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    Morphology of Flowering Plants - Shobhit Nirwan

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    Vraj M Barot
    Roots have several important functions including absorption of water and minerals, anchoring the plant, storing reserves, and producing plant hormones. Gymnosperms have a taproot system while angiosperms can have either a taproot or fibrous root system depending on whether they are a dicot or monocot. Velamen roots are aerial, adventitious roots found in epiphytic plants like orchids that are adapted for water absorption. Plant growth regulators are also called phytohormones. Root structures include a root cap, region of meristematic activity, region of elongation, and region of maturation. Root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil. Taproots are thick and unbranched while fibrous roots

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    Morphology of Flowering Plants - Shobhit Nirwan

    Uploaded by

    Vraj M Barot
    7K views23 pages
    Roots have several important functions including absorption of water and minerals, anchoring the plant, storing reserves, and producing plant hormones. Gymnosperms have a taproot system while angiosperms can have either a taproot or fibrous root system depending on whether they are a dicot or monocot. Velamen roots are aerial, adventitious roots found in epiphytic plants like orchids that are adapted for water absorption. Plant growth regulators are also called phytohormones. Root structures include a root cap, region of meristematic activity, region of elongation, and region of maturation. Root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil. Taproots are thick and unbranched while fibrous roots

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    Roots have several important functions including absorption of water and minerals, anchoring the plant, storing reserves, and producing plant hormones. Gymnosperms have a taproot system while angiosperms can have either a taproot or fibrous root system depending on whether they are a dicot or monocot. Velamen roots are aerial, adventitious roots found in epiphytic plants like orchids that are adapted for water absorption. Plant growth regulators are also called phytohormones. Root structures include a root cap, region of meristematic activity, region of elongation, and region of maturation. Root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil. Taproots are thick and unbranched while fibrous roots

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    7K views23 pages

    Morphology of Flowering Plants - Shobhit Nirwan

    Uploaded by

    Vraj M Barot
    Roots have several important functions including absorption of water and minerals, anchoring the plant, storing reserves, and producing plant hormones. Gymnosperms have a taproot system while angiosperms can have either a taproot or fibrous root system depending on whether they are a dicot or monocot. Velamen roots are aerial, adventitious roots found in epiphytic plants like orchids that are adapted for water absorption. Plant growth regulators are also called phytohormones. Root structures include a root cap, region of meristematic activity, region of elongation, and region of maturation. Root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil. Taproots are thick and unbranched while fibrous roots

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    Functions of roots

    Absorption of water
    and minerals
    Anchorage of plant
    parts
    Storage of reserved
    food material
    Synthesis of plan
    growth regulator

    Which type of root system is present in Gymnosperms & Angiosperms ?

    Gymnosperms have taproot system


    Angiosperms are divided into dicots and
    monocots
    Majority of the angiosperms have taproot
    system
    Dicots have taproot system and monocots have
    fibrous root system
    What are Velamen Roots?
    Roots of epiphytic plats like orchids are called velamen roots.
    {epi = above} {phyta = plant}
    They have special tissue called epithem tissue which is
    hygroscopic in nature {absorb water}
    These roots are aerial & adventitious roots
    Example: - Vanda
    Velamen Roots

    Phytohormone
    Plant Growth Regulator also known as Phytohormone or PGR

    Functions of Parts of Roots

    Root cap
    Protects the tender root tip

    Region of meristematic Activity


    Cells divide repeatedly, so helps in growth

    Region of elongation
    Responsible for growth of roots in length

    Region of maturation
    Some of the epidermal cells form fine hair like
    structures called hair roots.

    Root Hair
    Absorbs water and mineral from the soil

    Taproot and Fibrous Root


    The roots present in sweet potato are
    fibrous roots which falls under
    adventitious roots.

    Some lateral roots (Adventitious root )


    become swollen due to the storage of
    reserve food
    Example: - Sweet Potato
    Here, the reserve food is stored
    only in certain parts of the roots
    The diagram shows the roots of the
    Asparagus plant.

    Few roots of the plant growing in swampy


    regions grow vertically upwards
    These roots are called pneumatophore/
    Breathing roots/ Respiratory roots
    A small opening called pneumathodes helps in
    the exchange of gasses
    The examples are given in the diagram on the
    right
    It bears branches, leaves, fruits, and flowers
    Conducts water and minerals
    Helps in photosynthesis
    In some plants, it performs the function of storage, protection, and vegetative
    propagation

    The products formed during photosynthesis process are called photosynthates


    The main product is glucose
    Glucose is stored in the form of starch
    Starch is converted into sucrose and is delivered to the growing parts of the plant

    Underground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkhand, Colocasia stores food and acts as
    organ of perennation under favourable conditions.

    Stem tendrils developed from axillary bud helps the plant to climb. Example: - Cucumber,
    watermelon, pumpkins, and grapevines.

    Axillary bud of the stem may get modified into pointed, woody thorns for protection from
    browsing animals. Example: - Bougainvillea, citrus

    Some plants growing in arid regions modify their stem into flattened {opuntia} or cylindrical
    {euphorbia} to perform photosynthesis
    In some plants like grass and strawberry, underground stem spreads
    into new niches and the older one die forming a new plant

    In plants like mint and jasmine, a slender lateral branch arises from the
    main axis and after growing vertically for some distance, arches down.
    In aquatic plants like Eichhornia and Pistia, a lateral branch with nodes
    and internodes bearing roots and leaves is found

    In banana, pineapple and Chrysanthemum, a lateral branch originates


    from basal and underground portion of the stem, grow horizontally
    beneath and then come out obliquely upward giving rise to the leafy
    shoot

    Leaf has three main parts: -

    i. Leaf base
    ii. Petiole {Leaf Stalk}
    iii. Lamina

    It helps in photosynthesis

    It helps to hold the blade to light


    It helps in cooling the leaf
    It’s the point of attachment of leaf to stem

    In some leguminous, the leaf base may become swollen


    which is called pulvinus
    Helps in positioning of leaf
    Helps in sleep and shock pressures

    Provide rigidity to the leaf blade


    Acts as a channel for the transport of water, minerals, and food
    materials

    Arrangement of veins and veinlets in a lamina


    Arrangement of leaves on stem or branch

    Leaves get converted into tendrils for climbing


    Example: - Pea and Grape

    Leaves get modified into spines


    Example: - Cacti

    Leaves become fleshy for storage of food


    Example: - Onion and garlic
    In some plants like the Australian Acacia, leaves are small and short
    lived.
    Petiole expands, becomes green and performs photosynthesis

    Leaves modify into special structures to trap insects.


    Example: - Pitcher plant, Venus’s fly trap
    The arrangement of flowers on the floral axis is termed as inflorescence. A flower bearing
    branch or a system of branches

    The flower is a modified shoot apical meristem where the shoot changes to floral
    meristem.
    Internodes do not elongate, and the axis get condensed, and the shoot tip transform into a
    flower.
    Calyx: - Sepals
    Corolla: - Petals

    Stamens: - Androecium
    Pistil: - Gynoecium

    In some flowers like the Lily, the calyx, and the corolla fuse together to form tepals

    Both androecium and gynoecium are present in


    the same plant
    Example: - Hibiscus, Mustard

    Either androecium or gynoecium is present in the


    flower
    Example: - Papaya, Cucumber, Pumpkins

    The number of appendages present in each


    whorl is called Merosity
    Mostly members of calyx and corolla will be
    considered in floral Merosity

    i. Trimerous – 3 Floral members – Liliaceae


    When the floral appendages are in
    {Advanced}
    multiple of three.
    Seen in flowers of monocot plants ii. Tetramerous – 4 Floral members – Cruciferae/
    Brassicaceae
    iii. Pentamerous – 5 Floral members – Solanaceae
    When floral appendages are four or five. Fabaceae
    Seen in flowers of dicot plants
    Malvaceae
    Reduced leaves forming bracts found at the base of the flower
    Example: - Vanilla, mustard, sunflower

    No bracts
    China rose, lily, tulip

    Green leaf like structure


    United sepals {Gamosepalous} Example: -
    China rose
    Free sepals {Polysepalous} Example: - Rose

    Protects the flower in bud stage

    Usually, bright coloured to attract the


    insects for pollination
    United/ fused petals {Gamopetalous} Example: - China rose,
    Petunia
    Free petals {Polypetalous} Example: - Rose
    The mode of arrangement of sepals and petals in a floral bud with respect to other
    members of the same whorl
    Stamens attached to petals
    Example: - Brinjal

    Stamens attached to perianth


    Example: - Lily

    Free stamens

    In one group – Monoadelphous


    Example: - China rose
    In two bundles – Diadelphous
    Example: - Pea
    In more than two bundles – Polyadelphous
    Example: - Citrus

    A sterile stamen
    Stamens of variable length are seen
    in salvia and mustard
    Fused ovaries
    Example: - Mustard, China rose, tomato

    Free ovaries
    Example: - Lotus, rose

    Arrangement of ovules within the ovary


    After fertilisation, the
    ovaries mature into a fruit
    and the ovules develop into
    seeds.

    Ovaries after fertilisation develop into fruit

    Epicarp is the thin brown layer on coconut


    Mesocarp is the edible part
    Pericarp is fleshy and juicy and includes epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp

    Fruits developed from


    Fruit developed from ovary without
    monocarpellary, superior ovary
    fertilisation is called parthenocarpic fruit
    & single seeded
    Example: - Banana
    Example: - Mango & Coconut
    Ovules after fertilisation develop into seed

    Opening through which the seeds respire and take


    water

    Scar on seed coat represent point of attachment of


    seed to fruit
    The outer covering of endosperm separates
    the embryo by a protein layer called aleurone
    layer
    Embryo is small and situated in a groove at
    one end of the endosperm
    It consists of a large shield shape cotyledon is
    called scutellum and a short axis with a
    plumule and a radicle
    The plumule is enclosed in a sheath called
    coleoptile and radicle called coleorhiza
    respectively

    Symbolic representation of floral parts of the flower

    Diagrammatic representation of floral parts of the flower

    K – Calyx
    C – Corolla Br – Bracteate
    A – Androecium Ebr – Ebracteate
    G – Gynoecium
    ( ) – Fusion Of Floral Parts
    ♂ - Male Flower
    G – Superior Ovary
    ♀- Female Flower –
    –
    ⚥ - Bisexual Flower G – Inferior Ovary
    - Actinomorphic Flower P – Perianth
    % - Zygomorphic Flower
    It is a large family, commonly called as the ‘potato family’. It is widely distributed in
    tropics, subtropics, and even temperate zones

    Plants mostly herbs, shrubs, and rarely small trees

    Stem: herbaceous rarely woody, aerial; erect, cylindrical, branched, solid or hollow, hairy or
    glabrous, underground stem in potato (Solanum tuberosum)

    Leaves: alternate, simple, rarely pinnately compound, exstipulate; venation reticulate

    Inflorescence: Solitary, axillary or cymose as in


    Solanum
    Flower: bisexual, actinomorphic
    Calyx: sepals five, united, persistent, valvate
    aestivation
    Corolla: petals five, united; valvate aestivation
    Androecium: stamens five, epipetalous
    Gynoecium: bicarpellary obligately placed,
    syncarpous; ovary superior, bilocular, placenta
    swollen with many ovules, axile
    Fruits: berry or capsule
    Seeds: many, endospermous

    Floral Formula: ⊕ ⚥ K (5) C (5) A5 G


    – (2)

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