1 PR BT1

08/02/2023
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 WOOD
WOOD
- Technically known as XYLEM

- The most common material
for construction
- durable: stronger than concrete
relative to its weight
- lightweight
- ease in fastening
- artistic and with natural beauty
- recyclable and renewable resource
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WOOD
The versatility of wood as a material for construction has lifted it to its

present importance and high demand in almost all types of construction.
PROPERTIES OF WOOD
1. Strength
- The ability of wood to resist stress and strain
2. Moisture content
- An important factor in the strength of wood is in its seasoning
- The general effect of the water content upon the wood substance is to
render it softer and more pliable
3. Weight
- Heavy wood are generally strong and light wood are usually weak
4. Hardness
- Resistance of wood to indentation
5. Cleavability
- Resistance of wood to cleavage along its grain
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PROPERTIES OF WOOD
6. Flexibility & toughness
- Moisture content of wood that influences flexibility to a
considerable amount
7. Durability
- Ability to resist decay or the length of life under given condition
WOOD
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WOOD
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD
MODE OF GROWTH
EXOGENOUS
- Outward growing trees
- Preferred for lumbering
ENDOGENOUS
- Inward growing trees
- Brittle in character
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DENSITY
HARDWOOD
- Deciduous trees with broad leaves
- Ex. Oak, Ash, Birch, Mahogany, Narra, Tanguile, Molave
SOFTWOOD
- Coniferous trees with needle - like leaves
- Ex. Pine, Fir, Spruce
CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD GRAIN

STRAIGHT GRAIN – the directions of the wood fibers are nearly parallel
with the sides and edges of the board
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CROSS GRAIN – when the lumber is taken from a crooked tree, it is
classified as crooked or cross grain
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COARSE GRAIN – the annual rings are large
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FINE GRAIN – the annual rings are small, the grain marking which
separates the adjacent rings
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SHADE & COLOR
RED
ex. Lauan, Narra, Mahogany, Asian Walnut
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SHADE & COLOR
YELLOW
- ex. Narra, Yakal, Sagat, Mahogany
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SHADE & COLOR
WHITE
- ex. Lauan, Cedar
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SHADE & COLOR
ORANGE
- ex. Tanguile, Saleng
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SHADE & COLOR
BLACK
- ex. Camagong, Apitong, Mahogany
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DEFECTS IN WOOD
WOOD DEFECT
- Various abnormal conditions and features of wood which permanently reduce the economic value of wood
- discontinuity of tissues and abnormal fiber development in wood
FOUR CATEGORIES:
NATURAL DEFECT
- defects that are present in a growing tree
SEASONING DEFECT
- caused by faulty techniques of seasoning
CONVERSION DEFECT
- defects due to faulty cutting of wood
ANIMAL & FUNGAL DEFECT
- defects inflicted by the attack of organisms harmful to wood
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NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

1. KNOTS
- common types of natural defects in
which portions of the branches are
enclosed within the wood. As the
tree increases in diameter it covers
the bases of the lateral branches
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TYPES OF KNOT:
A. Live knot – branches are alive at the time of inclusion
– light in color and do not generally fall out
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TYPES OF KNOT:
B. Dead knot – branches are dead at the time of inclusion
– dark in colour and shows sign of decay
– weakens wood and often become loose and fall out
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SIZES OF KNOTS:
1. Pin knot - < 6.5mm Ø
2. Small knot - 6.5mm – 20mm Ø
3. Medium knot - 20mm – 40mm Ø
4. Large knot - >40mm Ø
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2. SHAKES
- separation of fiber along
the grain of standing or
freshly felled timber
- This forms crack or
fissures that is generally
confined to the
interior part of the timber
but sometimes extends to
one surface
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TYPES OF SHAKES
A. Heart Shake – caused by shrinkage through old age
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TYPES OF SHAKES:
B. Star Shake – deep, wide cracks which radiates out from the center of the
log
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TYPES OF SHAKES:
C. Cup Shake – gaps between growth rings that can be very deep due to old
age
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TYPES OF SHAKES:
D. Ring Shake – gaps that run around the entire growth rings that can be very
deep due to old age
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TYPES OF SHAKES:
E. Frost Shake – wood splits inward towards the center and is caused by very
cold weather
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TYPES OF SHAKES:
F. Radial Shake – series of split along the outside of the wood
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3. CROSS GRAIN
- deviation of the wood fibers from a direction parallel to the longitudinal
axis of the tree
- this can be diagonal, spiral or interlocked types in nature
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4. COMPRESSION FAILURES
- Minor fractures are running across the grain and the fibres show crinkles
structures due to compression.
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5. RESIN POCKET
- patches due to excessive accumulation of resin
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6. CONSTRICTION
- damage which occurs due to climbing plants
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SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

1. WARPING
- The distortion in converted timber caused departure from its original plane
usually during seasoning period
CLASSIFICATION:
A. CUPPING – curving of the ends of timber due to the unequal amount of
shrinkage along the growth rings
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1. WARPING
CLASSIFICATION:
B. BOWING – curving of the face of the timber caused by poor stacking
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1. WARPING
CLASSIFICATION:
C. TWISTING – caused when the ends of the timber warps in opposite direction
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1. WARPING
CLASSIFICATION:
D. SPRINGING/CROOKING – curving of the edge of timber while the face
remains flat
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2. CHECKING/SPLITS
- separation or ruptures on wood along the exposed grain
CLASSIFICATION:
A. SURFACE CHECK – split along the grain caused by rapid drying in the
surface
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2. CHECKING/SPLITS
CLASSIFICATION:
B. END CHECK – split at the end parts of the grain
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2. CHECKING/SPLITS
CLASSIFICATION:
C. HONEYCOMB CHECK – split that occur inside the board
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3. CASE HARDENING
- outside part of the timber is dried and hardened but the center contains
trapped moisture
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4. COLLAPSE
- defect is seen when very wet heartwood is dried
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CONVERSION DEFECTS IN WOOD

1. BOXED HEART
- timber that is which sawn in a way that the pith or the heartwood falls
entirely within its length
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2. MACHINE NOTCHES
- defect due to bad holding and pulling of the cutting tool
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3. MISCUT
- careless cut during sawing of wood
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4. IMPERFECT GRAIN/SHORT GRAIN/SLOPING GRAIN
- careless cut during sawing of wood
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
1. STAIN
- caused by the intrusion of fungi which causes a change in color to the wood
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
2. DECAY
- caused when a wood rotting fungus destroys the cell structure of the wood
which reduces its strength
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
2. INSECT INFESTATION
- caused when an insect finds its way to the inside of the wood and makes the
wood its home; affects the strength of the wood
TERMITES
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
LYCTID
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
CARPENTER ANT
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
3. BARK WOUNDS
- caused when an animal damages the bark which extends to the cambium
DEERS
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
3. BARK WOUNDS
BOARS
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
3. BARK WOUNDS
BEARS
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
4. ROT
- due to the intrusion of rot – causing fungus which causes deterioration of the
wood structure
- TYPES:
A. Dry rot – is caused by a fungus called Serpula lacrymans which
only need a minimal amount of moisture to thrive
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ANIMAL & FUNGAL

DEFECTS IN WOOD
4. ROT
- due to the intrusion of rot – causing fungus which causes deterioration of the
wood structure
- TYPES:
A. Wet rot – is caused by a fungus called Coniophora puteana which
loves to thrive and stay at wet/damp areas
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PREPARATION OF WOOD
LOGGING – defined as the harvesting of the tree crops consisting of
operations such as cutting, skidding, bucking
• SKIDDED – term used when the log is dragged and carried to an assembly
area.
• YARDED – logs are delivered through the cable or a helium filled balloon
• LUMBERING – term applied to operation performed in preparing wood for
commercial purposes.
• SAWING
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TWO METHODS OF LOG SAWING

1. PLAIN OR BASTARD SAWING – cutting the logs entirely through the
diameter with a parallel chord tangential to the annual rings.
2. QUARTER OR RIFT SAWING – categorized into four methods of sawing:
a. Radial Method
b. Tangential Method
c. Quarter Tangential
d. Combined Radial &
Tangential
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TERMINOLOGIES
- Logging – defined as the harvesting of the tree crops
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TERMINOLOGIES
- Lumbering – the term applied to the operation in preparing wood for
commercial purposes
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TERMINOLOGIES
Slab – kind of rough lumber which is cut tangent to the annular rings of
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TERMINOLOGIES
Timber – five inches or larger in the least dimension
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TERMINOLOGIES
Plank – wide piece of lumber from 2 – 5 inches thick
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TERMINOLOGIES
Board – less than 1 ½ inch thick and at least 4 inches wide
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TERMINOLOGIES
Flitch – thick piece of lumber
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TERMINOLOGIES
Stick – small in cross section; other than the stated above
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TERMINOLOGIES
Silviculture – the process of growing timber crops of the better and more
valuable species as rapidly as possible through scientific forestry
ROUGH LUMBER– unplanned or undressed lumber
SURFACED OR DRESSED LUMBER – a planed lumber having at last one smooth
side
S2s AND S4s – are planed or dressed lumber of which the number
connotes the smooth sides.
S2s – smooth on two sides
S4s – smooth on four sides
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SEASONING IN WOOD
SEASONING – means drying of lumber
-the moisture has to be expelled thoroughly to preserve the lumber from shrinkage
or decay.
2 METHODS OF SEASONING WOOD
1. Natural or Air Seasoning – one of the best methods od seasoning although the period
involved is relatively longer than artificial seasoning.
2. Artificial Seasoning – process adopted for quick drying of wood.
- lumber are stacked inside a drying kiln and then subjected and hot air under
pressure.
a. Forced Air Drying – fans are used to booster the circulation of air a preparatory
process to kiln drying
b. Kiln Drying – lumber is dried in a specially built room or chamber wherein
temperature and humidity and circulation of air is under control.
c. Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying - a very fast method of drying lumber
using radio frequency dielectric heat.
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2 METHODS OF WOOD PRESERVATION

1. EXTERNAL PROCESSING – coating the wood with preservative chemicals
that will penetrate into the fibers.
2. INTERNAL PROCESSING – chemical compound is impregnated at a
specified pressure to permeate the wood thoroughly.
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08/02/2023

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 WOOD

- Technically known as XYLEM

The versatility of wood as a material for construction has lifted it to its

CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD GRAIN

CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD GRAIN

CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD GRAIN

CLASSIFICATION OF WOOD GRAIN

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

NATURAL DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

SEASONING DEFECTS IN WOOD

CONVERSION DEFECTS IN WOOD

CONVERSION DEFECTS IN WOOD

CONVERSION DEFECTS IN WOOD

CONVERSION DEFECTS IN WOOD

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

ANIMAL & FUNGAL

TWO METHODS OF LOG SAWING

2 METHODS OF WOOD PRESERVATION

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