GRADE – V (EVS)

LESSON-1 (More about plants)

1. Why are bio-pesticides a better choice than other pesticides?

Ans: - Bio-pesticides are biodegradable in nature and are safe for environment.

2. Define the following:

Ans: - a. Reproduction: - Reproduction is a process by which living organisms produce more

of their kind. Most plants reproduce from seeds.

b. Germination: - Germination is a process by which a seedling grows from a seed in

presence of optimum light, water and air.

c. Seed dispersal: - Seed dispersal is a process by which seeds are scattered away from the
parent plants so that they can get sufficient sunlight, air and water to grow into healthy plant

3. Name the three main kinds of crops. Give two examples of each.

Ans: - Three main kinds of crop are:

Food crops—Wheat and rice

Fibre crops—Cotton and jute

Oil-producing crops—Mustard and soya bean

4. Why do seeds of different types need different agents of dispersal? Explain with examples.

Ans: - Different seeds require different agents of dispersal based on their size and
structure.Dispersal by wind: Light and fine seeds such as cotton and maple seeds can be
dispersed by wind. Dispersal by water: The seeds of some plants such as coconut that grow
in or near flowing water are generally dispersed by water. Dispersal by animals: Some
animals eat fruits such as litchi and orange, but they cannot digest seeds of fruits. These
seeds are excreted from their body as droppings. These seeds germinate at places far away
from parent plant.

5. Distinguish between rabi and kharif crops with examples?

Crops that are grown in the summer seasons are called kharif crops. For example: rice,
jowar, bajra, pulses, peanuts, etc. Crops that are grown in winters are called rabi crops. For
example: wheat, gram, carrot, mustard, etc

6. How can crops be destroyed? Explain two ways to protect the crops.

Ans: - Crops can be destroyed by:

• Birds, insects and pests such as rats

 • Bad weather such as excessive rain

• Plant diseases that infects leaves, stem or roots

• Grazing animals such as cows and goats

Two ways to protect the crops are:

• Storing them in air tight containers

• Fencing the fields which can prevent the crop from grazing animals

7. Draw the structure of a seed.

5. Explain the stages of seed germination with the help of a well-labelled diagram.

Ans: - The process by which a seed grows into a new plant is called germination.
1. When the seed get all the necessary things like air, water, warmth, space and nutrients
from the soil the process of germination starts.
2. During the early stages the seeds will get food from the cotyledons.
3. The seed coat will break and a new plant will emerge out of the seed.
4. When the plant will develop a root system it will absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
5. The shoot system of the plant will develop and now the leaves will start preparing food for
the plant therefore the cotyledons will shrink and disappear

H.O.T Answers

1. Ram is a farmer who wants to grow tomatoes on his field. Give him four suggestions so
that he can grow a healthy crop. You can tell him which month he can grow tomatoes, how
much water to use and other common guidelines.

Ans: - . Four suggestions to grow healthy tomatoes:

• He can grow tomatoes in summer season.

• Tomato plants require adequate amount of water.

• Manure and fertilisers should be added regularly to the soil in sufficient quantities.

• Plants should be sprayed with insecticides and pesticides to keep them free from pests,
diseases and harmful animals

NEW WORDS

1. Cotyledons
2. Embryo
3. Germination
4. Harvesting
5. Irrigation
6. Kharif Crops
7. Rabi Crops
8. Seed Coat
9. Seed Dispersal
 LESSON 2 – ANIMALS IN THEIR SURROUNDINGS
HOT QUESTIONS

1. Why sparrow can fly and ostrich cannot fly?

Ostriches can't fly because they have large, heavy bodies and
poorly developed wings. Factors that help the sparrow to fly are they
have streamlined body, hollow bones which makes them light and tail
to change direction while flying and so on.

2. Does the shape of the bird’s beak affect the kind of food it eats?
Yes. The shape of a bird's beak is designed for eating
particular types of food like seeds, fruit, insects, nectar, fish or
small mammals. Bird beaks have adapted over time to help birds find
food within their habitat which allows them to survive.

3. When human beings drown in the ocean they cannot survive

whereas, mammals like whales and sharks can survive, Explain.
Whales and Shark don't drown because they have fins and
help them to move forward, turning and keeping an upright
position by itself. It had tail fin helps to change direction. They
also have big lungs which they use to store Oxygen which
they use to swim in deep sea. While humans don't know how to
swim and don't have big lungs so they die when they drown.

4. Snakes do not have limbs, yet they are able to move from one place
to another. How?
Snakes do not have limbs but they have scales on the
underside of their bodies. Their muscles are very strong and they
have a flexible backbone. All these features help them to grip
the ground and move.
 GRADE -V (EVS)
LESSON-2 (Animals in their Surroundings)

Answer the following questions in brief.

1. Name two animals that migrate in winters?

Caribou and Arctic tern

2. Name two animals that breathe using their?

a) Lungs- Pigeons and Human beings b} Gills- Fish and

Tadpoles

3. What are aerial animals?

Animals which can fly are called aerial animals.

4. What is migration? Give any two examples of animals that migrate.

The large scale movement of animals in search of favorable condition is called migration. For
example: The arctic tern travels from Arctic to Antarctic in winter. It again goes to Arctic in summers.
Monarch butterflies fly from Canada to Mexico during the winter season.

Answer the following questions in detail.

1. What is the difference between fore limb and hind limbs of animals?

Most of the animals living on the land have four limbs. The front limbs are called forelimbs
and the back limbs are called hind limbs.

2. Why is camouflage important for survival?

Camouflage is a defense mechanism in which animals are coloured and shaped in a way
that they cannot be seen in their natural surroundings. It increases an organism's chance of
survival by hiding it from predators.

3. What is the role of haemoglobin in blood?

Haemoglobin is a protein present in the blood which combines with oxygen and carries it
from lungs to all parts of the body.

4. Describe the features of birds that can fly.

Features of birds which help them to fly:
• A streamlined body
• Forelimbs modified into wings
• Hollow bones that make the body light
• Strong chest muscles that provide energy for flying
• A tail to change direction while flying
• Claws that help them to walk on the ground and sit on the tree branches
5. Describe the process by which insects breathe.

Breathing mechanism of insects consists of small holes called spiracles which are present
on their body. Spiracles are connected to a network of tubes present all through the body. These
tubes are called trachea. Air enters the spiracles and passes through the trachea. Oxygen from the
air is absorbed by the tissues of the body. Carbon dioxide is removed through the spiracles.
 CHAPTER -3
THE SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEM
A. Answer the following questions in brief:-
1. What is the function of bone marrow?
Bones are hard outside, soft and spongy inside called bone marrow - where new
blood cells are produced.

2. Name the different types of movable joints in our body?

• Ball and socket joint.
• Hinge joint.
• Pivot joint.
• Gliding joint.

3. Why the last two ribs are called floating ribs?

The last two pairs of ribs are attached only to the backbone, so they are known as
floating ribs.

4. Differentiate between pectoral and pelvic girdle.

PECTORAL GIRDLE PELVIC GIRDLE
1. It forms the shoulder 1. It forms the hip.
2. The humerus bone is attached to 2.The femur bone is attached to the
the pectoral gridle pelvic gridle.
3. It is attached to the forelimbs of the 3.It is attached to the hindlimbs of the
vertebrae. vertebrae.
4. It supports the upper body.

B.Answer the following questions in detail:-

1. How can we say that cardiac muscles are involuntary in nature?
The muscles of our body that are not under our control are called involuntary muscles.
Our heart is made of cardiac muscles. These muscles are not attached to any bone and keep
working for 24 hours throughout our lifetime. Cardiac muscles are very strong and do not get
tired. So they are involuntary in nature.

2. What is the difference between a tendon and a ligament?

Bones are held together by a strong tissue called ligament. ( bone to bone )
The muscles are attached to the bones by tissues called tendons. ( bone to muscle)
 3. State the functions of bone in our body.

• Bones, along with muscles, help us to move our body parts.

• Most of the blood cells are produces inside bones.
• Bones also store calcium for the body.

4. What is skeletal system? Name the different parts of a human skeleton specifying the
number of bones present in each part.
The framework of bones that supports our body and provides rigidity is called the
skeletal system or skeleton. Their functions are:
• It gives shape to our body.
• It provides support to the body so that we can stand erect.
• It protects the vital internal organs of our body such as brain, heart, lungs and
spinal cord.
Many parts of human skeleton are:
1. Skull : the skull is made up of 22 bones. 8 bones cover and protect the brain. 14
bones make up the face. Only lower jaw bone is movable.
2. Backbone : also known as spine. The backbone is made up of 33 bones called
vertebrae.
3. Ribcage : the ribcage is made up of 12 pairs of bow – shaped bones. It protects
heart and the lungs.
4. Limbs : the upper arm is made up of one bone – humerus, the lower arm is made
up of two bones – radius and ulna.
The thigh or upper part of the leg has a long bone called femur and the part of the
leg below the knee made up of tow bones – tibia and fibula.
5. Girdles : pectoral girdles – 4 bones, pelvic girdles – 3

C. Value based questions:- (H.O.T Questions)

1. We can move our neck in all directions but not our knees. Why?
The pivot joint is present between the skull and the backbone, this joint allows
sideways as well as up and down movement. So we can move our neck in all directions.
Whereas in our knees, hinge joints are present - this allows the knee to move in only one
direction back and forth with limited motion along other planes.

2. Can we move our upper jaw? Why?

We cannot move our upper jaw. The upper jaw is connected to the skull by the
immovable joint. So we cannot move upper jaw.
3. Our backbone is made up of many small bones. Imagine if it is made of only one single bone,
what would happen then?
If our backbone is made up of only one single bone, we could not able to bend or twist our
back.

4. Do you think it would be better if we had voluntary muscles in the stomach and involuntary
muscles in the legs? Give reason.

Voluntary muscles in stomach have a control in digestion but involuntary muscles in the
legs will not allow us to walk, run or stand according to our control.

5. Your heart beats many times in a minute. Do you think you can control your heartbeat,
making it faster or slower whenever you want?
No, we cannot control our heartbeat; cardiac muscles are involuntary in nature.
 CHAPTER -4
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. Answer the following questions in brief:-

1. Name the main parts of the nervous system.

Nervous system is made up of three parts.

• Brain
• Spinal cord
• Nerves

2. What is the function of eyelids?

Eyelid protects the eyeball from dust thus helps in keeping our eye healthy.

3. Name the different types of nerves in our body.

There are three kinds of nerves in our body.

• Sensory nerves
• Motor nerves
• Mixed nerves

B. Answer the following questions in detail:-

1.Describe the structure of the eye.

Each eye consists of an eyeball which is located on the hollow cavity of skull called orbit.
The eyeball is filled with the fluid which protects the eyes from shocks. The eyelids and
eyelashes protect the eyes from the dust. The circular portion in front of the eye is
called cornea. Round colored part is called iris. Iris has an opening in the center which is
called the pupil. Retina is present at the back of the eye where image is formed. Optic
nerve connects the eyes to brain.

2. What is reflex action? Explain with the help of an example.

Reflex actions are automatic and quick responses which are controlled by spinal cord.
These actions do not involve participation of brain. For example, watering of mouth on
smelling a pleasant aroma.
3. What is spinal cord? What function does it perform in our body?

Spinal cord is a tube-like structure which is surrounded and protected by the vertebral
column. It originates from medulla and extends till the lower end of backbone.

It transfers the information from brain to the rest of the body. It also controls the
reflex actions.

4. Write the importance of the following: -

a. Fluid between the skull and the brain.

Cerebrospinal fluid is present between skull and brain. It protects the brain
from jerks and shocks.
b. fluid in the eye ball.
It protects the eyes from shocks and minor jerks.

5. What are the main functions of each part of the brain.

Functions of parts of brain:

Cerebrum: It controls our thinking, memory, learning abilities and basic
intelligence. It also controls our sense organs.
Cerebellum: It controls the muscle movements and maintains the balance of
the body.
Medulla: It controls involuntary activities such as sneezing, breathing,
heartbeat and blood circulation.
6. Differentiate between sensory nerves and motor nerves.
Sensory nerves carry information from the sense organs to the brain or spinal cord.
When brain interprets this information, we are able to see, hear, smell, taste or feel.
Motor nerves carry information from brain or spinal cord to other parts of the body, the
muscles or glands. Our muscles and glands work as instructed by these messages.

C. Value based question:-

1. A person suffered an accident and his right side of the body is paralysed. Which part of his
brain is affected in this case? How?

This is because the right half of the brain controls the left side of the body and the left half
of the brain controls the right side of the body.
 GRADE- V AIR AND WATER
NOTES

A.Answer the following questions in brief:-

1. Define the following:-
a. Humidity: It is the amount of water vapour present in the air. Water vapour is the gaseous state
of water.
b. Atmosphere: It is the layer of air which contains various gases, that surrounds the Earth and is
retained by Earth’s gravitational force.
2. How is filtration used in purification of water?
Filtration removes insoluble, suspended impurities in water. Pure water can be filtered by using a
physical barrier such as filter paper or a chemical substance such as activated charcoal.

B.Answer the following questions in detail:-

1. Give one difference between:-
a. Filtration and sedimentation: Sedimentation is the separation of insoluble impurities from
liquids by gravitational method whereas filtration is the separation of insoluble suspended
impurities from liquids by physical barrier such as filter paper or a chemical substance such as
activated charcoal.
b. Thermosphere and exosphere: Thermosphere extends from 80 km to 690 km above the earth
surface. The air is not very dense in this layer. Exosphere extends from about 690 km to outer
space. Air is very thin in this layer.
2. Why is the atmosphere important to us? Explain.
It is responsible for creating conditions suitable for existence of life on earth.
• It sustains life on the Earth by providing oxygen for breathing. It also provides carbon dioxide to
plants for making food.
• Atmosphere regulates the temperature of the Earth.
• The incoming solar radiations are filtered high above the Earth’s surface. Harmful ultra-violet
radiations are absorbed in the stratosphere by the ozone layer.
• The temperature and pressure patterns determine rainfall, which in turn regulates the
abundance and composition of plant and animal communities on the Earth.
3. Explain why air is needed for burning.
Air contains oxygen. A lit object needs to draw oxygen from the air in order to continue burning. If
we limit the supply of oxygen by restricting the air supply, flame will eventually go off.
4. Explain with the help of a labelled diagram, the method of distillation.

In this method, impure water is heated in a distillation flask. When the water changes into steam, it
enters into the condenser. The condenser is kept cool by circulating cold water around it. This cools
the steam and changes it back into water. This process is called condensation of water. The
condensed water is collected in another container. This water is pure and is called distilled water.
The dissolved impurities are left behind in the flask.

C. Value based questions:-

1. Peter wanted to fill a water bottle. He tilted the empty bottle and dipped it in bucket of water.
He saw bubbles started coming out from the mouth of the bottle. Explain the observation.
The empty bottle contains air. Air is lighter than water so water will force the air out of the bottle
with some force, allowing it to escape to the surface and hence bubbles can be seen.
2. Meenal wants to fill a dropper with a medicine. She dips the dropper into the bottle, presses the
dropper and pulls it out.
a. Will there be medicine in the dropper? Why?
b. What could be done to fill the medicine in the dropper? Why?
a. No, there is air present inside the dropper. On pushing the dropper inside the bottle, it will make
air pressure that pushes the medicine away.
b. She should press the dropper before dipping it into the bottle as this will remove the air from the
dropper and it will make space for liquid to enter. Then, she should release the pressure once the
tip of dropper is inside the medicine and then take it out.
 GRADE- V SUN, MOON & ECLIPSES
NOTES

A. Answer the following questions in brief:-

1. What do you understand by an ‘eclipse’?

The phenomenon of the occurrence of shadows of heavenly bodies in nature is called the eclipse.

2. How are craters formed on the surface of the moon?

The craters have been created on the surface of moon due to the impact of colliding meteorites.

3. What are artificial satellites?

Artificial satellites are man-made object that orbit the Earth.

4. Explain solar and lunar eclipse with the help of diagrams.

During the motion of the Moon around the Earth, the Moon sometime comes between the Sun and the
Earth. The Moon blocks the sunlight and casts a shadow on the Earth. This is called the solar eclipse.

A lunar eclipse occurs, when the Earth comes in between the Sun and the Moon in the straight line. The
Earth blocks the sunlight and casts a shadow on the Moon.

5. Why do objects weigh less on the moon than on the earth?

The gravity on the surface of the Moon is around 1/6 of the gravity on the surface of the Earth. So, the
objects weight 6 times less on the Moon than that on the Earth.

B.Answer the following questions in detail:-

1. How are satellites useful to us?

Satellites are used for the following purposes:

• Navigation: Navigation satellites are used to provide accurate location of a place.

• Artificial satellites are widely used to study the Earth and other planets.

• Weather forecasting: This is done by studying the pictures taken by the weather satellites. These satellites
are also used to predict natural calamities such as earthquakes, cyclones and floods.
 • Communication satellites are used for radio, TV, phone and internet transmission.

2. Describe the phases of the moon with the help of a well labelled diagram.

• New Moon: In this phase, the illuminated side of the Moon is away from the Earth. This side of the Moon
facing the Earth receives no sunlight and hence, cannot be seen from the Earth.

• Crescent Moon: A small portion of the illuminated side of the Moon is facing towards the Earth. So, the thin
portion the Moon can be seen from the Earth.

• Half Moon: When half portion of the illuminated side of the Moon is facing towards the Earth, we can see a
half of the Moon from the Earth.

• Gibbous Moon: When the large portion of the illuminated side of the Moon is facing towards the Earth, we
can see a thick portion of the Moon from the Earth.

• Full Moon: When the entire portion of the illuminated side of the Moon faces towards the Earth, we can
see perfectly round Moon.

C. Value based questions:-

1. What would happen if all the hydrogen in the sun changes into helium?

When all the hydrogen in the Sun will change into helium, this will produce enormous amount of energy in
the form of light and heat. The Sun will be converted into Red Giant.

2. Ram has packed the following things to take to the moon. Predict how many of them are useless there and
how many will be useful?

Useful things: Torch light, oxygen tank, space suits and chocolate bar.

Useless: Matchstick, bell, swimming costumes and noodles.

3. Astronauts carry special radio devices to talk on the moon. Why do they carry these devices?

Astronauts carry special radio devices to talk on the Moon because there is no air on the Moon and sound
waves need a medium to travel. Therefore, when an astronaut speaks, his radio sets converts sound waves
into radio waves. Radio waves can travel without a medium, after receiving the radio message the radio sets
convert radio waves into sound waves.
 GRADE- V NATURAL DIASATERS
NOTES

A. Answer the following questions in brief:-

1. What is a natural disaster?

A natural disaster is a natural event that can cause great destruction and damage to the property
and sometimes loss of life as well.
2. Why is the study of earthquakes important?
The study of earthquakes is important because it causes landslides and avalanches especially on
mountains. Study of earthquakes helps scientists to identify various areas of world that are prone
to earthquake, so that people can be trained in advance.
3. Who is a seismologist?
Scientists who study earthquakes are called seismologists.
4. What is the Richter scale?
Richter scale measures the magnitude and intensity of the earthquake.
5. List down the causes of forest fire.
Causes of the forest fire:
• A spark of lightening or the heat generated from rotting plants or animals
• Heat from the lava of a volcano
• Human carelessness
B. Answer the following questions in detail:-
1. What steps should we take at the time of an earthquake to keep ourselves safe?
Steps to be taken at the time of an earthquake:
• Drop down on your hands and knees so that you do not fall suddenly.
• Use your arms to cover your head and neck.
• Hold on to a heavy object so that you do not move easily.
2. How do the following occur?
a. Earthquake: There is a lot of pressure on the upper layers of mantle and crust of the earth which
causes strain. When two blocks of earth suddenly slip past one another, it gives rise to an
earthquake
b. Volcanic eruption: Magma collects inside the chamber which burst out from a vent when
pressure in chamber builds up.
c. Tsunami: A tsunami can be caused either by earthquake, volcanic eruptions or landslides.
3. Differentiate between the three types of volcanoes with one example each.
Types of Volcanoes:
• Active volcanoes are those that have erupted in last 10,000 years and can erupt again. Eg. Mount
Etna in Italy.
• Dormant volcanoes are those that have erupted in the past. It can erupt again, but at the
moment it is inactive. Eg. Mauna Kea in the Hawaiian islands, USA.
• Extinct volcanoes are those that have been inactive for thousand years and not expected to erupt
again. Eg. Mount Popa in Myanmar.
4. Define.
a. Magma: Deep inside the earth there are hot molten rocks called magma.
b. Fault: The surface where two blocks of the earth slip past each other during an earthquake.
c. Crater: The hollow top of volcano that is shaped like a bowl.
 GRADE- V CHANGES IN OUR ENVIRONMENT - NOTES

A. Answer the following questions in brief:-

1. Write the names of the pollutants that cause air pollution.

Pollutants such as dust, smoke and harmful gases from factories, vehicles and from the
burning of fossil fuels cause air pollution.

2. What do you understand by waste management?

Waste management is an effective way to reduce and dispose waste by adopting 3Rs
principle, i.e. reduce, reuse and recycle. It helps to protect the environment.

3. Name two greenhouse gases. Which gas is largely responsible for the greenhouse effect?

Carbon dioxide and methane are two greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide is largely
responsible for greenhouse effect.

4. What are the main causes of noise pollution?

Main causes of noise pollution are machines in factories, vehicles, loudspeakers and
entertainment gadgets such as television and radio.

B. Answer the following questions in detail:-

1. Explain how global warming occurs.

An increase in amount of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane in the
air results in excess heating of environment. It results in overall rise in the surface temperature of
the Earth. This is called global warming. The temperature of Earth has increased 1-2 degree F in last
100 years. This constant increase in temperature will lead too melting of ice at the poles which in
turn will increase the water level of oceans and large area of land will get flooded.

2. Explain the 3 Rs of waste management.

3Rs of waste management are reduce, reuse and recycle:

• Reduce: We should buy long lasting and biodegradable goods. It would reduce the amount of
waste we produce.
• Reuse: We should try to find ways to reuse the old items.
• Recycle: New materials should be created from older ones, if possible. For examples, paper bags
and cards can be made from recycled paper. In the similar way, rubber products and metals can be
recycled.
3. Differentiate between biodegradable and non- biodegradable wastes.

Waste that can be decomposed or breaks down naturally over a period of time is
known as biodegradable waste. These originate from plant and animal sources such as wood,
vegetable peels and leather goods. Wastes that cannot be decomposed and broken down naturally
even after long period of time are called non-biodegradable wastes. For example, plastic and glass
are non-biodegradable wastes.

4. With the help of a neat labelled diagram explain green house effect.

The greenhouse effect is a warming of Earth’s surface and the air above it. It is caused
by gases in the air that trap energy from the Sun. These heat-trapping gases are called greenhouse
gases. The most common greenhouse gases are water vapour, carbon dioxide, and methane.
Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would be too cold for life to exist.

C. Value based questions:-

1. Suppose if you are a part of the Government of India, what steps would you take to save the
environment. State any three ways.

Steps to save the environment:

• Alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and wind energy should be encouraged.

• Factories should be shifted away from the main city.

• Planting of tree should be encouraged.

2. Can you say with confidence that human beings have taken care of the environment in the past
years? Explain.

Yes, humans have taken care of environment in past 2 years. Our government has
taken few crucial steps to preserve the natural environment by reducing the pollution.

• People are focusing on widespread use of solar and wind energy

• Factories have been shifted from main cities

• Large scale tree plantation have been promoted

• Use of eco-friendly fuels such as CNG has been increased in transportation

• Plastic bags have been banned on many states like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh.

3. Developed countries such as the USA contribute more towards global warming than a country
like India. Explain.

Developed countries have plenty of resources and facilities at their disposable as compare to
developing countries. Thus, these countries usually contribute more towards global warming than
other countries.
 GRADE- V ROCKS AND MINERALS
NOTES
A. Answer the following questions in brief:-

1. What is the basis of classification of rocks?

Rocks are classified on the basis of their process of their formation.

2. What is the relationship between shale and slate?

Shale is a sedimentary rock which is formed from the layers of clay that have hardened. It is a
smooth rock. It is used to make bricks and tiles. Slate is fine grained metamorphic rock. Slate is
formed from shale. It is usually black and grey in colour. It is used to make blackboards, roofs and
slates.

3. What is the relationship between minerals and rocks?

Rocks are made up of substances called minerals. Mineral is naturally occurring chemical
compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes, whereas a rock can be
an aggregate of different minerals.

4. What is petroleum? Name the forms of petroleum which are used as fuels.

Petroleum is crude oil obtained from the buried remains of dead plants and animals in the sea.
Petroleum is refined to obtain variety of fuels such as petrol, LPG, CNG and diesel.

5. Which rock is found on the moon?

Basalt.

B. Answer the following questions in detail:-

1. Differentiate between metamorphic and igneous rocks based on the way they are formed.

Igneous rocks are formed when magma or lava solidifies or cools. Rocks deep inside the Earth melt
due to increase in temperature or pressure. The intense pressure inside the Earth pushes the
magma towards the surface. The magma cools just below the surface and hardens to form igneous
rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks. When these rocks are
subjected to intense heat and pressure inside the Earth, the mineral contents of these rocks
change. Limestone changes to marble.

2. Give one use of the following:-

a. Quartzite: It is used to make statues, in watches, in making glass and as a gemstone.

b. Basalt: It is used in construction of buildings.

c. Pumice: It is used as body scrubber and to polish floors.

3. Explain any three ways to conserve natural resources.

Three ways to conserve natural resources:

• By preventing the wastage of petrol and diesel: This can be done by keeping all the machines
such as cars in good condition.

• By using alternative source of energy such as wind, water and solar energy.

• Mining should be done in a way that prevents wastage.

4. Name the different forms of coal. Write one property of each.

Different forms of coal are:

• Peat: It gives off very less heat when it burns.

• Lignite: It forms largest portion of the world’s coal reserve.

• Bituminous: It is called soft coal. It burns with a lot of smoke.

• Anthracite: It gives a lot of heat and very less smoke.

5. Write the process of formation of coals.

Long ago, the earth was covered with forests and swamps. When plants died, they fell into these
swamps. Over millions of year, mud and new plants got deposited on them. Due to intense
pressure, the bottom layers of plant matter changed into coal.

Value based questions:-

1. Some foot scrubbers that are made from an igneous rock called pumice can float in water.
Explain.

Pumice is used to make body and foot scrubbers. It is formed when lava under high pressure and
temperature is thrown out of the volcanoes during an eruption. The lava with gas bubbles solidifies
rapidly. This leads to formation of pores inside the rocks. Due to this, the rock becomes very light
and can float on water.
 GRADE- V SOIL
NOTES

A. Answer the following questions in brief:-

1. Define the following:-

a. Soil: The uppermost layer of the earth is called soil. Soil is made up of pieces of rock and
remains of plants and animals.

b. Soil erosion: It refers to the removal of the fertile topsoil by wind, water and other factors.

c. Soil conservation: It refers to the protection of soil against erosion.

2. What do you understand by weathering?

Breaking of rocks by wind, water and microorganisms resulting in the formation of soil
is called weathering.

3. Why is topsoil the most fertile layer of soil?

Topsoil contains humus which makes it fertile.

B. Answer the following questions in detail:-

1. How are microorganisms important for the soil?

Microorganisms break down the remains of plants and animals present in soil and
form humus. Humus contains nutrients for the plants to grow.

2. What are the properties of soil?

Properties of soil:

• Texture: This depends on the size of the soil particles. On the basis of size of soil particles, soil
can be classified into sand, silt and clay.

• Colour: This depends on the minerals and organic matter present in the soil.

• Pore space: The space between soil particles is called pore space.

3. Name the factors affecting weathering. Explain them.

Factors affecting weathering:

• Rock type: Some rocks break more easily than others.

• Climate: Extreme heat, cold, flow of water and wind help in weathering.

• Topography: Rocks with large exposed surface will be broken down easily by weathering.

• Plants and animals: The roots of plants grow into the rock causes cracks and breakage.
4. Differentiate between subsoil and bedrock.

The middle layer of soil is known as subsoil. It has small sized rocks and soil particles.
The bottom layer is made up of unweathered rock called bedrock.

5. Name and describe any three ways of soil conservation.

Three ways of soil conservation are:

• Afforestation: It refers to planting more trees. Plants and trees reduce soil erosion as their roots
prevent water and wind from blowing away the soil.

• Terrace farming: It is performed in hilly regions. The slope is cut into steps. This reduces the
speed of the flowing water. The amount of soil lost is greatly reduced as the soil eroded from one
step can be deposited on the next slope.

• Crop rotation: Growing different crops alternately helps to maintain nutrients of the soil.

6. Terrace farming is also known as step farming. Why?

Terrace farming is also known as step farming because the slope of hill is cut into
steps. Formation of steps reduces the speed of flowing water which in result reduces the amount
of soil lost during erosion.

C. Value based questions:-

1. Sahil lives in Darjeeling. He does farming there. What method should he use to prevent soil
being eroded?

Sahil should use terrace farming. Terrace farming is done in the hilly areas to prevent
the soil erosion.

2. Thomas is a scientist who is explaining the process of soil conservation to the farmers. While
explaining, he will pay most attention to which layer?

He will pay most attention to the top layer as it is most fertile layer and contains
humus.
 GRADE- V STATES OF MATTER - NOTES

A. Answer the following questions in brief:-

1. What are the three states of matter?

Solid, liquid and gases.

2. Define melting and freezing.

Melting: It is a process in which solid state of a substance changes into liquid state.

Freezing: It is a process where liquid state of a substance changes into solid state.

3. What are miscible liquids?

Liquids which can mix with each other are called miscible liquids. For example alcohol in water
and milk in water.

4. How are some soft drinks made fizzy?

Carbon dioxide is used to dissolve in soft drinks to provide them fizz.

5. Why do gases have neither fixed volume nor shape?

Molecules in gases are loosely packed with lots of empty space between them. The
forces of attraction between molecules are very weak. Therefore, gases neither have fix volume
nor fixed shape.

6. What do you understand by condensation?

When a gaseous state of a substance changes into liquid state, it is called condensation.

B. Answer the following questions in detail:-

1. What is matter?

Any substance which has mass and occupies space is called matter. All living and
nonliving things are matter. All matter is made up of tiny particles called molecules.

2. State two differences between solids, liquids and gases.

Solids: • Molecules are held tightly and they have no space to move around.

• They have a very strong force of attraction between molecules. That is why they have
definite shape and volume.

Liquids: • Molecules of liquid are less tightly packed and they have space between them.
 • They do not have very strong forces of attraction therefore molecules of liquid can move
around in different directions. This allows liquids to flow and change their shape.

Gases: • Molecules of gases are loosely packed with lots of space between them.

• The forces of attraction between molecules are very weak. Thus, they can move away
from each other very easily.

3. Explain a chemical change with the help of an example.

Chemical change is a change in which a new substance is formed. Properties of new

substances are different from the original substance. Most chemical changes are permanent and
cannot be reversed. For example, burning of paper changes it to ash.

4. How are soluble gases helpful to the aquatic life?

Soluble oxygen and soluble carbon dioxide are important for survival of aquatic plants
and animals. Carbon dioxide dissolved in water is used by aquatic plants to make their food.
Aquatic animals breathe in the oxygen dissolved in water.

C. Value based questions:-

1. Sugar and salt mix easily in water while sand cannot?

Sugar and salt form solution with water. Their particles fill the space between the
molecules of water. On the other hand, the sand particles do not dissolve in water. So, they remain
insoluble in water. Their particles settle down at the bottom of the container.

2. Your mother has baked a cake using ingredients such as flour, sugar, eggs, water and other. Is
this a physical or a chemical change? Explain.

Baking of a cake is a chemical change. In the process of baking, a new substance is

formed, i.e., a cake is formed using flour, sugar, eggs and water. The properties of the cake are
different from the ingredients used for baking.
 GRADE – V (EVS)

(Chapter -14 Force, Energy and Simple Machines)

1. Define force.
Force is the push or pull applied on an object. We apply force on different
objects to lift, move, open or change their shape.
2. Differentiate between Class 1, Class 11 and Class 111 levers.
Class I levers (L-F-E): A lever in which the fulcrum is between the load and the effort is
called a Class I Lever. A hammer, a pair of pliers and a beam balance are some
examples of Class I levers
Class 11 levers (F-L-E): A lever in which the load lies between the fulcrum and the
effort is called a Class 11 levers. Nutcracker, stapler and wheelbarrow are some
examples of Class I1 levers
Class III levers (F-E-L): A lever in which the effort lies between the fulcrum and the load
is called a Class II1 lever. Fishing rod, Tweezers Tongs are some examples of Class I11 levers.
3. State the advantages and disadvantages of friction.
Disadvantages of friction
• Produce heat in moving parts of machines/engines.
• Friction makes it difficult to move heavy things across the floor.
• Friction causes the soles of shoes, the surface of tyres and moving parts of machines
to wear out.
Advantages of friction
• Friction helps us to walk.
• If there was no friction then we would slip if we tried to walk.
• Without friction, you would not able to hold anything in your hand.
It is the friction between a pencil and a paper that allows us to write on the paper.
4. How is a pair of scissors similar to a traditional see-saw?

• A pair of scissors and a traditional see-saw both are the first order of lever in which the
fulcrum is located in between the load and the effort points.

5. Name different class of levers. Give examples of each.

The three classes of levers are —

(i) Class I levers — In this type of the levers, the fulcrum F is in between the effort E and the load L.

Example — a seesaw, a pair of scissors, pliers, hammer, beam balance

(ii) Class II levers — In these type of levers, the fulcrum F and the effort E are at the two ends of the lever
and the load L is somewhere in between the effort E and the fulcrum F.
 Example — a nutcracker, a bottle opener, wheel barrow, stapler

(iii) Class III levers — In these type of levers, the fulcrum F and the load L are at the two ends of the lever and
the effort E is somewhere in between the fulcrum F and the load L.

Example — tongs, foot treadle (sewing machine), fishing rods, tweezers

6. What is a pulley? Name its different types.

It is a simple wooden or metallic machine that uses a wheel and rope to lift heavy loads. Nowadays, plastic
pulleys are also available in the market to carry small loads. This can be rotated freely about an axis passing
through its center. It can change the direction of a force which makes it much easier for people to lift
anything. With this, you can pull down on one end to lift the 10 kgs and one-meter high object.

Types of Pulley

• Fixed Pulley
When the block of the pulley is fixed on a high platform, it is known as fixed. An extensible string passes over the
groove where its one end is attached to the body to be lifted while the other end is free.

• Movable Pulley
When the block of the pulley is not fixed but carries the load, it is known as Movable. An inextensible string is tied
around the groove where its one end is fixed to fixed support while the other end is kept free to apply the effort. As
the effort is applied, the block together with the load moves upward.