D63 CBD 01

ECE309
Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Tutorial 1
Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 1-51 The basic barometer can be used as an altitude-measuring device in
airplanes. The ground control reports a barometric reading of 753mmHg while the pilots reading is 690 mmHg. Estimate the altitude of the plane from ground level if the average air density is 1.20kg/m3 and g=9.8m/s2. Step 1: Draw a diagram to represent the system
PPlane
690 mmHg
H air W
753 mmHg
Pground
Step 2: Write out what you need to solve for The altitude of the airplane from ground level. Step 3: State what you have known and your assumptions (you may have to add to your list of assumptions as you proceed in the problem) 1) The barometric readings of the ground and the airplane 2) The air density, the mercury density 3) Homogeneous gravitational acceleration 4) Assuming there is an air column between the ground and the airplane. Step 4: Prepare a table of properties Parameter Symbol air Air density mercury Mercury density g Gravitational constant Ground barometer hground Airplane barometer h plane
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Properties 1.20 kg / m 3 13,600 kg / m 3 9.8 m / s 2 753 mmHg 690 mmHg
ECE309
Tutorial 1
Step 5: Solve First of all, calculate the atmospheric pressures at the location of the ground level and the plane according to the definition of the barometer.
1kPa 1N Pplane = mercury gh plane = (13.600kg / m 3 )(9.8m / s 2 )(0.690m) 2 2 1kg * m / s 1000 N / m = 91.96kPa 1kPa 1N Pground = mercury ghground = (13.600kg / m 3 )(9.8m / s 2 )(0.753m) 2 2 1kg * m / s 1000 N / m
= 100.36kPa
Imaging there is an air column between the airplane the ground and taking a force balance for this imaginary air column.
Wair + Pplane * A = Pground * A air gH air * A = ( Pground Pplane ) * A H air = Pground Pplane
air g
Substituting the values into above equation gives the final solution.
H air = (100.36 91.96)kPa 1000 N / m2 1kg * m / s 2 = 714.3m 1N (1.20kg / m 3 )(9.8m / s 2 ) 1kPa
Step 6: Conclusion statement The altitude of the plane from the ground level is 714.3m.
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ECE309
Tutorial 1
1-55 A glass tube is attached to a water pipe. If the water pressure at the
bottom of the glass tube is 115kPa and the local atmospheric pressure is 92kPa, determine how high the water will rise in the tube, in meters. Assume g=9.8m/s2 at that location and take the density of water to be 1000 kg/m3.
Step 1: Draw a diagram to represent the system
Patm = 92kPa
h=?
Pbottom = 115kPa
Water
Step 2: Write out what you need to solve for Determine how many meters the water will rise in the tube. Step 3: State what you have known and your assumptions 1) The water pressure at the bottom of the tube is 115kPa. 2) The local atmospheric pressure is 92kPa. 3) The density of water is 1000kg/m3. 4) The gravitational acceleration at the location is g=9.8 m/s2. 5) There is a pressure balance at the bottom of the tube
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Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer ECE309 Step 4: Prepare a table of properties Parameter Bottom pressure Atmospheric pressure Gravitational accele. Water density Symbol
Pbottom Patm g
Tutorial 1
Properties 115 kPa 92 kPa 9.8 m / s 2 1000 kg / m 3
Step 5: Solve (usually start by writing the force or pressure equilibrium) Eq1 is the pressure balance equation at the bottom of the tube. Pbottom = Patm + ( gh) tube (Eq1) Rearranging and re-expressing Eq1 to get the solving equation for h.
h= Pbottom Patm (Eq2) g
Substituting in values into Eq2 gives the solution for the final height of water in the tube.
kPa 1kg * m / s 2 1000 N / m 2 (115 92)[kPa] 23 = [ ][ ] 1N 1kPa (1000kg / m 3 )(9.8m / s 2 ) 9800 kg / m 3 * m / s 2 = 2.345m h=
Step 6: Conclusion statement The water will rise 2.345m in the tube.
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ECE309
Tutorial 1
1-63 The average temperature of the atmosphere in the world is

approximated as a function of altitude by the relation
Tatm = 288.15 6.5 z
Where Tatm is the temperature of the atmosphere in K and z is the altitude in km with z=0 at sea level. Determine the average temperature of the atmosphere outside an airplane that is cruising at an altitude of 12,000m. Step 1: Write out what you need to solve for The temperature of the atmosphere outside an airplane. Step 2: State what you have known and your assumptions 1) The function of temperature related to the altitude. 2) The altitude of the cruising airplane is 12,000m 3) There is a function to be used, but it needs unit conversion Step 3: Solve Using the relation given, the average temperature of the atmosphere at an altitude of 12,000m is determined to be
Tatm = 288.15 6.5 z = 288.15 6.5 *12 = 210.15K
Change the absolute temperature into ordinary temperature with conversion expression.
T (C ) = T ( K ) 273.15 Tatm = 210.15 K = (210.15 273.15) = 63C
Step 4: Conclusion statement The temperature outside the airplane is 63C or 210.15 K
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ECE309

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Properties 1.20 kg / m 3 13,600 kg / m 3 9.8 m / s 2 753 mmHg 690 mmHg

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

Step 1: Draw a diagram to represent the system

Properties 115 kPa 92 kPa 9.8 m / s 2 1000 kg / m 3

Introduction to Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

1-63 The average temperature of the atmosphere in the world is

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