CCNP Practical Studies: Routing

Example 1-1 Summary with EIGRP

interface serial 0
ip summary-address eigrp 1 131.108.1.0 255.255.248.0

Example 1-1 applies a summary on the serial interface. Also note that the EIGRP autonomous system number is 1, matching the
configuration on the router because you can have more than one EIGRP process running. The actual summary is 131.108.1.0
255.255.248.0, which replaces the seven individual routers numbered 131.108.1-7.0/24 with one simple route.

OSPF allows summarization manually under the OSPF process ID. Now look at how to configure the seven networks in Table 1-3 with an
OSPF summary. You use the following command in OSPF to summarize internal OSPF routes:

area area-id range address mask

Example 1-2 displays the configuration required to summarize the seven networks in Table 1-3. Assume the area-id for now is 1.

NOTE

With OSPF, you can correctly configure summarization only on area border routers (ABRs). An ABR resides in more than one OSPF area.
For this example, assume the Cisco router is an ABR.

Example 1-2 OSPF summary

router ospf 1
area 1 range 131.108.1.0 255.255.248.0

NOTE

OSPF also enables you to summarize external OSPF routes redistributed from such protocols as IGRP or RIP.

BGP and IS-IS, covered in Chapters 4, "Advanced OSPF and Integrated Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System," 6, "Basic Border
Gateway Protocol" and 7, "Advanced BGP," also provide complex summarization techniques.

IP Helper Address
As in any network, broadcasts are used to find and discover end systems. In a Layer 2 environment, you use broadcasts to find an end
system's MAC address. Layer 3 of the TCP/IP model, IP also uses broadcasts for such services as sending IP datagrams to all hosts on a
particular network. Broadcasts on any network consume CPU and bandwidth to reduce this even more. In an IP network, you use the IP
helper address to change a broadcast into a more specific destination address so not all devices must view the IP data, which conserves
bandwidth.

To save on bandwidth, all Cisco routers installed with Cisco Internet Operating System (IOS) software by default have an algorithm that
dictates that not all broadcast packets be forwarded. So to allow the ability to forward packets wisely, you can use the IP helper address
command to convert a broadcast into a more specific destination address. The command to enable an IP help address is as follows:

ip helper-address address

You can configure more than one helper address per interface on a Cisco router. The IP helper address forwards packets that are normally
discarded by default to the following services:

•
•
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

•
Domain Name System (DNS)

•
BOOTP server

•
BOOTP client

•
NetBIOS Name Server
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

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NOTE

The most common use for the helper address is for clients running DHCP, which remote servers assign IP addresses and subnet masks
usually performed locally through a broadcast to be served remotely with a unicast (one) packet.

Scenarios
The following scenarios are designed to draw together some of the content described in this chapter and some of the content you have seen
in your own networks or practice labs. There is no one right way to accomplish many of the tasks presented, and using good practice and
defining your end goal are important in any real-life design or solution. The five scenarios presented in this chapter are based on simple IP
technologies to introduce you to the configuration of IP on Cisco routers and give you the basic foundation required to complete the more
advanced topics and scenarios found later in this book. Readers who are familiar with these basics may want to skip this chapter and move
on to Chapter 2, "Routing Principles."

Scenario 1-1: Configuring a Cisco Router for IP

In this scenario, you see how to configure one Cisco router for IP routing using a Class B (/16) network 161.108.1.0 with a Class C subnet
mask (255.255.255.0 or /24 mask).

Figure 1-3 displays the one router, named R1, with one Ethernet interface.

Figure 1-3. IP Routing on Cisco Routers

Example 1-3 displays the IP configuration performed on R1's Ethernet interface.

Example 1-3 IP Configuration on R1

R1(config)#int e 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 161.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)#no shutdown
4w1d: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface Ethernet0/0, changed state to up
4w1d: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Ethernet0/0,
changed state to up

NOTE

When you enable the Ethernet interface with the command [no] shutdown, the IOS message tells you the Ethernet interface and the line
protocol are up. To see these messages remotely, enable terminal monitor on any VTY lines. Also, by default, all Cisco routers are
enabled for IP routing with the command ip routing. You can disable IP routing with the command [no] ip routing.

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Example 1-4 displays the active Ethernet interface up and the current IP address configuration.

Example 1-4 show interface ethernet e0/0 on R1

R1#show interfaces ethernet 0/0
Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up Interface is up and active
Hardware is AmdP2, address is 0001.9645.ff40 (bia 0001.9645.ff40)
Internet address is 161.108.1.1/24 configure IP address
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
ARP type: ARPA, ARP Timeout 04:00:00
Last input 00:00:21, output 00:00:02, output hang never
Last clearing of "show interface" counters never
Queueing strategy: fifo
Output queue 0/40, 0 drops; input queue 0/75, 0 drops
5 minute input rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
5 minute output rate 0 bits/sec, 0 packets/sec
315871 packets input, 30894958 bytes, 0 no buffer
Received 315628 broadcasts, 0 runts, 0 giants, 0 throttles
0 input errors, 0 CRC, 0 frame, 0 overrun, 0 ignored, 0 abort
0 input packets with dribble condition detected
470705 packets output, 43588385 bytes, 0 underruns
0 output errors, 3 collisions, 45 interface resets
0 babbles, 0 late collision, 22 deferred
0 lost carrier, 0 no carrier
0 output buffer failures, 0 output buffers swapped out

Next, you see how to configure a secondary address on R1 using the IP address 131.108.1.1/24. Example 1-5 displays the secondary IP
address assignment.

Example 1-5 Secondary Address Configuration on R1

R1(config)#interface ethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)#ip address 131.108.1.1 255.255.255.0 secondary

R1 now has two IP address assignments: 161.108.1.1/24 and 131.108.1.1/24. Confirm the IP address assignment by displaying the interface
statistics with the command show interfaces Ethernet 0/0. Example 1-6 displays the Ethernet statistics on R1 and is truncated for clarity.

Example 1-6 show interfaces ethernet 0/0

R1#show interfaces ethernet 0/0
Ethernet0/0 is up, line protocol is up
Hardware is AmdP2, address is 0001.9645.ff40 (bia 0001.9645.ff40)
Internet address is 161.108.1.1/24
MTU 1500 bytes, BW 10000 Kbit, DLY 1000 usec, rely 255/255, load 1/255
Encapsulation ARPA, loopback not set, keepalive set (10 sec)
...truncated

Example 1-6 does not show the secondary addressing on R1. Unfortunately, the Cisco IOS does not display IP secondary addressing, and
the only way to view any secondary addressing is to view the configuration. Example 1-7 displays the full working configuration on R1
along with the secondary IP address, 131.108.1.1.

Example 1-7 Full working configuration on R1

hostname R1
!
interface Ethernet0/0
ip address 131.108.1.1 255.255.255.0 secondary
ip address 161.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
interface Serial0/0
shutdown

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!
interface Serial0/1
shutdown
!
line con 0
line aux 0
line vty 0 4
!
end

Scenario 1-2: Efficiently Configuring a Network for IP

Suppose you have been asked by a network architect to break up the Class B address 131.108.1.0/24 into four equal subnets that can be
used to allow at most 62 hosts per subnet. In addition to this, you must use the address space 131.108.2.0/24 for all wide-area network
(WAN) connections that use no more than two hosts per subnet. The network architect has also asked you to document all WAN addresses
for future use.

Figure 1-4 displays the network topology graphically.

Figure 1-4. IP Address Configuration Requirements

Start by breaking up the subnet 131.108.1.0/24 into four equal subnets. To do this, examine the subnet in binary. The last eight bits are used
for host addresses, so by default you have 254 IP address available. To allow at most 62 hosts, you use the formula 2n - 2 = 62, which
becomes 2n = 64. n, which is the borrowed amount of bits, becomes six bits. So to allow at most 62 hosts, you must use the subnet mask of
255.255.255.192, where 192 in binary is 11000000. The host devices use the last six bits. This is only half the job; you must also configure
the four different subnets on R1 in Figure 1-4. To determine the four subnets you must count in binary.

The first subnet starts from 131.108.1.0. You know the broadcast address ends in all 1s, so count from binary 0 to all 1s. Count only from
the last octet. Table 1-4 displays the binary calculation.

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