CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
CHEMISTRY
➢ Periodic Trends
■ Electronegativity (top-right) ❖ Intermolecular forces
● Increases as you 1. London dispersion
move up and move to a. Weakest
the right 2. Dipole-dipole
■ Atomic radius (bottom-left) a. Molecules possessing
● Increases from right permanent dipole exhibits
to left and top to dipole-dipole attraction
bottom 3. Hydrogen bonding
● Largest is francium a. Bonds are associated with
■ Ionization energy (top-right) hydrogen and a more
● Increases from electronegative atom
bottom to top within (oxygen).
a group and from left 4. Ion-Dipole
to right within a a. A force between a charge ion
period. and a molecule. (cation and
■ Electron affinity (top-right) anion)
● Follows the same
periodic trend as ❖ Relationship of organic compounds to:
electronegativity ➢ Boiling point
● The energy released ■ Low boiling points
when an atom gains ➢ Melting point
an electron ■ Low melting point (10
● Increases as we go degrees C)
towards the right and ➢ Solubility
up. ■ Not soluble in water
■ Soluble in ethanol
➢ Acidity
. COMPOUNDS .
Lanuzo, G Part II NMAT
. GASES . 4. Double replacement
❖ Ideal Gas Law concept a. Positive and negative ions of
➢ Ideal gas molecules do not attract or two ionic compounds
repel each other. exchanged places to form
➢ Ideal gas molecules do not take up AB+CD -> AD + CB
volume 5. Combustion
★ PV=nRT a. A substance reacts with
● P: pressure oxygen gas, releasing energy
● V: volume in the form of light and heat
● n: number of moles b. Must involve O2 as one
● R: gas constant reactant
(8.31/0.082) 6. Acid-base
● T: temperature a. A reaction between acid and
base
❖ Gas laws ❖ The fundamental law of chemical reactions
1. Boyle’s Law ➢ Law of conservation of mass
a. States the relationship ■ Mass can not be destroyed
between pressure and nor created
volume at a constant ■ massreactants=massproduct
temperature. s
b. At constant temperature, if ➢ Law of constant proportions
the volume increases the ■ A given compound always
pressure also increases. contains exactly the same
P1V1=P2V2 proportion of elements by
mass
2. Charles’s Law ➢ Law of multiple proportions
a. At constant pressure, the ➢ Law of reciprocal proportions
temperature is directly ❖ Redox reactions
proportional to the volume ❖ Stoichiometry
V1/T1 = V2T2 ➢ Limiting and excess Reagents
3. Avogadro's Law
a. At constant temperature and
pressure, the volume is
directly proportional to the
number of molecules in that
gas.
V1/n1 = V2/n2
4. Gay-Lussac’s Law
a. “Pressure-Temperature Law”
b. A variant of the ideal gas law
c. At fixed volume, the
temperature is directly
proportional to the pressure.
PV=nRT
. CHEMICAL REACTIONS .
❖ Types of Reactions
1. Synthesis
a. Two or more substance
combine to form a new
single substance
A+B -> AB
2. Decomposition
a. A compound breaks down
into two simpler substances
AB -> A+B
3. Single replacement
a. One element replaces a
similar element in a
compound
A+BC -> AC+B