BCA III Year

Assignment Questions
Q.1 Explain different types of operators in java – in notes

Q.2 Explain execution of Java program.

1. Compilation: Java is a compiled language, which means that the Java source code needs
to be converted into bytecode before it can be executed. The Java compiler takes the
source code and produces bytecode, which is a binary format that can be executed by the
Java Virtual Machine (JVM).
2. Loading: Once the Java bytecode has been generated, it needs to be loaded into memory.
The class loader is responsible for loading the bytecode into memory.
3. Verification: Before the bytecode can be executed, it needs to be verified to ensure that it
conforms to certain security and structural constraints. The bytecode verifier checks the
bytecode for correctness and security.
4. Execution: Once the bytecode has been verified, the JVM can execute it. The JVM is
responsible for interpreting the bytecode and executing the instructions contained within
it.
5. Garbage Collection: The JVM also provides automatic memory management through
garbage collection. Garbage collection is the process of reclaiming memory that is no
longer being used by the program.
6. Termination: When the Java program finishes executing, the JVM terminates and releases
any system resources that were being used by the program.

Q.3 Explain features of Java.

 Object-Oriented: Java is an object-oriented programming language, which means it is

based on the concept of objects. It allows developers to model real-world objects and their
behavior in the software.

 Platform Independent: Java is platform-independent, which means that Java programs can run
on any platform that supports the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). This is because Java bytecode
can be executed on any platform that has a JVM installed.

 Robust: Java is a robust language that provides strong memory management, exception
handling, and type checking mechanisms. This makes it less prone to errors and crashes.

 Multi-threaded: Java provides built-in support for multi-threading, which allows developers
to write concurrent programs that can run multiple threads simultaneously.
 Security: Java is designed with security in mind. It provides a security model that prevents
unauthorized access to system resources and protects against viruses and malware.

Q.4What is byte code explain

Bytecode is a binary format that is generated by the Java compiler when it compiles Java source
code. It is an intermediate representation of the Java program that is not specific to any particular
hardware or operating system.

Bytecode is executed by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM), which is a software component that
provides an environment for executing Java programs. When a Java program is executed, the
JVM reads the bytecode and interprets it to execute the program.

Q.5 Difference between instance variables and class variables?

Q.6 W.A.P to check whether a given number is even or odd

import java.util.Scanner;

public class EvenOrOdd {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
int number = scanner.nextInt();
if (number % 2 == 0) {
System.out.println(number + " is even.");
} else {
System.out.println(number + " is odd.");
}
scanner.close();
}
}
Q.7 Explain following terms-

a) Primitive data types

b) Local variables

c) Global variables

d) Precedence of operators

Primitive data types: In Java, primitive data types are basic data types that are built into the
language and are not objects. There are eight primitive data types in Java, including byte, short,
int, long, float, double, char, and boolean. They are used to represent simple values such as
numbers, characters, and true/false values.

b) Local variables: A local variable is a variable that is declared inside a method or a block of
code, such as a loop or a conditional statement. Local variables have limited scope and are
accessible only within the block of code where they are declared. Once the block of code is
exited, the local variable is no longer accessible.

c) Global variables: A global variable is a variable that is declared outside of any method or
block of code and is accessible from anywhere within the class. Global variables have class-level
scope and can be used by any method or block of code within the class. However, global
variables should be used with caution because they can introduce potential issues with code
maintainability and readability.

d) Precedence of operators: The precedence of operators determines the order in which operators
are evaluated in an expression. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators
with lower precedence. In Java, the order of operator precedence is as follows, from highest to
lowest:

Q.8 Explain Bit wise Operators with suitable example of each.

n Java, bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise operations on integer values at the bit level.
There are four bitwise operators in Java, including AND (&), OR (|), XOR (^), and NOT (~).
Here are some examples of how these operators work:

1. AND (&) operator: The AND operator performs a bitwise AND operation on two integer
values and returns a new value where each bit is set to 1 only if both corresponding bits
in the original values are also 1. Otherwise, the bit is set to 0. Here's an example:

less
int a = 5; // binary representation: 0101
int b = 3; // binary representation: 0011
int c = a & b; // result: 0001 (1 in decimal)

In this example, the AND operator compares the binary representation of a and b. The first bit of
a and b is 0 and 1, respectively, so the corresponding bit in the result is set to 0. The second bit
of a and b is 1 and 1, respectively, so the corresponding bit in the result is set to 1. The third and
fourth bits of a and b are both 0, so the corresponding bits in the result are also set to 0.

2. OR (|) operator: The OR operator performs a bitwise OR operation on two integer values
and returns a new value where each bit is set to 1 if either corresponding bit in the
original values is 1. Here's an example:

less
int a = 5; // binary representation: 0101
int b = 3; // binary representation: 0011
int c = a | b; // result: 0111 (7 in decimal)

In this example, the OR operator compares the binary representation of a and b. The first bit of a
and b is 0 and 1, respectively, so the corresponding bit in the result is set to 1. The second and
third bits of a and b are both 1, so the corresponding bits in the result are also set to 1. The fourth
bit of a and b is 1 and 0, respectively, so the corresponding bit in the result is set to 1.

3. XOR (^) operator: The XOR operator performs a bitwise XOR operation on two integer
values and returns a new value where each bit is set to 1 if the corresponding bits in the
original values are different. Otherwise, the bit is set to 0. Here's an example:

less
int a = 5; // binary representation: 0101
int b = 3; // binary representation: 0011
int c = a ^ b; // result: 0110 (6 in decimal)

In this example, the XOR operator compares the binary representation of a and b. The first bit of
a and b is 0 and 1, respectively, so the corresponding bit in the result is set to 1. The second bit
of a and b is 1 and 1, respectively, so the corresponding bit in the result is set to 0. The third and
fourth bits of a and b are both 0, so the corresponding bits in the result are also set to 0.

4. NOT (~) operator: The NOT operator performs a bitwise complement operation on an
integer value and returns a new value where each bit is inverted (i.e., 1 becomes

Q.9 Explain Loop structure in java – page no. 61

In Java, there are three types of loop structures: for, while, and do-while. These structures
allow you to execute a block of code repeatedly until a certain condition is met. Here's a brief
overview of each loop structure:
 1. for loop: The for loop is used when you know the number of iterations you want to
perform beforehand. It consists of three parts: initialization, condition, and update. The
initialization sets the initial value of the loop counter variable, the condition is checked at
the beginning of each iteration to determine whether the loop should continue, and the
update changes the value of the loop counter variable at the end of each iteration. Here's
an example:

css
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i);
}

In this example, the loop will iterate 10 times, starting from 0 and ending at 9. The loop counter
variable i is initialized to 0, the condition checks if i is less than 10, and the update increments i
by 1 after each iteration.

2. while loop: The while loop is used when you don't know the number of iterations you
want to perform beforehand, but you have a condition that needs to be met before the
loop can end. The loop will continue to execute as long as the condition is true. Here's an
example:

css
int i = 0;
while (i < 10) {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
}

In this example, the loop will iterate 10 times, starting from 0 and ending at 9. The loop counter
variable i is initialized to 0, and the loop will continue to execute as long as i is less than 10.
The update increments i by 1 after each iteration.

3. do-while loop: The do-while loop is similar to the while loop, but the condition is
checked at the end of each iteration instead of the beginning. This means that the loop
will always execute at least once, even if the condition is false from the beginning. Here's
an example:

csharp
int i = 0;
do {
System.out.println(i);
i++;
} while (i < 10);

In this example, the loop will iterate 10 times, starting from 0 and ending at 9. The loop counter
variable i is initialized to 0, and the loop will continue to execute as long as i is less than 10.
The update increments i by 1 after each iteration. Since the condition is checked at the end of
each iteration, the loop will always execute at least once.
Q.10What do you understand by Array of object. How can we declare an Array in
Java – pg 105

An array of objects is an array in Java that can hold references to objects rather than primitive
data types. This means that each element of the array is a reference to an object of the specified
type.

To declare an array of objects in Java, you first need to declare the type of the objects that the
array will hold. For example, if you want to create an array of Person objects, you would declare
it as follows:

css
Person[] peopleArray;

This declares an array variable named peopleArray that can hold references to Person objects.

Next, you need to create the actual array and initialize it with objects. There are several ways to
do this, but one common way is to use the new keyword to create the array and then initialize
each element with a new object. Here's an example:

scss
Person[] peopleArray = new Person[3];
peopleArray[0] = new Person("John", 25);
peopleArray[1] = new Person("Jane", 30);
peopleArray[2] = new Person("Bob", 40);

In this example, we first declare an array variable peopleArray that can hold references to
Person objects. We then create a new array of Person objects with a length of 3 using the new
keyword. Finally, we initialize each element of the array with a new Person object that has a
name and age.

Q.11Explain following with example-:

a) Conditional Statement

b) Switch Statement

c) Break Statement

d) Continue Statement
a) Conditional Statement in Java:

In Java, a conditional statement is represented by the if-else construct. It allows the program to
execute different blocks of code based on a condition.

Example:

go
int x = 10;
if (x > 5) {
System.out.println("x is greater than 5");
} else {
System.out.println("x is less than or equal to 5");
}

In this example, the program checks if the value of x is greater than 5 using the if statement. If
the condition is true, the program executes the block of code that prints "x is greater than 5". If
the condition is false, the program executes the block of code under the else statement that
prints "x is less than or equal to 5".

b) Switch Statement in Java:

In Java, a switch statement allows the program to execute different blocks of code based on the
value of a variable or an expression. It provides a concise way to write multiple if-else
statements.

Example:

go
String day = "Monday";
switch(day) {
case "Monday":
System.out.println("Today is Monday");
break;
case "Tuesday":
System.out.println("Today is Tuesday");
break;
default:
System.out.println("Today is some other day");
}

In this example, the program checks the value of the day variable using the switch statement. If
the value is "Monday", the program executes the block of code under the case "Monday"
statement that prints "Today is Monday". If the value is "Tuesday", the program executes the
block of code under the case "Tuesday" statement that prints "Today is Tuesday". If the value
is anything else, the program executes the block of code under the default statement that prints
"Today is some other day".

c) Break Statement in Java:

In Java, a break statement is used to exit a loop prematurely. It is commonly used in for and
while loops to terminate the loop based on a certain condition.

Example:

css
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}

In this example, the program uses the for loop to iterate over a range of numbers from 0 to 9.
When the value of i becomes 5, the program executes the break statement which terminates the
loop prematurely. As a result, the program only prints the numbers from 0 to 4.

d) Continue Statement in Java:

In Java, a continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and move on to the
next iteration. It is commonly used in for and while loops to skip over certain elements or
conditions.

Example:

css
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
if (i % 2 == 0) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}

In this example, the program uses the for loop to iterate over a range of numbers from 0 to 9.
When the value of i is even, the program executes the continue statement which skips the
current iteration and moves on to the next iteration. As a result, the program only prints the odd
numbers from 1 to 9.

Q.12 Difference between throw and throws

Q.13 What is class and explain how to create an object of a class.

n Java, a class is a blueprint or a template for creating objects. It defines a set of attributes and
methods that the objects of that class will have.

To create an object of a class in Java, you need to follow these steps:

1. Define the class: First, you need to define the class with its attributes and methods. Here's
an example of a simple class called Person:

csharp
public class Person {
String name;
int age;

public void sayHello() {

System.out.println("Hello, my name is " + name + " and I am " + age +
" years old.");
}
}

2. Create an object: Once you have defined the class, you can create an object of that class
using the new keyword followed by the class name and parentheses. Here's an example of
creating an object of the Person class:

java
Person person1 = new Person();

This creates a new Person object called person1. You can create as many objects of a class as
you need.
 3. Set object attributes: After creating the object, you can set the values of its attributes
using the dot notation. Here's an example of setting the values of the name and age
attributes of person1:

python
person1.name = "John";
person1.age = 30;

4. Call object methods: Once you have set the object attributes, you can call its methods
using the dot notation. Here's an example of calling the sayHello() method of person1:

scss
person1.sayHello();

This will print out the message "Hello, my name is John and I am 30 years old."

Q.14 What is Constructor? Explain different types of constructer available in java.

In Java, a constructor is a special method that is used to initialize objects of a class. It is called
automatically when an object of the class is created using the new keyword. A constructor has the
same name as the class and does not have a return type, not even void.

There are three types of constructors available in Java:

1. Default constructor: If a class does not define any constructor, Java provides a default
constructor that takes no arguments and does nothing. Here's an example:

csharp
public class Person {
String name;
int age;

// Default constructor
public Person() {
}
}

2. Parameterized constructor: A parameterized constructor is a constructor that takes one or

more parameters. It is used to initialize the object's attributes with the given values.
Here's an example:

java
public class Person {
String name;
int age;

// Parameterized constructor
 public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
}

3. Copy constructor: A copy constructor is a constructor that takes an object of the same
class as a parameter and creates a new object that is a copy of the original object. Here's
an example:

kotlin
public class Person {
String name;
int age;

// Copy constructor
public Person(Person other) {
this.name = other.name;
this.age = other.age;
}
}

The copy constructor can be used to create a new object with the same attributes as an existing
object.

Q.15 Explain following terms-

a)Instance Variable

b)Final Variable

c) this keyword

d)Static variable

Instance variable: An instance variable is a variable that is declared inside a class but outside any
method, and is unique to each object or instance of the class. Instance variables are used to store
values that are specific to each object, such as its name, age, or other attributes.

Example:

java
public class Person {
String name; // instance variable
int age; // instance variable
}
b) Final variable: A final variable is a variable that can be assigned a value only once and cannot
be changed later. Once a final variable is initialized, its value cannot be modified. Final variables
are typically used to store constants or other values that should not be changed.

Example:

java
public class MathUtils {
public static final double PI = 3.14159265359; // final variable
}

c) This keyword: The this keyword in Java is used to refer to the current object or instance of a
class. It is often used to disambiguate between instance variables and local variables that have
the same name. The this keyword can also be used to call constructors or other methods of the
current object.

Example:

java
public class Person {
String name;
int age;

public Person(String name, int age) {

this.name = name; // use "this" to refer to instance variable
this.age = age;
}
}

d) Static variable: A static variable is a variable that is shared by all instances of a class. It is
declared using the static keyword and is initialized only once when the class is loaded into
memory. Static variables are typically used to store values that are common to all objects of a
class, such as a counter or a configuration setting.

Example:

csharp
public class MathUtils {
public static int counter = 0; // static variable

public static int incrementCounter() {

return ++counter;
}
}

Q.16 Explain Java virtual machine

Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a software that provides a runtime environment for executing
Java bytecode. It is a key component of the Java Platform, and it plays an important role in
making Java a portable programming language.

JVM is responsible for interpreting the bytecode and executing it on the host machine. When a
Java program is compiled, it is converted into bytecode, which is a platform-independent
representation of the program. The bytecode is then executed by the JVM, which translates it
into machine code that can be executed by the host computer.

Q.17 What is inheritance? Discuss different types of inheritance. Why Java does
not support multiple inheritance – in notes
Java does not support multiple inheritance because it can lead to several problems, including the
diamond problem. The diamond problem occurs when a class inherits from two or more classes that
have a common ancestor. In such a case, there may be conflicts when calling methods or resolving
member variables. To avoid these conflicts, Java uses interface inheritance, which allows a class to
implement multiple interfaces but inherit from only one parent class. This ensures that there is no
ambiguity or conflict when calling methods or resolving member variables.

Q.18 Explain Super keyword with suitable example – in notes

Q.19 What is thread? Explain life cycle of thread. – in notes

Q.20 Explain interface. Describe various forms of implementing interface with

suitable example. –

In Java, an interface is a collection of abstract methods that defines a set of behaviors that a class
can implement. An interface allows classes to be decoupled from each other, making it possible
to create more flexible and extensible code.

To implement an interface in Java, a class must provide an implementation for all the methods
defined in the interface. There are several ways to implement an interface in Java, including:

1. Implementing the interface directly: This involves creating a class that implements the
interface and provides an implementation for all the methods defined in the interface. For
example:

csharp
public interface MyInterface {
void doSomething();
}

public class MyClass implements MyInterface {

public void doSomething() {
 System.out.println("Doing something...");
}
}

2. Implementing multiple interfaces: A class can implement multiple interfaces by

separating them with a comma. For example:

csharp
public interface MyInterface1 {
void doSomething();
}

public interface MyInterface2 {

void doSomethingElse();
}

public class MyClass implements MyInterface1, MyInterface2 {

public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("Doing something...");
}

public void doSomethingElse() {

System.out.println("Doing something else...");
}
}

3. Using an abstract class to implement the interface: This involves creating an abstract
class that provides a partial implementation of the interface and leaving the remaining
methods to be implemented by subclasses. For example:

csharp
public interface MyInterface {
void doSomething();
void doSomethingElse();
}

public abstract class MyAbstractClass implements MyInterface {

public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("Doing something...");
}
}

public class MyClass extends MyAbstractClass {

public void doSomethingElse() {
System.out.println("Doing something else...");
}
}

4. Using a default method: A default method is a method that has a default implementation
in the interface itself, making it possible for classes to inherit the implementation without
having to provide their own implementation. For example:

csharp
public interface MyInterface {
void doSomething();

default void doSomethingElse() {

System.out.println("Doing something else...");
}
}

public class MyClass implements MyInterface {

public void doSomething() {
System.out.println("Doing something...");
}
}

Q.21 What is an applet? Explain its types. In notes

An applet is a Java program that runs inside a web browser. It is a type of Java program that is designed
to be embedded within an HTML page and run on a client machine. Applets are used to create
interactive web applications that can perform tasks such as animation, multimedia, and user input.

Q.22What do you understand by designing a web page . Explain with four html tag

Designing a web page with applets involves creating a layout and structure for a website using
HTML and Java applet technology. HTML is used to create the structure and content of the web
page, while Java applets are used to add interactive features to the page. Below are four HTML
tags that can be used to create a basic web page with Java applets:

1. <applet> tag: This tag is used to embed a Java applet into an HTML document. It
contains various attributes that define the applet, such as the applet's code and width and
height. For example:

php
<applet code="MyApplet.class" width="400" height="300">
Your browser does not support Java applets.
</applet>

2. <param> tag: This tag is used to pass parameters to a Java applet. It is nested inside the
<applet> tag and contains the name and value of the parameter. For example:

php
<applet code="MyApplet.class" width="400" height="300">
<param name="param1" value="value1">
<param name="param2" value="value2">
Your browser does not support Java applets.
</applet>

3. <object> tag: This tag is an alternative to the <applet> tag for embedding Java applets.
It is used in HTML5 and supports various multimedia plugins, including Java. For
example:
php
<object type="application/x-java-applet" width="400" height="300">
<param name="code" value="MyApplet.class">
<param name="archive" value="MyApplet.jar">
<param name="param1" value="value1">
<param name="param2" value="value2">
Your browser does not support Java applets.
</object>

4. <script> tag: This tag is used to include JavaScript code in an HTML document.
JavaScript can be used to manipulate HTML elements and interact with Java applets on a
web page. For example:

php
<script>
function myFunction() {
document.getElementById("myApplet").MyAppletMethod();
}
</script>

<applet id="myApplet" code="MyApplet.class" width="400" height="300">

Your browser does not support Java applets.
</applet>

Q.23 Difference between Java application and java applet. Also discuss the life

cycle of an applet. – pg 213

Java application and Java applet are two different types of Java programs that can be created
using the Java programming language. The main differences between Java application and Java
applet are as follows:

1. Java application: It is a standalone program that runs on a user's computer. It has access
to all system resources, including the file system, network, and user interface. It can be
started from the command line or by double-clicking on the application icon.
2. Java applet: It is a program that runs within a web browser. It is embedded in an HTML
page and is downloaded and executed on the client-side. It has limited access to system
resources, such as the network and user interface, for security reasons.

Q.24 Explain Exception Handling in detail.

Exception handling is a mechanism in Java that allows programmers to handle errors and
exceptional conditions that may occur during the execution of a program. These exceptional
conditions can occur due to various reasons, such as invalid user input, network failure, file I/O
errors, or system failures. The Java programming language provides several keywords and
classes to handle these exceptions in a structured and efficient manner.

The basic steps involved in exception handling are:

1. The program tries to execute some code that may throw an exception.
2. If an exception occurs, the program throws an exception object.
3. The program can catch the exception object and handle it appropriately.
4. If the program does not catch the exception object, it is passed up the call stack until it is
caught by a higher-level method or the program terminates.

Q.25 What is multithreading explain.

Multithreading is a programming technique that allows a single process to execute multiple

threads concurrently. In other words, multithreading enables multiple threads to execute
simultaneously within a single program, sharing the same memory space and resources.

A thread is a lightweight unit of execution that exists within a process. Each thread has its own
stack and instruction pointer, but shares the same memory space as the other threads in the
process. By dividing a program into multiple threads, it is possible to achieve better
performance, improve responsiveness, and enhance resource utilization.