Lab Rep 2
Lab Rep 2
Lab Rep 2
11. What is the difference between synchronous speed and rated speed?
Synchronous Speed is the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator. While the
mechanical speed of a rotor is called Rated Speed. A rated speed is based off a motor’s rated load. You
can usually find the value for the rated speed on the motor’s template indicating the general speed of
the rotor at rated load. With AC induction motors, the rotors always rotates slower than ng magnetic
field of the stator.
12. How does the number of poles affect the stator and rotor?
You can increase or decrease torque by adding or subtracting the number of poles in the
stator. The more poles, the slower the magnetic field rotates. Sync speed decreases as the number of
poles increases. High torque induction motors have slower sync speeds and lower torque motors of the
same size have less torque and higher synchronous speeds. The pole count increases, the higher the
cost of manufacturing.
13. Discuss the relationship of speed and torque curves of a motor.
A Speed Torque Curve shows you how the torque produced by an induction motor varies throughout
the different phases of its operation.
Starting Torque (150%) is the amount of torque an induction motor produces as its ramps up
from a standstill. Pull Up Torque (125%) is the amount of motor torque available as the motor
accelerates towards its rated speed. If the motor’s Pull Up Torque is less than the amount required to
accelerate the load, the motor will never reach its rated speed. As the motor’s continuous to
accelerate towards its rated speed, it encounters its Breakdown Torque. Breakdown Torque (200-
250%) is the greatest amount of torque a motor can generate. When the motor has accelerated itself
to its rated speeds, the motor should be producing between 80-100% of its rated torque.
As the load is increased and the motor speed decreases, the amount of torque produced by the
motor increase the load. As the load increases, it increases the amount of current that the motor
draws and consequently the amount of motor torque produced.
When the motor slips beyond its Breakdown Torque, it begins to produce less torque which then
causes the motor speed to decrease even more, or worse, stall. This situation usually results in a
damage to the motor if left in this state, due to overheating of the stator.
14. What are the NEMA design standards for induction motors? Explain each.
National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association (NEMA)-establishes technical standards for the
manufacturing of electronic products. NEMA has established standards for four different designs of
electrical Induction motors which are A, B, C, and D respectively. Each standardized design has unique
speed, torque, and slip capabilities depending on the work they perform.
NEMA Design A motors are allowed a maximum slip of 0.5-5%. Similar to Design B in terms of
Torque Output. However, they are not limited on their starting current. This allows for lowering
winding impedance which in turn our state or resistance making Design A one of the most efficient
motors from an energy standpoint. Design A motors often offer greater breakdown torque than Design
B. Centrifugal fans and pumps are typical Design A applications.
NEMA Design B Motors are the most commonly used induction motors in the industry. They have a
maximum slip of 0.5-5% and speed torque characteristics that are similar to Design A motors but with
NEMA mandated limit to their starting current. Because they can provide good Pull Up Torque, Design
B motors are used in a wide variety of applications. Design B motors can also take impact or burst loads
at full speed without stalling.
NEMA Design C motor has also a maximum of 1-5% slip. Design C motors are built to power
equipment requiring high breakaway torque like positive-displacement pumps and conveyors.
Similar to the Design C motor, a NEMA Design D motor is squirrel cage motor design with a
maximum slip of 5-13%. Low starting current to withstand full voltage starting and very high locked
rotor torque. Like Design C motors, you’ll find Design D motors powering equipment with high starting
torque requirements like cranes or hoists. Design D motors are also well suited to high impact load
applications like stamping presses.
15. What specifications can we found on a motor nameplate. Explain each.
North America NEMA establishes the standards for the information provided on the nameplate. This
information is vital to determining the motors characteristics.
Horsepower (HP) - A measure of the motor’s mechanical output rating.
HP = (RPM x Torque(ft-lb))/5252
Torque – A measure of the turning of twisting force supplied by the motor to the load.
Torque (ft-lb) = (HP x 5252)/RPM
Motor Rated Voltage – the optimal performing voltage of the motor. Motors are rated with 10%
tolerance above and below the rated voltage shown on nameplate.
Motor Rated Current (FLA) – the amount of amperage the motor needs when it is operating at full-load
torque and horsepower. FLA means Full Load Amps.
Motor Rated Frequency (HZ) – The frequency at which the motor is designed to operate. Some motors
are designed to work with a variable frequency drive (VFD). They are rated at different frequencies.
Motor Rated Speed (RPM) – The approximate RPM at which the rotor is rotating when the motor is
operating under full load.
Motor Poles – The number of poles inside the stator of a three-phase motor.
Motor Phase – The number of AC power lines supplying the motor. With the three-phase motor there
are three power lines.
NEMA Design Letter – The motor’s NEMA design type, either A, B, C, or D. The letter designation
describers the motor’s torque and current characteristics.
Insulation Class (INS) – insulation is crucial in an induction motor, the insulation class describes the
thermal tolerance of the motor windings. The letter indicates the motor windings ability to withstand
operating temperatures for specific length of time. Motors controlled with a variable frequency drive
and/or motors that run at lower speeds usually have a higher insulation class.
Service Factor (SF) – The percentage of overloading a motor can handle over short periods when
operating at rated voltage and frequency.
Frame size – The mounting dimensions, including the foot hole mounting pattern and shaft dimensions.
16. What are the different types of induction motor enclosures? Explain each.
Standards have been established by NEMA for the types of Induction Motor Enclosures. The standards
are based on the motors used and designated on the nameplate as ENCL.
Open Drip-Proof (ODP) – Typically used for indoor applications. ODP enclosures allow outside air to
circulate over the windings while preventing any liquid from entering the enclosure with fifteen
degrees from vertical.
Totally Enclosed Non-Ventilated (TENV) – Uses cooling fins to dissipate heat instead of a fan or vent
opening. TENV enclosures are designed for installation indoor or outdoor in dirty and/ or slightly damp
conditions.
Totally Enclosed Fan Cooled (TEFC) – Cooled by a motor shaft connected to an exterior fan. TEFC
enclosures are not waterproof, but they are used outdoors in dirty locations.
Totally Enclosed Blower Cooled (TEBC) – Cooled through forced convection by a rear-mounted blower.
TEBC enclosures are used in both indoor and outdoor applications.
Other types of Induction Motor Enclosures:
- Totally Enclosed Air Over
- Totally Enclosed Wash Down
- Explosion Proof
- Hazardous Location
17. Write all the chapter review questions and the answers on the video