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Inquiries,
Investigation
and Immersion
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Citing Related Literature

Dr. Char Gil S. Tocmo

Compiler/ Contextualizer

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 First Quarter
Module 4, Week 4
Citing Related Literature
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Learning Outcomes : Present a well- synthesized written review of related
literature using a standard style (APA, MLA, Chicago
Manual of Style, etc.) applicable to the present study.
Competency : Cite sources of related literature using a standard style
of citation
Topic/s : Citing Related Literature
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What I Need to Know

In the previous module, you learned how to select related literature. This time,
you need to know how to cite sources and follow the standard citation styles within
the text and in the reference list.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. observe the different formats of the various standard citation styles in
making references and in-text citation; and
2. cite sources of related literature using the standard style of citation.

What I Know
Directions: Analyze each item below and answer by writing the letter of the correct
answer.

1.A reference is:

A. the same as the in-text citation. research. C. not important to mention.
B. a summary of related review. D. a list of sources you mention in your study

2. The most common formats of citing sources

A. APA, MLA and Chicago Manual of Style C. APA, MLA and CCP
B. APA and MLA D. APA only

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3. APA stands for:
A. American Psychological Academy C. American Psychological Association
B. American Philosophical Association D. American Phonological Association

4. This type of formatting style is used by those who research about the social
sciences.
A. APA B. MLA C. either A or B D. Vancouver Style

5. This is the not widely used and respected style in the United States
A. APA B. Chicago Manual Style C. MLA D. Vancouver

6. When do you use the ampersand (&) in citing sources?

A. only in the reference section
B. only when citing only one author
C. when citing authors inside a parenthesis
D. you do not use ampersands when citing sources

7. MLA style of citing sources is used when you are researching about:
A. The Social Sciences C. Humanities and Liberal Arts
B. Medicine and Physics D. Both A and B

8.It is mainly used in the field of Economics.

A. APA B. Harvard C. MLA D. Vancouver

9. This citation process occurs within the sentence.

A. APA B. in-text citation C. literature review D. reference

10. Which of the following citation styles does not apply the parenthetical-author-date
format?
A. APA B. Chicago C. Harvard D. Vancouver
11. The literature review format can vary by discipline, according to the purpose of the
review or format adopted by the publisher.
A. True B. False

12. What is NOT true about writing references?

A. It is arranged alphabetically.
B. The reference can be found in the various parts of your research paper.
C. In-text references must match perfectly those found in the reference section.
D. At the end of your report before the appendix, you put the reference section.

13. Why is literature citation important?

A. To avoid plagiarism C. To present in a detailed manner
B. To boost one’s career D. To finish the research efficiently

14. What type of citation does MLA follow?

A. Parenthetical Citation C. Sentence Citation
B. Reference Citation D. All of the above

15. Children learn in playing…( Suico, 2004). What citation format does it follow?

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 A. APA B. Chicago C.MLA ujjjjjjjuuuuuuuuuuuuuuD.
Vancouver

What’s In

Directions: Analyze the image given and answer the questions that follow. Write
your answer in a separate sheet of paper.

http://www.esa.int/
About_Us/Law_at_ESA/Intellectual_Property_Rights/What_is_intellectual_property)

Questions:
1. What is the issue being depicted in the image above?
2. How do you relate this concern in conducting research?

What’s New
When writing a research paper, literature citation is important for two reasons:
(1) to avoid plagiarism which is against the student code of conduct or ethical/moral
standards for that matter and (2) to assign the proper authority to a statement. Giving
credit to the source of any information of ideas needs to be done in the text is known
as citing literature.

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 What Is It
Citing Related Literature
The literature review format can vary by discipline, according to the purpose of
the review or to the format or style adopted by the publisher.

Citation Styles Disciplines Type of Citation

MLA Humanities Parenthetical (author-

page number)

APA Psychology, education, social Parenthetical (author-

sciences date)

Chicago A History, humanities Notes

Chicago B Sciences, social sciences, Parenthetical (author-

humanities date)

Turabian Humanities, social sciences, Notes or author-date

sciences

Harvard Economics Parenthetical (author-

date)

Vancouver Medicine Numeric

OSCOLA Law Notes

IEEE Engineering, IT Numeric

AMA Medicine Numeric

ACS Chemistry Numeric, Author-page

number or Notes

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 Citation Styles Disciplines Type of Citation

NLM Medicine Numeric

AAA Anthropology, social studies Numeric

APSA Political science Parenthetical (author-

date)

There are so many ways of citing sources but the most common of these styles
are the American Psychological Association (APA, Modern Language Association (MLA),
Chicago Manual of Style and many more. According to the online writing lab, Purdue
Owl, the MLA is more commonly used when writing research topics in the liberal arts
and humanities scope of study while the Chicago Manual of Style citation, published
in 1906 by the University of Chicago Pres, is not widely used and respected style
guides in the United Sates ( Spencer,2011). The APA format is the most commonly
used style of citing sources within the social sciences (Angelie et al., 2010).

Each citation style, APA, MLA, Chicago Manual Style, Harvard Style or Vancouver
has format to follow. Some of these formats were discussed during your Practical
Research 1 and Practical Research 2.

Below are the examples of citing sources using in-text citation and bibliography
or references.

In-text citation is citing sources within a sentence or paragraph. Below are few
examples of in-text citation in a literature review using the different styles.

Citation Style In-text Citation Examples

 Aragones (2011) suggested that….

 A similar study was done of students… ( Aragones,

APA format 2011)

 Aquino and Calixihan (2013) supported that…

 There are many reasons for intestinal illnesses

(Aquino & Calixihan, 2013).

 Reyes stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a

"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263)
MLA Style
 Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous

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 overflow of powerful feelings" (Reyes 263)

 At a macro level, negative economic impacts on non-

mining sectors of the economy are commonly known
Harvard Style as Dutch disease (Corden 2012, p. 3).

 Deaton (2013, pp. 206–7) agrees that working to

insureequality of opportunity is an important strategy
for achieving social justice ...

 There are many reasons for intestinal scarring (Ogilvie

1998, 26-28).

Chicago Manual  Morgan and Thompson (1998, 243) argue that

Style gastrointestinal illness is also often misdiagnosed.
Morgan and Thompson (1998, 243) argue that
gastrointestinal illness is also often misdiagnosed.

 There have been efforts to replace mouse

inoculation testing with invitro tests, such as
Vancouver Style enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (57,60)
or polymerase chain reaction.

 Numerous studies (20‐22) have .....

 Moir and Jessel maintain “that the sexes are

interchangeable”.(1)

 Moir and Jessel maintain “that the sexes are

interchangeable”.1

References on the other hand is another citing sources that list the sources you
refer to in your writing. This goes side by side with your in-text citation because all the
sources you mentioned in your study should be listed in your references. It is usually
found at the back or at the end of your writing. Here are few examples using the
different styles.
Citation Style References Examples
Stewart, D. & Simmons, M. (2010). The Business
APA Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Collide.
Berkeley, USA: New Riders Press.

MLA Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. The Business

Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Collide. New
Rider Press, 2010.

Harvard Style Stewart, D. and Simmons, M. (2010) The business

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 playground: Where creativity and commerce collide.
Berkeley: New Riders Press.

Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. The Business

Chicago Manual Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Collide.
Style Berkeley: New Riders Press, 2010.

Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. 2010. The Business

Playground: Where Creativity and Commerce Collide.
Berkeley: New Riders Press.

Stewart D, Simmons M. The business playground: where

Vancouver Style creativity and commerce collide. Berkeley: New Riders
Press: 2010.

Laying-out your Reference Section

At the end of your report, before the appendix is where you put the reference
section. It is an alphabetical list of all the references you cited in the text of your
report. It allows readers to find out more information about the references used and to
go out to them if the readers want to. References in the text must match perfectly
those found in the reference section. When writing in APA style, you always include a
reference section, not a bibliography (Dampster and Hanna, 2016).
You should always cite other people’s words, ideas and other intellectual
property that you use in your research or that have an influence on your ideas. This
includes what had been presented as different types of materials. The demand is that
you should cite whenever you use a direct quote, paraphrase, summarize, use facts or
statistics that are relatively less known or relate directly to your argument.

What’s More
Directions: Rewrite the following items by making corrections to the underlined
APA citations. Follow the APA standard format. Write your answers in a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Internet users have various ways of presenting themselves online, this is called
as the “cyber self” (2010, Avila, page 6).

2. In the case of facebook users, (Reyes & Macheca, 2013) say they enact a type
of facebook “presenting self” through the profile system of the social networking
site.

3. When people write and develop their profile, they choose their profile picture,
and publicly write on other user’s Facebook walls. They are all consciously and
unconsciously developing that Facebook “presenting self” (2011, Eroy).

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 4. Lamela and Tolentino study disclosed that “status” in Facebook acted as
advanced buddy information which can be used to manage students’ online
identities (2007).

5. According to the said research, 92% of the Americans surveyed were into
Facebook 2012 PRC.

What I Have Learned

The literature review format can vary by discipline, according to the purpose of
the review or to the format or style adopted by the publisher. In-text citation is citing
sources within a sentence or paragraph. References on the other hand is another
citing sources that lists the sources you refer to in your writing. This goes side by side
with your in-text citation because all the sources you mentioned in your study should
be listed in your references. It is usually found at the back or at the end of your
writing.

What I Can Do
Directions: Make 2 ways of APA in-text citation to each of the items below. Write the
correct answer in a separate sheet of paper.

Example:
Author: Andrews, Reynold
Borrowed statement: Another factor is income distribution within countries.
Year of Publication: 1997
Page : 46

Answer 1: According to Andrews (1997), another factor is income distribution within

countries (p. 46).
Answer 2: Another factor is income distribution within countries (Andrews, 1997, p.46).

A Author : Wright and Miller

Year of Publication : 1989

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 Borrowed statement : Income-based rankings are not necessarily a measure of
development
Answer 1:
Answer 2:

B. Author : Johnson
Borrowed statement: Reaction times slowed considerably after the consumption
of alcohol.
Year : 2003
Page : page 3

Answer 1:
Answer 2:

Assessment
Directions: Read and answer each item below. Write the letter of the correct answer in
a separate sheet of paper.

1. When making a citation using the MLA format with one author at the end of the
text, which is correct?
A. This point has been argued before (Espalga 120).
B. This point has been argued before (Espalga, 120)
C. This point has been argued before. (Espalga 120)
D. This point has been argued before. (Edward Espalga, 120)

2. How many problems can you find in this APA in-text citation?
Children learn when they play (Johnson and Johnson, 2014, pp. 118).
A. 1 B.2 C. 3 D.4

3. APA stands for:

A. American Psychological Academy C. American Psychological Association
B. American Philosophical Association D. American Phonological Association

4. Which APA parenthetical citation is correct?

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 A. ( Perez: 2010) C. (Perez and Reyes, 2010, p.12.)
B. ( Perez, 2010,pp.12) D. ( Perez & Reyes, 2010.p. 12)

5. When making an in-text citation with one author using the MLA format, which is
correct?
A. Castalla has argued this point before (17).
B. Castalla has argued this point before. (17).
C. Castlla has argued this point before. (Castalla, 17).
D. Castalla has argued this point before (Castalla 17).

6. What citation style is this?

Romero (2013, pp. 206–7) denotes that baby lotion are incredibly useful for the
skin.
A. APA B. Harvard C. MLA D. Vancouver

7. Why is literature citation important?

A. To avoid plagiarism C. To present in a detailed manner
B. To boost one’s career D. To finish the research efficiently

8. When citing one or two authors in-text, never use et al; instead, always provide the
author/s' names.
A. True B. False

9. MLA style of citing sources is used when you are researching about:
A. Medicine and Physics C. The Social Sciences
B. Humanities and Liberal Arts D. Both A and B

10. Author’s names are listed alphabetically on the Works Cited page.
A. True B. False

11. When providing two or more authors' names in a parenthetical citation, use "and"
to join the names, not the ampersand symbol. For example, (Magsalang,
Sajorga, and Millan, 2010, p. 10).
A. True B. False

12. What is NOT true about writing references?

A. It is arranged alphabetically.
B. In-text references must match perfectly those found in the reference section.
C. At the end of your report before the appendix, you put the reference section.
D. The reference section can be found in the various parts of your research
paper.

13. What citation style is this?

Children have faster metabolism than the elders (Ogilvie 1998, 26-28).
A. APA B. Chicago Manual Style C. MLA D. Vancouver
14. When you use quotations in the text, you place the citation before the last
quotation mark.
A. True B. False
15. The most common formats of citing sources
A. APA only C. APA, MLA and CCP

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 B. APA and MLA D. APA, MLA and Chicago Manual of Style

Additional Activities
Directions: Gather 5 related literature that you can use to your present study.

Answer Key

What’s More
Answers vary

References
Arcinas, M. (2016). Applied Research: An introduction to qualitative research methods
and report writing. Quezon City: Phoenix Publishing House

Bulacan State University Graduate Studies, Handbook in Thesis and Dissertation

Writing

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Cristobal, A. and Dela Cruz, M. (2017). Practical Research 2 fro Senior High School.
Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Faltado, Ruben E.,et al.(2016). Quantitative research. Manila: Lorimar Publishing Inc.

Prieto, N., Naval, V. and Carey, T. (2017). Practical Research 2 for Senior High School.
Quezon City: Lorimar Publishing, Inc.

Tomakin, F. (2010). Fundamentals of Research Methodology. Cebu City: Statlink

Research Training and Development

Wa-Mbalaka, Safari. Thesis and writing fear no more. Philippines: Oikos Biblios
Publishing House

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