WEEK 2

I. LESSON PROPER

Indeed it is
using and to be familiar also with the body landmarks to assure that
in every procedure you will be conducting with your
future patients, all of your interventions will be
smoothly conducted and performed.

D. Body Cavity
- is a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and
protects internal organs.

Major Body Cavities

1. Dorsal body cavity

• Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity
and the vertebral cavity.

a. Cranial cavity houses the brain.

b. Vertebral / Spinal cavity runs through

the vertebral column and encloses the
spinal cord

Source: shorturl.at/adgmN
 2. Ventral body cavity
a. Thoracic cavity is subdivided into
pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the
pericardial cavity
• Pleural cavities – each
houses a lung
• Mediastinum – contains the
pericardial cavity, and
surrounds the remaining
thoracic organs
• Pericardial cavity –
encloses the heart
b. Abdominopelvic cavity - separated
from the superior thoracic cavity by the
dome-shaped diaphragm
• It is composed of two subdivisions
• Abdominal cavity –
contains the stomach,
intestines, spleen, liver,
and other organs
• Pelvic cavity – lies within
the pelvis and contains the
bladder, reproductive
organs, and rectum

Other Body Cavities

• Oral cavity – located within
the mouth
• Nasal cavity - located within
and posterior to the nose
• Orbital cavities - house the
eyes
• Middle ear cavities - contain
bones (ossicles) that
transmit sound vibrations
• Synovial cavities joint
cavities
•

What anatomical vocabulary is required as a

basis for lifelong study of human
anatomy, physiology, and medicine?

E. Body Regions
Regional terms describe anatomy by dividing the parts of the body into different
regions that contain structures that are involved in similar functions. Two primary
terms are used to describe the main regions of the body:
 The Axial Region makes up the main axis of the human body and includes
the head, neck, chest, and trunk.
 The Appendicular Region makes up the parts of the human body that connect
to the axial region. This includes the limbs and appendages.

Source: shorturl.at/asSUW
Abdominopelvic Regions
 The abdomen is subdivided into four quadrants and nine areas.
 Quadrants are used to describe the location of pain, tumor, and
abnormalities.

Anatomists and medical personnel divide the abdominopelvic cavity into smaller
regions to facilitate study and discussion. These divisions are often used to
categorize the individual abdominal organs by their location and function and are
used by clinicians to help diagnose the source of abdominal pain and determine
appropriate treatment. The most common divisions for the abdominopelvic region are
the four quadrants and nine regions.
 Source: shorturl.at/uCMNS

1. Abdominal Four Quadrants

 The abdominopelvic region can be divided into four quadrants. These
quadrants are defined by the intersection of the saggital plane with the
umbilical plane (the transverse plane through the navel). Clinicians use these
regions to determine the organs and tissues that may be causing pain or
discomfort in that region.

a. Right
Upper
Quadrant
The right
upper
quadrant
contains the
right portion
of the liver,
the
gallbladder,
right kidney,
a small
portion of the
stomach, the
duodenum, the head of the pancreas, portions of the ascending and transverse
colon, and parts of small intestine. Pain in this region is associated with infection
and inflammation inSource:
the gallbladder and liver or peptic ulcers in the stomach.
shorturl.at/qzDEQ

b. Left Upper Quadrant

The left upper quadrant is the location of the left portion of the liver, part of
the stomach, the pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of the transverse and
descending colon, and parts of the small intestine. Pain in this region is
associated with malrotation of the intestine and colon.

c. Right Lower Quadrant

 In the right lower quadrant sits the cecum, appendix, part of the small
intestines, the right half of the female reproductive system, and the right ureter.
Pain in this region is most commonly associated with appendicitis.

d. Left Lower Quadrant

The left lower quadrant houses the majority of the small intestine, some of
the large intestine, the left half of the female reproductive system, and the left
ureter. Pain in this region is generally associated with colitis (inflammation of the
large intestine) as well as pelvic inflammatory disease and ovarian cysts in
females.

2. Abdominal Nine Divisions

 The nine divisions of the abdominopelvic region are smaller than the four
quadrants, allowing for a more detailed discussion. These divisions are
marked by two parasagittal and two transverse planes centered around the
navel. Most organs are part of multiple regions, including the gallbladder,
duodenum, stomach, kidneys, spleen, small intestine and colon. The
perineum (the area beneath the hypogastric region at the bottom of the pelvic
cavity) is sometimes considered to be a tenth division in this system.

a. Right Hypochondriac
The right hypochondriac region
contains the right portion of the
liver, the gallbladder, the right
kidney, and parts of the small
intestine.
b. Left Hypochondriac
The left hypochondriac region
contains part of the spleen, the
left kidney, part of the stomach,
the pancreas, and parts of the
colon.
c. Epigastric
The epigastric (above stomach)
region contains the majority of
the stomach, part of the liver,
part of the pancreas, part of the
duodenum, part of the spleen,
and the adrenal glands. This
region pushes out when the
diaphragm
contracts during breathing.
d. Right Lumbar
The right lumbar region consists of the gallbladder, the right kidney, part of the shorturl.at/uCMNS
Source:
liver, and the ascending colon.
e. Left Lumbar
The left lumbar region consists of the descending colon, the left kidney, and part
of the spleen.
f. Umbilical
The umbilical region contains the umbilicus
(navel), and many parts of the small intestine, such as part of the duodenum, the
jejunum, and the illeum. It also contains the transverse colon (the section
between the ascending and descending colons) and the bottom portions of both
the left and right kidney.
g. Right Iliac
 The right iliac region contains the appendix, cecum, and the right iliac fossa. It is
also commonly referred to as the right inguinal region. Pain in this area is
generally associated with
appendicitis.
h. Left Iliac
The left illiac region contains part of the
descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and
the right illiac fossa. It is also commonly
called the left inguinal region.
i. Hypogastric
The hypogastric region (below the
stomach) contains the organs around
the pubic bone. These include bladder,
part of the sigmoid colon, the anus,
and many organs of the reproductive
system, such as the uterus and ovaries
in females and the prostate in males.

F. Body Landmark
 To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the health provider uses
anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient
walks in the emergency room with a hacking wound on the
posterior portion of the left lower leg. To clearly state the area of injury the
health provider uses the term “sural” which means the posterior surface of the
lower leg rather than writing “back area of the lower leg”. Knowing these
terms not only give the health provider a more accurate formulation of chief
complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description.
 Source: shorturl.at/vzBEV

“I appeal to you therefore, brothers, by the mercies of God, to present your

bodies as a living sacrifice, holy and acceptable to God, which is your spiritual
worship. Do not be conformed to this world, but be transformed by the renewal of
your mind, that by testing you may discern what is the will of God, what is good
and acceptable and perfect. For by the grace given to me I say to everyone among
you not to think of himself more highly than he ought to think, but to think with
sober judgment, each according to the measure of faith that God has assigned. For
as in one body we have many members, and the members do not all have the same
function, so we, though many, are one body in Christ, and individually members
one of another.”
- Romans 12: 1 – 21
When we present our bodies “a living sacrifice,” God is not calling us to die
physically, but to die to self. Another way to word this is to “deny ourselves.” In other
words, we “deny,” or “refuse to acknowledge or yield to,” our own will. We choose to
submit completely to His will for our lives instead.
We all agree that respect is morally important. We expect it in our everyday
interactions, and health providers and patients alike recognize its centrality to the
clinical relationship. In addition to the direct moral importance of respectful treatment,
there are data suggesting its indirect importance as well. Recent studies have
reported, for example, that patients who perceive they are being treated respectfully
may experience improved clinical outcomes and greater satisfaction with their
care. Ensuring or improving respect in clinical and research relationships is surely an
important goal, but it will be difficult to accomplish without knowing more about
respect and what it means to be respectful.

II. GENERALIZATION

Learning how to draw bodies and anatomy is a fun and exciting

prospect for a student of art. It means being able to capture the
human element in all its forms and movements. And if you are taking
your art seriously with a capital ‘S’ it is essential.
Learning anatomical terms is similar to building
a house; if the foundation is strong then it will last for a
lifetime. This substance is definitely difficult and filled to the brim with
details, but the basics keep cropping up time and time again. You will constantly use
them as reference when learning new anatomical concepts, thus mastering the
fundamentals is essential. 
The most basic concept, and equally the most important, is orientation. All structures
and the relationships between them are referenced to the standard anatomical
position. In this orientation, the person is considered to be standing upright, with the
arms hanging by the side, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the
body. The feet are slightly parallel, and toes oriented to the front. To compare the
location of body parts relative to each other, anatomy uses some universal directional
terms: anterior, posterior, ventral, dorsal, distal, proximal, medial, lateral, median,
superior, inferior, external, internal, frontal, occipital, rostral, caudal, superficial, deep,
central, peripheral, ipsilateral, contralateral, cranial, and cephalic.