Basics of ship

Construction
3. Mid-ship Section

Dr. Eng./ Hussien M. Hassan

Ship Hydrodynamics Researcher and lecturer at N.A.M.E Dept., PSU

E-mail:[email protected]

Lecture MAR 202

Three
Mid-ship Section
Ship Module
Mid-ship Construction Terminology
Mid-ship Construction Terminology
 Mid-ship Construction Terminology

ordinary transverse frame web frame

 LONGITUDINAL TRANSVERSE
MEMBERS MEMBERS

DECK
GIRDERS

STRINGERS

FRAME
PLATING

LONGITUDINAL

KEEL

FLOOR

Structural Components and Framing system

 Longitudinal Structural Components

Keel
- Large center-plane girder
- Runs longitudinally along the bottom of the ship
Longitudinals
- Girders running parallel to the keel along the bottom
- It provides longitudinal strength
Stringer
- Girders running along the sides of the ship
- Typically smaller than a longitudinal
- Provides longitudinal strength
Deck Girder
- Longitudinal member of the deck frame (deck longitudinal)
Primary role of longitudinal members :
Resist the longitudinal bending stress due to sagging and hogging

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 Transverse Structural Components

• Primary role of transverse members : to resist the hydrostatic loads

• Floor
- Deep frame running from the keel to the turn of the bilge
• Frame
- A transverse member running from keel to deck
- Resists hydrostatic pressure, waves, impact, etc.
- Frames may be attached to the floors (Frame would be the part above the floor)

• Deck Beams
- Transverse member of the deck frame
• Plating
- Thin pieces closing in the top, bottom and side of structure
- Contributes significantly to longitudinal hull strength
- Resists the hydrostatic pressure load (or side impact) 4
 Framing system and Strength

The ship’s strength can be increased by:

- Adding more members
- increasing the size & thickness of plating and structural piece
All this will increase cost, reduce space utilization, and allow less mission equipment to be added

Optimization

• Longitudinal Framing System

• Transverse Framing System
• Combination of Framing System

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 Shell Plating

➢ (Longitudinal) Rows of plating are called “strakes”

➢ Welded horizontal joints between strakes are called seams
➢ Welded vertical joints between plates in a given strake are
called butts
➢ Strakes that do not run the entire ship length (as the hull
surface area decreases at the ends) are drop strakes
“K” Strake Sheer Strake
“J” Strake Through

“H” Strake drop

“G” Strake
Bilge (“F”) Strake

➢ Strakes running stem to stern are called through strakes

➢ An oversized plate merging a drop & through strake is a stealer plate
➢ The strake at the deck edge is the sheer strake and is heavier than typical side shell plating
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 Shell and Deck Construction

➢Seam or ‘Edge Laps’ are joints which runs fore and aft, along the longer edges of plates

➢Butts or ‘End Laps’ are joints which run athwartships, or vertically, along the shorter edges of plates.

➢Sheer strakes are the upper strakes (continuous, fore and aft, lines of plates) of shell plating on either side,
next to upper deck.
➢Welded plating is more liable to crack under hogging and sagging stresses, especially in the region of sheer
strake and the bilge.
➢The upper edges of sheer strake should be ground -off smooth, whilst other parts should not be welded to
it, if avoidable
➢Any openings in the shell plating must have special arrangements to preserve strength and their corners must
be rounded.

➢The corners of the openings must be rounded and special arrangement to preserve strength
➢When large openings, such as cargo doors, are cut in the plating, they are usually framed in by a face bar.
➢Web frames are often placed on either side of the opening and insert plates are fitted above and below it,
or right around it.
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 Shell Opening

Openings in shell plating must:

* have rounded corners
* be reinforced to make up for missing material

portholes

Hatch openings
below decks
Watertight doors
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 Transverse Framing System

➢Stiffening the shell plating, prevents buckling and resists distortion of vessel due
to racking
➢The frames support ends of deck beams
➢Frames are closely spaced where loading is higher especially at ends of ships
➢Provide transverse strength.

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 Transverse Framing System

•Primary role of transverse members : to resist the hydrostatic loads

• Ships shorter than 300ft and submersibles

•Transverse Framing System:

- Longitudinals are spaced widely but deep.
- Frames are spaced closely and continuously

•Transverse members: frame, floor, deck beam, platings

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 Transverse Framing System

• Deck Beams tie upper ends of frames

• Fewer, deeper & more widely spaced Longitudinals
Support Inner Bottom & give longitudinal strength

Longitudinals supporting Decks are

called (Deck) Girders
■Additional Decks (supported by Beams &
Girders) increase Transverse & Longitudinal
strength

Transverse Bulkheads provide watertight boundaries,

contribute significantly to

■
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 Transverse Framing System

• Advantages
• Open, nearly rectangular interior space
• Ideal for stowing large, irregular, break-bulk items, or
• Vehicles (Ro-Ro’s)

• Disadvantages
• Vertical support for decks requires more closely spaced transverse bulkheads
(hence smaller compartments) or
• Pillars (stanchions) or
• Longitudinal bulkheads
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Transverse Framing System
 Longitudinal Framing System

➢On ship sides, longitudinals extend from one transverse bulkhead to another.
➢Frames supported at intervals by vertical web frames (heavy plate frame)
spaced about 4m apart.

➢Provide longitudinal strength

➢The size of the longitudinals ( usually bulb plates) depends on the spacing, span
between bulkhead, length of ship and distance from the deck

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 Longitudinal Framing System

Primary role of longitudinal members : to resist the longitudinal bending stress due to sagging and hogging
• A typical wave length in the ocean is 300 ft.
• Ships of this length or greater are likely to experience considerable longitudinal bending stress

• Ship that are longer than 300ft (long ship) tend to have a greater number of longitudinal members than transverse
members

Longitudinal Framing System :

- Longitudinals spaced frequently but shallower
- Frames are spaced widely
Longitudinal Framing System

Few & widely

spaced
• Smaller,
closely- spaced
Longitud-nals
support shell
plating
• Side shell
longitudinal
s call
stringers

■Inner Bottom gives

additional longitudinal &
transverse strength
■Girders in high-stress areas:
Double bottom spaces and …
■
 Longitudinal Framing System

• Advantages

• Widely spaced transverse bulkheads allow for large (i.e., long) continuous cargo spaces
(“tanks”)
• Ideal for stowing liquids (reduced free surface effects)

• Disadvantages
• No large, open interior spaces
• Difficult to load or unload break-bulk items
• Difficult to stow large, irregular shaped items

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Longitudinal Framing System
 Longitudinal Framing System

Longitudinally framed hull (tanker)

The longitudinal framing is much better able to resist buckling when the hull is hogging
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Longitudinal Framing System

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Longitudinal Framing System

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Longitudinal Framing System

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 Longitudinal Framing System

Longitudinal framing (Dry Cargo) 29

Longitudinal Framing System

0
Framing System

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Hull Plating
 Combination Framing System

➢Introduced to overcome the disadvantage of longitudinal system in dry cargo ships.

➢The longitudinal frames are retained at the bottom and under the strength deck to
give longitudinal strength.

➢Transverse frames are fitted on ship’s sides where longitudinal stresses are
smaller

➢Plate floors and heavy transverse beams are fitted at intervals to give transverse
strength and support the longitudinals

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 Combination Framing System

• Typically, most ships have some combination of transverse & longitudinal framing

L L L L L L L L L L

TTTTT
Bulkhead STIFFENERS
UPPER TWEEN DECK

LOWER TWEEN DECK

TTTTTTTTTTTT
Stringer

(LOWER) HOLD
Web Frame
Typical
Transverse
Frames
SECTION
FLOOR
VIEW
CL PLAN VIEW
C
L
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 Combination Framing System

Optimization of the structural arrangement for the expected loading to minimize the cost

• Combination of longitudinal and transverse framing system

• Typical combination :
- Longitudinals and stringers with shallow frame
- Deep frame every 3rd or 4th frame

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Combination Framing System

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Typical Mid-ship Section
Typical Mid-ship Section

Mid-ship Section General Cargo

Typical Mid-ship Section

Mid-ship Section General Cargo

Typical Mid-ship Section

Mid-ship Section General Cargo

Typical Mid-ship Section

Mid-ship Section Container Ship With box

girder
Typical Mid-ship Section

Mid-ship Section Cellular Container Ship

Typical Mid-ship Section

Mid-ship Section RO-RO Ship

Brackets
Typical Connections
Typical Connections
Principle of Ship Construction
Dr. Eng. /Hussien M. Hassan
Lecture Three