NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

BAYOMBONG NUEVA VIZCAYA

THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD

MODULE 2

THE STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world, particularly
through the movement of goods, services, and capital across borders. The term sometimes
also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international
borders.

A. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

It is a historical process. It is the increasing integration of economies around the world through
movements of goods, services, and capitals across borders. (Transportation and
Communications Revolution)

“ The process of making the world economy an “organic system” by extending transnational
economic processes and relations to more and more countries and by deepening the
economic interdependency among them. (Szentes (2003))

Attributes

1. The globalization of trade of goods and services.

2. The globalization of nancial and capital markets.

3. The globalization of technology and communication.

4. The globalization of production.

A.1 The Actors

1. Nation-States

The state is a political and geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The
term "nation state" implies that the two geographically coincide. Nation state formation took
place at di erent times in di erent parts of the earth but has become the dominant form of
state organization.

For hyper globalists, nation-states ceased a primary economic organization. People consume
highly standardized global products and services produced by global corporations in a
borderless world. There is no national product and national companies.

2. Global Corporations

A corporation is an arti cial being created by operation of law, having the right of succession
and the powers, attributes and properties expressly authorized by law or incident to its
existence (Batas Pambansa Blg. 68 The Corporation Code of The Philippines, Section 2 –
Corporation de ned).

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 A global corporation is generally referred to as a multinational corporation (MNC), transnational
corporation (TNC), international company. An enterprise that engages in activities which add
value (manufacturing, extraction, services, marketing, etc) in more than one country (United
Nations Centre On Transnational Corporations, 1991).

• Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

A corporation enterprise that manages production or delivers services in more than one
country. It can also be referred to as an international corporation. They play an important role in
globalization. National and local governments often compete against one another to attract
MNC facilities, with the expectation of increased tax revenue, employment, and economic
activity.

MNCs have investment in other countries, but do not have coordinated product o erings in
each country. They are more focused on adapting their products and services to each
individual local market.

• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)

It di ers from a traditional MNC because it does not identify itself with one national home.
Whilst traditional MNCs are national companies with foreign subsidiaries, TNCs spread out
their operations in many countries sustaining high levels of local responsiveness. An example
of a TNC is Nestlé who employ senior executives from many countries and try to make
decisions from a global perspective rather than from one centralized headquarters.

Like any other businesses, TNCs are concerned more to with the pro ts than with the assisting
social programs of the government holding them. Host countries, in turn, lossen tax laws which
prevent wages from rising while sacri cing social and environmental programs that protect
underprivileged members of their societies.

They are more complex organizations which have invested in foreign operations, have a central
corporate facility but give decision making, research and development, and marketing powers
to each individual foreign market.

3. International Monetary Systems (IMS)

According to Krasner (1983:2), regimes can be thought of as all the ‘implicit and explicit
principles, norms, rules, and decision making procedures around which actors’ expectations
converge’. Consequently, an international monetary system or regime (IMS) ‘refers to the rules,
customs, instruments, facilities, and organizations for e ecting international
payments’ (Salvatore, 2007: 764). In the liberal tradition, the main task of an IMS is to facilitate
cross-border transactions, especially trade and investment. An international monetary system
is, however, more than just money or currencies; it also re ects economic power and interests,
as ‘money is inherently political, an integral part of “high politics” of diplomacy’ (Cohen, 2000:
91).

• The Gold Standard

In the 19th century, UK, France, USA, Italy, Germany and other European nations adopted the
Gold Standard as a xed exchange rate regime until the 1930s.

• Bretton Wood Standards

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 It adopted the gold-dollar exchange standard. Various currencies were xed to the US dollar
until 1971.

- International Banks for Reconstruction and Development

- International Monetary Fund

• European Monetary Integration

In the post-World War II era, the United States originally wanted to implement the Morgenthau
Plan, which intended to downsize the German economy into a pastoral and agricultural one. As
a response to the USSR’s push for communism in Eastern Europe and the rise of socialist and
communist parties in the West, the plan, however, became quickly abandoned, and the United
States started to advocate an economically and militarily strong Germany and Western Europe.

The United States activated its post-war reconstruction programme, the Marshall Plan, in 1948,
which was administered by the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, the
predecessor of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The
miraculous growth performance of Western Europe prompted a closer cooperation on a
regional level, resulting nally in the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951.9 This was
followed by the signing of the Rome Treaty in 1957, which established the European Economic
Community (EEC), and was the rst major step towards an ‘ever closer union’.

Original Founding Members: Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg)

Aim: Creation of a common market, where goods, services, capital and labour moved freely.

A.2 Economic Globalization Today

Exports, not just the local selling of goods and services, make national economies grow at
present. In the past, those that bene ted the most from free trade were the advance nations
that were selling industrial and agricultural goods. The US, Japan, and the member-countries
of the European Union (EU) were responsible of the 65% global exports, while the developing
countries only accounted for 29%.

When more countries opened up their economies to take advantage of increased free trade,
the shares of percentage began to change.

By 2011, developing countries like the Philippines, India, China, Argentina, and Brazil
accounted nations-building. The WTO-led reduction of trade barriers known as trade
liberalization has profoundly altered the dynamics of the global economy.

In the recent decades, partly as a result of these increases exports, economic globalization has
ushered in an unprecedented spike in global rates. According to the IMF, the global capita GDP
rose over ve-fold in the second half of the 20th century. It was this growth that created the
large Asian economies like Japan, China, Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore.

Yet, economic globalization remains an uneven process with some countries, corporations, and
individuals bene tting a lot more than others. The term “race to the bottom” refers to countries
lowering their labor standards including the protection of their workers’ interests to lure in
foreign investors seeking margins at the lowest cost possible. Governments weaken
environmental laws to attract foreign investors, creating fatal consequences and depleting
them to their nite resources like oil, coal, and minerals.

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B. MARKET INTEGRATION

According to the Cambridge Business English Dictionary, market integration is a situation in

which separate markets for the same product become one single market. For example, when
an import tax in one of the markets is removed.

Integration is taken to denote a state of a airs or a process involving attempts to combine

separate national economies into larger economic regions. (Robson, 1998, p.1)

The social institution that has one of the biggest impacts on society is the economy. You might
think of the economy in terms of the number—number of unemployed, gross domestic product
(GDP), or whatever the stock market is doing today. While we often talk about it in numerical
terms, the economy is composed of people. It is the social institution that organizes all
production, consumption, and trade of goods in the society. There are many ways in which
products can be made, exchanged, and used. Think about capitalism or socialism. These
economic systems and the economic revolutions that created them shape the way people live
their lives.

Economic systems vary from one society to another. But in any given economy, production
typically splits into three sectors. The primary sector extracts raw materials from natural
environments. Workers like farmers or miners t well in the primary sector. The secondary
sector gains the raw materials and transforms them into manufactured goods. This means, for
example, that someone from the primary sector extracts oil from the earth then someone from
the secondary sector re nes the petroleum to gasoline. Whereas, the tertiary sector involves
services rather than goods. It o ers services by doing things rather than making things. Thus,
economic System is more complicated or at least, more sophisticated than the way things
used to be for much of human history.

B.1 History

The nineteenth century saw substantial advances in international market integration, and the
creation of a truly world economy. Technological advance was critical in this.

The resulting international information network was crucial in communicating details of prices
and price movements, reducing the cost of making deals and transactions. An infrastructural
change of major signi cance came in 1869 with the opening of the Suez Canal, which linked
the Mediterranean Sea by way of Egypt to the Red Sea. Further, technological change in the
shape of steel hulls and steel masts made sailing ships larger and more e cient, and they
continued to be active until the more e cient triple-expansion engine nally drove the sailing
ships from the oceans during the last quarter of the nineteenth century.

Physical changes in lowering freight and transaction costs were not the only forces stimulating
market integration. It was normal for countries to impose import duties on foreign goods,
seeking to gain an in ow of gold in their foreign trade accounts by selling more to each of their
trading partners than they bought from them. But in 1846 the merchants of Manchester,
England, the center of the world's cotton textile industry, struck their famous victory for free
trade by forcing the British government to abandon tari s on all imported goods apart from a
few luxury items. The tari s on wheat were the rst to go, opening up the Great Plains of the
United States for wheat production to supply Britain. With free trade, no longer did trade
relations with a foreign country have to balance or be in surplus; rather, a de cit in trade with
one country could be o set by a surplus in trade with another country, liberalizing world trade
in a way never previously seen. This policy of open markets became a dominating principle
extended through much of the British Empire. The United States retained import duties, and
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after short periods of trade liberalization most European countries also returned to
protectionism so that their new manufacturing industries could establish themselves safe from
the competition of cheaper goods from Britain.

The open-market polices of the British Empire played a crucial role in sustaining a complicated
interrelated mesh of world payments, and newly industrializing countries took advantage of
these open markets whilst maintaining their own protective walls.

Each country could specialize in producing those goods they were best endowed by nature to
produce, and could exchange them for the other products they needed.

NOTE: Free trade increases prosperity for Americans—and the citizens of all participating
nations—by allowing consumers to buy more, better-quality products at lower costs. It drives
economic growth, enhanced e ciency, increased innovation, and the greater fairness that
accompanies a rules-based system.

B.2 International Financial Institutions

International non-pro t agencies are one of the major sources of nancing like regional
development banks or banks globally. The nance productive development projects or to
promote economic development

A. World Bank

A multinational nancial institution established at the end of World War II (1944) to help provide
long-term capital for the reconstruction and development of member countries. It provides
much of the planning and nancing for economic development projects involving billions of
dollars

B. International Monetary Fund

IMF is a cooperative institution that 182 countries have voluntarily joined because they see the
advantage of consulting with one another on this forum to maintain a stable system of buying
and selling their currencies. Its policies and activities are guided by its Charter known as the
Articles of Agreement. IMF lends money to members having trouble meeting nancial
obligations to other members, but only on the condition that they undertake economic reforms
to eliminate these di culties for their own good and that of the entire membership. Contrary to
widespread perception, the IMF has no e ective authority over the domestic economic policies
of its members

Main goal: To help countries which were in trouble at that time and who could not obtain
money by any means. Perhaps, their economy collapsed or their currency was threatened.

C. Asian Development Bank

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established on 19

December 1966, which is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in the city of
Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines.

The ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank, and has a similar weighted voting system
where votes are distributed in proportion with members' capital subscriptions. ADB releases an
annual report that summarizes its operations, budget and other materials for review by the
public. The ADB-Japan Scholarship Program (ADB-JSP) enrolls about 300 students annually in
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academic institutions located in 10 countries within the Region. Upon completion of their study
programs, scholars are expected to contribute to the economic and social development of their
home countries.[8] ADB is an o cial United Nations Observer.

B.3 Global Corporations

Global Corporations are INSEPARABLE from the phenomenon of globalization. As discussed in

the Economic Globalization, Multinational Corporations (MNCs) are corporations that have
investment in other countries, but do not have coordinated product o erings in each country.
They are more focused on adapting their products and services to each individual local market.
On the other hand, Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are corporations that are more complex
organizations which have invested in foreign operations, have a central corporate facility but
give decision making, research and development, and marketing powers to each individual
foreign market.

Attributes of Global Corporations

1. They are agents or actors of economic development

2. They are gain their economic prominence.

3. They set the balance resulting from greater global wealth inequality, income

inequality, lack of e ective workers protection, environmental degradation,

and in some cases, threatened national sovereignty.

4. They are so powerful that they can create a nancial crisis if they want to.

Global corporations has brought:

1. Global inequality

2. The systematic stability and viability of the global nancial systems

3. Positive and negative contributions to the contemporary world

C. THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

The modern world-system is structured politically as an interstate system – a system of

competing and allying states. Political Scientists commonly call this the international system,
and it is the main focus of the eld of International Relations.

C.1 Actors that Govern International Relations

The participants in international relations, often called actors, have a great in uence on the
relationships between nations and on world a airs.

a. Nations

- The nations themselves are the most important actors in international relations. A nation is a
territory with a de ned border and a government that answers to no higher authority than its
own. All or part of the population shares a group identity, often based on a combination of
common ancestry, language, or culture.

- Nations vary in size and power (Size and power are two important variables in determining a
nation’s relationships with other countries and its in uence in international a airs). The
handful of the most powerful nations that control most of the world’s military and economic
strength are called great powers.

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 - United Kingdom, China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, United States of America are the
most important actors in international relations.

b. Leaders of Nations

- The most important individual actor within a nation is the top leader of that country. The top
leader is the person who has the primary political power or authority in country.

- To illustrate:

• UK – PM is the top leader being the head of the government, the king and queen are heads
of the government whose roles are ceremonial.

• USA – President is the top leader

c. Substate Actors

- Besides the top leader of a nation, there are other groups and individuals within that nation
that in uence its international relationships. These are the domestic actors or substate
actors. These groups can in uence a nation’s foreign policy in several ways, such as by
lobbying political leaders, donating money to political candidates or parties, or swaying
public opinion on certain issues. (e.g. particular industries with distinct interests in foreign
policy (such as the automobile or tobacco industry) and ethnic constituencies with ties to
foreign countries, as well as labor unions, cities, and regions)

d. Transnational Actors

- Organizations operating in more than one country are known as transnational actors. They
often have speci c interests in international issues that di er from those of any nation.
Examples of transnational actors are;

• MNCs

• TNCs

• Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) - legally constituted organization that operates

independently from any form of government. The term is usually applied only to organizations
that pursue wider social aims that have political aspects, but are not openly political
organizations such as political parties.

C.2 How Interstate Started

1. Westphalia vs. Napoleon

- Westphalia system provided stability for the nations of Europe

- First major challenge by Napoleon Bonaparte

- Bonaparte believed in spreading the principles of the French revolution Liberty, Equality,
Fraternity

- Napoleonic wars

• Treaty of Westphalia is a set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the thirty years’ war
between the major continental powers of Europe. It was designed to avert wars in the future
by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete control over their domestic a airs
and swear not to meddle in each other’s a airs and provide stability for the nations of
Europe.

3. Napoleonic Code
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 - forbade birth privileges, encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in
government service.

Meritocracy – a government holding of power by people selected on the basis of their ability

- A ruling or in uential class of educated or skilled people

- This system shocked the monarchies and the hereditary elites of Europe and they mustered
their armies to push back against the French emperor.

4. Anglo and Prussian Armies

- Anglo and Prussian armies nally defeated Napoleon in the Battle of waterloo in 1815. - They
created a new system that in e ect, restored the Westphalian system.

5. Concert of Europe

- Concert of Europe was an alliance of “great powers” sought to restore the world monarchial
hereditary, and religious privilege of the tie before the French Revolution and Napoleonic
Wars.

6. Metternich System

- It was an alliance that sought to restore the sovereignty of states

- The Metternich system as named after the Austrian Diplomat Klemens von Metternich who
was the system’s main architect

- The concert power and authority lasted from 1815-1914

- The dawn of World War I

Attributes of Global System

• Countries or states are independent and govern themselves

• These countries interact with each other through diplomacy

• International organizations facilitate these interaction

• International organizations also take on lives of their own

E ects of Globalization on Governments

1. Seen as an imposing a forced choice upon states either they conform to the neo- liberal
ideas free-market principles of deregulation, privatization and free trade or run the risk of being
left behind.

2. Establishment of economic and political integrations

3. The growth of international law and universal principles

4. The rise of transnational activism

5. Creation a new communication network

C.3 Political Globalization

Refers to the growth of the worldwide political system, both in size and complexity. One of the
key aspects of political globalization is the declining importance of the nation-state and the rise
of other actors on the political scene. The creation and existence of the United Nations is
called one of the classic examples of political globalization.

GLOBALISM
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 Globalism means “networks of connections spanning multi-continental distances, drawing
them close together economically, socially, culturally and informationally” (Das 2011:18).
Globalization in turn is generally conceived as the process promoting and intensifying multi-
continental interconnectedness, and thereby increasing the degree of globalism.

D. THE CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

Governance is the sum of laws, norms, policies and institutions that de ne, constitute, mediate
trans-border relations between states, cultures, citizens, intergovernmental and non-
governmental organization and the market.

Global governance brings together diverse actors to coordinate collective action at the level of
the planet. The goal of global governance, roughly de ned, is to provide global public goods,
particularly peace and security, justice and mediation systems for con ict, functioning markets
and uni ed standards for trade and industry. One crucial global public good is catastrophic risk
management – putting appropriate mechanisms in place to maximally reduce the likelihood
and impact of any event that could cause the death of 10 per cent of humanity across the
planet, or damage of equivalent magnitude.

D.1 International Actors of Global Governance

1. States

It is generally a group of people inhabiting a speci c territory and living according to a common
legal and political authority; a body politic or nation (it includes government)

In Political Science:

a. State (Polity) - an organized political community, living under a government

b. Sovereign State – it is classically de ned as a state with a de ned territory

on which it exercises internal and external sovereignty, a permanent population, a government,

and the capacity to enter into relations with other sovereign states.

Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in

the areas of economics, politics, and culture. An essential link between globalization and the
nation state is the concept of sovereignty, a term dating back several centuries, well before the
nation-state system was established in 1648. Earlier, people used to consume locally-grown
food, but with globalization, people consume products that have been developed in foreign
countries. Having this said, states are relevant amid globalization such that when states freely
open its door of its economy and make it open to the world, a broader marketplace allows
producers to fetch more for their goods, and a global supply network gives public and private
entities more buying options.

2. International organizations (like ASEAN)

Global governance is more generally e ected through a range of organizations acting as

intermediary bodies. Those include bodies in charge of regional coordination, such as the EU
or ASEAN, which coordinate the policies of their members in a certain geographical zone.
Those also include strategic or economic initiatives under the leadership of one country –
NATO for the US or China’s Belt and Road Initiative for instance – or more generally
coordinating defense or economic integration, such as APEC or ANZUS.

3. Civil Society (like NGOs –Greenpeace and CBO –senior citizen associations)
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 The processes of globalization produce major challenges for global governance. It is much
more di cult to govern today than it was 20 years ago. Governments need to engage non-
governmental sectors both to make informed decisions and to implement these decisions.
Accordingly, national and international civil society organizations (CSOs) have gradually
evolved and developed from being observers and critics of governments to being (in parallel to
their traditional “watchdog” function) active participants in various governance mechanisms.
CSOs today play larger roles in promoting global public goods, including human rights
protection, gender equality, adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, disarmament,
prohibition of excessive lethal weapons, international cooperation and development, etc. There
is a broad acceptance of the strong necessity to engage civil society in governance and
decision-making, but there is not yet enough acknowledgement of the necessity to provide for
capacity-building and to reform the mechanisms of global governance.

4. Market (global corporations)

A global company is generally referred to as a multinational corporation (MNC). An MNC is a

company that operates in two or more countries, leveraging the global environment to
approach varying markets in attaining revenue generation. These international operations are
pursued as a result of the strategic potential provided by technological developments, making
new markets a more convenient and pro table pursuit both in sourcing production and
pursuing growth.

International operations are therefore a direct result of either achieving higher levels of revenue
or a lower cost structure within the operations or value-chain. MNC operations often attain
economies of scale, through mass producing in external markets at substantially cheaper
costs, or economies of scope, through horizontal expansion into new geographic markets. If
successful, these both result in positive e ects on the income statement (either larger revenues
or stronger margins), but contain the innate risk in developing these new opportunities.

D.2 The United Nations

The leading institution in charge of global governance today is the United Nations. It was
founded in 1945, in the wake of the Second World War, as a way to prevent future con icts on
that scale. The United Nations does not directly bring together the people of the world, but
sovereign nation states, and currently counts 193 members who make recommendations
through the UN General Assembly. The UN’s main mandate is to preserve global security,
which it does particularly through the Security Council. In addition the UN can settle
international legal issues through the International Court of Justice, and implements its key
decisions through the Secretariat, led by the Secretary General.

The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization aiming to maintain international

peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international
cooperation, and be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is the world's largest
and most familiar international organization. The UN is headquartered on international territory
in New York City and has other main o ces in Geneva, Nairobi, Vienna, and The Hague.

The organization's mission to preserve world peace was complicated in its early decades by
the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union and their respective allies. Its
missions have consisted primarily of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with
primarily monitoring, reporting and con dence-building roles. UN membership grew
signi cantly following widespread decolonization beginning in the 1960s. Since then, 80 former
colonies have gained independence, including 11 trust territories that had been monitored by
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 the Trusteeship Council. By the 1970s, the UN's budget for economic and social development
programs far outstripped its spending on peacekeeping. After the end of the Cold War, the UN
shifted and expanded its eld operations, undertaking a wide variety of complex tasks.

Principal Organs of the United Nations

I. General Assembly (Deliberative Assembly of all UN Members)

• May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security

Council (UNSC);

• Decides on the admission of new members, following proposal by the UNSC;

• Adopts the budget;

• Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of ECOSOC; the UN
Secretary General (following their proposal by the UNSC); and the fteen judges of the
International Court of Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote.

II. UN Secretariat (Administrative Organ of the UN)

• Supports the other UN bodies administratively (for example, in the organization of

conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget);

• Its chairperson—the UN Secretary General—is elected by the General Assembly for a ve-
year mandate and is the UN's foremost representative.

III. International Court of Justice (Universal Court for International Law)

• Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction;

• Issues legal opinions;

• Renders judgment by relative majority. Its fteen judges are elected by the UN General
Assembly for nine-year terms.

IV. UN Security Council (for international security issues)

• Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security;

• May adopt compulsory resolutions;

• Has fteen members: ve permanent members with veto power and ten elected members.

V. UN Economic and Social (for global economic and social a air)

• Responsible for co-operation between states as regards economic and social matters;

• Co-ordinates co-operation between the UN's numerous specialized agencies;

• Has 54 members, elected by the General Assembly to serve staggered three-year mandates.

VI. UN Trusteeship Council (for administering trust territories)

• Was originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former League of Nations
mandates;

• Has been inactive since 1994, whenPalau, the last trust territory, attained independence.

The Role of the United Nations

As the most representative inter-governmental organization of the world today, the United
Nations' role in world a airs is irreplaceable by any other international or regional
organizations. The United Nations has made enormous positive contributions in maintaining
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international peace and security, promoting cooperation among states and international
development. Today, people of the world still face the two major issues of peace and
development. Only by international cooperation can mankind meet the challenges of the global
and regional issues. The United Nations can play a pivotal and positive role in this regard.
Strengthening the role of the United Nations in the new century and promoting the
establishment of a just and reasonable international political and economic order goes along
with the trend of history and is in the interest of all nations.

In order to strengthen the role of the United Nations, e orts should be made to uphold the
purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. The authority of the Security
Council in maintaining international peace and security must be preserved and role of the
United Nations in development area should be strengthened. To strengthen the role of the
United Nations, it is essential to ensure to all Member States of the United Nations the right to
equal participation in international a airs and the rights and interests of the developing
countries should be safeguarded.

Functions of the United Nations

1. To maintain international peace and security

2. To protect human rights

3. To deliver humanitarian aid.

4. To promote sustainable development

5. To uphold international law.

LEARNING ACTIVITY

Draft an essay with regards to the issue provided below. You are welcome to use either English
or Filipino as your medium of language. Moreover, explore your own thoughts, ideas, and
insights on the topic. Thus, your paper should be comprehensive, with at least fteen
sentences, and it should include an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

ISSUE: Whether or not the International Criminal Court should have jurisdiction on the
issues in the Philippines

Hand-write your essay on a short bond paper with your name, course and year, class code,
and scheduled time.
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