FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE

SY 2022-2023

……………………...…….. .. HEALTH, WELLNESS, ILLNESS .,………..…… ……….……….,

- Ability to promote health
. . HEALTH …… , measures that improve the way
of living and the quality of life.
- defined as the presence or absence of
disease ★ MODELS OF HEALTH AND
- Striving toward optimal functioning WELLNESS

WHO - health means being holistically well and - Models or paradigms that help explain
not just merely an absence of disease. health and its relationship to illness.

Talcot Parson - the ability to maintain normal 1. Clinical model

roles - The narrowest interpretation of health
Health = no symptoms
CHNN - not a condition but rather an Illness = has symptoms
adjustment. Not a state but a process and the
process adapts. 2. Role performance model
- Ability to fulfill societal roles even if
ANA - Developmental and behavioral potential clinically ill
of an individual is actualized and realized Health = able to function his roles
Illness = incapable of doing his roles
Laymen - free of disease and pain; being able
to be active and in good spirit most of the time 3. Adaptive model
- Health is a CREATIVE process
. WELLNESS , Health = able to extremely adapt
Illness = unable to adapt
- state of well-being
- Is a dynamic, growing process 4. Eudemonic model
- We decide for our own selves (Decision - Comprehensive view on health
making in regards to nutrition, emotional Health = realization of full potential
health, fitness, whole being, and health = self-actualization
care Illness = hindered to self-actualize
★ 7 COMPONENTS/ DIMENSIONS OF 5. Agent-host-environment
WELLNESS - Well-being is maintained when each
factor is balanced
Health = favorable environment, agent,
❖ Physical and host
- Having good nutrition, fitness and Illness = poor Agent - host -
physical activities environment
❖ Social
- Good interaction or relationship 6. Health-illness continua
with another individual - State of health is one of continual
❖ Intellectual change. He moves back and forth along
- Expanding knowledge and having the continuum.
personal growth - Health and disease are at opposite end
- Using gathered information of health continuum
correctly - Illustrates the process of going back and
❖ Emotional forth from health to illness
- being able to identify, process
and express emotions as well as ★ VARIABLES INFLUENCING HEALTH
taking accountability. STATUS, BELIEFS, AND PRACTICES
- Having a good coping
mechanism for stress. ● Composed of Internal and External
❖ Spiritual variables.
- exploring morals, beliefs and ● Controlled = We have the will to choose
values that give meaning to our between healthy or unhealthy activities.
life. ● Uncontrolled = genetic makeup,
❖ Occupational hereditary, age, sex, and culture.
- being able to balance work and
leisure Internal Factors:
❖ Environmental ➔ Biologic:
- healthy relationship with the ◆ Genetic makeup
surrounding ◆ Gender
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

◆ Age ○ Encourage a healthy behavior

◆ Developmental level through positive reinforcement
➔ Psychologic: (giving rewards)
◆ Mind-body interaction ○ Use aid to reinforce teaching
◆ Self-concept
➔ Cognitive . ILLNESS ,
◆ Lifestyle choices (way of living ● A person’s well-being is thought to be
and quality of life) diminished
External Factors: ● Subjective
➔ Environment
◆ Geographic location DISEASE
◆ Hazard and contamination ● Alteration in body function
➔ Standard of living ● Reduction of capacity; shortening of
◆ Occupation, income, education lifespan
◆ Health, morbidity, and mortality ● Objective
➔ Family and Cultural beliefs
◆ Inheriting patterns of daily living ETIOLOGY
➔ Social support networks ● Causation of disease
◆ Family, friends, and confidants
ACUTE ILLNESS
★ HEALTH BELIEFS MODEL ● Abrupt symptoms of short duration
● May or may not require intervention
● can be used to guide health promotion ● Most return to wellness
and disease prevention programs.
● Used to explain and predict individual CHRONIC ILLNESS
beliefs about health conditions. ● Slow onset symptoms that may last 6
● Focus on individual beliefs about health months or longer or even a person’s life.
conditions, which predict individual ● Often has period of remission or
health-related behaviors. exacerbation

HEALTH LOCUS OF CONTROL MODEL ILLNESS BEHAVIORS

➢ Refers to the belief that health is in ● Coping mechanism
one’s control (Internal) or is not in one’s ● Involves ways individuals describe,
control (External) monitor, and interpret their symptoms,
take remedial actions, and use the
ROSENSTOCK AND BECKER’S BELIEF healthcare system.
MODEL
➢ Theoretical model concerned on health ★ PARSONS’ FOUR ASPECT OF SICK
decision-making. ROLE
➢ Attempts to explain the conditions under
which a person will engage in individual 1. Should not be held responsible for their
health behaviors such as preventive condition
screening or seeking treatment. 2. Excused from societal roles or tasks
Main Variable 3. Has obligation to try to get well as
● Perceived Susceptibility quickly as possible
● Perceived Seriousness or Severity 4. Obligation to seek competent help
● Perceived Benefits
● Cues to Action ★ 5 STAGES OF ILLNESS BEHAVIORS
● Self-efficacy BY SUCHMAN

HEALTH CARE ADHERENCE Stage 1: Symptom experience

➔ Adherence Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role
◆ an individual’s behavior coincides Stage 3: Medical care contact
with medical or health advice. Stage 4: Dependent client role
➔ Non adherence Stage 5: Recovery or Rehabilitation
◆ An individual does not adhere to
recommendations of a healthcare ★ EFFECTS OF ILLNESS
provider.
● Impact of the Client
● Recognizing non adherence ○ Behavioral and emotional
○ Demonstrate caring ○ Self-concept and body image
○ Establish why client is not ○ Lifestyle
following th regimen ● Impact on the Family
○ Depends on:
■ Which family member
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

■ Severity and length of

illness
■ Cultural and social
customs of the family
➢ Role changes
➢ Task reassignment
➢ Increased demands on time
➢ Conflict about unaccustomed
responsibilities
➢ Stress due to anxiety about outcomes
➢ Financial problems
➢ Loneliness due to loss
➢ Change in social custom
…………………………..… HEALTHCARE DELIVERY SYSTEMS………………………..………….
threatening diseases and
- Totality of services provided by all require highly technical
health facilities and special knowledge,
- Network of health personnel which facilities, and personnel.
carries out the task of rendering health
care to the people ……….. .PROVIDERS OF CARE………….…

….PHILIPPINES HEALTHCARE DELIVERY…

……………..SYSTEM………………….………..
- Complex set of organizations interacting
to provide an array of health services

➔ PUBLIC - financed through tax-based

system
◆ National - DOH
◆ Local - LGU [city health,
municipal centers]
➔ PRIVATE - market-oriented
◆ Profit - commercial, market-
orientation
◆ Non-profit - Non-commercial

★ LEVELS OF HEALTH CARE

FACILITIES
● PRIMARY
○ Rural health and
subcenters
○ Chest clinics
○ Malaria eradication units
○ Schistosomiasis control
units
○ Puericulture centers
○ Tuberculosis clinics
○ Private clinics
● SECONDARY
○ Smaller, non-
departmentalized hospitals 1. NURSE
[Emergency and Regional a. Assess a client’s health status,
hospitals] identifies health problems and
○ Offers moderate develops and coordinates care.
specialized knowledge and 2. DENTIST
technical resources for a. Oral and dental problems
adequate treatment 3. DIETITIAN OR NUTRITIONIST
● TERTIARY a. Diets required to maintain health
○ Highly technological and and treat disease
sophisticated b. Nutritionist: has knowledge about
○ SPECIALIZED national nutrition and food, works in a
hospitals community
○ Services offered are for 4. EMERGENCY MEDICAL PERSONNEL
those with seriously a. Several categories of first-
responder care
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

5. OCCUPATIONAL THERAPIST ➢ Increased specialization, high

a. Assists clients with impaired cost of care
functions to gain skill to perform ● Access to health insurance
ADLs ➢ Those with greatest need for care
6. PARAMEDIC TECHNOLOGIST are least able to pay for it
a. Laboratory ● The homeless and the poor
b. Radiologic ➢ Lack of convenient and timely
c. Nuclear medicine transportation
7. PHARMACIST ➢ Their health problems are often
a. Prepares, dispenses medicine exacerbated, and sometimes
8. PHYSICAL THERAPIST chronic
a. Assist those with musculoskeletal ➢ Limited access to healthcare
problems services
9. PHYSICIAN ● Health Insurance portability and
a. Responsible for medical Accountability act
diagnoses ➢ Regulations to protect privacy of
b. Primary care or specialist individuals including electronic
c. Allopathic, Osteopathic health record
10. PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT ● Demographic changes
a. Perform tasks under the direction ➢ Increasing alternative family
of physician structures
11. PODIATRIST ➢ Cultural, Ethnic diversity
a. Treats foot and ankle problems
12. RESPIRATORY THERAPIST ★ FRAMEWORKS FOR CARE
a. Knowledgeable about Oxygen ➢ Managed care
therapy devices and accessory ○ Focuses on decreased costs and
devices improved outcome
b. Pulmonary function tests ○ Emphasis on cost controls,
13. SOCIAL WORKER customer satisfaction, health
a. Counsel clients and support promotion, and preventive
regarding finances, marital services
difficulties, adoption of children ○ Healthcare professional and
14. SPIRITUAL SUPPORT PERSONNEL agencies work together to render
a. Chaplain, rabbis, priests the most appropriate, responsible
15. CAREGIVERS care possible with emphasis on
a. Assume delegated aspects of cost control
basic client care [giving bath etc. ➢ Case management
○ Range of models for integrating
★ FACTORS AFFECTING healthcare services for
HEALTHCARE DELIVERY individuals or groups
○ Maybe used as cost-containment
● Increasing older adults ○ Use critical pathways =
➢ Long term illness are prevalent management plans that display
and they frequently require goals for patients
special housing, treatment ➢ Differentiated practice
services, financial support, and ○ Best possible use of personnel is
social networks based on their educational
● Advances in technology preparation an resultant skill sets
➢ Costly technological advances ○ Based on skill and competency
and training of specialized ○ Identify nursing competency
personnel required and then assume the
● Economics role and responsibility
➢ Inflation increases all costs ➢ Case method
● Women health issues ○ Referred to as “total care”
➢ Disregarding healthcare concerns ○ Precursor of primary nursing
that are unique to women ○ One nurse is responsible for the
➢ Need for research that examines comprehensive care of a group
women equally to men in health ○ Client has a consistent contact
issues ➢ Functional method
➢ Shows emphasis on the ○ Focuses on the jobs to be
psychosocial aspect of women’s completed
health ○ task -oriented
● Uneven distribution of services ○ Based on a production and
➢ Uneven distribution efficiency
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

○ RN with more preparation = more - Reduced, predetermined costs

complex care requirements ➔ Independent practice
○ Production and efficiency may associations
cause neglect of client’s - Clients pay a fixed prospective
emotional needs payment.
➢ Team nursing
○ Delivery of nursing care by a
group of providers
○ Group of RNs, LPNs, and AP
delivers nursing care
➢ Primary nursing
○ One nurse is responsible for
overseeing the total care of a
number of hospitalized clients 24
hours a day.
○ Uses the technical knowledge
and management skills
○ The nurse, assess, diagnose,
plan, implement, and evaluate 24
hr a day

★ INSURANCE PLANS
➢ Private Insurance
- Not-for-profit
- More often 80% of the
costs of healthcare
services
- Third-party reimbursement
● Group plans
- Provides blanket medical service in
exchange for a predetermined monthly
payment
➔ Health maintenance
organizations
- Unlimited selection of providers,
services
…………………………………… …..…CONCEPTS OF NURSING…………………………,,.…………...

…………… ……NURSING…………………… ★ NURSING AS A PROFESSION

- A caring profession; spiritual calling - A caring profession
- Practiced w/ an earnest concern for the - Not simply a collection of specific skills,
art of care and the science of health. and nurses are not simply persons
- Involves humanistic blend of scientific trained to perform those tasks
knowledge, and holistic nursing practice.
- Act of utilizing environment of the ★ NURSING AS ART AND SCIENCE
person to assist him in his recovery - Nursing requires a blend of the most
(NIGHTINGALE) current knowledge and practice
- A caring relationship, an enabling standards with an insightful and
condition of connection and concern. compassionate approach to patient
care.
Caring is primary because it sets up the - Patient’s needs are multidimensional
possibility of giving and receiving health and constantly changing, nursing care
reflects those needs and professional
★ NURSING ENCOMPASSES TWO standards of care and performance.
DIMENSIONS - Nursing has a specific knowledge and
A. Independent sciences of nursing nurses must fully understand those
- An organized body of knowledge which knowledge.
is a product or outcome of scientific
research and logical analysis ★ SCOPE OF NURSING
A. Promotion of health and wellness
B. Art of nursing practice a. Individual and community
- Creative use of science for the activities to enhance lifestyle
betterment of human B. Prevention of illness
a. Immunizations
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

b. Prenatal and infant care

c. Prevention of STIs ➢ Autonomy and accountability
C. Restoring health ➢ Caregiver
a. Direct care to ill person ➢ Educator
b. Diagnostic and assessment ➢ Advocate
procedures ➢ Counselor
c. Consulting other health care ➢ Collaborator
professionals ➢ Change agent
d. Teaching clients recovery ➢ Manager
activities ➢ Leader
e. Rehabilitating clients to optimal ➢ Researcher
functional level ➢ Case manager
D. Care for the dying
a. Comforting people of all ages ★ CRITERIA OF A PROFESSION
b. In homes, hospitals, extended ➔ PROFESSION
care, facilities, and hospitals ◆ Occupation that requires
extensive education
◆ Special knowledge, skill, and
STANDARDS OF PROFESSIONAL……… … preparation
PERFORMANCE…………………………….… ➔ PROFESSIONALISM
- Describes the competence level of ◆ Professional character, spirit,
behavior in the professional role. methods
- Method to assure patients are receiving ➔ Professionalization
high-quality care ◆ Process of becoming
- To know what are the necessary for professional
nursing care ➔ SPECIALIZED EDUCATION
◆ Hospital diploma, associate
★ ANA STANDARDS OF degree, baccalaureate degree,
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE master’s degree, and doctoral
1. ETHICS degree
2. EDUCATION ➔ BODY OF KNOWLEDGE
3. EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE AND ◆ Nursing conceptual frameworks
RESEARCH ➔ SERVICE ORIENTATION
4. QUALITY OF PRACTICE ◆ Altruism and service to others
5. COMMUNICATION ◆ Guided by rules, policies, ethics
6. LEADERSHIP ➔ ONGOING RESEARCH
7. COLLABORATION ◆ Contemporary practice-related
8. PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE issues
EVALUATION ➔ CODE OF ETHICS
9. RESOURCES ◆ Integrity [ expected to do what is
10. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH considered right regardless of
personal cost
★ CODE OF ETHICS ➔ AUTONOMY
- A philosophical ideals of right and wrong ◆ Self-regulating
- Ethical obligations of the profession ◆ Setting standards for members
- Defines the principles that will be used ◆ Independence at work,
to provide care responsibility, accountability for
- A guide for carrying out nursing one’s actions
responsibilities that provide quality ➔ PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION
nursing care ◆ Governance
…………………… …HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE… …………..
● Traditional nursing roles have always
…… …HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES… … entailed humanistic caring, nurturing,
➔ Nursing has undergone dramatic comforting, and supporting.
change in responses to societal needs
and influences. ★ RELIGION
➔ Continuing struggle for autonomy and ● Christ’s parable of the good samaritan
professionalization. ○ ROMAN EMPIRE
■ FABIOLA - Conversion of
★ WOMEN’S ROLE christianity and provided
● Care and nurturing of other family house of care and healing
members ○ CRUSADES
● Subservient and dependent role in ■ Knights of hospitalers
community ■ Knights of saint lazarus
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

○ MEDIEVAL 3. LINDA RICHARDS

■ Alexian brothers - 1842-1930
■ Deaconess groups - America’s first trained nurse
suppressed - Initiated the practice of nurses wearing
■ Order of deaconess uniforms
reinstituted (1836) 4. MARY MAHONEY
● WAR - 1845-1926
○ CRIMEAN - First African American professional
■ Florence nightingale nurse
○ AMERICAN CIVIL WAR - Worked for the acceptance of african
■ Harriet Tubman americans in nursing and for the
■ Sojourner Truth promotion of equal opportunities
■ Dorothea Dix 5. LILLIAN WALD
○ WORLD WAR 1 - 1867-1940
■ Harsh environments and - Founder of public health nursing
new injuries - Henry street settlement
■ Progress in the field of 6. LAVINIA DOCK
surgery - 1858-1956
○ WORLD WAR 2 - Protest movements for women’s rights
■ Acute shortage of - Legislation to allow nurses rather that
caregivers physicians to control their profession
■ Cadet nurse corps - Precursor to the current national league
○ VIETNAM WAR for nursing
■ Youngest group of medical 7. MARGARET HIGGINS SANGER
personnel to serve in war - 1879-1966
time - Imprisoned for opening the first birth
………… …SOCIETAL ATTITUDES……. .. … control information clinic in America
➔ Before the mid-1800s, nursing was - Founder of Planned Parenthood
without organization, education, or 8. MARY BRICKENRIDGE
social status - Established the Frontier Nursing Service
➔ Woman’s place was in the home and - Started the first midwifery training
that no respectable woman should have schools in USA
a career.
➔ VICTORIAN ERA ★ MEN IN NURSING
◆ Women should be wives and 1. LUTHER CHRISTMAN
mothers - Experienced discrimination because of
◆ Negative image of Dickens’ gender
character - SAIRY GAMP - First man to be a dean at a university
◆ Positive image of Florence school of nursing
Nightingale
◆ Image of nurses as Doctor’s BARRIERS FOR MEN IN NURSING:
handmaiden ● Image of femininity
➔ Views nurses as heroines, sex objects, ● Belief that only homosexual men are
surrogate mothers, and tyrannical nurses
mothers. ● Suspicion surrounding intimate touch
➔ 1990s Tri-Council for nursing
◆ Initiated the effort to improve the ………… …NURSING EDUCATION……. .. …
image of nursing. - Controlled by CHED, PRC-BON and
professional organizations
………… …NURSING LEADERS……. .. … - Originally taught knowledge and skills
1. FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE for hospital practice
- 1820-1910 - Now more varied practice settings,
- Nursing’s first scientist-theorist for her critical thinking, health promotion and
work Notes on Nursing: What it is and health maintenance.
What it is not - Two entry levels: RNs
- Nightingale Training School for Nurses
★ TYPES OF EDUCATION PROGRAMS
2. CLARA BARTON ➔ Baccalaureate Nursing Programs
- 1821-1912 ◆ BSN
- Volunteer nurse in American Civil war ➔ Graduate nursing programs
- Established Red Cross ◆ Master’s degree
- Treaty of Geneva - red cross could ◆ Doctoral programs
perform humanitarian efforts in times of ● PhD
peace
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

○ Faculty roles in STAGE 5: EXPERT

nursing education,
research …… …FACTORS AFFECTING ….,,,,...............
● DNP CONTEMPORARY NURSING PRACTICE…
○ Highest degree for ❖ Quality and Safety Education for
nurse clinicians Nurses
➔ Continuing education IOM six competencies
◆ Formalized experiences designed ● Patient-centered care
to enhance knowledge, skills of ● Teamwork and Collaboration
practicing professionals ● Evidence-based practice
◆ Responsibility of all practicing ● Quality-improvement
nurses ● Informatics
◆ ‘A number of Continuing Prof. ● Safety
Dev. (CPD) units are required to
renew PRC license ❖ Consumer Demands
◆ In-service education program - People are better educated and have
may be offered by employer more knowledge about health and
illness than in the past
…… …RECIPIENTS OF NURSING CARE… . - They also have become more aware of
● CONSUMER others’ need for care.
● PATIENT - Changing public concepts of health:
○ Person waiting for, undergoing Health is a right of all people, not just a
medical treatment and care privilege of the rich
● CLIENT - Consumer has become an active
○ Person who engages in advice, participant in making decisions about
services of another who is health and nursing care
qualified to provide service
○ Preferred term over patient ❖ Family structures
- Need for and provision of nursing
★ SETTINGS FOR NURSING services in context of new structures
1. Acute care hospitals - Single parents rearing children
2. Client’s homes - Adolescent mothers need specialized
3. Community agencies nursing services
4. Ambulatory clinics
5. Long-term facilities ❖ Science and Technology
6. Health maintenance organizations - Actions of new drug therapies, genetic
(HMOs) technology
7. Nursing practice centers - Some nurses required to be highly
specialized
★ EXPANDED CAREER ROLES - Space program technology adapted into
➢ Nurse practitioner health care aids
➢ Clinical nurse specialist
➢ Nurse midwife ❖ Internet, Telehealth, and Telenursing
➢ Nurse anesthetist - Internet’s influence on health care
➢ Nurse researcher - Telehealth
➢ Nurse administrator ● Medical information exchanged
➢ Nurse educator via electronic communications to
➢ Nurse entrepreneur improve patient’s health status
➢ Forensic nurse - Telenursing
● Provide nursing practice at a
★ SOCIALIZATION TO NURSING distance
- Interactions with fellow students - No state boundaries
establish level and direction of effort, ● Licensure issues
goals, and activities; develop solidarity ❖ Legislation
- Students bound together by feelings of - Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)
mutual cooperation, support, and ● Patient’ rights to accept or refuse
solidarity. medical care, use advance
directives
★ BENNER’S STAGE OF NURSING - Wide variation in state regulation of
EXPERTISE nurse practitioner practice
STAGE 1: NOVICE ● NPs cannot easily move from
STAGE 2: ADVANCED BEGINNER state to state
STAGE 3: COMPETENT ● Consensus model in 2008
STAGE 4: PROFICIENT
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

- Nurses have gone on strike over

❖ The Current Nursing Shortage economic concerns and over issues
- By 2022 about self care for clients and safety for
- Depends on location, setting themselves
- Difficulty in declining US economy
- New graduates not being interviewed at ❖ Nursing Organizations
hospitals - International Council of Nurses
- High turnover rate ● Established 1899
● National organizations working
together for mission of
representing nursing worldwide
❖ Collective Bargaining ● Philippines Nursing Students
- ANA participates on behalf of nurses Association
through economic, welfare programs
…………..…………… … …INTEGRAL ASPECTS OF NURSING… ……….……………..
………….… …...…CARING………...……. .. … b. Creativity and style in meeting
- A dimension of human relating the needs of the clients
- The art of nursing. c. Empathy, compassion, holism,
- Enables people to create meaning in and sensitivity
their lives d. Arises from a deep appreciation
- Sharing a deep and genuine concern of the uniqueness of each
about the welfare of another individual individual and the meanings that
individual ascribes to a given
Mintol Mayeroff - to care for others is to help situation
them grow and actualize themselves
★ Nursing theories of Caring
★ Professionalization of Caring ➔ Caring the Human Mode of Being
- CARING PRACTICE involves ◆ Simone Roach
connection, mutual recognition, and ◆ All are caring and develop their
involvement between nurse and client caring abilities by being true to
self
Going beyond the scientific dimensions of ◆ Six C’s:
practice = Art of nursing ● Compassion
● Competence
★ Types of Knowledge in Nursing ● Confidence
1. Empirical Knowing ● Commitment
a. The science of nursing ● Conscience
b. Facts, theories, theoretical ● Comportment
analysis ➔ Theory of Human Care
c. Describing, explaining, and ◆ Jean Watson
predicting phenomena of special ◆ Views caring as the essence and
concern to the discipline of moral idea of nursing; basis for
nursing nursing’s role in society
d. Making objective observations ◆ TRANSPERSONAL HUMAN
2. Personal Knowing CARING - nurse enters the
a. The therapeutic use of self experience of the client and the
b. Concerned with knowing, client enters the nurse’s
encountering, and actualizing of experience.
the concrete, individual self. ◆ Nurse is both objectively and
c. Being aware of own attitudes and subjectively engaged
behaviors and views the client as ➔ Theory of Caring
a unique individual ◆ Kristen Swanson
d. Critical reflection on one’s own ◆ Caring is a nurturing way of
action relating to a valued ‘other,’ to
3. Ethical Knowing ward whome one feels a personal
a. The moral component sense of commitment and
b. Matters of obligation or what responsibility.
ought to be done ◆ Focuses on caring processes as
c. Involves confronting and nursing intervention
resolving conflicting values and ◆ Caring processes:
beliefs ● Knowing
4. Aesthetic Knowing ○ Striving to
a. The art of nursing understand an
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRACTICE
SY 2022-2023

event as they have

meaning
● Being with
○ Being emotionally
present
● Doing for
○ Doing for other as
he or she would for
the self
● Enabling
○ Facilitating other’s
passage through
life transitions
● Maintaining Belief
○ Sustaining faith in
other’s capacity to
get through

★ Caring Encounters
❖ Knowing the client
➢ Caring attends to the totality of
client’s experience
➢ Personal knowledge of the client
❖ Nursing presence
➢ Being emotionally present
❖ Empowering the client
❖ Compassion
❖ Competence

★ Maintaining Caring Practice

❖ Caring for self
➢ Healthy Lifestyle
■ Nutrition
■ Activity and exercise
■ Recreation
■ Avoiding unhealthy
patterns
➢ Mind-Body Therapies
■ Guided Imagery
■ Meditation
■ Storytelling
■ Music Therapy
■ Yoga
❖ Reflection on practice