments generated across the country and then passes this
on to the dismantler/recycler for a price.
 The nature of goods being classified as e-waste, have an intrinsic material value and this
value is key to the complete financial plan of this structure. It is a globally accepted fact that
e-waste has a material value assigned and all recyclers, big or small, procure electronic
wastes at a price and then make profits by selling the recovered materials.
 This structure suggests provision of incentives to the manufacturers to be active participants
and streamline the storage and collection system to an authorised agency that will handle the
e-waste.
 The PRO will pay the manufacturers for the material collected and provide free collection
system. The dynamic fee system for different end-of-life products will be fixed by the PRO
and will be open to review at periodic intervals. This will give an option to vary the monetary
value attached to it according to the prevailing market values of the materials extracted.
 The revenue generated by PRO through sales of this e-waste to the recyclers will be utilised
for financing the take back process from the consumers (cost paid for the e-waste) as well as
the collection and storage of the waste.
 Dealers selling such household products will have to take back the old products and the
household manufacturers will get a discount on new purchase of electrical and electronic
goods (the end-of-life cost can be fixed according to product type). These products will be
then transferred back to the PRO with proper reporting.
The flow chart below shows a systematic flow of managing e-waste that result when most of the
products reach their end of life.

Figure 6.2: Proposed e-waste management flow structure
Source: Sinha S. And Mahesh P (2007)

CHAPTER SEVEN
7.0 GUIDELINES FOR TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY FOR E-WASTE

The presence of hazardous elements and compounds in e-waste offers potential for increasing the
intensity of their discharge in the environment due to land-filling and incineration. Therefore, a
recommended approach to treating e-waste is to first reduce the concentration of these hazardous
chemicals and elements and finally dispose e-waste fractions through either incineration or land-
filling or a combination of both.
The e-waste treatment options should include the following unit operations:
a. Decontamination or Dismantling: This is done manually and will includes;
i. Removal of parts containing hazardous/ dangerous substances (CFCs, Mercury (Hg),
switches, PCBs).
ii. Removal of easily accessible parts containing valuable substances (cables containing
copper, steel, iron, and precious metals, e.g. contacts)
iii. Segregation of hazardous/ dangerous substance and removal of easily accessible parts
b. Segregation of ferrous metals, non-ferrous metals and plastics: This separation is generally
carried out after shredding and is followed by a mechanical and magnetic separation process.
c. Recycling or recovery of valuable materials: E-waste fractions after segregation consisting
of ferrous and non-ferrous metals are further treated. Ferrous metals are smelted in electrical
arc furnaces whereas non-ferrous metals and precious metals are smelted in smelting plants.
d. Treatment or disposal of dangerous materials and waste: Shredded light fractions are
disposed of in landfill sites or sometimes incinerated, CFCs are treated thermally, Poly
Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are incinerated or disposed of in underground storages,
Mercury (Hg) is often recycled or disposed of in underground landfill sites
7.1 Guidelines for development of e-waste treatment technology

An e-waste treatment process should include the following components;
 Testing of e-waste product in order to sort reusable and non-reusable e-waste separately.
 Disassembling non-reusable e-waste and sorting e-waste fractions into reusable and non
reusable parts.
 Size reduction, separation and recovery of different materials from non-reusable e-waste.
 Disposal of the remaining e-waste fractions.
A detailed e-waste treatment system falls in a hierarchy of three levels:

 First level treatment
 Second level treatment and
 Third level treatment.

All the three levels of e-waste treatment systems are based on material flow from first level to
third level treatment. Each level treatment consists of unit operations where e-waste is treated
and the output of first level treatment serves as input to second level treatment. After the third
level treatment the residues are disposed off either in hazardous waste landfill or incinerated. The
simplified flow diagram for e-waste treatment is given in figure 3.
Figure7.1: E-waste treatment process
Source: Hai-Yong Kang, Julie M. Schoenung (2005)
7.1.1 Guidelines for development of first level e-waste treatment

 Inputs: They include e-waste items like TVs, refrigerators and Personal Computers (PCs).
 Unit Operations: There are three unit operations at first level of e-waste treatment.
These are:
1. Removal of all liquids and gases: The first treatment step is to decontaminate e-waste and
render it non hazardous. This involves removal of all types of liquids and gases under
negative pressure, their recovery and storage.

2. Dismantling (manual or mechanised breaking): The decontaminated e-waste or the e-

waste requiring no decontamination are dismantled to remove the components from the
used equipments. The dismantling process could be manual or mechanised requiring
adequate safety measures to be followed in the operations.
3. Segregation: After dismantling the components are segregated into hazardous and non
hazardous components of e-waste fractions to be sent for third level treatment.
All the three unit operations are dry processes, which do not require usage of water.
 Outputs from First level e-waste treatment are:

- Segregated hazardous wastes like CFCs, Hg, Switches, batteries and capacitors.
- Decontaminated e-waste consisting of segregated non-hazardous e-waste like plastics,
CRTs, circuit boards and cables.
- Emissions that include air, water, noise
7.1.2 Guidelines for development of second level e-waste treatment
These are:
 Inputs: Decontaminated e-waste consisting segregated non hazardous e-waste like plastic,
circuit board and cables.
 Unit Operations: There are three unit operations at second level of e-waste treatment;
1. Hammering: Size reduction
2. Shredding : Size reduction
3. Special treatment processes comprising of;
- CRT treatment consisting of separation of funnels and screen glass (Appendix 4).
- Electromagnetic separation (Appendix 5)
- Eddy current separation (Appendix 5)
- Density separation using water
 Outputs: Materials from the second level treatment technology include.

- Ferrous metal scrap (secondary raw material)
- Non ferrous metal scrap mainly copper and aluminium
- Precious metal scrap mainly silver, gold and palladium
- Plastic consisting of sorted plastic, plastic with flame retardants and plastic mixture.
7.1.3 Guidelines for development of third level e-waste treatment
This is carried out mainly to recover ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastics and other items of
economic value. The major recovery operations focus on ferrous and non ferrous metal recovery,
which is either geographically carried out at different places or in an integrated facility.
7.1.3.1 Plastic recycling

There are three different types of plastic recycling options i.e. mechanical recycling chemical
recycling, and thermal recycling.

 In chemical recycling process, waste plastics are used as raw materials for petrochemical
processes or as reductant in a metal smelter.
 In mechanical recycling process, shredding and identification process is used to make new
plastic products.
 In thermal recycling process, plastics are used as alternative fuel.
The two major types of plastic resins, which are used in electronics, are “thermo sets” and
“thermoplastics”. Thermo sets are shredded and recycled because they cannot be re-melted and
formed into new products, while thermoplastics can be re-melted and formed into new products.
Recycling options for managing plastics from end of life electronics are shown in figure 4.
Figure7.2: Recycling options for managing plastics from end-of-life electronics
Mixed Plastics
Mechanical
Chemical recycling Thermal recycling
recycling
Refinery or metal Shredding, Power generation or

smelting identification and cement kiln
separation
Pelletized and new

New raw materials Alternative fuel
products
Source: Hai-Yong Kang, Julie M. Schoenung (2005)
7.1.3.2 Mechanical recycling process

 The first step is the sorting process, where contaminated plastics such as laminated or painted
plastics are removed.
 Shear-shredder and hammer mills are generally used for size reduction and liberation of
metals (coarse fraction) followed by granulation and milling for further size reduction.
 Magnetic separators are used for ferrous metals separation, while eddy current separators are
used for non ferrous metals separation.

 Air separation system can be used to separate light fractions such as paper, labels and films.
 Resin identification can be carried out by using a number of techniques like turboelectric
separator, high speed accelerator and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy.
 X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is effective in identifying heavy metals as well as flame
retardants.
 After identification and sorting of different resins, they are extruded and palletized.
7.1.3.3 Chemical recycling process

Mixed plastic waste is de-polymerized, dehalogenated, metals removed and hydrogenated to
produce high quality products like off gas and syncrude obtained by hydrotreatment, which are
sent to the petrochemical process.
7.1.3.4 Thermal recycling process

Plastics recovered in the second level treatment are used as fuel to provide energy. Since plastics
have high calorific value, which is equivalent to or is greater than coal, they can be combusted to
produce heat energy in cement kilns.
7.1.3.5 Metals recycling

Metal recycling includes lead recycling, copper recycling and precious metals recycling. After
sorting of metal fractions at second level e-waste treatment, they are sent to metal recovery
facilities.

CHAPTER EIGHT
8.0 GUIDELINES FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF UNIT TREATMENT FACILITY,

AN INTEGRATED PROCESSING TREATMENT FACILITY AND DISPOSAL SITES
FOR E-WASTE
The establishment of e-waste Recycling & Treatment Facilities in Kenya shall be in line with the
existing Environment Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999 and Waste Management
Regulations (2006) requirements applicable for establishing and operating Recycling, Treatment
and Disposal Facilities. The e-waste facility should meet the following guidelines:
8.1 General Guidelines for setting-up and management of a unit treatment facility or an
integrated e-waste facilities
Any processing and recycling facilities that receive designated materials must ensure:
 Facility is fully licensed by all appropriate governing authorities.
 An Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) is undertaken and an EIA license issued.
 Facility is registered as a recycler under the Waste Management Regulations, 2006.
 Facility should have obtained approvals under the Water Quality Regulations, 2006, Noise
and Excessive Vibration Control Regulations 2009 and Air Pollution (Control & Prevention,
Occupational Safety and Health Act amongst others).
 Facility takes sufficient measures to safeguard occupational and environmental health and
safety.
 Facility has a regularly-implemented and documented monitoring and recordkeeping
program that tracks key process parameters, compliance with relevant safety procedures,
effluents, emissions, stored incoming and outgoing materials and waste.
 Facility has an adequate plan for closure. The need for closure plans and financial guarantees
is determined by applicable laws and regulations, taking into consideration the level of risk.
8.2 Guidelines for facility operation requirements

The facilities can exist as a separate unit operation or as an integration of all unit operations
under one roofing. The key facility operation units include;
 An effective collection channel and infrastructure.
 Adequate storage area.
 An elaborate dismantling and segregation section.
 A recycling plant / unit.
 A Treatment and Disposal unit.
8.2.1 Guidelines for collection systems for e-waste

 The collection systems shall be in line with the guidelines provided in Chapter 6.
 The individual producers can have direct contact with dismantlers or recyclers to get back the
re-usable components from their obsolete equipments for use in production.

 The system may charge fees, provide free collection or provide discount on purchase of new
items.
8.2.2 Guidelines for storage areas

 The location can be within the facility (on site) or outside the facility (off site).
 It should be well covered to store waste until it is recycled or treated.
 The covering should be weatherproof to minimise the contamination of clean surface and
rain waters. It will also facilitate the reuse of whole appliances and components intended for
recycling and to assist in the containment of hazardous materials and fluids.
 The type of weatherproof covering required will depend on the types and quantities of waste
and the storage and treatment activities undertaken.
 E-waste items should be separated and kept in appropriate well marked containers.
 The storage area should have impermeable surfaces and a sealed drainage system. This will
ensure that no liquid will run off the pavement and all liquids entering the system are
collected in a sealed sump.
 Spillage collection facilities should be provided. They should include the impermeable
pavement and sealed drainage system as the primary means of containment.
 An appropriate storage site should be provided for disassembled spare parts (e.g. motors and
compressors) that contain oil or other types of fluids. They should be stored in containers that
are secured that will not allow oil and other fluids to escape with an impermeable surface and
a sealed drainage system.
 Components and residues arising from the treatment of e-waste should be contained for
disposal or recovery. If they contain hazardous substances they should be stored on
impermeable surfaces and in appropriate containers or bays with weatherproof covering.
 Containers should be clearly labelled to identify their contents and must be secure from
liquids and rainwater seepage.
 Components should be segregated having regard to their eventual destinations and the
compatibility of the component types.
 Batteries should be handled and stored with a clear knowledge of their potential fire risk.
8.2.3 Guidelines for dismantling and segregation of dismantled parts

Dismantling and segregation are the first steps towards recycling of the e-waste. These are cost
effective and labor intensive activities and are mostly carried out in the informal sector which
needs to be brought into mainstream recycling.
E-waste segregation involves separation of equipment according to its level of difficulty to to

dismantle, and its hazardousness. Segregation can be done either before the equipment is
dismantled or after.
 Dismantling of e-waste may be carried out manually or mechanically depending upon the
scale of operations and the e-waste being handled.

 Manual dismantling should only involve used electronic and electrical equipments where
there is no likelihood of contact with hazardous substances.
 An integrated facility should provide a mechanical dismantling facility to dismantle e-waste
containing hazardous substances.
 Sorting of waste is encouraged at source to enable easier identification and access to
particular waste streams.
 Identification will be carried out in three categories;
1. Items in good condition that can be reused
2. Items that can be repaired/refurbished
3. Items for dismantling for recovery or disposal
 Dismantling shall be carried out after verification that items are no longer usable.
 The electrical components are dismantled, classified and broken apart.
 Removal of parts containing dangerous substances; removal of easily accessible parts
containing valuable substances (cable containing copper, steel, iron, precious metal
containing parts, e.g. contacts).
 Useful parts can be recovered and sold to the second hand market for some profit (or
donated) as refurbished.
 Occupational health and safety concerns of facilities for storage and dismantling of the
equipment shall be as per the stipulated Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 2007.
 NEMA shall monitor the facilities through control environmental audits to determine the
handling facilities in terms of physical status and mitigation measures in place to ensure
safety of workers as well as protection of the environment.
8.2.4 Guidelines for recycling and recovery of e-waste

Recycling is encouraged at a formal level where all institutions shall ensure that e-waste is
collected and delivered to the designated collection centres. E-waste recycling is expensive and
the costs are not necessarily covered by the resale of recovered materials.
 NEMA in collaboration with relevant lead agencies shall register and recognise collection
schemes as well as recycling centres for regulation through licensing.
 NEMA in collaboration with the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) may have to introduce an
Advanced Recycling Fee (ARF) for products which will eventually become part of the e-
waste stream as part of import levy.
 This fee will be submitted by the supplier to KRA which will in turn dispatch to the
association to run collection centres as well as partly fund end–of–life recycling. Certain
items, such as CRTs, may attract a higher ARF due to greater recycling costs.
 The supplier will be required to supply records of the amounts collected for this purpose to
the government.
 An integrated e-waste recycling facility should opt for the Best Available Technologies
(BAT) and provide the state of the art facility complying with all the environmental laws in
the terms of emissions, effluents, noise, waste treatment and disposal amongst others.

8.2.5 Guidelines for developing a treatment and disposal unit

 Provisions should be made of equipment for the treatment of water, including rainwater, in
compliance with health and environmental regulations. Operators of treatment facilities
should take appropriate steps to minimise the contamination of clean waters.
 Impermeable surfaces should be provided for appropriate areas. The impermeable surface
should be associated with a sealed drainage system and may be needed even where
weatherproof covering is used.
 Spillage collection facilities that include the impermeable pavement and sealed drainage
system as the primary means of containment should be provided. However, spill kits to deal
with spillages of oils, fuel and acids should be provided and used as appropriate.
 Records should be maintained on the treated waste to inform on e-waste entering a treatment
facility and components and materials leaving each site (together with their destinations).
8.3 Guidelines for e-waste disposal sites

 Disposal should be done in specialised cells or sections in a licensed landfill site.
 Owners / operators of disposal sites shall be licensed by NEMA and Local Authorities.
 Owners / operators must demonstrate technical knowledge and understanding of the
hazardous nature of e-waste.
 Disposal sites shall be published after licensing for the general public is aware of the
existence of the same.
 Disposal shall be paid for and the disposer shall be issued with a certificate of safe disposal.
 Disposers shall keep a record of the amounts and categories of waste which NEMA may
access upon request or during inspection of e-waste handling facilities.
 Incineration of unusable disposable parts is not recommended in the country due to the
unsuitability of existing incineration facilities. In future, development of incinerators will
include compulsory installation of waste gas purification systems to deal with dioxins and
furans in incineration flue gas.
 Burying is strictly prohibited as contaminants may easily leach into the soil and pollute both
soil and groundwater resources.

APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Hazardous Substances that can occur in e-waste
Hazardous Use Risk Regulatory

requirements
Substance
with threshold
quantities
Short Chain Amounts less than 1% by weight of Very toxic to aquatic Halogenated
Chloro SCCP are present in mid chain organisms. It Aliphatic
Paraffins, chlorinated paraffin’s (MCCP). Used may cause long term Compounds
Alkanes, C10-13 as secondary plasticizer and flame effects in the >=0.5%
retardant for PVC and chlorinated aquatic environment.
rubber in cable insulation.
Antimony The major use is as a flame retardant Limited evidence of a Antimony and
trioxide synergist in plastics etc. It increases the carcinogenic antimony
flame retardant effectiveness of Effect Compounds
halogenated flame retardant >=0.005%
compounds thereby minimising their
level.
Beryllium metal Chassis, rotating mirrors in laser Very toxic on Beryllium and
printers; windows for X-ray generators inhalation and may cadmium
and detectors for research and medical cause cancer by Compounds
purposes. inhalation >=0.005%
Beryllium oxide Used in heat sink electrical insulators Very toxic by Beryllium and
for electrical and electronic systems inhalation. It may cadmium
and devices. It has very high thermal cause compounds
conductivity; very high electrical cancer by inhalation >=0.005%
resistivity; low dielectric constant; low
loss factor; high breakdown voltage;
and chemically inert.
Cadmium Part of the negative electrode material Very toxic by
in nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries, as inhalation. It may
an electrodeposited, vacuum deposited cause cancer.
or mechanically deposited coating on
iron, steel,
aluminium-base materials, titanium-
base alloys or other non-ferrous alloys,
and as an alloying element in low-
melting brazing, soldering and other
specialty alloys.
Cadmium Part of the negative cadmium electrode May cause cancer by
oxide in nickelcadmium inhalation.
and some silver-cadmium military Toxic by inhalation.
Batteries. Also part of silvercadmium Toxic if swallowed.
oxide (Ag-CdO) electrical contact Danger of serious
alloys. damage to health by
prolonged exposure
Harmful if swallowed

Cadmium Serves as the basis compound for a Limited evidence of a >=0.005%

sulphide series of pigments and carcinogenic effect
semiconducting compounds.. Used in Toxic by inhalation.
red, orange and yellow pigments for and if swallowed.
plastics, glasses, ceramics, enamels Danger of serous
and artists colours, cadmium sulphide damage to health by
Also used for phosphors in x-ray prolonged exposure
fluorescent screens, cathode ray tubes It may cause long term
and electronic devices effects in the aquatic
environment.
Chromium VI Used as pigments (e.g. lead chromate) Toxic if swallowed by >=0.005%
and as corrosion inhibitor (sodium inhalation. It may
dichromate) in circulating water cause heritable genetic
systems e.g. absorption heat pumps damage and cancer by
and (industrial) heat exchangers in inhalation.
freezers and refrigerators. Very toxic to aquatic
Electrical shielding material for certain organisms and may
sheet metals cause long term effects
in the aquatic
environment.
Copper Used in electrical connector Toxic by inhalation >=0.005%
beryllium terminations; switch components; relay
alloys springs; electromagnetic radiation
seals.
Decabromodiphenylether Used as a flame retardant in electrical Potential for forming >=0.005%
(DBDE) and electronic plastics. brominated
dibenzodioxins or
furans (PBDD/F) in
uncontrolled thermal
processes, and
possibility that higher
PBDEs could
debrominate to form
the tetra and penta
BDEs found in
marine environment
food chain
Lead Used in batteries, solders, alloying Lead compounds, are >=0.5%
element for machining metals, printed all classified as
circuit boards, components, dangerous substances.
incandescent light bulbs, and
weighting
Lead oxide Occurs in leaded glass in cathode ray May cause harm to the >=0.5%
tubes, light bulbs and photocopier unborn child
pastes. Lead oxide is also used in Harmful by
batteries. inhalation/harmful
if swallowed
Liquid Crystals Commercially available liquid crystals No indications of
(LC) are mixtures of 10 to 20 carcinogenic
substances, which belong to the group potential and acute
of substituted oral toxicity have been
phenycyclohexanes, found

alkylbenzenes and
cyclohexylbenzens.
Liquid crystal mixture are used as
electroactive layer in liquid crystal
display (LCD).
Mercury It is used in thermostats, sensors, Very toxic to aquatic >=0.005%
relays and switches, discharge lamps organisms and may
etc cause long term effects
in the aquatic
environment and the
central nervous
system (CNS) the
kidney in humans
Toxic by inhalation
Mineral Wool Man-made vitreous (silicate) fibers Limited evidence of
with random orientation with carcinogenic effect
alkaline oxide and alkali earth Irritating to the skin
oxide (Na2O+K2O+CaO+MgO+BaO)
content greater than 18 % by
weight]
Octabromodiphenylether Flame retardant in plastics used for Possible risk of harm >=0.005%
(OBDE) electrical and electronic equipment to the unborn child
Polychlorobiphenyls Extensively used in capacitors and Very toxic to aquatic 50mg/kg (0.005%)
transformers. Found in refrigerators, organisms and may
cookers, washing cause long term effects
machines, air-conditioners, in the
dishwashers. aquatic environment
Refractory Ceramic [Man-made vitreous (silicate) May cause cancer by
Fibers: fibers with random orientation inhalation.
with alkaline oxide and alkali Irritating to the skin
earth oxide
Tetrabromobisphenol-A It is used as a reactive (primary use) or Potential to >=.005%
(TBBPA) additive flame retardant in polymers. form brominated
and printed writing boards. dioxins/furans in
thermal processes.
Potential for
endrocrine modulating
effects (hormone
disrupter).
substances”

Appendix 2: Volumes entering the market of the stakeholders

Equipment 2007 2006 2005 2004 Total Ratio Wt/unit Ratio
imported/ units to PC (kg) wt
assembled (kg)
Desktop 15,130 6,885 6,530 6,400 34,945 29.26 1.00 29.26
computers
(including
monitor)
Notebook 8,288 5,760 5,660 5,600 25,308 0.72 3.51 2.54
computers
Monitors 13,660 5,417 5,415 5,400 29,892 0.86 15.87 13.58
Flat screens 3,775 2,335 2,315 2,300 10,725 0.31 7.72 2.37
Printers 1,455 30 27 0 1,512 0.04 11.7 0.51
Photocopiers 5,010 5,010 5,010 5,000 20,030 0.57 90.96 52.14
Fax machines 13 13 17 0 43 0.00 - -
Modems 8,255 20 25 0 8,300 0.24 - -
UPS 1,790 1,020 1,020 1,000 4,830 0.14 - -
Total 57,376 26,490 26,019 25,700 135,585 3.88 100.39
Equipment 2007 2006 2005 2004 Total Ratio Wt/unit Ratio

supplied/ units to PC (kg) wt
distributed (kg)
Desktop 14,894 6,885 6,530 6,400 34,709 0.99 29.26 29.06

computers
(including
monitor)
Notebook 7,972 5,760 5,660 5,600 24,992 0.72 3.51 2.51

computers
Monitors 13,544 5,417 5,415 5,400 29,776 0.85 15.87 13.52
Flat screens 1,651 335 315 300 2,601 0.07 7.72 0.57
Printers 1,559 30 27 0 1,616 0.05 11.7 0.54
Photocopiers 5,010 5,010 5,010 5,000 20,030 0.57 90.96 52.14
Fax machines 13 13 17 0 43 0.00 - -
Modems 8,019 20 25 0 8,064 0.23 - -
UPS 1,770 1,020 1,020 1,000 4,810 0.14 - -
Total 98.35
Source: Waema T. and Murethi M. (2008)

Appendix 3: Mass flow diagram
Source: Waema T. and Murethi M. (2008)

Appendix 4: CRT treatment technology
Input: CRT segregated after first level e-waste treatment
Unit operations:
1. Dismantling: CRT is manually removed from plastic/ wooden casing.
2. De-pressurization and Splitting:
Picture tube is split and the funnel section is then lifted off the screen section and the internal
metal mask can be lifted to facilitate internal phosphor coating. Different types of splitting
technology used are given below.
 NiChrome hot wire cutting: A NiChrome wire or ribbon is wrapped round a CRT and
electrically heated for at least 30 seconds to cause a thermal differential across the
thickness of the glass. The area is then cooled (e.g. with a water-soaked sponge) to create
thermal stress which results in a crack. When this is lightly tapped, the screen separates
from the funnel section.
 Thermal shock: The CRT tube is subjected to localised heat followed by cold air.
This creates stress at the frit line where the leaded funnel glass is joined to the unleaded
panel glass and the tube comes apart.
 Laser cutting: A laser beam is focused inside and this heats up the glass. It is
immediately followed by a cold water spray that cools the surface of the glass and causes
it to crack along the cut line.
 Diamond wire method: In this method, a wire with a very small diameter, which is
embedded with industrial diamonds, is used to cut the glass as the CRT is passed through
the cutting plane.
 Diamond saw separation: Diamond saw separation uses either wet or dry process.
Wet saw separation involves rotating the CRT in an enclosure while one or more saw
blades cut through the CRT around its entire circumference. Coolant is sprayed on to the
surface of the saw blades as they cut. This is to control temperature and prevent warping.
 Waterjet separation: This technology uses a high-pressure spray of water containing
abrasive, directed at the surface to be cut. The water is focused through a single or double
nozzle-spraying configuration set at a specific distance.
3. Cleaning: Internal phosphor coating is removed by using an abrasive wire brush and a
strong vacuum system to clean the inside and recover the coating. The extracted air is cleaned
through an air filter system to collect the phosphor dust.
4. Shredding
Outputs: Metals, Plastic and Glass Cullet

Cullet glass is reused as a raw material by CRT manufacturers. Recovered CRT glass also goes
to the lead smelter, where they act as fluxing agent in the smelting process.
Appendix 5: Electromagnetic, Eddy current and Density Separation Using Water
Electromagnetic and eddy current separation utilises properties of different elements like
electrical conductivity, magnetic properties and density to separate ferrous, non ferrous metal
and precious metal fractions.
Plastic fractions consisting of sorted plastic after 1st level treatment, plastic mixture and plastic
with flame retardants after second level treatment, glass and lead are separated during this
treatment. The efficiency of this treatment determines the recovery rate of metal and segregated
E-waste fractions for third level treatment.
The salient features of this treatment technology and process are given below.
1. The proposed technology for sorting, treatment, including recycling and disposal of e-waste
is fully based on dry process using mechanical operations.
2. The pre-comminuting stage includes separation of Plastic, CRT and remaining non CRT
based e-waste. Equipments like hammer mill and shear shredder will be used at comminuting
stage to cut and pulverise e-waste and prepare it as a feedstock to magnetic and eddy current
separation.
3. A heavy-duty hammer mill grinds the material to achieve separation of inert materials and
metals.
4. After separation of metals from inert material, metal fraction consisting of Ferrous and Non-
Ferrous metals are subjected to magnetic current separation. After separation of Ferrous
containing fraction, Non-ferrous fraction is classified into different non-metal fractions,
electrostatic separation and pulverisation.
5. The ground material is then screened and dusted subsequently followed by separation of
valuable metal fraction using electrostatic, gravimetric separation and eddy current
separation technologies to recover fractions of Copper (Cu), Aluminum (Al), residual
fractions containing Gold (Au), Silver (Au) and other precious metals.
This results in recovery of clean metallic concentrates, which are sold for further refining to
smelters. Sometimes water may be used for separation at last stage.
6. Electric conductivity-based separation separates materials of different electric conductivity

(or resistivity) mainly different fractions of non-ferrous metals from e-waste. Eddy current
separation technique has been used based on electrical conductivity for non ferrous metal
separation from e-waste.
Its operability is based on the use of rare earth permanent magnets. When a conductive

particle is exposed to an alternating magnetic field, eddy currents will be induced in that
object, generating a magnetic field to oppose the magnetic field.
The interactions between the magnetic field and the induced eddy currents lead to the
appearance of electro dynamic actions upon conductive non-ferrous particles and are
responsible for the separation process.
7. The efficacy of the recycling system is dependent on the expected yields / output of the
recycling system. The expected yields / output from the recycling system are dependent on
the optimisation of separation parameters. These parameters are given below:
 Particle size
 Particle shape
 Feeding rate/ RPM
 Optimum operations
8. Particle shape is dependent on comminuting and separation. Since hammer mills and screens
will be used in the proposed technology, the variations are expected to be the same as that of
Best Available Technology (BAT).
9. The feeding rate can be optimised based on the speed and width of the conveyor.

Appendix 6: List of stakeholders who took part in developing the e-waste guidelines
NAME INSTITUTION
Paul P. Olando Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
Ben Mugambi Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
Silas Wachira Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
Bahati Keranga Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
Washington Onyango Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
Anne Nderitu Ministry of Environment and Mineral Resources
Dr. Ayub Macharia National Environment Management Authority
Benjamin Langwen National Environment Management Authority
David Ong’are National Environment Management Authority
Vicky Onderi National Environment Management Authority
Hildegard Wambayi National Environment Management Authority
Betty Nzioka National Environment Management Authority
Felix Mugambi National Environment Management Authority
Maureen Kwamboka National Environment Management Authority
Richard Okeyo National Environment Management Authority
Carol Mbatia National Environment Management Authority
Frederick Nambisia National Environment Management Authority
Wilkister Magangi National Environment Management Authority
John Mumbo National Environment Management Authority
Samuel Munene National Environment Management Authority
John Mumbo National Environment Management Authority
Joseph Masinde National Environment Management Authority
Jeremiah Mugambi National Environment Management Authority
Jared M. Nyamweya Ministry of Education
Lois Bosire Ministry of Information
Ibrahim Longlomoi Ministry of Public Works
Dr. Osoro Nyakweba Ministry of Wildlife
Charles Ataya Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing
Reuben Kibet Department of Resource Survey and Remote Sensing
John Njoroge E- Government
Kennedy Abongo Kenya Metrological Department
S. M. Kimomo Mines & Geology
Joseph Sirengo Mines & Geology
Monica Okoth Kenya Bureau of Standards
Washington Okoth Kenya Bureau of Standards
Amos Wambua Kenya Bureau of Standards

NAME INSTITUTION
Susan Onyancha Kenya Revenue Authority
Edward Ombui Africa Nazarene University
Wesley K. Ondieki Bomango Environmental Initiatives
Tom Musili Computers For Schools Kenya
Stephen Kahara Computers For Schools Kenya
Henry Ongaga Eco-Watch
Terry Njoroge International Conference Workshops and Events
Rachel Ibukah Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology
Esther Mwiyeria Wachira Global E-Schools and Communities Initiative
Lina Palmer Global E-Schools and Communities Initiative
Roxana Bassi Global E-Schools and Communities Initiative
Senthil Kumar Global E-Schools and Communities Initiative
Dan Njiriri Kenya ICT Trust Fund
Maurice Mbegera Masuro Consultants
Benjamin Ombati Masuro Consultants
Dickson Mokua Masuro Consultants
Mike K. Bill Mindgem Concepts
Caleb Ouma United Nations Environment Programme
Dr. Ludgard Coppens United Nations Environment Programme
Gerard Cunningham United Nations Environment Programme
Elias Ayiemba University of Nairobi
Dr. Isiah Nyandega University of Nairobi

REFERENCES
1. E-waste management http://www.unep.fr/scp/waste/ewm/ [Accessed 15 December 2010]
2. Gunter, P., (2009). The Blue Economy” http://www.worldacademy.org/forum/blue-
economy [Accessed 30th September 2010]
3. Hai-Yong Kang, Julie M. Schoenung (2005). Electronic waste recycling: A review of
U.S. infrastructure and technology options, Resources Conservation & Recycling 45 368-
400, Elsevier
4. Kenya gazette supplement Number 68. Environmental Management and Coordination
(Water Quality) Regulations, 2006. Government printer, Nairobi.
(Waste Management) Regulations, 2006. Government printer, Nairobi.
(Controlled Substances) Regulations, 2007. Government printer, Nairobi.
7. Leung AOW, Luksemburg WJ, Wong AS, Wong MH. (2007). Electronic Waste
8. Morgan, R. (2006). "Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers".
http://www.smartbiz.com/article/articleprint/1525/-1/58 [Accessed 30th July 2010]
9. PERLINK "http://www.cck.go.ke/" http://www.cck.go.ke/ [Accessed 30th July 2010]
10. Prashant, N., (2008). "Cash For Laptops Offers 'Green' Solution for Broken or Outdated
Computers". http://green.tmcnet.com/topics/green/articles/37567-cash-laptops-offers-
green-solution-broken-outdated-computers.htm [Accessed 30th July 2010]
11. Press release “Urgent Need to Prepare Developing Countries for Surge in E-Wastes’’
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=612&ArticleID=6471&l
=en&t=long [Accessed 5th December 2010]
12. Recycling From E-Waste To Resources: Sustainable Innovation and Technology
Transfer Industrial Sector Studies, July 2009. United Nations Environment Programme &
United Nations University.
13. United Nations Environment Programme (Department of Resource Survey and Remote
Sensing) 2007. E-Waste Volume II. E-Waste Management Manual.
14. Waema, T. & Mureithi M. (2008). E-waste management in Kenya.
http://ewasteguide.info/Waema_2008_KICTANet [Accessed 13th July 2010]
15. Waste Management (Waste Electrical And Electronic Equipment) Regulations 2005.
Statutory Instruments (S.I.) No. 340 of 2005. Dublin, Ireland.
16. Kenya opens first e-waste management plant. http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008
[Accessed 18th August 2010]
17. Recast of WEEE (Waste Electrical And Electronic Equipment ) and RoHS (Restrictions
to the use of Hazardous Substances) Directives Proposed (2010).
http://www.ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/index_en.htm [Accessed 5th August
2010]


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Guidelines for E-Waste Management in Kenya

NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 i

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY

Guidelines for E-Waste Management in Kenya

NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 ii

© National Environment Management Authority, 2010

First published 2010

Extracts may be published if the source is duly acknowledged

All Correspondence should be addressed to:

The Director General

National Environment Management Authority, Kenya

This report was prepared with support from Institutions below

NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 iii

NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 iv

DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................................................................................................... x

FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................. xiv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... xvi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................xvii

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................. 1

1.1 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 Strategic objective......................................................................................................................... 1

1.4 Rationale ....................................................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 3

2.0 THE GLOBAL AND LOCAL CONTEXT ON E-WASTE............................................................. 3

2.1 The problem of e-waste................................................................................................................. 3

2.1.1 The global situation............................................................................................................... 3

2.1.2 The Kenyan situation ............................................................................................................ 3

2.2 Consequences of poor e-waste handling....................................................................................... 4

2.3 Swot Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 4

2.4 Converting the challenges into opportunities................................................................................ 6

CHAPTER THREE ...................................................................................................................................... 7

NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 v

3.0 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK.......................................................................... 7

3.1 Existing policy .............................................................................................................................. 7

3.1.1 International instruments....................................................................................................... 7

3.1.2 Sessional Paper No 6 of 1999 on Environment and Development ....................................... 7

3.3 Institutional framework................................................................................................................. 8

3.4 Efforts towards development of an e-waste policy ....................................................................... 8

4.0 E-WASTE CATEGORIES ............................................................................................................... 9

4.1 Categorization based on mode of operation and function............................................................. 9

4.2 Categorization based on element composition............................................................................ 10

4.2.1 Elements found in small amounts ....................................................................................... 10

4.2.2 Elements found in trace amounts ........................................................................................ 10

4.2.3 Hazardous elements ............................................................................................................ 11

4.2.4 Generally non hazardous elements...................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER FIVE ........................................................................................................................................ 13

5.0 GUIDELINES FOR TARGET GROUPS IN E-WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................. 13

5.1 Guidelines for producers / manufacturers ................................................................................... 13

5.2 Guidelines for importers ............................................................................................................. 13

5.3 Guidelines for assemblers ........................................................................................................... 13

5.4 Guidelines for refurbishers.......................................................................................................... 14

5.5 Guidelines for recyclers .............................................................................................................. 14

5.6 Guidelines for government organisations ................................................................................... 14

5.7 Guidelines for consumers............................................................................................................ 15

5.8 Guidelines for learning institutions............................................................................................. 15

NEMA/MEMR, December 2010 vi

5.9 Guidelines for transporters.......................................................................................................... 15

5.10 Guidelines for disposal authorities.............................................................................................. 15

5.11 Guidelines for informal sector e-waste collectors....................................................................... 16