A Stability Theorem
A Stability Theorem
A Stability Theorem
A Stability Theorem
Walter Rudin
To cite this article: Walter Rudin (1999) A Stability Theorem, The American Mathematical Monthly,
106:8, 768-770, DOI: 10.1080/00029890.1999.12005117
Article views: 15
REFERENCE
1. C. W. Groetsch, Lanczos' generalized derivative, Amer. Math. Monthly 105 (1998) 320-326.
Computational and Applied Mathematics, UCLA, 7354 Math Sciences Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095
jhshen@math. uc/a.edu
A Stability Theorem
Walter Rudin
Theorem. Suppose <I> = (cp~> ... , cpn) is a continuous map of U into un that carries T
into T n, such that
Ind cp1IT > 0 for 1 :::; j :::; n (3)
Put K = <I>(U). Then
f(P u K) = f(Un) ( 4)
for every f E A(Un).
Proof: Assume f(z)-=!= 0 for every z E P u K. We show that f(z) -=!= 0 for every
z E un. This implies the theorem, and shows why the term "stability" was used in
this connection.
Fix a= (al, ... ' an) E un. Let IndcpjiT =mi. There exist cj E c such that
cji=a1 (1:::;j:::;n). (5)
Since m1 > 0, lc1 1:::; 1. Define
(6)
for A E U. Then h E A(U), h(T) c C*, h(O) = f(a). Hence f(a)-=!= 0 follows from
(9)
Define
'l's(T) c Tn, hence f('l's(T)) c C*, and now (I) shows that
Since f o <I> IT = f o '1'1 and hIT = f o '1'0 , (12) and (8) imply (7).
•
Remarks. (i) The simplest example of a <I> as in the theorem is <I>( A) = (A, A, ... , A).
Then K is a disc (2-dimensional), dim (P u K) = n, whereas dim un = 2n.
(ii) It is not necessary for <I> to map U into the interior un of un. For example,
when n = 2,
9
·n ((2rei ,0) (0 ~ r ~ 1/2)
<l>(re'") =
( e; 8 , 2r- 1) (1/2 ~ r ~ 1)
will do nicely.
(iii) The hypott:!_esis "mj > 0 for all j" cannot be omitted. To see this, take
n = 2, <I>(A) =(A, A). Then m 1 = 1, m 2 = -1. If f(z, w) = 1 + 4zw, then 1/1 ~ 1
on T 2 U <I>(U) but f(t, - t) = 0.
For another example, take <I>(A) =(A, 1), so that m 1 = 1, m 2 = 0, and put
f(z, w) = 2w - 1. Then 1!1 ~ 1 on T 2 U <I>(U) but f(z, 1/2) = 0 for all z.
However, the hypothesis "mj > 0 for all j" can b~ replaced by "m. < 0 for
all j" because the theorem can then be applied to <I>( A) in place of <I>( A).
REFERENCES
1. Ph. Delsarte, Y. Genin, Y. Kamp, A simple proof of Rudin's multivariable stability theorem, Philips
Research Laboratory Report R412, Brussels, Dec. 1979.
2. W. Rudin, Function Theory in Polydiscs, Benjamin, 1969.