Discoveries at Ephesus

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SCULPTURED DRUM OF COLUMN N° 2 .
TEMPLE OF DIANA.
MANHANHART LITH
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS
INCLUDING THE
SITE AND REMAINS OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF DIANA
BY
J. T. WOOD, F.S.A.
FELLOW OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
LONDON
LONGMANS , GREEN, AND CO .
1877
All rights reserved
181549 - C \
J
DEDICATION
WITH THE GRACIOUS PERMISSION OF
HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN
This Book is Dedicated
WITH THE GREATEST RESPECT

ΤΟ
HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ARTHUR
DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND STRATHEARNE

DUKE OF SAXONY, PRINCE OF COBURG AND GOTHA, K.G. K.T. K.P. G.C.M.G. ETC.
IN REMEMBRANCE OF THE VISIT OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS TO EPHESUS
AND OF A FEW BRIGHT DAYS DURING WHICH THE AUTHOR HAD THE HONOUR
AND THE PLEASURE OF ACCOMPANYING HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS TO
MITYLENE, PERGAMOS, AND ASSOS
IN THE YEAR 1865

INTRODUCTION.
THE OBJECT of the work which I now offer to the public is to
lay before it a narrative of the discoveries at Ephesus, and

the results of the excavations which were carried on, for
nearly eleven years , under the auspices of the Trustees of the

British Museum.
My chief purpose in undertaking the excavations, which
were commenced in 1863 , was to find the remains of the
Great Temple of Diana which had been buried for so many

centuries. All trace of it above ground had disappeared, and
many even doubted whether such a building ever existed .

It was desirable that for any sums of money expended by
the Trustees there should be some substantial return. The
Odeum and the Great Theatre were therefore first of all
explored. The results of these explorations were so satisfac
tory that I was permitted, in the year 1867, to devote a small
portion of a fresh grant to my search for the Temple. Further
discoveries of interest were then made, which justified the

expenditure of a larger sum in continuing the search . After
six years of toil, and at a time when the Trustees considered
that there was little or no hope of success, I most fortunately
hit upon the corner of the peribolus wall, containing inscrip

1
viii INTRODUCTION.
tions which placed beyond doubt the fact that the approxi
mate site of the Temple was at last discovered. Sufficient
sums of money were then granted by the Trustees to complete
the discovery, and this was accomplished before the expiration

of that year ( 1869). From that time till April 1874 the ex
plorations on the site of the Temple were continued from season
to season, until it was cleared for a considerable distance beyond
the lowest step of the platform on which the last Temple had
been raised. The results of this work, which cost about
12,000l. , comprised the discovery of a large number of
valuable blocks of sculpture and architecture , and of other

antiquities, consisting chiefly of the remains of the last
Temple. A small number only of these can at present be

exhibited to the public, for want of space in our Museum.
The total cost of the excavations from first to last was
16,000l.
In addition to the narrative of my work at Ephesus, I
have appended a selection from the numerous Greek and
Latin inscriptions which were discovered in the excavations.
I could not have published these without the kind assistance
which I have had from many scholars, especially as I have
ventured to print translations of the majority of them. They
must, however, be considered in a manner as tentative, especi
ally as the text contains many novelties and a great number

of difficult passages, which require more time than could be
spent upon them for this work. I have ventured also to
adopt a new mode of indicating the restored portions of the

INTRODUCTION. ix
inscriptions : considering that brackets displace the letters
of the text, disjoint the words, and create confusion. Every

letter which does not actually exist on the stones has been
carefully underlined : by this means there is no displace
ment, and the inscriptions can be more easily read than they
could have been if intercepted by brackets.
I have to thank Mr. NEWTON, keeper of the Greek and
Roman antiquities in the British Museum, for allowing me,

and several of the scholars who have assisted me, free access
to the room in the basement where the inscriptions are now
placed, and also for his occasional assistance in reading the

text. I append a list of the names of those scholars who have
so kindly and materially aided me with the text and trans
lations, some of whom , in addition to wholly deciphering and
translating certain inscriptions, have given me valuable advice
and assistance in respect to others .
I am also greatly indebted to the eminent epigraphist and

archæologist Monsieur WADDINGTON, now French Minister of
Public Instruction , for many valuable suggestions in respect
to the inscriptions ; and I take this opportunity of making my

most grateful acknowledgments to all who have assisted me.
J. T. WOOD .
LONDON : October 1876.

X ADDENDA.
ADDENDA.
In Part II . Chap. 6, p . 258, I have described a drain dis

covered in the foundations of the altar, which I suppose was
employed to carry away the water used in washing the sur

face of the altar after sacrifice. I do not here mean to
imply that bullocks and rams were slaughtered upon the altar
in the naos of the Temple, but that, after the offering ofthe
sacrifice in the Temple, the altar must have been repeatedly
cleansed by water. The ritual of the worship of Artemis is
unknown ; but we gather some facts from ancient writers which
enlighten us on the subject to a certain degree, and especially
in reference to the sacrifice. From these it is fair to conclude
that beasts were slaughtered at altars in front of Temples,

and that small portions of the flesh, and perhaps basins of
the blood, were carried into the Temple and offered to the
deity upon the great altar, the flesh being put upon some
small pieces of wood with which a fire was made. If the smoke
ascended freely, the offering was supposed to be accepted : and
here we have one of several reasons for concluding that
temples were in part absolutely open to the sky. The sculp
tured block, representing the winged figure of a man leading
a ram , found at the west end of the Temple of Diana, had
probably formed part of one of the external altars in front
of the Temple. In this position it was found . Professor

Paley has kindly furnished me with the following note, in illus
tration of the manner in which the sacrifice was made :—
ADDENDA . xi
' It appears probable that the sacrifice of animals, and the
burning of the portions of meat on the altar, were performed

in the court (avλǹ ) in front of the temple. The victims
indeed may have been killed in the precinct, and small por
tions of the choicer parts (unpía) carried within, to burn on
the altar with dry split wood (oxilar). This may also have
been done on private or domestic altars (éoxápai) of Zeùs

'Eркeîоs, &c.
Kτýσιos, Zevs ‘Ερκεῖος,
Κτήσιος, But in the " Oedipus at Colonus " of
Sophocles (898), Theseus, when suddenly called away from a
sacrifice of oxen (Bovevrov) to Poseidon , sends a messenger to
the altar, ordering the people to come in hot haste , on horse

back and on foot, from the sacrifice ; a mandate which seems
less consistent with a congregation within a temple than with

out- of- doors spectators.
"In the " Andromache " of Euripides ( 1100-1123) the son of
Achilles is suddenly attacked , while performing a sacrifice, by

an armed host who had concealed themselves behind the bay
trees at Delphi. Finding himself thus assailed, he snatches a
shield from the front wall or portico of the temple, leaps
upon the altar (ếστη èπì ẞwμоû) , takes his stand , and defends
himself against the missiles hurled at him from all sides.
Here the scene seems wholly external, though some ambi
guity arises from these words ἔρχεται δ᾽ ἀνακτόρων κρηπῖδος
ἐντὸς , V. 1112 .
"
Again, in the " Trachiniae " of Sophocles ( 753 ) Hercules is
described as performing a sacrifice of many victims (ToλÚTOVS
(πολυθύτους
opayàs) on an altar which he had himself erected on a head
land, and which evidently stands on a cliff overhanging the sea,
for he hurls the herald Lichas from the altar into the waves
1 beneath. '
I
xii ADDENDA.
Among the numerous fragments of sculpture and archi

tecture found at a low level in the excavations on the site of
the Temple, there were several of a very archaic character

and of remarkable interest. These are some small portions
of what were probably the bases of columns similar to the

sculptured columns of the last Temple : one of them has
traces of sculpture, another has sculpture attached to it ; but
not the least interesting is a fragment which is inscribed with
the characters here shown- 11ŢI . These cannot at

present be recognised as forming part of any Greek or Semitic
word ; but, guided by the character of the sculpture, Mr.
Newton is of opinion that all these fragments belonged to the
Temple to which Croesus contributed some of the columns ,
and that therefore the date of the inscription may be as early
as B.C. 560.
CONTENTS .
PART I
CHAPTER PAGE
I. BRIEF DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY OF THE CITY OF EPHESUS . · 3
II. EXCAVATIONS COMMENCED RESULTS TO MARCH 1864 . 16
III. THE ODEUM EXPLORED : ST. LUKE'S TOMB, ETC. 42
IV. THE GREAT THEATRE EXPLORED 68
V. PUBLIC BUILDINGS OF THE CITY, ETC. 97
VI. SEARCH FOR THE TEMPLE OF DIANA : DISCOVERY OF ROAD AND

TOMBS, AND OF THE PERIBOLUS WALL . III
PART II.
I. SEASON 1869-70. DISCOVERIES WITHIN PERIBOLUS WALL : DIS

COVERY OF THe Temple, the Augusteum AND OTHER BUILDINGS . 147
II. SEASON 1870-71 . EXCAVATIONS ON THE SITE OF THE TEMPLE :

DISCOVERIES • 168
III. SEASON 1871-72. FURTHER DISCOVERIES ON THE SITE OF THE

TEMPLE • • 186
xiv CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
IV. SEASON 1872-73. EXCAVATIONS AT THE TEMPLE . • 213
V. SEASON 1873-74 [ TO DECEMBER 31 , 1873 ]. EXCAVATIONS CONTINUED . 236
VI. SEASON 1873-74 (JANUARY TO APRIL]. TEMPLE OF DIANA DE

SCRIBED : EXCAVATIONS SUSPENDED : CONCLUSION OF NARRATIVE 255
(Forfurther details of Contents, see headings of Chapters.)
APPENDIX .
GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS FROM EPHESUS

FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS.
I. INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE PERIBOLUS WALL OF THE ARTEMISIUM

(TEMPLE OF DIANA) AND The AugusteuM.
II. INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE TEMPLE OF DIANA FOUND IN THE GREAT

THEATRE .
III. INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA.
IV. INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM .
V. INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM.
VI. INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE GREAT THEATRE.
VII. INSCRIPTIONS FROM TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI , ETC.
VIII. INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE CITY AND SUBURBS.
POSTSCRIPT. ADDITIONAL NOTE ON INSCRIPTION FROM THE SITE

OF THE TEMPLE, No. 7 .
The errors ofthe stone-cutter have been allowed to stand in the text, and some ofthese
may not have been remarked upon in foot-notes.
1
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .
PLATES.
SCULPTURED DRUM OF COLUMN, No. 2 Frontispiece
GENERAL PLAN OF THE RUINS OF EPHESUS tofacepage I
EPHESUS FROM AYASALOUK

29
VIEW OF EPHESUS AND AYASALOUK
THE ODEUM , PLAN , ETC. 99 52
St LUKE'S TOMB. ELEVATION AND PLAN "" 58
INTERIOR OF ODEUM . 99 62
PLAN OF GREAT THEATRE 27 68
THE GREAT THEATRE (VIEW) • 99 74
MOSAIC PAVEMENTS AND ENRICHMENTS FROM TEMPLE "" 102
A TURKISH ROBBER 136

35
MOSAIC PAVEMENT . "" 148
SMALL MOSQUE, AYASALOUK 162

36
MOSAIC PAVEMENT (TRITON) . "" 172

39
BASE OF A COLUMN FOUND IN POSITION . 176

xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
* COINS FOUND ON THE SITE OF THE TEMPLE toface page 182
PART OF SCULPTURED FRIEZE, TEMPLE OF DIANA ‫در‬ 188
VIEW OF EXCAVATIONS ON SITE OF THE TEMPLE, LOOKING

EAST, DECEMBER, 1871
"" 192
"" "" "" 29 WEST
CAPITAL OF COLUMN 99 196
PART OF SCULPTURED FRIEZE, Temple of Diana

39 214
"" "" 29 "" ""
PART OF SCULPTURED DRUM of Column , No. 3 ‫ور‬ 218
SCULPTURED DRUM, No. 4 222
19
GROUP OF WORKMEN AND THEIR SUPERINTENDENTS 228
• 33
36
PART OF SCUlptured Drum of Column , No. 4 246
PLAN OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA "" 262
PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA . "" 264
WEST ELEVATION, TEMPLE OF DIANA
EAST ELEVATION "" ""
SOUTH ELEVATION 29 ‫در‬ 99 268
TRANSVERSE SECTION
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
COLUMNS AND ENTABLATURE, WEST FRONT

"" 272
99 "" EAST FRONT }
* For the use of this plate my thanks are due to H. A. GRUEBER, Esq. , of the British
Museum, and to the Numismatic Society of London.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xvii
WOOD ENGRAVINGS.
PAGE
TOWER AND SALLY- PORT 6
PLAN OF WALL, WITH TOWer, Steps , anD SALLY- PORT 7
ROCK-CUT CHURCH . 13
THE GREAT GYMNASIUM 27
WING OF GREAT GYMNASIUM 29
BAPTISMAL FONT IN FORUM 32
PLAN OF HALL NEAR GYMNASIUM 35
336
CHRISTIAN TOMBSTONE
THE MUSE ERATO 49
TORSO OF SILENUS 51
THE CHALET, EPHESUS PASS 55
DOOR-JAMB, ST. LUKE'S TOMB 57
GRAFFITO FROM BASILICA 61
ROMAN ARCH, GREAT THEATRE 69
BUST OF AN EMPEROR • · 75
TRITON BLOWING A SHELL 76
EXCAVATOR'S HOUSE, AND AQUEDUCT, AYASALOUK 8c
SERAPION ALTAR . 99
DOUBLE CHURCH • 100
THE RUINS OF THE PRYTANEUM 101
a
xviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
MOSAIC PAVEMENTS 103
PLAN OF THE PNYX 104
PEACE AND WAR . 113
TOMB OF A LICTOR 114
CHRISTIAN TOMB-STONE . 122
BAS-RELIEF FROM TOMB 123
ROCK-CUT SEPULCHRAL RECESSES . • 124
SARCOPHAGUS WITH MEDUSA'S HEAD 129
PERIBOLUS WALL " 133
FOUNTAIN AT BELEVI . 138
PAN AS A WARRIOR • 153
DISCOVERY OF THE TEMPLE 160
DRUM OF A SCULPTURED COLUMN · 166
VILLAGE OF AYASALOUK 170
DISCOVERY OF COLUMNS . · 171
GROUP OF ARABIAN POTTERY 201
CHRISTIAN MARTYR 222 1
CYMATIUM 250
MEDAL OF HADRIAN 266
MEDAL OF GORDIANUS 267
FIGURE OF ARTEMIS 269
ARCHAIC FIGURE OF ARTEMIS 270

LIST OF SCHOLARS TO WHOM THE AUTHOR IS INDEBTED
FOR ASSISTANCE IN THE INSCRIPTIONS.
* BABINGTON, REV. PROF. CHURCHILL, D.D. , IV. 1 , 2 ; VI . 5 , 6, 7, 8, 9t ,

Lot , 11t, 12.
CHURTON, REV. W. R. , B.D. , Resident Fellow of King's College, Cambridge,
and Honorary Canon of Rochester Cathedral, IV. 3–13.
*HORT, REV. F. J. A. , D.D. , Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, III. 1 ,
2 ; VI. 4, 14 ; VIII . 2 , 3 , 4, 5.
JACKSON, HENRY, ESQ. , M.A. , Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, VIII . 1 †.
* LIGHTFOOT, REV. PROF. J. B. , D.D. , Canon of St. Paul's, III. 11, 12 , 13 , 14 ,
15, 18 ; VII . 6 , 8† , 9 , 13 , 14, 16 , 17 ; VIII. 16.
MAYOR, REV. PROF. , M.A. , Senior Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge.
Accentuated and corrected the Greek text, and corrected the transla
tions of many of the inscriptions.
MUNRO, REV. H. A. J. , M.A. , Senior Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge,
III. 3 , 4, 5 ; VI. 2, 13 ; VII . 20 ; VIII . 7 , 18. i
NETTLESHIP, H. , Esq. , M A. , Fellow and Tutor of Ch. Ch . College, Oxford ,
VII . 18†.
NIXON, J. E. , Esq. , M.A. , Dean and Classical Lecturer of King's College,
!
Cambridge, VI. 3, 15 ; VII . It ; VIII. 6, 9t, 10t, 11 , 14 , 17t .
* PALEY, PROF. F. A. , M.A. , Classical Examiner to the London University,
Editor of Aeschylus, Euripides, &c. &c. , III . 7 ; V. 1-6 † ; VI . 1 † , 17,
18, 19 , 20, 22 ; VII . 1 †, 7 , 15, † 19 † ; VIII. 1 † , 9† , 10† , 12 , 15 , 19 .
PROVOST OF ETON ( Rev. C. O. Goodford, D.D. ) , VII . 5 † ; VIII . 1 †.
PROVOST OF KING's ( Rev. Richard OKES, D.D. ) , VIII. 1 † .
ROBERTS, E. S. , M.A. , Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, VI . 3 † ; VII. 15 † ;
VIII . 17†.
SANDYS, J. E., M.A. , Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College, Cambridge,
Classical Lecturer at Jesus College, and Public Orator of the University
¦ of Cambridge, VII . 8t , 15t , 18 † , 19 † .
SWETE, REV. H. B. , B.D. , Fellow of Caius College, Cambridge, II. 1–26.
* These scholars have revised the majority of the inscriptions as thoroughly as the few
hours left available by the exigencies of printing would allow.
The inscriptions against which a dagger is placed have been edited by more than one
person.
For the inscriptions not included in this table I am myself responsible. I am also
responsible for the text in uncial characters of all the inscriptions, the whole of which were
t copied from the stones for the various contributors.
:
Errata et Corrigenda.
For Sundries from Ephesus, ' p. 22, read Inscriptions from the Peribolus Wall, ' &c.
Nos. 2 and 3.
"
Page 24, for when I commenced work,' read where, ' &c.
"
Page 30, for Falkner, ' read ' Falkener.'
For " Iris, ' p. 31 , read ' Isis.' '
For Sundries from Ephesus,' pp . 39, 41 , &c. , read · Inscriptions from the City and
Suburbs. '
Page 47, for 'Sundries, ' &c. read " Inscriptions from the Odeum, No. 6. '
"
Page 52, for 6 ten feet deep, ' read ten feet wide. '
Page 154, foot-note 1 , for ' No. 1 ,' read ' No. 3.'
Page 154, foot-note 1, for 6 No. 4,' read · No. 2.'
Page 188, for ' female struggling with Hercules,' read ' Herakles struggling with an
Amazon.'
The plate opposite page 224 should have been lettered, Sculptured Drum No. 4, and the
plate opposite page 238 should have been lettered, Sculptured Drum No. 5.
Page 234, for ' to a line at a given distance of the pavement, ' read ' from the pavement.'
Page 239, foot-note, ' see Plate. ' No illustration of these fragments was ultimately pre
pared, but they were similar in character to the subject of the plan facing page 214.
Page 243, for ' Palmak, ' read ' Parmak.'
Page 264, for ' 418 feet, 1 inch, ' read ' 418 feet , 1 inch .'
"
Page 268, for all the ordinary columns of the Peristyle, ' read all the ordinary outer
columns, ' &c.
1
T
1
EA
Muz
PLAN
OF THE
RUINS OF EPHESUS ,
WITH THE SITE OF THE
Ma
TEMPLE OF DIANA.
HOOD 800 500 1000 348 2000 1800 seis feet

BRIDGE
SCALE or FEET.
GREEK MONUMENT
Cultivated Land PNYX
Culturated Land e
Doubl
h
Churc
CREAT FORL
IUM
GYMNAS
PORT
CITY
NAL
Cultivated Land
CATE
FRUCTURES
STR
AmE
MOUNT PI
A
FORT
Cultivated
Land
CT
RA
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IL
CASTLE AQU
WA
HILL
Y
20
Solmissus
SM
YR
MOSQUE
NA
CENCHRIUS GEMesque
RIVER
A
SMYRN AYASALOUK
TO
AI
D
DI
ROA
ROAD
TURKISH
N
CEMETERY
PLE MOSQUE
TEM
ANCIENT
CANAD
AN
s SACRED PRECINCT
AD ple TEMPLEri OF DIANA
RO Tem
L.
boles Wall
RI
SAN ROAD
CTU EPHE
VE
ARY TO SUS
R
PASS
SELINUS
RIVER SELINUS
CORESSIAN
MO Gultirated Land
DIU RI
STA VE
R M
TOS OF
ANDROCLUS A RN
AS
RO
AD MA
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ES
TO IA
MOUNT CORESSUS
TAN EM CREAT
THEATR
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ACO ET MAGNESIAN CATE
STRE
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WOOLFACTORS
MARKET Tom
NESIA
RION H
I
1
PART I.
B
CHAPTER I.
City of Ephesus -Temple of Artemis - City Port - Port Panormus -City

Wall-Rock-cut Steps -Ancient Houses -Views from Mount Prion
Quicksilver-The Goddess Artemis -The Arts of Greece-Alexander
Antigonus -Lysimachus - Antiochus and the Seleucida-The Eumenidæ
Embankment of River - Botago - Roman Conquest of Ephesus
Antony and Cleopatra —Augustus- Ephesus under the Romans- Anto
ninus Pius-Christian Churches -The Goths -Rock-cut Church- Decline
of Ephesus-The Turks build Ayasalouk-Knights of St. John—Tamer
lane - Desertion of Ephesus and Ayasalouk - Present Occupation—
Tobacco- Beauty of Ephesus.
THE ancient city of Ephesus was situated on the river City of

Ephesus.
Cayster, which falls into the Bay of Scala Nova, on the
western coast of Asia Minor.
Of the origin and foundation of Ephesus we have no

historical record. Stories were told which ascribed the
settlement of the place to Androklos, the son of the

Athenian king, Codrus, while other legends spoke of
the Egyptian Sesostris as having carried his conquests

into the Ephesian territory.
With other Ionian cities of Asia Minor, Ephesus fell
into the hands of Croesus, the last of the kings of Lydia,
and, on the overthrow of Croesus by Cyrus, it passed

under the heavier yoke of the Persian despot. Although
B2
DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS.
from that time, during a period of at least five centuries ,

to the conquest by the Romans, the city underwent great
changes of fortune, it never lost its grandeur and im
portance .
Temple of The Temple of Artemis ( Diana), whose splendour

Artemis.
has almost become proverbial, tended chiefly to make
Ephesus the most attractive and notable of all the cities
of Asia Minor.
Its magnificent harbour was filled with Greek and
Phenician merchantmen, and multitudes flocked from
all parts to profit by its commerce, and to worship at the

shrine of its tutelary goddess .
City Port. The City Port was fully four miles from the sea ,
which has not, as has been supposed , receded far, if at
all , from the ancient sea-bord . This fact is proved by
the extensive remains of the massive stone embankment
on the north bank of the river Caÿster, which I suc

ceeded in tracing, without difficulty, to a distance within
.
400 yards of the present sea-bord .
At the point where the river, changing its eastward

course, turns abruptly to the north, a canal was cut, lead
ing direct to the City Port, which was snugly ensconced

behind the rocky hill near the western extremity of
Mount Prion. The form of the Port is clearly defined by
the tall bullrushes which now cover nearly the whole area,
leaving only a small patch of water on the south side,
near the centre, which is always clear and fresh, being

probably supplied by one of the numerous springs which
abound at Ephesus. The bullrushes grow to the height
of fifteen feet, and a beautiful yellow iris marks the
S
141
EPHESU
AYA M S
.FROSAL OUK
GRE
MOS
SIT QUE
ANDEAT
OF
TEM
IN
FOR EGROUND
.THE PLE
MANH
LITH ANHART
1
1
II
I
VIEW
EPHESUS
OF
AND
AYASALOUK
.
HM
N
&
.LIATNHHAR
T
THE CITY WALLS. 5
сл
boundary of the port during a certain season of the year.

Wild fowl have here a safe refuge from the sportsman .
At the distance of little more than a mile from the
sea, there was, I believe, another port, which, like the

City Port, was an oblong with the corners cut off. If there Port
Panormus.
ever was a Port Panormus at Ephesus, it must have been
this haven, through which the river now runs obliquely
from one end to the other, and which is remarkably well
sheltered. But the Port Panormus mentioned by Strabo,
and mistaken by some for a port at Ephesus, was, I be
lieve, situated between Neapolis and Pygela, and was ,
therefore, a few miles south of Ephesus.
The city of Ephesus was built chiefly upon the slopes
of two mountains, Prion and Coressus. The City Wall, City Wall.
which is said to have been built by Lysimachus, can even
now be traced for nearly its whole length, as in its tor

tuous windings it follows the lofty and irregular ridge of
Mount Prion , which bounds the city on the south side ,
and thence runs down westward to within a few yards of
the mountain stream which falls into the Cayster near
the canal. Then crossing the extremity of Mount Prion ,

and, returning eastward, it encloses the ancient fort, com
monly, but erroneously, called St. Paul's Prison. From :
this point, dipping down the precipitous side of the rocky

steep on which the fort stands , it runs to the edge of the
canal near the City Port, and here was the gate through
which the city was entered from the sea.

The wall is again to be seen on the north side of the
port, at the eastern extremity, being continued northward
for a considerable distance ; then again turning east
}
6 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS.
ward towards the Coressian gate, and skirting the moun

tain called Coressus, at some distance up the side, till it
reaches the Magnesian gates, from which it makes a cir
cuit enclosing the large mound between these gates and
Mount Prion. The remains of three other city gates,
making in all six in number, may be seen distinctly in the
WARNIN
Tower and Sally-Port
mounds which mark their sites. One of them is near the
western extremity of Mount Prion , and nearly opposite

the fort called St. Paul's Prison ; a second is in the plain
on the north side of the city, and is not far from the
Serapion, and a third is on Mount Coressus, where a path
crosses it from east to west. No ruins of buildings remain
CIRCUIT OF THE WALLS. 7
I on the eastern slope of Mount Coressus ; but there

I
appears to have been a large cemetery here, consisting
chiefly of rock-cut tombs, some bearing short inscriptions,
which are now much weather-worn and almost illegible.
At the highest point of Mount Prion , 1,300 feet above
the sea, a large area has been cleared and levelled. Here,
I suppose, were the quarters for the garrison needed for

the defence of the wall on this side of the city. I here
found several large cisterns sunk in the rock, while at the
eastern extremity of the mountain I came across the
Plan of Wall, with Tower, Steps , and Sally Port
remains of a large earthenware water-pipe at a high

level.
The City Wall, 10 feet 6 inches in thickness, and mea

suring 36,000 feet in length, encloses an area equal to
about 1,027 acres. It is fortified by massive loop-holed
towers from 35 to 40 feet square, averaging about 100 feet

apart, near to many of which are the remains of the stone.
steps which led up to the top of the walls and towers.

These steps are 6 feet wide, and are slightly raised at
the outer end, to serve the purpose of a balustrade . In
suitable places, where the ground was favourable, were

small sally-ports about 4 feet wide.
Rock-cut
Near the eastern extremity of Mount Prion, where
steps.
the wall is abruptly terminated by a precipice, may be
seen some rock- cut steps, leading up to the walls, which
must have been used by the soldiery more than 2,000
years ago.
Ancient Not a few substructures of the houses of ancient
houses.
Ephesus still remain in terrace above terrace upon the
northern slope of Mount Prion. These were doubtless
delightfully cool during the summer, but cold in winter.
View from The summit of Mount Prion commands a very beau
Mount
Prion. tiful and extensive view. The river Cayster, winding
like a white ribbon through the plain, forms in its

course numerous small peninsulæ. The Selenusian lakes ;
the village and castle on the hill at Ayasalouk ; the

bay of Scala Nova (the ancient Neapolis) ; the moun
tainous island of Samos, and the still more mountainous
coast beyond ; the snow- capped Tmolus to the north , and
the ruined city, mapped out at the feet of the spectator ;

these, with countless other objects of interest, seen through
the lustrous atmosphere of Asia Minor, make up a
panorama of exquisite beauty. Ancient Ephesus is now
completely deserted ; but enough remains of the public

buildings to convey to the visitor some idea of the former
splendour and magnificence of the city. Vitruvius de
scribes the Cilbian fields of Ephesus as yielding vermilion

Quick and quicksilver, but the situation of these mines is not
silver.
known in the present day.
The traditional birthplace of the goddess Artemis

ERA OF PROSPERITY. 9
was in the Ephesian territory, and is described by Strabo The

Goddess
as a thick wood, through which ran the river Cenchrius, Artemis.
at the base of the Solmissian hill. The wood, the river,
and the mountain were most probably near the site after
wards selected for the great Temple . This site is now
proved to have been to the north-east of the city, and
almost a mile from its nearest gate.
During the generations which immediately followed The arts of

¹ Greece.
the conquest of Lydia and the rest of Asia Minor by the
Persian kings, the arts of Greece attained their highest

perfection, and it was within this short period of little more
than two centuries that the great Temple of Artemis was
three times built upon the same site , and , as recent re
searches have found, each time on the same grand scale.
It is said that when Alexander the Great first visited Alexander
the Great.
Ephesus, he offered to complete at his own cost the
Temple then building, if the Ephesians would allow him
to dedicate it in his own name to Artemis. His request,
it is said, was refused in an answer which, though it may
have betrayed the fear of offending the conqueror, showed
•
great tact, It is not fitting that one god should build a
temple to another god. '
That Alexander succeeded better with the people of
Priênê, is proved by the dedicatory inscription of the
Temple of that city, found by Mr. R. Popplewell Pullan ,
and now placed with other remains of that Temple in the
British Museum .
After the death of Alexander, B.C. 323 , Ephesus was Anti
gonus.
taken by Antigonus, who put a garrison here as in other
cities of Asia Minor. Antigonus appears to have been
far too much engaged in making conquests in Syria and

Egypt, where his victories followed each other in rapid
succession, to retain possession of the Ephesian territory.
He neglected therefore the necessary precautions which
he should have taken against the stratagems of equally
ambitious generals, and the oligarchy, which had been
appointed to govern Ephesus, treacherously opened the
Lysi gates to Lysimachus.
machus.
During the century between the years 323 and 223
B.C. , Ephesus was subject to Antigonus, Lysimachus,
Antiochus Antiochus Soter, Antiochus Theos, and the Seleucidæ.
and the
Seleucidae. In the year 223 B.C. Antiochus the Great became King
of Syria and Asia, and Ephesus paid tribute to him till his
death, B.C. 187. Ephesus then fell successively into the
The Eu hands of the Kings of Pergamus, Eumenes, Attalus II .,

menida. and Attalus III .
Embank It was during the reign of Attalus II . that an engineer

ent of
river. made the grievous mistake of narrowing the wide mouth
of the River Caÿster, by embanking it on the north
side, and by building a mole on that side along the sea
shore. These constructions, it was thought, would increase
the scour of the river near its mouth, but they had a
contrary effect. In course of time the port was silted up,
and to this circumstance the decline of Ephesus may in
great part be traced .
Botago. At the present day a few small huts near the mouth
.
Į of the river shelter the fishermen and their families who
are engaged in the preparation of Botago, a delicacy

made from the roe of the gray mullet, a fish that abounds
in the Cayster, and there attains an enormous size.
EPHESUS UNDER THE EMPIRE. II
The Romans were determined to possess themselves Roman

conquest
of Ephesus, but the Ephesians struggled obstinately for of Ephe
sus.
their independence, and revolted in favour of Mithridates .
They were, however, ultimately subdued by the Romans
under Antony, B.C. 41 .
The luxurious life led by Antony Ephesus,

Antony
at
and
where he was joined by Cleopatra, may have affected Cleopatra.
! injuriously the prosperity of the city ; but with the
peace which it enjoyed in common with other cities
of Asia Minor under the Roman Empire, her commerce
and riches must have rapidly increased, in spite of

the heavy tribute which she had to pay to her new
masters.
It can scarcely be doubted that Augustus, who con- Augustus.

fined the bounds of the Temple precinct, or Temenos,
¦
within narrower limits, began the erection of large public
buildings, many of which were probably completed by
C
Tiberius after the severe earthquakes which destroyed
so many cities in his time.
Indeed, under the Roman dominion all the public Ephesus

under the
buildings, including the theatres and Gymnasia, must have Romans.
been erected ; the foundations of ancient Greek structures
being probably allowed to remain wherever they could be

utilised . But the small amount of Greek masonry which
has been found in excavations in the city, proves how
recklessly the Romans destroyed the works of other hands
than their own.
Under Antoninus Pius a great portion of the city near Antoninus

Pius.
the Odeum was rebuilt.
It is not unlikely that some Christian churches were

Christian built within the city before the Temple was finally
churches.
destroyed .
The The Goths under several leaders sacked the city a.D.
Goths.
262 , and set fire to the Temple, which could not have
existed many years after that date. Towards the latter
end of the third century, the Christians, actuated by

the religious zeal which in later days was to rouse the
Turks to their career of conquest, exerted themselves
to extirpate the worship of the heathen goddess by the
utter destruction of the Temple, and probably also by
the persecution of her worshippers.
Churches were dedicated at Ephesus to St. John, St.
Rock-cut Mark, and St. Luke. There is also on the east side of
church.
Mount Coressus, a church near the cleft in the rock
called the Cave of the Seven Sleepers, which is said to

have been dedicated to them. The walls are cut out of
the solid rock, and the groined roof is of stone and

plastered .
Decline of With the decline of its commerce, and the destruction
Ephesus.
of the Temple, the importance of Ephesus was gradually
lessened, and for many centuries we know little of its
history. The city probably fell not unfrequently into the
hands of adventurers. Among these we hear of a Greek
The Turks pirate in the eleventh century. Two centuries later the
salouk.Aya Turks had possession of the city, and built a considerable
build
town at Ayasalouk , where the great Mosque still stands
with many small mosques, baths, and tombs . This town ,
Knights of with Ephesus itself, fell into the hands of the Knights of St.
I St. John.
John of Jerusalem, who struck some coins at Ayasalouk
I
A.D. 1365.
TURKISH AND TARTAR INROADS. 13
Timour the Tartar, commonly called Tamerlane, Tamer

lane.
obtained possession of Ayasalouk A.D. 1402. Ephesus
was then only a suburb, but he was too great a conqueror
to hold for any long time a place which had become so
1
ALTAR.
N?
.
24ft.in
bes
Rock-cut Church, near the Cave of the Seven Sleepers.
insignificant, and the Turks regaining possession, thence

forth retained it.
The ancient city of Ephesus was by degrees deserted ,

and the Turkish town at Ayasalouk seems also to have
Desertion fallen gradually into decay. The great Mosque itself is

ofEphesus
and Aya now roofless, and some of the small mosques are used as
salouk.
granaries by the villagers and cultivators of the neighbour
ing fields. The cause of the decay is to be found in the
malaria from the marshes near the River Cayster. As
this malaria increased from year to year, the inhabitants

deserted not only Ephesus, but Ayasalouk, and about two
centuries ago took up their abode in the modern village
of Kirkenjee, on the mountain range bounding the east
side of the plain .
Present At the present time there are at Ayasalouk a few
оссира
tion. caffigees and bakals (coffee -house keepers and provision
dealers), whose numbers were largely multiplied while
the excavations were in progress . But although there
are many small houses and huts at Ayasalouk, there are

not more than twenty regular inhabitants, the houses
being occupied only during the sowing and harvest time
by the people from Kirkenjee, who cultivate the land in
Tobacco. the plain of Ephesus and now grow tobacco amongst the
ruins of the ancient city. This tobacco has acquired a
great reputation for its fine quality, and for several years
it obtained a high price in Smyrna . I have lately been
told that the quality was deteriorated .
Beauty of The great beauty of Ephesus can scarcely be exagger
Ephesus .
ated, surrounded as it is with mountains which, with their
broken forms, exhibit in every direction a varied and

picturesque sky-line. The numerous quarries, with their
upright sides and jagged edges, and the wild, varying

coloured vegetation changing with the seasons, add much
to the effect of the scene. In the spring of the year the
BEAUTY OF THE EPHESIAN LANDSCAPE. 15
angelica, with its bright yellow blossom, covers Mount

Coressus, making it most prominent in the landscape from
every point of view.
Although my sojourn there was extended over the

greater part of eleven years , I never became weary of the
scenery by which I was surrounded , for the mountains on
which my eyes daily rested changed from hour to hour,

as the sun travelled on in its course, and the desolation of
the place was fully compensated by its constant and

never-ceasing loveliness .
τό DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS.
CHAPTER II.
Excavations at Ephesus Commenced --Terms of Firman-Ancient Writers

-Portico of Damianus- Modern Porticoes - Excavations west of the
City-Difficulties-Accident- Great Gymnasium- St. Sophia- Conjec
tures of Travellers- Fish Market- Oyster Shells -Baptismal Font- A
Dreamer-A Marble Hall- Narrow Escape-Silting up- Trial Holes
and Trenches - Christian Tombs -Suspension of Excavations by the
Turks- The Consul's Joke-Gold in Statues- Discoveries -Discourage
ment-Bas-reliefs at Venice -Application for Grant-Death of Mr. Blunt
-Miscellaneous Antiquities- Interesting Inscription.
Excava In the month of May 1863 , having obtained a firman

tions at
Ephesus from the Turkish Government, through the influence of
com
menced. the trustees of the British Museum, I commenced my
excavations at Ephesus in search of the long-lost Temple

of Artemis .
Terms of I was authorised by my firman to excavate at Ephe
Firman.
sus and Colophon , in search of antiquities, for twelve
months, and to export whatever antiquities I might find,
leaving all duplicates for the Turkish Government ; but I
was obliged to obtain the consent of the owners or occu

piers of the land in which I desired to excavate, and this
condition alone involved many hindrances to the work of
exploration. My firman had to be renewed from year to
year, if required for more than twelve months ; and the
ACCOUNTS OF ANCIENT WRITERS. 17
difficulties which I afterwards experienced in obtaining its

renewal in due time, caused, not unfrequently, great delay
and inconvenience.
As I had, in my agreement with the trustees, under

taken to begin the work at my own expense, I was natu
rally anxious to spend as small a sum as possible in what
might truly be called tentative excavations . I therefore
engaged in the first instance only a small gang of work
men.
I had read all that is extant by ancient writers about Ancient

writers.
Ephesus and its famous Temple, which was accounted one
of the seven wonders of the ancient world ; but their
vague and apparently conflicting statements gave me

very little, if any, information on which I could depend.
It was evident that nothing short of a most laborious and
persevering course of tentative excavations would be
likely to bring to light the remains of a building of which
no sign remained above the present surface of the
ground, and which had been hidden for so many
centuries.
The vague notices of the Temple and its site by

ancient writers , will show how slight a clue they afforded
me to its actual position, and how extremely scanty
was the information which I derived, even by the most
careful deductions and inferences, from their statements,
to guide me in commencing my excavations in search of

its remains . Strabo¹ says that the last Temple was Strabo.
built on the foundations of the old one burnt by Hero
1 Ch . xiv. 640.
с
stratus. Indeed, the interior and the roof alone seem
to have been burnt, the columns, or a great portion of

them , having been preserved. Hence there are not two
sites, but one, and the testimony of more modern authors
applies simply to the site spoken of by writers who lived
before Herostratus .
Xenophon. Xenophon says '—'At Ephesus, the river Selinus
runs past the Temple of Artemis , and there are fish and
shells in it.' This testimony is confirmed by Strabo
in almost the same words (viii. p. 387) . Xenophon

speaks of the old Temple, Strabo of the new, and
6
Pliny. both were eye -witnesses. Pliny 2 tells us There is
in the city a fountain called Callippia, and there are

two rivers called Selinus, surrounding the Temple from
different quarters .' Whether Pliny ever visited Ephesus,
we can scarcely say ; nor can much stress be laid on
his statements about the two rivers Selinus ; but, as he
wrote in the reign of Titus, he must have referred to
the Temple which replaced the one burnt by Herostratus.

Reference to the General Plan will show the position I
have given to the rivers Selinus and Cenchrius coming
from different parts, and, in a manner, surrounding the
Temple.
3
Pliny again says- They built the Temple in a
marshy soil, in order that it should not suffer from the
earthquakes, nor be exposed to cracks.' The site of the
Temple must therefore be sought for in the low ground.

Diogenes
Laertius. Diogenes Laertius ' also says - The spot on which the
1 Anab. v. 3 , 8. 2 Hist. Nat. v. 31.

3 Hist. Nat. xxxvi. 21. 4 I. viii. 19.
STATEMENTS OF VITRUVIUS AND STRABO. 19
Temple was built was very moist ; ' and he thus confirms.
the statement of Pliny.
1 "
From Vitruvius we learn that when Chersiphron , Vitruvius.
the architect, was about to convey to the Temple of Diana
the shafts of the columns, he could not employ waggons
on account of the magnitude of the load, and the soft

ness of the roads, which led over flat fields ; but he con
trived mechanical means for the transport of the columns

and heavy blocks of marble, which might not have an
swered had not the distance been small, for, from the
quarries to the Temple, the distance is not more than
8,000 feet, and there is no hill , but one continual flat.'
This description of Vitruvius merely confirms the
testimony of Strabo and Pliny, that the Temple was built

on low ground ; but the distance which he gives between
the quarries and the Temple site is not to be relied on as
correct ; and, even if it were , where are the quarries ?
Certainly not on Mount Coressus, as has been supposed ,
for there is no white marble quarry there.
2 (
Strabo asserts that the Ephesians dwelt around the Strabo.
present Temple till the time of Alexander, but when
D
Lysimachus surrounded with walls the site of the present
town, the inhabitants were unwilling to change their
abode. So he waited for a day of very heavy rain, and
then by stopping up the sewers, flooded the town. The
inhabitants were now glad to remove from the vicinity of

the Temple.' In another paragraph Strabo tells us, ‘ The
Temple has the right of sanctuary to the present day, but
the boundaries of the sanctuary have varied at different
1 X. 2- II. 2 xiv . 640.
C2
times. Alexander extended them to a stadium (600 feet) ,

Mithridates shot an arrow from the corner of the roof,
and is said to have shot it a little beyond a stadium .

Antony doubled the distance, and thus included within
the right of sanctuary a certain portion of the city ; but

this ordinance put the city at the mercy of the malefactors,
so that Cæsar Augustus cancelled it. '
From this it appeared that the Temple could not be
much more than a stadium from the city ; and this passage mp
misled me, and prevented my entertaining the idea of

searching for the Temple at a much greater distance ஈண்ட
when I first commenced the excavations. But even
now that the site of the Temple is discovered, it is

difficult, if not impossible, to reconcile this statement
of Strabo with ascertained facts. Part of the peribolus F
wall, which has been discovered, might have been the
wall built by Antony, as that portion of it which intervenes
between the Temple and the walls of the city, at the near
est point, would be something more than two stadia from
the south- west angle of the Temple.
"
Pausanias. Pausanias¹ informs us that the Ephesians buried
Androklos in their territory, where the tomb is shown "
16
down to my time. It lies on the road which leads from
the Temple past the Olympium, and to the Magnesian

gate.' Pausanias, thus writing about the middle of the
second century after Christ, and having been an eye

witness, here gives us some valuable information, the
truth of which was confirmed by the discovery of the
tomb itself, in the position described by him.
1 vii. 2-6.
STOA OF DAMIANUS. 21
1
C Damianus , a rich Roman , Philo
Philostratus¹ writes that
stratus.
joined the Temple to the city, having stretched out, or
extended, towards it the road which descends through the
Magnesian gates ; and this road is a stoa (covered way, )
extending to the length of a stadium ( 600 feet) , and
built entirely of stone. The object of the building was
that the priests should not be kept away from the Temple
whenever it rained. This road Damianus inscribed with
the name of his wife.'
This description of the Stoa of Damianus, who lived

in the time of Marcus Aurelius, appeared to be the best
guide for finding the Temple. All that seemed to be
necessary was to find the Magnesian gate, and to follow
the road from it to the Temple ; but in studying the
ground where the Magnesian gate was likely to be, and
looking thence outside the city, I could see no probable
site for the Temple within even a few stadia of the gate,
much less at the distance of one stadium only, which ap
peared to be the length of the Stoa.

The Xenophon who lived about the end of the fourth
century after Christ, and long after the destruction of the
Temple, tells us that from the city to the Temple there

were seven stadia.2 This appears to contradict the testi
mony of the earlier writers ; but the excavations have
proved the truth of his statement.

3
Strabo again says - Then comes the town of Pygela,
then the harbour called Panormus , possessing a temple of
the Ephesian Artemis , and then the city.' This passage
1 Vita Sophist. II. 23. 2 Ephesiaca, I. 194.

I quote chiefly because it has been misunderstood . The
port Panormus here mentioned is between Pygela and

Ephesus, and the temple of Artemis was a small temple
close to that port, and not the great Temple at Ephesus,
Strabo.
which would certainly not have been described by Strabo
as a temple ofthe Ephesian Artemis. No reference to a
port near the temple of Artemis is made by any ancient

writer that I am aware of, but there was probably an
ornamental basin or small port in front of the Temple,
which was approached by means of the canals which are
described in the inscriptions found in the peribolus wall,

and which evidently ran side by side with the roads.
For confirmation of this opinion see Appendix , Sundries
from Ephesus, No. 20.
Now that the Temple is found , we know what to reject
of the testimony here quoted ; but they who take into
consideration the data given, will acknowledge that a
very difficult problem had to be solved , when they reflect
that the funds placed at my disposal for the search did
not enable me to employ an exhaustive system , and that
it was necessary to take the fullest possible advantage of
circumstances as they occurred in the course of the explo
ration.
In my perplexity I chose Strabo, Pausanias, and

Philostratus as my best guides of all ancient writers,
because they had been eye -witnesses of the things they

described. Of these three, Philostratus appeared to give
the most valuable information as to the probable site of
Portico of the Temple, in his description of the stoa, or portico,
Damianus.
built by Damianus .
STONE PORTICOES. 23
It seemed, then, that the Portico of Damianus was
only 600 feet long, and that if I could find it, I had
merely to follow it for that distance from the city,
and I must inevitably find the Temenos of the
Temple.
A portico, similar to this of Damianus at Ephesus Modern
Porticoes.
has been built in modern times at Bologna, by voluntary
contributions, to connect the city with the church of the

Madonna di San Luca, and to protect processions from
sun and rain. The church of Santa Maria del Monte,
surmounting Monte Berico, near Vicenza, is also nearly

connected with the city by a continuous portico, more
than half-a-mile in length.
On arriving at Ephesus, and studying the ground in Excava

tions west
every direction outside the city, I found a long strip of of the city.
land standing several feet above the general level of the
plain between the city and the sea. At the western end
of this strip an open space is reached , which would have

been of all others the best possible site for the Temple.
There it would have been a most conspicuous and beau
tiful object from nearly every house in the city, as well as

from the suburbs, and from the sea. Reference to the
general plan will at once show the numerous advantages of

this site. So great, indeed, are they, that I lingered about
this spot, and looked about me, though in vain, for a pro
mising mound. Seeing none, I sank some trial holes in
the highest land I could find . At the same time I tried
some cross trenches in the strip of land in search of the
Portico of Damianus ; but in none of them did I find
anything except the substructures of some monuments

and tombs, and the thin brick walling of Roman and

Byzantine buildings.
Diffi The excavations were undertaken under many disad
culties.
vantages. They were begun in May, when the hot sea
son sets in, and when , as I afterwards learnt, they must
be suspended. The spot where I began operations was
more than three miles from the village of Ayasalouk ;
and my workmen had to walk this distance for their daily
supply of food . They lived at that time in a tent, which
was kindly supplied by the Turkish military authorities
at Smyrna.
When the excavations were first begun I had only
five Turkish workmen, whom I found unemployed at the

station at Ayasalouk on the first day of my arrival.
These men, who had just been discharged by the railway

officials , I at once engaged. Shouldering their picks and
shovels, with their bread and water for the day, they fol
lowed me down to the open plain beyond the ruins ofthe
city. Turks have the reputation of being very grave
and sedate, and so they are generally ; but of these five
men, one was a jester, and he kept the others in roars of
laughter, till our arrival at the place, when I commenced

work.
I had at that time no house at Ephesus, but lived

alone at the hotel at Boudjah, a village a few miles from
Smyrna. I had to walk a mile and a half to meet the
train, which started from Smyrna at six o'clock in the
morning, and took me up at Paradise station. The fifty
miles between Smyrna and Ayasalouk occupied nearly
three hours and a half, There were no first-class carriages

225
EXCAVATIONS COMMENCED.
at that time on the Smyrna and Aidin railway, and the

second- class carriages had no sun -blinds. The six hours
and a half which elapsed between the arrival of the train
at Ayasalouk and its return in the afternoon , I spent in
walking to and from the place where my men at that
time were working, in searching about the plain and
studying the ground, and superintending the workmen.
Often I took to digging, myself, during the men's dinner A day's
work.
hour, as well as at other times, when I was impatient at
the slow movements of the men , or their unskilful mode of

going to work. I had further to take notes and measure
ments, and make drawings of everything that was found.
Then there was the return journey by railway, and the
walk home. I was sometimes so over-excited by the
hard day's work, that I ran most of the distance between

the station and the village. The whole day's work occu
pied between fourteen and fifteen hours.
A few months after I had begun the excavations , the
use of a room at Ayasalouk was offered to me by Mr.

Frederick Whittall, the goods manager of the Smyrna
and Aidin railway, who was about to occupy better quar
ters at Aidin. The room was approached by a rickety
external staircase, and the entrance door opened from the

terrace roof of a stable. The whole tenement was
so dilapidated that it threatened to tumble down when

ever I walked across the room . It did fall down soon
after I had left it for the châlet which I afterwards occu
pied in the Ephesus pass. The landlord of my room at

Ayasalouk, an Armenian who lived at Scala Nova, did
not trouble himself to come or send for the rent, which
must have become due after the expiration of Mr. Whit

tall's term . I therefore never saw him, but I was after
wards told that he had complained of my having taken

possession without his sanction .
As I could not afford to increase the number of my
workmen beyond eighteen or twenty, the work of explo

ration proceeded very slowly, and more than five months
passed before I felt quite satisfied that the site of the

Temple was not to be found between the city and the sea.
I had approached nearer to the city, and had even tried
a large mound on the north side of the City Port, as
well as a considerable tract of land to the north of the
city.
Accident. The excavations had been very much impeded by an
accident, which prevented my visiting Ephesus during

the month of September. This accident befell me in
the cause of science. I had promised Dr. Birch, of the
British Museum , before I left England, that I would try
to obtain a cast, or a copy of some kind, of the bas

relief of Sesostris , which is carved on the perpendicular
face of a white marble rock at Ninfi . I found that the
cast was impracticable, but I made a careful drawing

from measurements of every part, and returning home
alone at night, I missed my road. My horse fell with
me into a dry ditch ; my collar bone was broken by the
fall , and I was otherwise injured . During the month

of September I was confined to the house by this
accident, and that month proved the hottest of the
whole year. I was obliged, during my absence from
the works at Ephesus, to depute others to look after
HINDRANCES TO WORK. 27
my workmen there. Little was done ; but for this the

unusual heat of that month may in part account. On
resuming my visits to Ephesus, I sank a number of trial
holes to the north of the city, in every place where I

thought the Temple might have stood, and further explored
Great
Gymna
the foundations of the Great Gymnasium at the head of sium.
1 'The Great Gymnasium.
the City Port. I found that the Romans had there made
use of the foundations, and part of the superstructure of
a large Greek building , which was probably of a similar
character. Our woodcut represents a small portion of
the building, where the Roman masonry is most con
spicuous. Here, prostrate on the ground , are some shafts

of columns of Egyptian syenite . Some of these shafts
were used by the Turks in building their large mosque at
Ayasalouk ; others appear to have been conveyed to

Constantinople, and raised up in the mosque of St.
Sophia, where they are now pointed out to visitors as
columns from the temple of Diana, which, at the time
they were taken from Ephesus, they were no doubt be
St. Sophia. lieved to be. Whether these columns were taken to
Constantinople as early as the sixth century, when St.

Sophia was built, or at a later period, must remain a
matter of doubt. In the latter case they might have been
substituted for the original columns of the building.
Under any circumstances they should never have been
mistaken for columns from the Temple ; these, according
to distinct statements of ancient writers , being of white

marble from the neighbouring quarries.
Conjec. Dr. Chandler and other travellers have thought that

tures of
travellers. the Great Gymnasium was either the Temple itself, or that
it had been raised upon the foundations of the Temple.
Independent of the facts now brought to light by the ex
cavations , the Great Gymnasium must have existed con
temporaneously with the last Temple for nearly three
centuries. The underground passages of the Great Gym
nasium are sometimes explored by visitors and others to
a certain extent. They are chiefly choked up with the
débris of the building, and with sand which has been
washed in by the floods during many centuries. The
natives tell strange stories about the extent of these pas
sages, affirming that they have followed them for miles ;
THE GREAT GYMNASIUM. 29
and they believe that one is continued all the way to

Smyrna ! I explored these passages myself in every
direction, as far as it was possible to wriggle through
them, and I found that none of them extended be
yond the building itself. The stories of the natives may
Wing of Great Gymnasium
be partly accounted for by the fact, that all subterraneous

or dark passages, like those of the Great Gymnasium,
always appear to be much longer than they really are.
Mr. Edward Falkner, in his book on Ephesus and
the Temple of Diana, has published plans of the Great
Gymnasium and other buildings in the city. My own
DISCOVERIES
EPHESUS
AT
330
.
plans of these buildings differ so slightly in one or two
particulars from those of Mr. Falkner, that I have not
thought it necessary to repeat their publication here.
Mr. Falkner has also, in his general plan of the city,
shown what he conceived might have been the disposition
.
of the numerous porticoes around the Forum, and con

necting the various buildings of the city. I have merely
indicated the positions of the buildings themselves, and
have shown, as nearly as I can by means of a plan , the
present state of the ruins of the city.
The building which I have ventured to designate the
Prytaneum, is situated where such a building might have
been placed, viz . , on the south side of the Forum , which
was bounded on all sides by important public buildings .
There are many remains of Byzantine buildings which are
in a much more ruinous state than the more ancient
Roman buildings at Ephesus. As they were built of

brick and small stones, the walling has crumbled away,
and the débris served in a great measure to raise the
surface of the ground, and to make the stony ground
which is peculiar to the ruined cities of Asia Minor.
At the same time that I explored the Great Gymna
sium, I had men at work on all sides of the City Port.

On the north side the ground stands at a considerable
height above the plain, and appeared to cover some im
portant buildings. I opened therefore in this place many
wide and deep trenches, but I found nothing but Byzan
tine walls. On this high ground my workmen pitched
their tents, and they were now much better situated than
DISCOVERIES.
134
before, as they were in the immediate vicinity of an ex

cellent spring of water, and were quite a mile nearer the
village of Ayasalouk.
On exploring the low ground on the south side of
the City Port, I found the shaft of a small marble column,
inscribed with a dedication by a woman named Cominia
Junia to Iris , the Emperor Antoninus Pius, the city of
Ephesus, and the directors of the Custom House. Near Fish
market.
this spot, probably, was situated the fish-market of the
ancient Ephesians .
The city of Ephesus is styled in this inscription , the

great metropolis of Asia, and Neokoros, the title given to
cities where a temple has been built, and dedicated to the
patron god or goddess. The word means, literally, tem
ple sweeper or temple-keeper.¹
On the north side of the City Port, and at its extreme Oyster
shells.
end, I found upon a thin white marble pavement, 12 feet
•
below the surface, immense quantities of oyster shells ,
upon which the ancient Ephesians had evidently
feasted.
Digging in the Forum , I found , on the east side, what Baptismal

font.
I believe to have been a baptismal font, a large basin,
15 feet in diameter, raised upon a pedestal ; the basin

consisting of one solid mass of breccia. This , I presume,
was used in early Christian times ( beginning probably
with the latter end of the third century) for the public
baptism, in large groups, of converts to Christianity .

It is so formed that a full-grown person might, with
out difficulty, climb over its smooth, rounded edge, and

1 See Prof. Donaldson's Architectura Numismatica.
32 DISCOVERIES AT EPHESUS
stand in water 9 inches deep, while the baptiser could

stand dryshod in the centre, which was apparently raised
for that purpose. A water-pipe and the remains of a
reservoir were found near the font. There is no hole in
the centre of the basin, as there must have been had it
been a fountain. A basin similar to this has been de
scribed as having been formerly in use in or near the

Temple of Artemis, and this may be the one now found
in the Forum.
ft in
15.0
4-43 HARFERR
Baptismal Font in Forum.
If I am correct in my conjecture as to the use of this

basin, not only is no support given to the assertion that
the early Christians always baptized by total immersion ,
but the hypothesis seems to fall to the ground. Probably
the mode of administering this sacrament may have
varied to suit different circumstances.
When I first began my excavations I used to wander

about the plain seeking for mounds or other indication of
BURIED TREASURES. 33
the site of the great Temple. In so doing I encountered

all sorts of people, who were often of an unprepossessing
appearance.
One day a tall , earnest- looking Greek overtook me, and A

dreamer.
eagerly asked me if I would consent to dig, or allow him
to do so under the protection of my firman, in certain
places which he would point out to me. He had dreamt ,
he said, of treasure which lay buried many feet under

ground, and he had distinctly seen in his dreams certain
subterraneous passages, which led to the door of the
chamber containing the treasure. I refused to dig myself
on this man's account ; but as I had some hope of his
striking accidentally upon the wall of some building, or
hitting upon some inscription of interest, I so far humoured
this dreamer of dreams as to promise him the protection
of my firman, in any excavations he might make amongst

the ruins of Ephesus, which should be subject to my
control or approval, though not at my own expense.
With this understanding he set a few men to work, and
sank a number of shallow trial holes about the Serapion
and elsewhere in the city, thus betraying the fact that his
dreams had not clearly defined the situation of the
treasure. The workmen employed by him were paid by
a silly, superstitious Greek merchant of Smyrna, who

probably thought he had a chance of enriching himself
more readily by treasure-trove at Ephesus, than by
plodding on steadily at his business in Smyrna. Nothing,
however, was found to reward the fond expectations of
the dreamer and his merchant friend, nor did I gain myself
any advantage by the holes dug in search of the hidden
D
treasure. When finally the Smyrna merchant became
tired of making such unprofitable advances, he did his best,

at first by persuasion , and afterwards by threats, to make
me pay the whole sum he had disbursed on this fruitless
enterprise. I need scarcely say that he was as unsuccess

ful in this as he had been in his foolish speculation.
There is doubtless all over Asia Minor, a great
quantity of hidden treasure which has been thrown down
wells, or buried hastily by the inhabitants of towns and

villages when attacked by enemies. In peaceful times,
also, treasure was probably often buried for the sake of
safety from thieves ; and from time to time such treasure is

found by accident in gardens and cemeteries.
A marble On exploring the ground in the Forum in front of the
hall.
great Gymnasium, I found a large Hall, the walls of which
were built of brick, and lined with what has recently been
designated as ' marble veneering.' Small columns of
marble, and niches for statues, adorned it on every side.
Amongst the débris were found small marble statuettes

of Aphrodite and Hermes (Venus and Mercury) .
As the exploration was not continued beyond the
limits of this single chamber, it is impossible to say, with
any degree of certainty, to what building it belonged.

It is to be hoped that one day the whole of the Forum
will be explored and its riches brought to light.
Narrow It was while the workmen were employed in clearing
escape.
out this Hall, that I had my first warning to be more
careful than I had hitherto been. I had been in the habit
of going down into all the trial holes without hesitation ,

but one day, on approaching this particular excavation , I
SILTING UP OF THE PLAIN. 35
paused for a moment. As I did so, the whole fell in with

T
a tremendous crash, the débris consisting of large bricks
which had formed part of the vaulting of the chamber.
From that day I became more careful in the method of
sinking trial holes , for my own sake as well as for that of
my workmen.
In the course ofthe explorations which I made outside Silting up.
the city, I found that the whole plain of Ephesus had
220
adm evely pay
Flan of Hall near Gymnasium .
been silted up to the average height of 12 feet within the

last fifteen centuries.
By the close of the year 1863 , I had dug seventy-five

deep holes, which the land-owners or occupiers called upon
me to fill up. I had also dug many other trial holes, and Trial
holes and
many long trenches in mounds, which it was necessary to trenches.
cut through without interruption. Some of these
had been filled up as they were abandoned, but the

majority were at that time left open in case it should be
D 2
IES
CO VER ESU
S
36 DIS AT EPH .
necessary to re-examine or enlarge them. The trial holes

were about 8 feet by 12 feet, and were invariably carried
down with almost perpendicular sides, until we reached

the natural soil, pavement, or the foundations of walling.
The depth of the holes so dug varied from 12 to 25
feet.
I had also sunk a number of trial holes at Ayasalouk
on the hill, as well as on the low ground. On the former

tombs.
+ EKOIMHOHOA BEDAWPOCA OMECTIK, WN
'ЄЯTX ΤΟΥ
.入 НГА
MEIN ΠΗΜΕ
NOY
IEMH
860
TIT
1°+
CE
+
I 4.
Christian Tombstone.
I found some interesting early Christian tombs, one of

which had an inscription . I also found on the east
side of the hill, near the tombs, some rough but highly
glazed mosaic, with some plaster from a wall which

is, probably, of the fifth century. One of the occupiers
of the land on the west side of the hill objected to my
digging a hole in his field, and summoned the Mudir

INTERRUPTION TO WORK. 37
and the elders of the village to examine the terms of my

firman. They therefore assembled in one of the wretched
huts which they called the ' konak ,' and I attended the
conference by invitation. The firman was read aloud
by the clerk of the Custom - House, and it was then

ascertained that I was obliged to obtain the consent of
the owners or occupiers before I could dig in their land.
The man who had objected adhered to his resolution not

to allow me to continue digging in his field, and I was
therefore obliged to fill up the hole I had commenced ,
and dig in the adjoining field , the owner of which was
more obliging.
The next vexatious stoppage of my excavations by Suspen
sion ofex
the Turkish authorities , occurred early in January 1864 . cavations
by the
Réchad Bey, who was then the Turkish Commissioner Turks.
for the Ottoman railway from Smyrna to Aidin , and who
was also appointed to watch my proceedings on behalf of
the Turkish Government, was persuaded by the Greek
who had dreamt of hidden treasure, to forestall me in its
discovery at the great Gymnasium, the foundations of
which building I was then exploring. Réchad Bey was
superstitious enough to listen to the man's story, and

became quite eager to discover the treasure. He exerted
his influence with the Pasha of Smyrna, who, to oblige
him , consented to suspend my excavations till the Bey,

finding nothing whatever, had convinced himself of the
ļ folly of digging for treasure at Ephesus. He did not,
¡ however, draw off his workmen till they had nearly filled
up one of my trenches. I was then allowed to resume
my excavations, and, after a vain endeavour to obtain
S
38 DISCOVERIE AT EPHESUS.
redress for the damage done to my works , I was obliged

to re-open the trench at my own expense.
The Mr. Charles Blunt, who was then British Consul at
Consul's
joke. Smyrna, in writing to inform me that the difficulties re
specting my excavations had been removed, and that
I might resume them whenever I pleased, humorously went

on to say, that the Pasha of Smyrna merely requested
that when I found the Temple of Diana in duplicate
I would, perhaps, be good enough to inform him of it.
Mr. Blunt here referred satirically to the advantageous
terms of my firman , which authorised me to export all
antiquities not found in duplicate.
Gold in There used to be a very prevalent notion amongst the
statues.
Turks in Asia Minor, that there was not only much hid
den treasure below the surface of the earth, in wells and
elsewhere, but that even marble statues might contain
gold. This belief has perhaps caused more destruction
of beautiful sculpture than any other motive, and it is
only within the last few years that the Turks have found
it to be a much better speculation to sell statues than to
break them to pieces in the hope of finding gold . The
religion of the Turk causes him to abhor images, and the
consequent destruction of statues may have given rise to
the common belief that they broke them in search of
gold.
The inclement weather which prevailed during the
months of January and February 1864 was very un
favourable for the energetic continuance of the explora
tions . Very little, therefore, was done at Ephesus during
these months. A few Greek inscriptions were found, the
THE SEARCH FOR A CLUE. 39
text of which is given in the Appendix, ' together with Discove

ries.
the remains of a Roman fountain, composed of three
arched recesses, on the south side of the mound , near the
stadium on which the Serapion was built.
My search for the Portico of Damianus had hitherto Dis
courage
been quite unsuccessful, and it appeared that I had made ment.
little or no progress towards the solution of the difficult
problem, or the completion of my task, unless, indeed, the

system of discovery by exhaustion could be so far taken
into account. I had also spent as much time and money
as my circumstances would permit. It seemed , then, that

I must either obtain a grant of money, or subscriptions ,
to continue the excavations , or I must abandon them for
a time, if not altogether. But on what pretence could I
apply to the trustees of the British Museum, or to the
Treasury, for assistance at that time ?
In my perplexity Bas -reliefs
at Venice.
I remembered that I had, years before, seen at Venice a
church, the front of which was decorated with pilasters
on pedestals, upon which pedestals were carved, if I
remember rightly, the plans of Cyprus, Rhodes, and two

other cities. It then occurred to me that, although I
might not find in any of the ruins of the public buildings

in the city of Ephesus, similar bas- reliefs, there was just
a chance of finding some idle scratching, which might
indicate the direction, if not the exact position, of the
Temple in reference to the city ; or, if not even this , I

might, perhaps find some inscription , giving me a clue
to its site.
This idea, fanciful as it may seem, occurred to me
1 1 Sundries from Ephesus .

repeatedly, until I felt convinced that to explore some of

the public buildings in the city was the next piece of
work to be done . The great Theatre, and the Odeum ,
or Lyric Theatre, seemed the most likely buildings to
commence with, especially as in them would most pro
bably be found sculpture and inscriptions , which would
encourage the trustees of the British Museum to recom
mend the necessary advances for the excavations. I
Applica-
tion for applied, therefore, to the trustees, in the first instance ,
grant. for the small sum of 100/. , to commence the exploration
of the ruins of the great Theatre . The grant was voted ,

not, however, to explore the great Theatre, but the
Odeum . I was greatly disappointed , but as the advance
was made for a specific purpose, I had no alternative but
to bow to the decision of the trustees, and to carry out
the instructions which accompanied the grant.

Death of By the death of Mr. Consul Blunt, which took place
Mr. Blunt.
on March 3 , 1864 , I lost a friend, who, in the cause of
science, fought several battles for me with the Turkish
authorities, and always with success.
Miscella My explorations in the city and the western and
neous an
tiquities. northern suburbs had yielded very few miscellaneous
antiquities. Small objects could at that time be easily
stolen. Amongst those which were handed to me by
the workmen, were a colossal foot, sandalled, in white
marble ; a smaller foot, also in a sandal, of a good period

of art ; two small torsos, one of them of a nude male , the
other of a draped female figure.
Interesting On the Castle Hill at Ayasalouk, close to the ' Gate
inscrip
tion. of Persecution, ' as it is called, I found an interesting
INSCRIPTION. 4I
Greek inscription of an early period, relating to the art

of divination by the flight of birds.¹ This inscription I
secured by sawing it off the large block of marble on

which it was engraved, and sending it, with other anti
quities, to the British Museum.
¹ See Appendix, Sundries from Ephesus.
¡
CHAPTER III.
The Odeum -Fragments of Inscriptions-Turkish Ceremonial at Smyrna―

Letters of Antoninus Pius- Publius Vedius Antoninus- Sulpicius Julianus
-Letter of Hadrian -The Marble Puzzle - Mode of Working- Search
for the Temple- Smyrna and Aidin Railway- St. Paul Fighting with
Beasts at Ephesus -Marble Statue - Idleness of Workmen- Female
Head- Bishop Trower- Greeks from Kirkenjee -Lucius Verus—The
Auditorium-Suspension of Works - Excavations Recommenced- Works
Continued-Statue of the Muse Erato- Torso of Silenus-Wreck of
Antiquities-Odeum Described ― H.R.H . Prince Arthur-Want of Funds
-Attempted Assassination - The Châlet- Robbers- St. Luke's Tomb
Christian Graves- Greek Archbishop - St. Luke - Mausoleum-Baffled
Efforts -Wool- factors ' Hall- Search for Temple -Basilica - Pronuncia
tion of Latin-Shops - St. Luke's Church- Caricature -Fine Greek Wall
-Promising Excavations- Destruction by Visitors -Visitors to the Ruins
-Luncheon versus Antiquities-Loss of Plant- Store Unroofed - Starva
tion-Vexatious Stoppage of the Works-Turkish Visit of Inspection .
The WITH my grant of 100l. I commenced work at the

Odeum.
Odeum about the middle of March 1864 , with as large a
gang of workmen as my funds would allow. I engaged

a Greek named Spiro as ganger to superintend the work
men in my absence, as I was at that time practising as an
architect in Smyrna, and could not, therefore, go out to
Ephesus every day of the week.
!
The sum of 100l. is not a large one for excavations ;
I
but it was all I had asked for by way of a beginning,
and it fortunately proved sufficient for discoveries in the |
F
EXCAVATIONS AT THE ODEUM COMMENCED. 43
1
Odeum which justified the trustees afterwards in making

further advances, and which led ultimately to successful
results.
The site of the Odeum, or lyric theatre, was not a

matter of doubt. It was built on the southern slope of
H1
Mount Coressus ; and even before the excavations were
H
begun, the outer semicircular wall of the auditorium was
to be seen above ground at each extremity. I had, there 1

I
fore, no difficulty in deciding the whereabouts of the
proscenium, and I began by cutting at right angles to it I
! a wide trench, which soon exposed to view the outer wall, 1
and the central doorway. I was not long in working my
way into the Theatre, and , before the end of the month, "
I
I had cleared a considerable portion of the pulpitum or
stage, by wheeling the débris out through the central
doorway into the open ground in front. On the portion Fragments
of inscrip
of the stage thus cleared, were found a great number of tions.
1
small pieces of inscribed marble slab, which had fallen
. T
upon the pavement from the dado of the proscenium, and
were broken, as we afterwards ascertained , into more •·
than one hundred and fifty pieces.
To assist the ganger in carrying out my instructions
more readily, I now made a plan of the Odeum from the
data at my command, which enabled him during the

intervals between my visits, to conduct the work without
much difficulty ; but many small objects found in the
excavations were, I fear, at that time appropriated by
both ganger and workmen .
March 20.- This day an interesting ceremonial took

place in Smyrna . There had been very little rain for
Turkish more than two months. Early in the year a great

ceremonial
at Smyrna. quantity of millet is sown in Asia Minor, and the drought
was becoming so serious that on this day about two
thousand Turks , all dressed in white, ascended the Castle
Hill ( Mount Pagus) to pray for rain with outstretched
arms. Their voices being raised to a high pitch, were
heard at a great distance. Their prayers appear to have

been answered, for my journal records ' slight showers,'
and then " continuous rain .'
Letters of
Antoninus By the end of March, nearly the whole of the fragments
Pius. of the inscriptions from the proscenium of the Odeum had
been found, and these, on being put together in their
relative positions, were seen to consist of five inscriptions,
four of which were letters addressed by the Emperor
Antoninus Pius to the people of Ephesus. Two of them

bear the date of the 8th tribunitian power of that Emperor,
A.D. 145-6 ; another was written during his 13th tribunitian
power, A.D. 150-1 .
Publius The name of Publius Vedius Antoninus, hitherto un
Vedius
Anto known in history, is mentioned in the two earlier inscrip
ninus.
tions. He was Secretary or Clerk to the city at that time,
and, under his auspices, were erected, either wholly or in
part, the Odeum and other public buildings in that quarter
of the city. These services were rewarded, as I after

wards ascertained, by the erection of a statue to his honour
by the wool-factors in their hall or market.
Sulpicius The Imperial Procurator, Sulpicius Julianus, is also
Julianus.
mentioned in these inscriptions.
Letter of The fifth inscription is a letter addressed by the
Hadrian.
Emperor Hadrian to the people of Ephesus .
INSCRIPTIONS. 45
The fragments of these inscriptions were taken down The

marble
to Smyrna piece by piece as they were found, and almost
the only amusement in the evening which I then allowed
myself, was to put together the pieces of this marble
puzzle, in which I was often assisted by Mrs. Wood and
visitors.
I continued to clear out the whole of the débris from Mode of
working.
the interior of the Odeum, wheeling it out through the
doorways, which were found to be five in number.
During the time I was exploring the Odeum , I did not Search
for the 13
fail to study the ground outside the city in search of the Temple.
1
Temple, and from time to time I put one or two men to
open up any suspicious-looking mound which attracted
my attention.
The work at the Odeum proceeded now but slowly, in "J

1
consequence of the immense number of large blocks of
stone and marble which, having fallen from the super
structure, had blocked up all the entrances, covering the I

L
stage, and the adjoining passages. Many of these blocks
were too large to be removed to a distance.
.
The Smyrna and Aidin Railway Company had this Smyrna
and Aidin
year ( 1864) provided first-class carriages on their line. Railway.
The journey, therefore, between Smyrna and Ayasalouk
was made with greater comfort ; but it still took fully
three hours to traverse a distance of scarcely fifty miles.
There are ten intermediate stations between Smyrna and
Ayasalouk.
April 13.-Dr. Kay, Fellow of Lincoln College,

Oxford, and then Principal of the College at Calcutta,
ļ
came to Smyrna on his way home to England. He visited
IES
OVER ESU
S
46 DISC AT EPH .
Ephesus, and proved himself one of those who really

I here men
appreciated the great interest of the ruins.
tion his name, chiefly because he agreed with me in

thinking that St. Paul, in referring to his having ' fought
with beasts at Ephesus, ' did not mean to assert that he
had actually fought with lions and other wild animals in
an arena, but that he had contended at Ephesus with the
evil passions of wicked men.
Many visitors to the ruins have asked to be shown
.
the arena in which St. Paul fought !
If St. Paul had fought with wild beasts, he would
have mentioned it in the enumeration of his trials and
adversities so pathetically set forth in Corinthians , epistle

2, ch. xi .
Marble April 25.- A fine white marble statue of a seated
statue.
female was found in the Odeum.
Idleness of May 2.- On visiting the Odeum to-day I found no
workmen.
men at work. The orchestra had been dug into to a
certain extent, and the débris from the upper part of
the building was here about 16 feet in depth. The

ganger ( Spiro) and myself set to work, and brought
down , with our united efforts, a great number of large
stones, with which the interior was encumbered , and
we found some more fragments of the inscriptions
from the proscenium. I therefore left orders for the
whole of the orchestra to be thoroughly cleared out

to the pavement, when the men returned to their work ;
but, as the hot weather had begun, it was doubtful

whether they would work, exposed as they must be, in
the Odeum, to the great heat of the sun , made more
STATUE OF LUCIUS VERUS. 47
trying by the quantities of white marble which reflected F
it.
May 7.-A few men had resumed work, and this day Female
head.
a small female head was found in the Odeum. This is one
of the pieces of sculpture which were afterwards ceded

to the Turkish Government for their museum at Constan
tinople.
May 12.- Bishop Trower (then of Gibraltar) visited Bishop
Trower.
the ruins of Ephesus, accompanied by his wife and
daughters. The bishop is an accomplished artist, and he
made four or five beautiful sketches of the ruins in the
course of his ramble through them.

Sometimes , on holiday occasions ,large groups of Greeks
from Kir
Greeks from Kirkenjee visited the ruins to see what was kenjee.
going on. These were chiefly composed of women and
children in charge of one or two old men. Sometimes a 1
"
young man would accompany them, who was probably :
the betrothed of one of the young women. The women 1
+
were remarkable for the unconstrained ease and grace of
!
their movements , as well as for their pretty costume of •
+
many colours ; and the children were generally healthy
looking and beautiful.
The lower part of a fine statue of Lucius Verus was Lucius

Verus.
found near the central doorway of the Odeum about this
time ; this is now in the Roman gallery of the British
Museum . The plinth on which the statue is placed is
inscribed with the name of the Emperor.¹ I afterwards
found the upper part of this statue ; but it never reached
England, as will be seen hereafter.
1 See Appendix, Sundries , & c .

S
RIE S
C OVE ESU
48 DIS AT EPH .
The audi May 17.- On visiting the Odeum this day, I found
torium.
that the workmen had laid bare eleven steps of the audi
torium-these were of fine white marble, and were
ornamented, as usual, with lions' claws. I afterwards
found that all the seats and steps remained undisturbed .

Suspen During the months of June, July, and August the
sion of
works. excavations were almost entirely suspended, the ganger,
as well as the men, finding the weather much too hot for
work among marbles which reflected so much light and
heat. The few men who might have been hired, not
withstanding the heat, asked as much as fifteen piastres a

day, their ordinary wages being only ten piastres (about
Is. 9d. ) .
While the works were suspended, I made copies, and
took paper pressings, of all the inscriptions I could find
on the surface and elsewhere ; but the strong wind which
set in from the sea made it very difficult to make good
impressions, and it seemed always to rise as I placed the
paper against the marble. This may be accounted for by
the fact of my generally beginning this part of my work
about the time that the sea breeze sprung up.
Excava Towards the end of August I engaged a fresh ganger,
tions
resumed. a Catholic, named Joseph ; and, with a fresh set of work
men, I resumed my exploration of the Odeum, and at
the same time put one or two men on the large mound
covering the ruins of the proscenium of the great

Theatre.
The new ganger proved a great failure, making a

number of stupid mistakes during my absence ; and,
1864. finally, when, on visiting the works on October 1 , I found
HINDRANCES. 49
him and the men quietly seated, doing nothing, I at once

discharged them all, and again suspended the works till I
should have more funds at my disposal, and had succeeded
in finding another ganger and better workmen .
The Muse Erato
The difficulty of getting an honest, industrious ,

conscientious ganger and good workmen was one of
the many hindrances and impediments to which I

was more especially subjected for the first six years at
Ephesus.
E
Whilst the excavations were suspended , I employed all

the time I could devote to it, to the completion of my
survey for the general plan of the city, which will be found
in this book .
Works In December, the works were renewed at the Odeum
continued.
with fresh workmen, funds having been voluntarily sub
scribed by private individuals to the amount of 87%.
Statue of At the end of the eastern passage was found an in
the Muse
Erato. teresting white marble headless statue, life-size, of the
Muse Erato , with the seven-stringed lyre on a pedestal by
her side. This statue had evidently fallen from a niche
Torso of upon the pavement below. In one of the small passages
Silenus.
near the central doorway, was found a small torso, partly
draped, intended probably for Silenus. By the side of the
figure is sculptured a curious vase, which rests on a stand
designed seemingly to represent a tripod of metal ; on the
top of the vase is a phiale, in which are a phallus and a
crescent.
Wreck of The statue of Erato, the upper part of the statue of
antiquities.
Lucius Verus , and some other antiquities from the
Odeum , were, unfortunately, put on board the ' Cornish
Lass,' a sailing vessel, which was wrecked on the coast
near Syra. When the statue of Erato was recovered,
the lyre was missing, and the drapery had been so much
.
damaged by the sea, which had washed off all the sharp
edges, that it was not considered worth forwarding to
England. The last time I saw it, it was in the house of
Mr. Lloyd, who was at that time both British Consul and
Lloyd's agent at Syra.

The Odeum had been a very handsome building.
THE ODEUM. 51
The circular outer wall is composed of large blocks of The

Odeum
limestone, without mortar, from the quarries on Mount described.
Coressus, on the south side of which it was built. The
front wall, with its five doorways, and the whole of the
internal finishings, are of fine white marble, excepting
Torso of Silenus
the shafts of the columns which had fallen from the semi
circular colonnade above ; these are of Egyptian syenite .
The whole of these works were Roman, and were prob

I
ably done under Publius Vedius Antoninus in the time
.
of Antoninus Pius.
E2
1
S
The diameter of the Odeum is 153 feet, and it was
capable of seating 2,300 persons. The pulpitum ( stage)

is extremely narrow, being little more than 10 feet deep .
The orchestra is spacious, and is sunk nearly 3 feet below
the pulpitum. It is paved with white marble, and there
is a small ornamental circular drain-cover of marble on
the east side. In front of the Odeum I found remains
of white marble fluted columns, and well carved Corin
thian capitals. These might either have formed part of

a colonnade in front, or they might have adorned the
proscenium . The débris at the extremities of the pas
sages of the Odeum rested on the pavement to the height
of 23 feet. It consisted chiefly of large blocks of marble
and limestone.
H.R.H. In the month of April 1865 , H.R.H. Prince Arthur
Prince
Arthur. visited the ruins of Ephesus, accompanied by Major
(now Colonel Sir Howard) Elphinstone . I had after

1865. wards the honour of joining the suite of His Royal
Highness, and accompanied him in a cruise to Mitylene,
Pergamos, and Assos. At Assos the Turks were re
moving the marble seats of the theatre, and conveying

them to Constantinople, where a large palace was in pro
gress. On our return to Smyrna, I was honoured by an
invitation to accompany the Prince on another cruise,
returning to Assos, and onward to Mount Athos ; but as
Mrs. Wood was dangerously ill with bronchitis , I was
most kindly excused accepting the invitation.
Want of For a great portion of the year 1865 , the excavations
funds.
were at a standstill for want of funds, but I waited, with
what patience I could muster, for another advance from

1
1
1:
THE ODEUM ,
EPHESUS .
ORCHESTRA
PULPITUM .
PLAN .
ELEVATION OF EXISTING REMAINS .
10 10 2p 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
SCALE OF FEET .
AN ASSASSIN. 53
the Trustees to continue the works. I should not, how

ever, have been able to attend to the works for five or six
weeks , as I was ill during that time from a wound I

received in Smyrna from the knife of a madman , who
had taken a dislike to English Consuls, in consequence
of some fancied injustice done him by some English

Consul in the Principalities where he had formerly lived.
He at last resolved to lie in wait for, and to kill the
English Consul at Smyrna. On the morning on which Attempt

ed
he determined to carry out his design the streets of as assi
nation.
Smyrna were full of people, who had, for the first time
.
for many weeks, ventured out in large numbers, after a
cholera panic, which had kept the streets clear while it
lasted. Only seven deaths posted on the door of the
Consulate that morning, showed that the disease was
leaving the city. I was at that time building the
terminal station of the Cassaba railway, and , meeting the
agent of that line, walked with him down Frank Street.
When we arrived nearly opposite the English Consulate,

the man, who waited for the Consul , and who had primed
himself with some stimulant, became impatient, and see
ing two Englishmen coming down the street, one of
whom (my companion ) showed in his appearance strong
signs of his nationality, he rushed upon him and drove his
knife through the hand he held up to defend himself with.
In a few seconds I was left alone in the middle of the
street, confronted with the man, who now sought to

escape. Seeing that I barred his passage to the sea, he
"
rushed towards me with the exclamation , ' Et vous aussi ! '
I endeavoured to defend myself with a slight walking
stick I was then carrying, but he struck up my guard,

rushed in, and stabbed me within an inch of my heart ;
the police came up in time to prevent a second blow, and
seized him. The people, who had retired to a safe dis

tance, then closed in upon me, and proffered the assist
ance I no longer needed . When the assassin was taken
before the Pacha, he told the story of hislife, and
narrated how he had murdered his mother in cold blood,
and why he intended to kill the Consul . The doctors pro

nounced the man to be mad, and he was confined in an
asylum, where he died, raving mad, within twelve months.
The During part of the time that I was employed in ex
Châlet.
ploring the Odeum, I lived in a small house in the Ephe
sus Pass, which had been built for one of the resident
engineers of the Smyrna and Aidin railway. This house

was appropriately called the Châlet.
Robbers. During my residence here , I was in constant danger
of being attacked by a band of ten robbers who infested
the neighbourhood , and had broken into several houses
in the Pass. It was their habit to maltreat, and leave
the inhabitants tied to their bedsteads and other heavy
pieces of furniture, in order that they might make good

their escape before an alarm could be raised. In doing
this, they were favoured by the extreme loneliness of the
situation, and the distance from the nearest police station ,

which was then at the entrance to the Pass.
As it might be supposed that I kept money by me

in readiness to pay my workmen and other current
expenses, I fully expected to be attacked, and made
arrangements accordingly.
1
LIFE AT THE CHALET. 55
My greatest danger was when I returned home in the
evening, accompanied by a single cavass, who always

went down with a jar on our arrival, to fetch fresh water
from the stream which runs through the Pass . I was then
jeft alone on the balcony outside the house, which could
The Chalet, Ephesus Pass
have been easily approached from an ambush at the back,

the undergrowth on the side of the mountain affording a
thick cover close to the house. We had one or two
alarms, but were never attacked as our neighbours were,

and I believe our escape was mainly owing to the pre
IES
OVER SUS
56 DISC AT EPHE .
caution I took in placing a loaded revolver by my side

on the dinner table, which could be seen from the out
side .
A pistol bullet which had passed through the floor of

the balcony and lodged in the roof was found one day,
but when or under what circumstances the shot was fired,
we did not know. It might have been accidental, or it

might have been done in sport by some passer-by.
Zébecks. One day, while the Odeum was still being explored,
and I was personally superintending the exploration of a

mound at a little distance from it , my ganger came running
to me without his hat, and in great apparent alarm, to
warn me that some Zébecks were at the Odeum . They
had taken a sheep by force and were likely to come on to
me to rob me. He had given them tobacco, and had
done what he could to conciliate them, but they were

desperate thieves and were not to be trusted. Whether
there was any truth in all this, I never knew, but I

thought it better for many reasons to stand my ground.
For one thing, I suspected that the whole story might be
an invention of the ganger to test my courage and
character. I did not, therefore, take his advice and go
home ; and seeing that I remained, one of the workmen

(a Greek) coolly suggested that I should put my watch
and money in a hole which he would dig for them !
St. Luke's In walking home one evening to the Châlet from my
tomb.
work at the Odeum, a distance of about three miles, my
weary foot, scarcely lifted from the ground, struck against
a block of marble which, on examination, proved to be
carved with the head of a Greek cross in a sunk panel.
ST. LUKE'S TOMB. 57
I excavated the next day in this place, which was not

far from the Odeum . The marble proved to be a door
jamb with sunk panels, the upper one having a large
cross, the lower one having the figure of a bull or buffalo
of the country, with a small cross cut over its back. On
the inner side of the door-jamb there were the remains of
a human figure which had been carved upon it. This
Door-jamb, St. Luke's Tomb
had evidently represented a saint or martyr. The head

had been encircled by a nimbus , which, having been sunk
in the marble, remained perfect. One or two persons
who have seen it, think they can trace the remains of a
sword which had been run through the body, thus repre
senting a martyr.
I
IES
CO VER ESU
S
58 DIS AT EPH .
I was encouraged by these symbols and details to

believe that I had found the tomb of St. Luke, or at least
his shrine, the bull having been known as his symbol as

early as the fifth century. But this building, probably,
belonged to the latter end of the third, or beginning of
the fourth century, when Christianity had the ascendency
at Ephesus, and doubtless the Christians had the power
of removing the remains of St. Luke from outside the city,
where he would have been buried in the first instance , and
according him the honour of burial within the city.

Over his remains , presuming that this was indeed his
tomb, they raised the beautiful shrine, of which I found
enough to enable me to restore it on paper. It was
circular on plan, 50 feet in diameter, and was adorned
with sixteen columns , which were raised upon a lofty
basement ; an ornate entablature and domed roof com
pleted the structure. This beautiful building stood in

the middle of a quadrangle 153 feet across, which was sur
rounded on all sides by a colonnade, several bases of the
columns of which remain in position . It must have
somewhat resembled Burns's monument on Calton Hill,
Edinburgh, but on a much larger scale.

Christian The quadrangle was paved with white marble, and
graves.
wherever a slab of this pavement was removed, a grave
was seen immediately below it. I may add that I did
not remove many of these slabs , as I have a great objec

tion to the unnecessary disturbance of human remains.
This discovery of graves goes far to prove that this was

indeed the tomb of St. Luke, as we know that the early
Christians paid large sums of money for the privilege of
"
ST LUKE'S TOMB , EPHESUS .
ELEVATION .
1
"
PLAN .
A"
10 10 20 30 wiivi
SCALE OF FEET.
ST. LUKE'S TOMB. 59
being buried near a saint or martyr, especially when it

happened, as in this case, that the tomb was within the
city. I am inclined to think, therefore, that these were

the graves of Christians.
When I first found this building and its interesting The Arch
bishop of
surroundings, I wished to have my discovery verified, if Smyrna.
possible, by the records of history, and I called upon the
Greek Archbishop of Smyrna, who had a good library of
ecclesiastical books, to consult him on the subject. He
obligingly took down the books of two historians, one
of whom tells us that St. Luke was hung at Patras,
the other that he died at Ephesus . I was content to
think, with the Archbishop, that the latter historian was
much the more trustworthy of the two.
While I proceeded with my exploration of the Odeum,
I did not neglect to open ground against several of the
public buildings which surrounded the adjacent Forum .
I found in this manner a large circular Roman building Mauso
leum .
directly opposite the Odeum. This was probably a
mausoleum . I did not succeed in finding any inscription

here, as it was only partly explored, nor did I succeed in
working my way inside the building, although I after- Baffled
efforts.
wards tried hard to do so during two hot days in the
month of July, with the assistance of an English workman ,
6
nicknamed Scandalous Jack.' We worked from the top,
through six feet of solid masonry, without any change
of sound to show that we were approaching the interior.
Another building near this we explored to a greater Wool
factors'
extent, being encouraged to do so by the discovery of a hall.
fine Roman head of heroic size, together with several
inscriptions, one of which was a dedication to Publius

Vedius Antoninus by the wool - factors . This building,
then, was probably their hall or market.

Search for I also explored a large mound at the eastern extremity
Temple.
of the ravine between Mounts Prion and Coressus. At
that time this mound seemed to be outside the city, and I

thought that it might cover the site of the Temple ; but I
eventually found that it was within the city walls, which
I succeeded in tracing around it on the three outer sides.
Below the débris of medieval buildings, I found that a
chalk hill formed the basis of this large mound, which
had been artificially squared up to the city walls enclosing
it, and it thus presented a very formal and promising ap
pearance. This spot I had selected as the probable site
of the Temple, on being asked by the Trustees where I
should propose to dig for it, if I should be permitted to
spend 50%. of my grant in 1866, in search of it.
Basilica. Near the tomb of St. Luke I explored another build
ing, which appeared to have been a basilica. The street
front had been richly adorned with fluted columns with
Corinthian capitals, similar to those of the Odeum, and
ornate entablatures, all of white marble. Many frag
ments of an inscription were found in front with the
débris of the building. A seated statue of T. Claudius

Secundus was here found upon a pedestal, with a dedi
cation inscribed in Latin, which enumerated his various
offices ; viz. Viator Tribunicius, Accensus Velatus, and
Lictor Curiatus. This inscription is repeated in Latin

with Greek characters, showing that the Greeks had , at
1 See Appendix, Sundries from Ephesus.

BUILDINGS NEAR ODEUM. 61
that time, learnt to speak, though not to read, the lan

guage of the Romans ; and some light is here thrown
upon the true pronunciation of some Latin vowels and Pronunci

consonants . The u was evidently pronounced, as the ationof
Latin.
Italians now pronounce it, oo , being represented by the
Greek characters omicron and upsilon ; the Latin c is re
presented by the Greek kappa, and the Latin e by the
[J
10 T
‫יד‬
Graffito from Basilica.

1
Greek eta. Along the sides of this building were recesses,
which had evidently served as workshops, and in one I Shops.

found a number of ox bones which had been sawn by a
fine saw, and had been cleaned and prepared for the
handles of knives, &c. At the south end I could just
trace the curve of an apse. This building probably St. Luke's
Church.
became a church, and it might have been dedicated to
St. Luke, as it is near his tomb. Upon its front wall is

Carica scratched a curious caricature . Amongst the débris we
ture.
found the torso of a male, about life size, of a good period.
Fine The partial exploration of another building near the
Greek
wall. Odeum , revealed a magnificent Greek wall, which prob
ably belonged to a small temple. The street by the side
of this wall was very precipitous , and the marble pavement
was deeply nicked transversely, to prevent accidents to
foot passengers . No statuary or inscriptions were found
here to encourage further exploration of the building.
All these buildings have been allowed to remain ex
posed to view as far as they have been opened up ; and
future explorers, whether English, American, French , or
German, will have the benefit of what has been already
done.
Promising There is no doubt in my mind that excavations at

excava
tions. Ephesus amongst the ruins of the city, as well as on the
site of the Temple, and within the Peribolus Wall , would

well repay the outlay, if conducted with liberality and
good management .
When the Odeum was first opened, the stage,
orchestra, seats, and steps were found in a perfect state

of preservation, under an accumulation of soil and débris,
varying in depth from 5 feet to 23 feet, the former depth

on the upper part of the auditorium , the latter at the
extreme ends of the passages . The beautiful front wall
also remained , with its five doorways and steps, to the

Destruc- height of 7 feet 6 inches. Visitors have recklessly
tion by
visitors. destroyed much that remained, by breaking off frag
ments of marble from the seats and cornices, and by
辜
1
INTERIOR
OF
ODEUM
.
MAN
HANHART
LITH
Advog
DESTRUCTION BY VISITORS. 63
strewing the whole of the interior with masses of rejected

marble, and chippings from the specimens which they
carried away. One day after the Odeum had been
cleared out, a party of about thirty people came while I

was there , and began throwing the marbles about. I
could not look on and forbear speaking ; and what I said

was uttered in so fierce and threatening a manner that
it stopped further destruction by that party. The desire
to possess fragments of ancient sculpture, such as a nose,
an ear, a finger, or a morsel of architectural moulding
from an old building, may be natural, but is most deplor
able when it causes, as it often does, the utter destruction
of works of art, which, placed in some museum , would

be objects of very great interest. I have even heard of·
captains of merchant ships who, bringing passengers to

Smyrna, advised them on their visit to Ephesus, to take
with them hammers and chisels to aid them in obtaining
I
H interesting specimens for their cabinets and curiosity
shelves at home. I have, however, met with some few
scrupulous persons, who would scarcely accept a small frag

ment, and have asked repeatedly, ' Quite sure you don't
want it ? ' before they would be persuaded to take it away.
Visitors to Ephesus came from all parts of the known Visitors to
the ruins.
world ; but I have seen there, perhaps, more of our
American cousins than of any other nationality. I was
particularly fortunate in meeting with many Americans-
ladies as well as gentlemen-who caused me to form a
very high estimate of the American character. I found
them generally anxious to make something more than a

superficial survey of the ruins, and I do not now remem
64 DISCOV AT EPHESU .
ERIES S
ber any party of Americans preferring to sit down to eat

and drink to making a careful examination of all the
I cannot say
interesting objects they had come to see.
the same of all nationalities. I overtook one day on the

Plain of Ephesus, while I was exploring the Odeum, a
party of gentlemen belonging to various nations. They
were making their way on foot from the railway station
to the ruins, accompanied by two porters, bearing each a
hamper of provisions. Two of these gentlemen, of whom
I had some knowledge, were very anxious to make the
best use of their time, and ' do ' the ruins thoroughly ;
the others were perfectly careless of anything but the

Luncheon very important question as to where they should eat the
I
versus an- luxurious luncheon which they had brought from Smyrna .
tiquities.
Seeing the disposition of the majority, I foresaw that,
unless I provided against it, the gentlemen who really
wished to see something would be entirely baffled . I
therefore told the porters (sotto voce) to carry the
hampers to the Odeum as fast as possible. As I antici
pated, before we got half-way to the Odeum, one of the
most indolent of the party threw himself on the ground,
and declared he would go no farther in the heat. He
was, however, persuaded to change his mind, when I told
him that the luncheon had been sent straight to the

Odeum , about a mile off, and he must either follow to
partake of it, or remain behind without refreshment.
This had the desired effect. Dearly loving his mid-day
meal, he managed to struggle on with the other discon
tented members of the party ; passing unheeded everything

of interest on his way. After lunching in a pleasant
TRIALS OF TEMPER. 65
shady place near the Odeum, they could not be persuaded

to enter the Little Theatre, and see what remained of it.
During the whole time that my workmen were Loss of
' plant.'
employed in digging trial holes in every direction , I had
the greatest difficulty in keeping my ' plant ' together at
Ephesus. The men would leave their picks and shovels
and any other tools which they had in use, in the holes
and trenches, or they would leave them on the top, scarcely

hidden by the loose earth thrown out of the holes, instead
of carrying them home to their sleeping places. The
tools left on the top were often stolen , and those left in
the holes were frequently buried by the falling in of the
sides of the excavation . My store-room or magazine at
that time was an old barrack near the railway station at Store un
roofed.
Ayasalouk, which had been used as a refreshment-room
for the workmen on the railway, while the works were

going on at that part of the line, and was sold by the rail
way company to a Cafféjee, who , without giving me any
notice whatever, began to unroof it early one morning,
leaving my stock of tools and implements at the mercy

of anyone who might take a fancy to them. This is a
specimen of the free and easy ways of the people of the

country. The man wanted the materials of this old bar
rack to use in a new building, and he hit upon the readiest
way of obtaining them, fancying, perhaps, that I might not
be able to pay the needful attention to any notice he

might give me. To such petty annoyances as this I was
constantly subjected, and with the frequent attacks of
fever to which I was a victim, and the anxiety naturally

resulting from the uncertainty of my enterprise, these
F
annoyances helped to keep my temper in a constant state

of ferment. In this case I was detained from my work
at the excavations, by being obliged to seek another

store room for my ' plant, ' and have it conveyed thither
immediately.
Among other annoyances there was so much difficulty
in obtaining meat at this time, that I was sometimes en
tirely without any for three or four days. As I am not
exactly a vegetarian , I felt the loss of my accustomed
food very much, and I had great difficulty at such times,
through sheer weakness, in getting through my day's work.
Vexatious The excavations were frequently impeded, and some
stoppage
of works. times altogether stopped, by the Turkish authorities.
This was generally brought about by the interference of the
Kaimachan of Scala Nova, on the complaint of the land
owners or occupiers, who had a very natural dislike to
seeing large and deep holes and trenches dug in their
ground. On such occasions our Consul at Smyrna has

had very little difficulty in arranging for the continuance
of the work, and, from first to last, no sort of bribe, either
in money or presents, has ever passed from me into the
hands of Turkish officials.
Turkish Cabouli Pasha, then Governor of Smyrna, was

visit of
inspec repeatedly told by intriguing persons that I was constantly
tion.
finding beautiful statues. Hearing this, and other vague re
ports as to my proceedings, he sent his secretary to Ephesus
to inspect the works. This gentleman, who came in
patent leather boots, and sumptuous clothing to match,

lunched with me in the Great Theatre. On looking down
into a few of my trial holes, at the risk of falling into
THE EMISSARY OF THE PASHA. 67
them, as they were approached with some difficulty, and

seeing their unpromising appearance, he was satisfied ,
not only that I had found nothing to excite the envy
or cupidity of anyone, but that I was not likely to
find anything of consequence. With this assurance the
Pasha was well content, and he troubled me no more
with enquiries .
F2
CHAPTER IV .
The Great Theatre- Inscriptions from Temple of Artemis -Other Inscrip

tions-The Great Salutarian Inscription - Image of Artemis- Sculpture
-Survey of Buildings-Accident-Obstinacy- Priêné-Ill-health - Head
of Lucius Verus- Search for Temple Resumed -- City Wall- Rubbish
Heap-A Hundred and Ten Inscriptions- Change of Residence -Fate
of Châlet-Magnesian Gate Found -Coressian Gate - Mounts Prion and
Coressus- Old Legend- H.M.S. ' Terrible ' -Quarters for Crew- Men of
the Terrible ' at Ephesus - A Quaint Petty Officer- Skill of Workmen
at the British Museum- Officers of the ' Terrible '-New Ganger-Threats
of Violence -Suspected Murder—A Greek Marriage -Longevity- Arrest
of Workmen- Murdered Man Exhumed - Prisoners - Patience of Mudir
--State of the Country- My Reception at the Konak -Liberation of
Prisoners -Return to Ephesus - Murder made Easy.
Great IN the month of February 1866, having obtained the

Theatre.
necessary advances from the Trustees, I began in good
earnest the exploration of the Great Theatre, which is one
of the largest in Asia Minor. It is built on the western
slope of Mount Coressus, and from the upper seats may be
seen a long strip of blue sea. Its diameter is 495 feet, and
like most theatres of this description, it is of a horse-shoe
form . As the wings approach the proscenium, the width
is diminished by 28 feet, the measurement at the end of
the walls being 467 feet. By my computations this vast
theatre was capable of seating 24,500 persons. A large
archway on the north side of the outer wall of the audi
1
•
PLAN GREAT
OF THEATRE
,
EPHESUS
.
ORCHESTRA
0
110
PULPITUM
.
INCL
INE INE
INCL
STREET Gate
50 100 200 feet

300
THE GREAT THEATRE. 69
torium is of the period of Augustus. This archway was
afterwards blocked up as shown in woodcut, and this was

probably done at a later period, when the .
Theatre
was partly rebuilt. The stage, or pulpitum, was nearly
22 feet wide ; the orchestra 110 feet in diameter. The
proscenium , built almost entirely of white marble, was
Roman Arch, Great Theatre
adorned with granite columns and highly enriched en

tablatures of fine white marble, in two tiers. All these,
having fallen upon the stage, remained there undisturbed .
A portion of these entablatures consisted of fretwork in
white marble, filled in with strips of porphyry. I pro
ceeded to remove as many of the blocks of marble as
was necessary to clear a portion of the stage for its whole
width. I then turned over and carefully examined the

remainder, and took all the inscriptions and sculpture that
Inscrip were worth sending to England. Amongst them were
tions from
Temple of found six large blocks of white marble, covered with
Artemis.
decrees of the Council and the people of Ephesus, which
had originally belonged to the last Temple of Artemis,
showing that the proscenium had been repaired after the
destruction of the Temple. These decrees conferred the

honour of Ephesian citizenship on various persons for
their services. One ofthese was Agathokles, a Rhodian,

who, during a time of dearth, had sent into the market
at Ephesus 14,000 measures of corn to be sold for the
benefit of the poor at a low price. Two other decrees
reward Euphronios, son of Hegemon, for his services

in an embassy to Prepelaus , general of Cassander, about
B.C. 310 ; and Archestratos , for his services as general in
Clazomena.
Another decree confers the citizenship and gold
crowns on Kings Demetrius and Seleucus, and honours
their envoy, Nicagoras, a Rhodian . This inscription is
probably not later than B.C. 299. In another, Kings
Antigonus and Demetrius are mentioned. Another de
cree rewards some one who had redeemed from captivity
certain Ephesians taken prisoners in war. Some of
these decrees give new and valuable information as to the

history of Ephesus in the Macedonian period . We also
find in them the names of five local tribes and many
of their subdivisions, some of the latter having been

hitherto unknown.¹
¹ See Appendix : Inscriptions from the Temple, Nos . 1 to 25.

GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS. 71
A few more inscriptions found in the Great Theatre, Other

inscrip
are worthy of mention here : tions.
A letter from the Emperor Hadrian to the people of
Ephesus, relating to certain disputes as to loans, in conse

quence of which the Emperor sent the copy of a decree
to Cornelius Priscus, the pro-consul, referring to that
functionary the settlement of the matters in dispute, and

the recovery of all debts due to the senate. The date of
this letter is A.D. 120 .
A fragment of inscription which appears to have been

part of a letter addressed to the people of Ephesus by
some Emperor or public functionary, relates to a public
banquet, forming part, apparently, of a festival in honour
of a goddess, probably Demeter, here styled Soteira
(Saviour), whose temple and statue are mentioned. The
name of the Emperor Commodus also occurs in this
inscription .
Some fragments of a Latin constitutio or law,

relating to the alimony of infants, in which reference is
made to a previous constitutio framed by Vedius Pollio,

probably the historical personage of that name who lived
in the time of Augustus.
The following also were found :—

A dedication by the council and people of Ephesus in
honour of Caius Julius Agrippa, son of King Alexan

der,' quæstor and proprætor of Asia.
Dedication, probably of a statue, to the Emperor
Antoninus Pius, by the council and people of Ephesus.

Fragments of a dedication to the Emperors Septimius
Severus and Caracalla.
Dedication, partly in Latin, by Junius Pastor, Cæsen

nius Sospes , proprætor of Asia, and holder of other high
offices.
Some fragments of lists of persons who had sacrificed ,

perhaps, at the Temple of Artemis.
Dedication, probably of a statue, by the council and
people of Ephesus, to Julius Lupus Lambillus, quæstor

and proprætor of three pro-consuls .
Part of an inscription recording the names of the
secretaries of the council of the Misthoterion , and of
the superintendents of the Deipnophoriac procession.

List of victories gained by an athlete in various
games.
List of victories in pugilistic contests, gained by an
athlete in public games at various cities .

Inscription recording the dedication to an athlete and
his victories in the Olympic and various other games.
Inscription recording two agonistic victories, probably

in musical or lyrical contests .
Inscription in honour of some one who was three

times Olympic victor. It may be remarked that on the
return of such a victor to his native city, the wall of the
city was sometimes broken down for his triumphal en
trance, as for an Emperor.
The architrave of the southern entrance door was
inscribed with the name of Publius Rutilius Bassus, who
was town clerk in the time of Hadrian, A.D. 120, as we
learn by inscription No. 17.
Most of these inscriptions were found on the stage of
For these inscriptions, see Appendix : Inscriptions from Great Theatre.

THE SALUTARIAN INSCRIPTION. 73
the Great Theatre ; but there was a much greater prize The
Great
awaiting my discovery. I had examined the marbles on Salutarian
Inscrip
the stage by turning them over from north to south. When tion.
I came to clear the southern entrance I found the whole of
the eastern wall of that entrance inscribed with a series of
decrees, chiefly relating to a number of gold and silver

images, weighing from three to seven pounds each , which
were voted to Artemis, and ordered to be placed in her
Temple, by a certain wealthy Roman, named C. Vibius
Salutarius . At the same time he gave a sum of money
by way of endowment for keeping them clean and in

order. On a certain day of assembly in the Theatre,
viz. , May 25 , which was the birthday of the goddess ,
these images were to be carried in procession from the
Temple to the Theatre by the priests, accompanied by a
staff-bearer and guards, and to be met at the Magnesian
gate by the Ephebi or young men of the city, who, from
that point, took part in the procession, and helped to carry
the images to the Theatre. After the assembly, the
statues or images were taken back to the Temple in the
same order of procession, escorted by the Ephebi as far
as the Coressian gate. Among the statues enumerated
in the inscription, are those of Artemis, with two stags,
and a figure, probably a female, representing the city of
Ephesus. In one of the decrees contained in this inscrip
tion, the consuls of the year A.D. 104 are mentioned. In
another, the Emperor Trajan is mentioned as then reign
ing. The date of the whole inscription is probably not
much later than A.D. 104.
1 See Appendix : Inscriptions from Theatre No. 1 .

S
It will be observed that the procession above de
scribed made the complete circuit of the city, and in its

course the images must have been seen by great numbers
of the inhabitants, and thus the vanity of C. Vibius
Salutarius was gratified as far as these statues were con
cerned.
Another inscription in Latin, found also in the Great

Theatre, records the dedication by Vibius Salutarius of
several silver images, and enumerates a list of offices
held by him in Sicily and other provinces ; some of these
offices being made known to us for the first time by this
inscription.
The Great Theatre, in which these inscriptions re
lating to the gold and silver images were found , was

doubtless the theatre mentioned in the Acts of the
Apostles as the scene of the uproar caused by the

manufacturers of silver shrines for the Temple of
Artemis.
The fact that the enthusiastic outcry ' Great is Diana

of the Ephesians ! ' was sustained for two hours, led me to
picture to myself the Temple as being within sight of the
people in the Theatre, who would thus be inspired by the
glory and beauty of the building before their eyes. But
from the Theatre the Temple could not possibly be seen.
The view is broken by Mount Coressus, and the enthu
siastic conduct of the people must therefore be ascribed
wholly to their superstitious faith in the goddess, and
their strong partizanship for the shrine-makers.¹
1 Acts xix. 23, &c.

DE
A
THEATRE
GREAT
_EPHESUS
.THE
LITH
HANHART
MAN
SCULPTURE. 75
We are also told that the Ephesians at that time Image of

Artemis.
worshipped an image of Diana, which was believed to
have fallen from Jupiter. This might have been an

aerolite of an unusually large size, which resembled in
some respects the human form, and which might have
been perfected, and made into a fitting representation of
11.
Bust of an Emperor.
the goddess by a sculptor and his assistants before it was

set up in her Temple. Some aerolites have been found
in Greenland weighing as much as nineteen tons.
The sculpture found in the Great Theatre was all Sculpture.
Roman, and was very inferior to the inscriptions in value.
and interest.
Under the stage was found the colossal bust of an

ERIES S
76 DISCOV AT EPHESU .
Emperor, bearing on the breast-plate a Medusa's head
and two griffins .

Some fragments of a frieze from the proscenium ,
with satyrs and cupids, were found ; also a Triton blowing
a shell, all coarsely cut, but probably striking when in
position, as they were vigorous in execution, and their
effect was originally heightened by colour.

Statues of Venus, Minerva, and Mercury were also
ww
w
Triton Blowing a Shell.
found, the last two headless . The Minerva is remark
able for a particular disposition of the ægis.

The Venus was afterwards presented to the Turks,
and when I visited the Museum at Constantinople, I saw
it, with other sculptures from Ephesus, in one of the

store- rooms there . It is thus described by Mr. Newton ,
in his report to the Trustees :-A small statue of Venus
in the attitude of the Venus de Medicis, but differing
from that statue, and from the Venus of the Capitol, in

the head-dress and accessories . This statuette is well
preserved, but the proportions are clumsy, and the

A GUIDE TO THE RUINS! 77
execution provincial. It is not probably of an earlier

period than the third century A.D. '
!
I cleared out the Theatre sufficiently to enable me to
make a plan of it. As far as I explored the auditorium ,
some of the steps were found remaining, but the marble
from the seats had been removed.
I
These are some of the most important results of ex
plorations made at the Great Theatre from February
1866 to the end of April 1868.
During these two years the works were often
stopped for want of funds, and I took advantage of

the leisure thus afforded me, not only to perfect my
general plan, but to survey all the public buildings in Survey of

Buildings.
the city.
Soon after the Theatre had been cleared out, a gen
tleman with whom I am now acquainted visited the ruins ,

and took with him the old man who at that time under
took to act as guide. Little or no conversation passed

between them till they came to the Theatre , when the
visitor, looking towards the auditorium, said, ' So this is
the Theatre.' ' No, ' the old man replied, ' that is a school
for little boys.' 'This ,' turning towards the proscenium ,
' is the Theatre .' The poor old man had evidently
jumbled up the contents of a guide-book, which, referring

to the School of Tyrannus, had described it as being near
the Theatre.
One day, while measuring at the Great Theatre, with Accident.

the assistance of my cavass, Edrese, I stepped backwards
carelessly, and fell from the top of the wall into some
bushes, which fortunately broke my fall. Though breath
IES
78 DISCOVER AT EPHESUS.
less for a time, I was but slightly hurt. I had, however,

a very narrow escape.
Waiting for funds made this time a most trying one,
and some of my friends in Smyrna, seeing that my health
was giving way, kindly advised me to give up the ex

cavations and return to England ; but my ' obstinacy ,'
as Mr. Newton designated it before the Westminster
Obstinacy. scholars, prevailed, and I determined to remain and
persevere, although the enterprise seemed at that time
almost hopeless .
Priêné. Early in January 1867 I visited Priêné and rescued
from destruction two fragments of inscription from the

Temple of Athena Polias, which are now in the British
Museum , with all that has been since recovered by Mr.
Pullan.
Ill health. In April the state of my health obliged me to leave

for England, where I remained till September. On my
Head of return to Smyrna, a man called upon me, and coolly
Lucius
Verus. offered to sell me the head of the statue of Lucius Verus,
which had been stolen from my excavations at the Odeum.
He said he had bought it for 87. from the people who
stole it, and he would not take less than 20/. for it.
This head, unfortunately, has never been recovered.
Search for As I had obtained leave to spend a portion of my
Temple.
grant from the Trustees in continuing my search for the
Temple, I employed about twenty men in sinking trial
City wall. holes outside the city , eastward . In the course of these
explorations we found the wall of the city on the east
side of the large mound at the end of the ravine between
Mounts Prion and Coressus . Inside one of the towers
THE MAGNESIAN GATE 79
we came across a great quantity of pottery, consisting

chiefly of lamps, some of which were joined together,
having been spoilt in the baking. The return of the
wall was found on the south side of the mound ; and
here we reached a gigantic rubbish-heap which ran the Rubbish
whole length of the wall on that side . Although I made heap.
several cross cuts into this mound, I was not fortunate
enough to find anything of value, the rubbish consisting

chiefly of broken pottery of a late period.
Before the close of the year 1867 I had found in the 110 In
Great Theatre and elsewhere, 110 inscriptions, mostly scriptions.
Greek, the rest Latin.
Indifference to the interest of the ruins of ancient build
ings was shown in a remarkable manner one day, when

three hundred people visited Ephesus, dined in a large
marquée near the Great Theatre, and only six or eight
were persuaded after dinner to enter the Theatre. I
have since been reminded of this circumstance by a lady,
who greatly regretted she had neglected the opportunity

she then had of seeing the ruins.
I now took up my abode at the house near the railway Change of
Residence.
station at Ayasalouk, which had been built for an hotel,
but had not answered . During my absence the Châlet Fate of
Châlet.
had been broken into by thieves, who stole my furniture,
and the house had been wilfully damaged, and ren
dered uninhabitable by mischievous passers -by.
Before the close of the year I had succeeded in Magnesian
gate found .
finding the Magnesian gate, near the Opistholeprian
Gymnasium, close to the mound around which I found
the city wall. This is one of the two gates named in
the long Salutarian inscription from the Great Theatre.

I had resolved to seek out these gates that I might follow
the roads leading from them to the Temple. This
inscription, indeed, gave me the clue which I had hoped
to obtain by exploring some of the public buildings, and
Excavator's House and Aqueduct at Ayasalouk.
confirmed me in the resolution already formed , to search

for one or two of the city gates and open up the roads
leading from them, choosing the most worn road as the
one likely to lead to the Temenos.
The inscription speaks of the procession of images

from the Temple to the Theatre, as passing in through
the Magnesian gate, and as passing out on its return to

H.M.S. TERRIBLE. 81
the Temple through the Coressian gate. The intention Coressian

gate.
was evidently to make as complete a circuit as would
enable the inhabitants of the city generally to see the
images as they passed along. I afterwards found the
Coressian gate near the Stadium on the north side of
the city ; and the position of this gate , with other ascer
tained facts, caused me to reverse the positions of the two Mounts
Prion and
mountains, as shown on the English Admiralty Chart. Coressus.
The Coressian gate must have been the gate at the foot
of Mount Coressus, the round mountain hitherto called
Prion, while the latter name ( Prion, a saw) is particularly
applicable to the long serrated mountain hitherto called
Coressus . As to the name ' Coressus, ' a curious legend, old

legend .
which must be comparatively modern, tells us that Artemis ,
in her earthly wanderings near her birthplace, approached
the Coressian gate, and addressing one whom she met,
asked what place it was. The answer was ' Kyria esas
lady, yours.
As I had accumulated at Ayasalouk , in my magazines ,

a large number of inscribed blocks of marble , besides
sculpture and other antiquities, I applied to the Trustees
of the British Museum for the aid of a man-of-war to
remove the Salutarian inscription from the wall, and

to take it and other antiquities to England. January H.M.S.
'Terrible.',
25 , 1868, H.M.S. ' Terrible ' came to Smyrna, with orders
from the Admiralty to take on board a number of cases
of antiquities from Ephesus, to be transported to England,
and to assist in conveying from the ruins of the city to the
railway station at Ayasalouk all the inscribed and sculp
tured marbles which I had selected for the British Museum.
G
For this purpose Captain Commerell sent me a por

tion of his crew, consisting of sixteen blue jackets, four
marines , and two carpenters , twenty-two men in all , under
the charge of Lieutenant Hallett. Most of these men
volunteered for the service, in spite of the bad repute of
the climate of Ephesus, which is generally designated as
Quarters 'most pestilential. '
for the
crew. Where to lodge these men seemed at first difficult ;
and , after trying several of the Cafféjees, who asked
ridiculously exorbitant sums for the use of their wretched
huts for twenty days , I at last came to terms with an old

lady who occupied the large room of the house at Ayasa
louk, in which we afterwards lived till the excavations
were discontinued . In this one room the old lady, who had
seen what are called better days, had all her earthly goods.
She had once positively had a whole house of her own,
and a husband ; now she had only one room, rent free,
in kind consideration of her being poor and a widow.
She had the honour of being the mother of the gentle

man porter and pointsman at Ayasalouk, who showed by
the manner in which he carried himself that he was far
too proud for the duties he had undertaken.
For three Turkish pounds the old lady turned out and
took refuge in the station itself. The blue jackets , hav
ing made short work of moving her property from one
room to another, scrubbed out the room she had vacated,
built a kitchen, and then took a stroll , ' just to see what
the place was like .' They soon knew all about it, and
before nightfall were as comfortably settled down as if

they were at home. As I could not well attend to the
MAN OF WAR'S MEN AT EPHESUS. 83
workmen while the man-of-war's men were engaged in
their work at Ephesus, I discharged all but a few of

them, and partially suspended the excavations. I availed
myself of this opportunity to get rid of my ganger, with
whom I was not satisfied , and whose evil influence and
intrigues made the Bakal so irregular with his supplies
that the men were often without bread for the day.
(
February 1.- The crew of the Terrible ' began their Men of the
'Terrible
work at Ephesus , by removing some inscribed blocks of sus.
at Ephe
marble from the Great Theatre to the railway station ;
but we soon found that we should get on better if we had

a few more blue jackets and two more carpenters .
Captain Commerell therefore sent me eight more men ,
two of whom were carpenters . All the four carpenters
were now employed in making strong cases for the stones
and other antiquities, and, when a cook and his mate had
been told offfrom the whole number, we had just enough
men to drag the cart over the stony ground between the
ruins and the railway station. The men enjoyed them
selves amazingly. On the first day one of them began
to chip the sarcophagus of Polycarpos, found near the
Magnesian gate . I told him with some warmth that they
were there to aid me in preserving whatever might be
found that was interesting, and not to follow the bad
example of some visitors. My remonstrance had its
desired effect, and I had no further reason to complain
during the twenty days of their sojourn at Ephesus.

Amongst other tasks, they had to remove the facing
stones of the wall of the south entrance to the Great
Theatre, which was covered with the Salutarian inscrip

G2
84 DISCO AT EPHES .
VERIE US
S
tion. These inscribed stones were very heavy, being of
a great thickness , and were so firmly fixed in their places

with strong iron cramps, that it was very difficult to
remove them without injury. I feared that if the sailors.
were allowed to begin the work without a caution , we
should have very little of the inscription intact, when the
stones were removed. Almost the first block they had
to remove was a most delicate one, which required very
careful handling, as it had broken off at the upper edge
as sharp as a knife . I therefore told them that if they
landed that stone on the pavement at my feet without

further injury to it, I would give them all round a pound
of tobacco . This they succeeded in doing, and the
tobacco money, handed over at once to one of the petty

officers, had a most satisfactory effect. All the other
stones were removed with the greatest care, and with as
little damage as possible. The whole of this inscription is

now safely lodged in the basement floor of the British Mu
seum, with more than four hundred others from Ephesus.

The sailors were not allowed to go out of doors at
"
night, cruising about, ' as they would call it. After sup
per, therefore, they ranged themselves along the sides of
a large table in the middle of their room, and having
elected a chairman, who was probably one of the two petty
officers, they sang songs, which were chiefly of a most

sentimental turn, but never without a chorus, in which all
hands (voices) joined most lustily. The more sentimental

the song, the louder the chorus, as if ' Jack ' wanted to
conceal the fact that his heart had been touched by the
sentiment. One of their songs was so dreadfully pathetic,
MR. KEEBLES. 85
and was sung in so effective a manner, that it ' got into

our heads,' and as it was repeated every evening, we in
voluntarily exclaimed, ' There's that horrible song again. '
| The chairman used his hammer freely, and so kept order.
At ten o'clock punctually, all hands ' turned in, ' and a
few minutes later, silence reigned in the house that
sheltered from the bitter cold of that winter so many
honest 6 Britishers.'
Mr. Hallett was an excellent specimen of a young
naval officer who strives to do his duty manfully and
conscientiously. The men fell in, were inspected, and

marched off to their work with a regularity quite equal to
that observed on board ship ; and at the same time they

took to their work in the open plain with wonderful energy
and good humour, in spite of the bitterly cold wind which

prevailed the whole time.
One of the petty officers named Keebles was a man A quaint

petty
of remarkable and unflagging energy, who, whenever a officer.
large rough stone came heavily with a thud to the ground,
would exclaim, ' Great was the fall thereof.' This man
was strong with the crowbar, and one day, as he was

working with it, moving a large stone, his gigantic efforts
broke the bar, and Mr. Keebles came to the ground
I
among the loose stones of the wall. His serio-comic face
alarmed us at first ; but as his features relaxed gradually

into a decided smile, one of his messmates applied to him
his favourite quotation, ' great was the fall thereof, given
out in imitation of the voice and manner of Keebles.
One stone of the great Salutarian inscription was extra

large, and must have weighed quite four tons . Before it
was removed from the walls I scarcely knew how to

arrange about the conveyance of such a stone to the .
railway station , over about two miles of rough stony

ground, as an extra strong cart would be needed for the
purpose. But, as we removed it from the wall , it parted
in two pieces, the bigger of which did not quite break
down our cart, although many a groan escaped it on the
way. That cart did good service, for it removed most of
the stones from the ruins and the Temple, and was in
active service to the very day on which the works were
abandoned.
A great number ( I believe more than two hundred)

fragments of this inscription had fallen upon the pave
ment, and were recovered only after the removal of the
earth, débris, and huge blocks of marble with which the
passage was encumbered.
Skill of The workmen at the British Museum afterwards
workmen
at the showed great aptitude in joining these pieces together,
British
Museum. although they are unacquainted with the Greek language.
I have often seen them trying sideways , or upside down ,
pieces for which they have ultimately found their proper

places.
Officers I shall never forget the valuable help so willingly and
of the
Terrible. So cheerfully given to me by Captain Commerell and
Lieutenant Hallett. The former paid more than one
visit to the ruins, and personally took charge of and

superintended the packing of one or two of the most
valuable stones. He also allowed me to have as many of
his crew as I required to remove the stones from the ruins

to the railway station, to pack them carefully in cases,
THE OFFICERS OF H.M.S. TERRIBLE. 87
made partly by his carpenters at Ayasalouk, and to take

them from the station at Smyrna on board ship.
Twenty days, as I have said, were thus employed ,

During the whole of that time, Mr. Hallett remained
patiently enduring the discomfort of our quarters , and
with great skill and judgment assisting me in surmount
ing difficulties which only a visitor to Ephesus can quite
appreciate. Suffice it to say that we had to remove many
heavy blocks of marble from sundry parts of the ruins to
which there were no roads, and where it was almost
impossible to draw the cart, even without a load.
Captain Commerell had originally intended giving

all his lieutenants a turn with me at Ephesus ; but Mr.
Hallett proved himself so expert at the work, and so
pleasant a companion, that at my request he was allowed
to remain. Captain, now Admiral, Commerell was one of
the first sufferers in the Ashantee war, being grievously
wounded with others in a small boat on the river.
"
While the crew of the Terrible ' were employed at New
ganger.
Ephesus, I kept very few men at work, but increased the
number as soon as they left, hiring a new ganger, a young
Catholic of Smyrna, named Vitalis . This man , it turned

out, had very little control over the men, and was just
as likely to be found prostrated at full length on the
ground near the works, as standing over the men doing
his duty .
During the time I was digging in the city, I had great

difficulty in getting good workmen ; and my cavass ( I
had only one then ) recommended a countryman of his,
who , he said, would undertake to get me as many as I
needed . Accordingly, I gave this man authority to bring

me twenty men ; but, after an absence of two days, he
brought me only eight, and of these only one was a
workman, the rest being café-loungers and idlers , who
never seriously work long at anything, a very few piastres
sufficing to keep them in bread and tobacco for a month.
The tall Albanian who brought me these miserable

creatures, wanted to exact a sum per head for them ,
which would have brought his claim up to five or six
dollars. I refused to give him more than one medjid or
Turkish dollar. This he indignantly threw down on the
Threats of
violence. table, but I obliged him to take it, and he left me, declaring
with a terrible oath that he would have his revenge when
I was off my guard. If what he told the station-master

at Ayasalouk was true, he lay in wait for me for five
successive evenings, as I passed home alone through the

cemetery. My purpose in going alone was to show him
.
that I was not afraid of him, and that there was no chance
of his obtaining money from me by intimidation . I must
confess that at the time I felt some anxiety for my safety,
as I was told that this man had killed another for some
trivial difference, and he often boasted how well he had

escaped punishment for the murder by disguising himself.
I saw nothing of him, however, although I had looked out
sharply for him as I passed between the bushes in the
cemetery, with my finger on the trigger of a revolver carried

ready in my coat pocket. On the fifth night the man came
into the café where the station-master was seated, and,
breaking the stock of his gun as he threw it down, swore

one of the fearful oaths in which such men indulge, de
THE THREAT OF AN ASSASSIN. 89
claring he had not been able to catch me off my guard and

get a shot at me.
Mr. Cumberbatch, H.B. M.'s Consul at Smyrna, hear
ing of this, sent one of his cavasses, and had the man
arrested and taken down to Smyrna, and he was sen
tenced to banishment for twelve months to Pergamos ;
some of his kinsfolk and a fanatic priest being his surety.
But now there arɔse a greater danger than before, for he

had a bloodthirsty cousin living near me, who was em
ployed as a cavass on the railway, and who, a few months
before, had shot a man dead in the presence of my inform
ant for a quarrel about five piastres ! This new antagonist,

as I feared he might prove, came to see me, and asked
me why I had had his cousin arrested, and seemed to go
away satisfied when I told him he had threatened my life.
Whether he was satisfied or not, he never attempted to
molest me in any way, nor did I ever see him again,
excepting on the occasion of riding with him and others

one day on a trolly for a short distance.
The labourers, employed from first to last on the
excavations, have been of many nationalities , but were C
chiefly Turks, with a few Greeks. While I was exploring

the Great Theatre with a force of seventy workmen ,
towards the close of the season 1867--8, a circumstance T

occurred, which more or less gratified my love of romance 1
and adventure. One day, while my men were all at work

in front of the Great Theatre, I went into the building
alone to take some dimensions of the proscenium . I at
once smelt a very unpleasant odour, which I attributed
to the decomposition of some dead beast. I made no

remark at the time to anyone , although this smell com
pelled me to leave my work undone. In the evening my

ganger (Vitalis) came to my room, and with a solemn and
mysterious manner asked me if I had not smelt a ' dread
ful smell ' in the Theatre, and whether I had seen
anything. On my replying that I had smelt something,
Suspected but seen nothing, he said, ' It's a dead man, Sir ! ' He
murder!
then went on to relate all that had come to his knowledge.
His statements seemed to show that the body of a man

had been buried at the Theatre under very suspicious
circumstances . One of our Turkish labourers, named
Osman, the only man of the whole seventy, then in my

employment, who was regular at his devotions, had that
morning told my ganger that on the previous Tuesday

(four days before) he had assisted some of his fellow- work
men to bury the body of a man at the Theatre, and that
they had threatened to kill the Greeks, if they told me

or any of the authorities.
The ganger had feared to tell me of this when he first
heard of it, feeling sure, he said, that I might incur danger

by investigating the matter ; but he had afterwards deter
mined to tell me, as he thought ' murders should not be
hushed up, after the fashion of the country.' I of course
quite agreed with him, and ordered him to be in readiness
in the morning with a gang of half-a-dozen men for the

purpose of exhuming the body for examination, the cir
cumstances of his secret burial and the threats of the
Turks against the Greeks being most suspicious . My
suspicions were further increased by remembering that

when I came down to the workmen that day from the
THE VILLAGE OF KIRKENJEE. 91
interior of the theatre, one of them had tried to persuade
me to give up digging there, saying there were other

buildings much more promising, whereas here I had taken
all that could be found.
The following morning (Sunday) was ushered in by

such a storm of wind and rain as made it impossible for
us to go to the Theatre . This gave me time to reflect,
and I determined to avail myself of the advice and assist
ance, as well as of the authority , of the Mudir. I therefore
rode up to Kirkenjee, the village where he lived, accom
panied by a zaptieh (a native policeman) and one of my
cavasses. The appearance of this village strikes the
person who approaches it for the first time as being

very peculiar, the houses presenting a very formidable
front from the radiating dabs of whitewash splashed

around the windows, for the purpose, they say, of keep
(
ing off the evil eye -a common superstition in Asia
Minor. The windows here were made to look like
so many evil eyes, as I thought, glaring at you, and

defying you to enter the village. This fashion gives
a beggarly appearance to the houses, which are built
of small stones, and covered with flat mud roofs. Kirk.
enjee, however, is not so poor a place as it seems to be.

The inhabitants are industrious, and cultivate the ground
in the plain of Ephesus and for miles around. On feast
days the women turn out clad in comfortable and smart
dresses of light colours, and make a great display of gold
coins, which they string and wear as armlets and necklaces.
As we entered the village, a wedding party thronged out of
1
the church gate, the bridegroom smothered by the congra
120
S
VERIE SUS
92 DISCO AT EPHE .
A Greek tulatory embraces of his male friends ; the bride, blushingly

marriage.
happy, walking modestly behind, supported by two elderly
matrons, probably the mothers of the newly married pair.
The inhabitants of this village are said to be descended
from the ancient inhabitants of Ephesus, who moved in a
body to the more healthy abodes high up in the mountain ,
about two hundred years ago. The oldest inhabitant
recently died, at the age, it is said, of 153 years ! The

Longevity! Mudir came from his house, and met me at the Konak.
He at once promised to give me all the help in his

power, and rode down with me to Ayasalouk, accom
panied by four zaptiehs armed with their guns, pistols,
and yataghans. Although we were only six to seventy,
we did not anticipate any resistance. At the same time
we formed our plans for securing our prisoners , for the
Mudir agreed with me that it would be necessary to arrest
all the most suspicious of the workmen. As we ap
proached the village of Ayasalouk, the zaptiehs separated,
and hurried on in different directions, leaving the Mudir
and myself to ride along the ordinary road unattended .
Night was fast coming on, and the short twilight favoured
¦
our plan. We entered the village without alarming those
of my workmen whom we found in the cafés drinking or
smoking. Having arrested and secured all whom we sus
Arrest of pected here, we obtained six or seven lengths of rope, and
workmen .
a lantern, and proceeded on our way to take the remainder
at their sleeping places among the ruins . It was quite
dark when we reached the first of them, and thus , as
our numbers could not be ascertained, the men made
no attempt at resistance, and we arrested them as we
A SUPPOSED MURDER. 93
found them, gang after gang, in the vaults and caverns,

and tied them together, in groups of six or seven, to the
number of thirty-six including the prisoners taken in the
village. By the time all this was done, we had reached
the front of the Great Theatre. The police then lighted
the torches they had brought with them, and some of my
workmen proceeded to exhume the body of the mur Murdere i

man ex
dered man . This was no easy task, for the body had humed. 1
been deposited five or six feet below the surface, and large
stones had been heaped upon it. Two good hours were
spent in getting at it, and when it was taken out, its ad
vanced state of decomposition left the exact manner of his

death as much a mystery as before. The body was there
fore replaced, and we started for Ayasalouk with our
•
prisoners. As I was the only person thoroughly ac
quainted with all the holes and pitfalls I had dug on our
road, I was obliged to lead the way, while the others
followed me as closely as possible. Our march was per
formed in perfect silence.
The following morning I visited the prisoners, one
half of whom were crowded into the small room occupied
by the police, while the others stood about the porch ,

closely watched. The Mudir's secretary was engaged in
taking down their names on a long strip of paper, before Prisoners.

their departure as prisoners for Scala Nova. They
were then again strongly tied together in five or six
gangs, and so marched off with an armed escort, headed
by the Mudir, who promised to bring them all back to
their work the next day, after their examination by the
Kaimachan (Governor) . In the meantime I endeavoured
I
་
to supply their places by other men , as the elders of the

village told me I must not expect my men to be returned
to me for a long time. On the fourth day the Mudir re
turned with a message from the Kaimachan to the effect
that he would like to see me. I therefore started off with
the Mudir and a zaptieh. On the way to Scala Nova

Patience the Mudir had an opportunity of showing the excellence
of the
Mudir. of his temper, for on attempting to pass by the lower
bridle path at the foot of the rocky steep on which ' St.
Paul's Prison ' stands, the ground proved so swampy that
his horse nearly disappeared beneath him, and he had to

disengage himself as quickly as possible to get out of the
slough. Horse, rider, saddle -bags, and all were covered
(
with thick mud, but Zara yok ' (no matter) were the only
words that escaped the patient Mudir. On reaching the

first road-side café, which had the usual fountain and a
plentiful supply of spring water, he spent more than half
an hour in washing the mud off his clothes, his horse, and
trappings.
On approaching Scala Nova we fell in with a dozen
State of
the armed zaptiehs, who had been out all night in search of
country.
robbers, the country being at that time infested by many
bands of Greeks from Crete, who, having deserted the
cause they had engaged to fight for, came, formidably
armed with breechloaders, to the coast of Asia Minor.
Here the mountains afforded them a safe retreat from the
pursuit of the police, while they could swoop down from

their hiding places upon any unfortunate travellers who
might happen to pass within reach of them .
On arriving at the Konak we were shown up into an

THE PRISONERS BEFORE THE KAIMACHAN. 95
antechamber, where we were served with coffee. Some Reception

at Konak.
of the officials here took great interest in examining my
revolver, as if it was the first they had ever seen. In due
time we were shown into the Council Chamber, where
we found the Kaimachan, the Mollah , and some of the
Medjilis seated, with their legs crossed under them, on

low, wide divans against the walls .
My reception was the usual flattering one given to
Europeans by Turkish gentlemen. A Turk is well pleased
if he can speak any European language, however imper
fectly ; in this case, the Kaimachan knew a few words of
German, and at the same time that he indicated which
seat I should take, he said ' Sitzen sie.' From compli

ments we soon passed to the unpleasant business which
had brought us together. The thirty-six prisoners having

been ranged along the wall at the lower end of the room ,
I called over all their names, at the request of the Kai
machan, and recognised them man by man.
The first man so called was motioned out by the
Kaimachan. Seeing his plan, I gave them the same sign
( And now
one by one, till they had all left the room. ,"
said the Kaimachan , ' do you suspect any one of these men
of having committed the murder ? ' As I had suspected

one man more than the rest only because my ganger had
expressed his dislike of him, and because this man had
done his best to avoid arrest by secreting himself, I felt
that I had no real evidence against him. Not choosing
to give utterance to my suspicions, I asked the Kaimachan
whether he had obtained evidence against any of the men.
As he said he had not, I requested him to let me take
ES
ERI ESU
S
COV
96 DIS AT EPH .
them all with me back to the Excavations : and to this he
consented, evidently glad to be rid of them. Having

taken my leave of the Kaimachan and the other officials,
I descended into the court-yard, where my men were
standing in groups, waiting to hear what had been decided
respecting them. There was not a little exultation among

Liberation the poor fellows when I told them they were free. I saw
of the
prisoners. the place where they had been kept in durance vile . It
was a dirty stable without light or air, without beds, and
even without straw ; and only a few of the men had taken a
small bundle of rags to pillow their heads upon . Wretched
as their lodging was I had to pay for it. We all returned
Return to together along the sea-shore to Ephesus, the men showing
Ephesus.
their delight by racing with my horse, or chasing one
another into the sea, and gamboling like children as they
ran along. I so far humoured them in their sport as to
allow some of the most active of them to get to the Great

Theatre before me, and as I passed on they gave a hearty
cheer,
The murder, I need scarcely say, was never found out .

The victim was probably some poor unknown wayfarer ;
and all that we could ascertain about him was that he was
not a Turk, his hair being very long and thick . I was
told in Smyrna that I might expect to be the next victim,
if I took any steps to track murderers and bring them to
Murder justice. Cowardly murders are often committed in the
made easy.
streets of Smyrna, and the murderer is almost always
allowed to escape until, after the lapse of a few months, he
returns to his usual work as if nothing had happened, and
no one attempts to interfere with him.
THE STADIUM. 97
CHAPTER V.
Stadium - Grand Entrance -Tyrants' Palace - Serapion- Double Church

Another Church- Roman Temple - Destructive Turk - Prytaneum —
Porticos - Mosaic Pavements -Opistholeprian Gymnasium- The Pnyx
--Castle at Aya salouk — Hippodrome - Roman Aqueduct - Modern
Greeks -Hard Times -Curious Letters - Complaints of the Landowners.
BEFORE leaving the city and working our way to the

Temple, I must refer briefly to some of the remains of
the public buildings in the city, not hitherto described in
this book.
Beginning at the Coressian Gate, we have near to it, TheStadium.

on the south side, the Stadium, built probably in the time
.
of Augustus. The total length of this building, including
the Theatre at the east end, is 850 feet ; the exact width
cannot be exactly stated , the south side being entirely de

stroyed, but it exceeded 200 feet. In the Theatre, which
formed part of the building, the gladiatorial games were
probably exhibited. The seats of the Stadium were
raised upon arched substructures on the north side, and
on the solid rock on the south side, where they appear
to have been more numerous. As many seats as existed
on the north side, were continued around the circular end

eastward. Every fragment of these seats has been
carried away ; but in the Theatre many of them remain

H
ES
ERI US
C OV ES
S H
98 DI AT EP .
in position. The western end of the Stadium was adorned

by an open columniated screen in two tiers. The bases
of the lower columns still remain in position .
Grand On the north side of the Stadium there was a double
Entrance.
colonnade, which ran parallel with it for its whole length,
and formed probably not only a grand entrance to the
city, but also a promenade for the spectators in the
Stadium, from the terrace of which steps probably de
scended every 50 feet, the vomitoria ( doors of exit) of the
Stadium being that distance apart . The shafts of the
columns of the colonnade were of grey granite ; the re
mainder of white marble. This structure belongs pro
bably to the same date as the Stadium .
Tyrant's To the north of the colonnade there are considerable

Palace.
remains of a grand public building about 250 feet square,
which Mr. Falkener has styled the Gymnasium of the
Stadium . I excavated against the front wall ; but as I did
not succeed in finding any inscriptions, I will not venture
to say positively what building it was. It may have been
the Tyrant's Palace, but I think it could not have been a
gymnasium . On the north side of this building, which is
here raised on very lofty arched sub-structures, the sea, as
many have supposed, approached the city. I have, however,
shown that if at any time there was water here, it must
have been brought by a canal, like the one constructed
between the river Caÿster and the City Port. The lofty
sub-structures are supposed by some to have been grana
ries ; but they reminded me forcibly of the Chambers for

soldiery at Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli, in imitation of
Cæsar's Palace in Rome.
THE SERAPION. 99
Opposite the Stadium, westward, is a truncated rocky The

Serapion.
mound, on which Mr. Falkener with good reason places
the Serapion. The levelled portion of the rock, which is
of marble, gives an area of 250 square feet, in the centre
of which is the circular rock- cut foundation of a large
altar with four broad flights of steps and three piers for
columns between each flight. The quadrangle appears
Serapion Altar
to have been surrounded on all sides by small cells or

chambers, and the whole arrangement resembles that of
the Serapion at Pozzuoli , near Naples.
The Double Church, on the north side of the Forum, Double
Church.
next claims our attention . It was probably one of the
earliest Christian churches in Ephesus , and may have been
built soon after the destruction of the Temple. The
H2
eastern church is built entirely of stone ; the western

church is chiefly of brick. Both are terminated at the
east end by an apse .
Another The ruins of another church are to be seen at some
church.
distance up the northern slope of Mount Prion , not far
from the ruins of a beautiful Roman temple, which is a
Double Church
conspicuous object above the Agora. This Roman temple

Roman was of fine white marble, the fluted monolothic columns
temple.
were thirty-nine feet long, and the entablature was richly
sculptured . This beautiful ruin was an object of the

greatest interest to visitors, and was allowed to remain
undisturbed, until a Turk obtained permission from the

authorities some years ago to take marble from the
SIZE OF THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS. IOI
ruins of Ephesus, and he carried off a great portion of the Destruc

tive Turk.
remains of this building. Before attempting to remove
some of the columns, he chopped off the flutings, and by

similar means lightened many of the large blocks he
wanted for the unsightly mosque which he was building
in Smyrna. He thus disfigured this beautiful ruin and
left it covered with marble chippings from the blocks he
carried away, and the ruin is no longer interesting. This
man carried on his work of destruction in the large mosque
1
T
The Ruins of the Pry taneum.
at Ayasalouk, removing the extremely beautiful Kibleh
and some highly ornamental marble slabs from the pulpit

and other parts of the building.
After all his trouble and
expense, he was not allowed to use the stones which he
had taken from the mosque, and which remain to this day
at the railway station and in some of the narrow streets
of Smyrna near his mosque. I was told that the mosque
was built at the expense of a rich Turk, who undertook

it as an act of devotion.
The Pry On the east side of the Forum and near the great
taneum . 1
Theatre there are the remains of a very fine stone building
which I believe was either the Prytaneum or the Curia. It

is about 250 feet square, which is , singularly enough, the
size of many of the public buildings in the city. The solid
piers of masonry, of which many remain , are particularly
well built of large blocks of marble. It was probably
erected about the same time as the great Gymnasium,
which I assign to the first century of the Christian era.
Porticos. All around the Forum there appears to have been a
colonnade, some of the slender granite shafts of which

remain standing to this day. There was also an upper
portico on the east side of the Agora, used probably as a
promenade by the better classes of the Ephesians on the
days of assembly in the Theatre, of which it is apparently
an adjunct. This portico was paved with tessera, and each
compartment between the piers was of a different pattern,
resembling both in design and workmanship the style of
Mosaic the houses at Pompeii . Visitors to Ephesus have wan
pave
ments. tonly destroyed both this and another mosaic pavement
found near the surface close to the Magnesian Gate. I
have, in another part of this book, alluded to the manner
in which visitors to the ruins of Ephesus destroyed any
antiquities left on the surface. In the case of these
Mosaic pavements the disposition to destroy for mere

destruction's sake is more evident, the tesseræ having
been picked up and left loose on the spot.
1
Opistho The Opistholeprian Gymnasium or Thermæ near the
leprian
Gymna Magnesian Gate is similar in plan to the Gymnasia at
sium .
Alexandria Troas, and at Tralles . It is a building of the
NG
aa
9000
"
ROMAN MOSAIC PAVEMENT , NR MAGNESIAN GATE .

remains of poRTICOS. 103
first century, about 250 feet square, and is surrounded by
an ample diaulos , decorated on the south side by a screen

with marble figures of Persians nearly 11 feet high. One of
these was found prostrate near its original position ; the
head, hands , and feet are missing, and these were probably
of coloured marble. The remains of many other porticos
*
* *
Mosaic Pavement near Great Theatre.
and colonnades at Ephesus appear still above ground ;

but without extensive excavations, their position , direc
tion, and extent cannot be ascertained.
The ancient Greek Fort on the hill near the canal St. Paul's
Prison.
leading to the City Port, and commonly called St. Paul's
Prison, consists of two stories, each containing four rooms
opening into one another : the upper story was approached

by wide external stone steps, similar to those leading up to
the walls of the city on Mount Prion .
The In the swampy ground north of the city, and about
Pnyx.
eighty yards distant from the wall, I found what I think
must have been the Pnyx of Ephesus. Here was a large
BEMA
Plan of Pnyx.
isolated white marble rock about 150 feet by 80 feet, and

standing about eight feet above the present surface of the
ground. There is a bema or platform and steps ascend
ing to it, facing the city wall ; I was strongly reminded
by it of the Pnyx at Athens.
The hill at Ayasalouk is surmounted by a large castle
which was to a great extent rebuilt by the Turks on the
southern side. There are considerable remains also of a
I
AGE OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 105
1
large public building of the same character as the building Castle at
Ayasa
in the city near the Stadium. louk.
A very large area remains unexplored between the

double church on the north side of the Forum and the city
wall . Here might have stood the Hippodrome of Ephesus, The Hi
podrome.
if such a building ever existed .
It is my opinion that the majority of the public build
ings referred to in this chapter may be attributed to
I the time of Augustus and Tiberius.
The Roman aqueduct which conveyed water to the Roman t
Aqueduc .
city of Ephesus from the mountain on the road to
Magnesia ad Mæandrum, traversed the ravine of the
pass from east to west, and was there built upon arches
in the time of Tiberius, as shown by an inscription upon
the structure . A view of this is given in Falkener's
Ephesus ; it forms a pretty architectural feature in the

Ephesus pass and it was near this that the Châlet I lived
in was situated. My change of residence from the Châlet

in this lonely place to the house at Ayasalouk was the
commencement of a new phase in my life in those parts,
and being close to the railway station , I witnessed many

a scene amongst the natives which was more or less
amusing and interesting. Large parties of Greeks, con- Modern
Greeks.
sisting sometimes of several families, came to Ayasalouk
on their way between Smyrna and Scala Nova. Sometimes
they were simply passing through to some festival at Scio
or elsewhere, sometimes they were migrating from one
.
place to another, and had all their furniture and personal

belongings with them ; the men and women mounted on
sorry beasts that could scarcely be called horses, the
women sitting astride on a pillow and holding the children
in front of them. They generally allowed ample time

for a hearty meal from the baskets which they carried with
them, and having placed the provisions on the ground
1
they grouped themselves around them in large parties
and dipped their bread in the same dish of sour milk or

olive oil. There is in the modern Greek a peculiar sort
of kindheartedness which I should regret leaving un
mentioned : they have great sympathy for one another in

cases of illness or any kind of affliction, and three genera
tions can live together contentedly under the same roof

and with one common ménage for all. Respect for elders,
which is quickly disappearing from amongst us in England
is still customary with the Greeks and Turks. I have seen

a child on being introduced to an elderly Turkish gentle
man, approach him with reverence, take his hand , kiss it,
raise it to her forehead , and then gently release it. I leave

the reader to contrast this with the happy (?) results of
our boasted civilization.
Hard When I first resided at Ayasalouk, which was early

times.
in the year 1868 , my ménage was of the most unpretend
ing description ; and although I had provided myself with
a cook, I was often without meat, when the fasts , which
he religiously observed , made him indifferent to the con

tents of our larder. Sometimes my neighbour the station
master had more meat than he wanted , and was glad to
find a customer for the surplus. The station - master's
wife, who was a kind-hearted woman, knowing the care !
I
lessness of my cook, often asked the man what his
master had for dinner. One evening, when she made
AMUSING LETTERS. 107
this interesting inquiry, the man appears to have been

in a bad humour, and replied
rudely, the result of
- A
which was the following letter from her :
6
Memorandum to Wood Esq.
'8/1, 1868.
' Dr. Sir, -Hearing from Mr. C — that you have Curious
letters.
asked him about a piece of pork or beef, if we could
spare, I therefore though ( Sir) of asking your Cook if
you had anything for supper, and if not I could spare
very little of what we had for ourselves, but by the bad
manner your man replied to my question, it astonished
me, saying in a great voice (that could be heard to a
great distance) do I know what Mr. Wood does, do
not bother me.
' I sure you Sir that if I have been a man to the way
the impudent beger replied I would serve him well,
please give him to understan that he has not to deal
with his own sort.
You are welcome to a piece of roased pork if you

desire. 'Yours truly,
' Mrs. C
'To Mr. Wood, Excavator of Ephesus.'
Mr. and Mrs. C. were natives of Corfu, and had

therefore acquired some little knowledge of English .
It appears that at one time one of my people had

without my leave set up a bakal's shop to supply the
workmen, and this was made known to me by a letter

from the bakal , which shall speak for itself :—
¦
IES
'Ayassalook 7/2/71.
6
Wood, Esq.
' Dear Sir, —If you'll have to ask me for why I did
not gave breads to your men I'll beg to inform you that
—————— many times made I
in concequence that your man
me loss money from many workmen of yours whenever
they were to leave your service he should I think have
my Self adviced for to ask my money but he always is

doing the contrary expresly for to make me loss money.
Please take note also that he has doned a ware
house and supplis all the provisions except the bread

and I have told him in present of the Station Master
here that I would prefer to give him as many Sacks of
flour he want for to give them all bread, because I am
sorry to say that I cannot have for forty breads three
Servanz and horse more. I leave it to your Kind Self
to have it arrangt as am poor and I like to have friends

and not enemies ,'
Another letter from the Greek Bakal.
'Dear Sir, -In Same time I beg to inform you that

as to-day in your presenz (name omitted) insulted me by
calling me lyer I cannot axcept it, as I work just now
fourteen years on the Ottoman Railway Company and
never heard such words (in reproach).
Please in future get some body other to supply your
men with breads and oblige and if the other one has not
flour, for these few days I can promise to him presently
five sacks
6 Yours servant,
ELIAS DANOS.'
1
1
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL. 109
One of the Ephesian landowners lived at Scala Nova,

and was on friendly terms with the Kaimachan of that
place. He therefore prevailed upon him to send a com

plaint to the Pasha of Smyrna, with the view of putting a
stop to my excavations in the open plain. The Pasha
forwarded the document to our Consul, who immediately
favoured me with a copy of it to guide me in my pro
ceedings. The following is a translation of this docu
ment, dated July 28 , 1870 : —
' The Council of the country in question alleging by Com plaints of

a Magbata that Mr. Wood , an English subject searching the land
Owners.
for antiquities in the district of Ayasalouk, has laid waste
the lands of many cultivators, they have demanded the
execution of what is necessary.
'Some days since Ahmed Bey, member of the Council

for the proceedings, and Costandi Effendi, member of the
Council of the administration , have been sent on business
to the aforesaid country, have seen with their own eyes
the land dug by Mr. Wood . Taking into consideration
.
their report chiefly on the land situated in the neighbour
hood of the said country, between three, five, and eight
steps, and from three to ten pikes deep , are dug wells ,
and to close the wells dug in each piece of land , from one
to two thousand piastres must be spent, and without
filling up the aforementioned wells it is impossible to
cultivate the aforementioned land .
' As the cultivation of the land has remained all be
hind to sow sesame and maize, they can no longer sow it.
Whenever the agriculturist asks the aforesaid Mr. Wood

to fill up the aforesaid wells , he allows the time to pass
under various pretences, and every day he makes forty

or sixty workmen work on the land of this one or that
one, and the marbles and antiquities which he finds he
takes away, and immediately shuts them up in boxes
without letting anyone see them, and sends them to
Smyrna by railway.
' This being verified, has been told to us as being a
great drawback to the agriculturists.
'Will you take into consideration that this does great
|
harm to the interests of the agriculturists ; and that you
1
may see it more clearly, we submit to you also the Mag 1
bata of the aforesaid Council. The execution of what is
necessary depends on the opinion of your adviser. It is for

this we take the liberty of presenting to you the present
Magbata on this subject, as on all occasions, it belongs
to him who has the right to command.'
I may here add that I was not compelled to discon
tinue my explorations, nor to fill up the holes I had
dug when this communication was made to the Pasha
of Smyrna ; but I afterwards filled up of my own accord

most of the holes to which the complaint referred .
1
THE MAGNESIAN GATE. III
CHAPTER VI.
The Magnesian Gate- The River Marnas - Road to Temple - Road to

Magnesia-Interesting Tombs -Ancient Wood Carving- Coressian Gate
-Plan of Exploration - Discovery of the Portico of Damianus-Hin
drances, Difficulties, and Dangers -Journeying from England - Con
I tinuance of Works - Sarcophagi- Contents of Sarcophagi -Columbaria—
Sepulchral Recesses - Quarries -Via Sacra- Miscellaneous Antiquities—
Inscriptions Sepulchre of Androclus -A Sharp-witted Ganger- Hopes
and Fears -Discovery of Road leading to Temple - Difficulties - Works
Stopped by the Turks- The Prince and Princess of Wales - The Mudir
-Works Resumed - Supplementary Grant- Peribolos Wall of Temenos
Discovered - Interesting Inscriptions - Success - More Inscriptions —In
teresting Historical Facts Confirmed -Contract Work - Letter of Con
gratulation — False Alarm - Brigands - Narrow Escapes - Intriguing
Mudir -Amusing Memorial-Telegrams - Curious Letter- Works Sus
pended.
HAVING found the Magnesian and Coressian

The Mag
nesian Gates,
mentioned in the great Salutarian inscription , I set as Gate.
many men to work as I could spare from the great

Theatre, to open up the roads leading from these gates
outside the City. In doing this I had to clear a large
space near the Magnesian Gate, which I found had con
sisted of three openings, one of which was for the use of

foot passengers, the other two for chariots and waggons.
This gate was fortified by large loop-holed towers which
flanked it on both sides . The whole of the superstruc
ture of the gate had fallen on the pavement, leaving the

piers standing only 7 or 8 feet high. The pavement re
mained intact, with deeply cut chariot- ruts as at Pompeii .

On the two central piers crosses had been cut , like those
at the Theatre and other public buildings in the City ;
showing that the Christians in those days could exbibit

the emblem of their new faith without fear of persecution,
as they could not have done in the time of Trajan and

Pliny. On the front of one of the central piers was sculp
tured a small bas-relief of Nemesis, the Goddess of Re
tribution, with the long wings and wheels symbolical of

the swiftness of her vengeance. This work has unfortu
nately been destroyed by visitors to the ruins. I was
afterwards assured that these barbarians were some of
the passengers of an English boat, but I did not believe it.
Į I examined all the blocks of stone which had formed
the superstructure of the gate, in search of an inscription

which would give certain information as to its name ; but
I found only a line or two with the name of the Emperor
Vespasian, in whose time the gate had probably been re
erected. I also found near the gate a large block which
probably formed part of the superstructure ; on this was

carved the subject of our wood -cut, which I have sup
posed may represent Peace and War.
The river Near the gate and outside of it, was found the in
Marnas.
scribed pedestal which had probably supported a figure of
the River Marnas, and which informs us that the water
of that river was here brought into the City. Before the
discovery of this inscription we had only known of the
existence of this river in the Plain of Ephesus by some
ancient copper coins of the time of Domitian , and its
whereabouts in the plain was unknown . We can now
THE RIVER MARNAS. 113
fix its position with tolerable accuracy. It was probably
the river which took its rise in the Ephesus Pass, and
fell into the river Selinus, somewhere between the Mag
nesian Gate and Ayasalouk. The figure on the coin is
helmeted.
Immediately outside the gate, on the south side, there

were the remains of an extremely handsome sarcophagus
ornamented with festoons of fruit and flowers, supported by
boys, and inscribed with the name Polycarpos accompanied
Peace and War.
by a cross. I also found near the gate two sun- dials, one
entirely of marble, the other of stone with an iron gnomon.
I had to clear a wide space, for the distance of 140 feet
outside the gate, before I reached the point where the
road bifurcated, one branch of it leading around Mount
Coressus towards Ayasalouk, the other towards the
Ephesus Pass, and onward to Magnesia ad Mæandrum .
It was this latter road that gave the name to the gate.
I
Road to I soon determined which of these two roads was more

Temple.
likely to lead to the Temple. The road leading to Ayasa
louk, thirty-five feet in width , and paved with immense
blocks of marble and limestone, was very deeply worn into
four distinct ruts , showing the constant passing and repass
ing of chariots and other vehicles. The road leading to
D'PVBLICIVS
FRVCTVS LICTOR FONTEI AGRIPPAE - PRO
GOS VIXIT ANNIS . XXX . 1
1
1
Tomb of a Lictor
Road to Magnesia, on the other hand, showed little or no wear, the

Mag
[nesia. marks of wheels being scarcely discernible. Along the
sides of this road , however, I found some very interesting
tombs and monuments, and I therefore opened it up for
the distance of nine hundred yards, beyond which there
seemed to be no tombs or sarcophagi.
SEPULCHRAL INSCRIPTIONS. 115
One of the most curious tombs discovered here was In'erest

ing tombs.
that of D. Publicius Fructus, who was a Lictor of the
Proconsul Fonteius Agrippa. In a large sunk panel are
carved the fasces, and an axe surmounted by the head
of póßos ( Terror) . This man had died at the early

age of thirty years. An inscription on a sarcophagus¹
records the death of Valerius, a soldier who served in
the Roman army for eight years, and died at the age
of twenty-six years and six months. Another tomb
was that of M. Calpurnius Rufus, Prætorian legate of

Cyprus, Pontus, Bithynia, and the province of Asia.2
Near this were found the tombs of Metrodorus the
3
Ephebarch, and of Marcus Helvius Geminus, Imperial
Proprætor of Asia.¹
Many other tombs have interesting inscriptions, some
of which relate to personages who held high official posts
under the Roman Empire. In a sarcophagus by the
side of the road leading to Magnesia ad Mæandrum, I

found a well-executed profile, probably of the occupant, Ancient
wood
carved in wood, in a fair state of preservation , but which carving.
would not bear careless handling. In another sarcophagus
we found a perfect skeleton , with the arms bent at the

elbows and crossed on the chest. By the side of the
road we also found a dedication by Earinus , who held the
office of Tabularius of the province of Asia.³
The road to Magnesia winds amongst the sub
structures of monuments, some of which are of large
1 See Appendix, Inscription on Tombs, Sarcophagi, &c .

2 Ibid. 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. ¦
5 Appendix , Sundries .
12
1
proportions and very massive, and are evidently raised

1
over the remains of persons of distinction . These are to
be traced for more than two miles beyond the gates .
In opening the road towards Ayasalouk, I found at

first only a few large marble sarcophagi, inscribed with
the names of the occupants ; and none of these were of
special interest. The discovery of them was occasionally
announced by the English ganger, who informed me in
quite an excited manner, ' They've found another sar
copalus, Sir !'
The Co The Coressian Gate appeared to have been used only
ressian
Gate. by foot passengers, as I could discover no signs of wheel
traffic in the road leading from it. I found tombs on both
sides of this road, and a number of handsome sarcophagi ,
large and small, in position . At the distance of 500 yards

outside the Gate, the road bifurcated, the branch to the I
left leading to a point some distance north of the hill at
Ayasalouk, where it probably joined the road to Smyrna.

The other led direct to the sacred precinct ofthe Temple,
as I afterwards ascertained. The road which led around
Mount Coressus from the Magnesian Gate, crossed at this

point, and passed on northward .
Built into one of the piers of the Coressian Gate,

was found part of a frieze from some more ancient public
building, inscribed with an epitaph in eight elegiac
verses.¹
Looking now from the Magnesian Gate in the

direction of the road which I had selected as the most
1 Appendix, Sundries from Ephesus, Inscription No. 1.
:
THE MAGNESIAN GATE. 117
likely to lead to the Temple, I could see no ground

within six hundred feet which could possibly be the site ;
yet this appeared to be the length of the Stoa or Portico
of Damianus described by Philostratus as uniting the
Temple with the city. There was, however, one pro

mising feature , which I did not overlook ; this was a
decided κálodos or descending road, similar to that
described by Philostratus, where the portico was said to
begin, that is at the Magnesian Gate.
I determined ultimately to set aside for a time the Plan of
explora
question as to the exact length of the portico, and to tion.
bestow all my means and energy in opening up as great
a length of the road as I possibly could, with the balance
I had then in hand, before the hot season should set in.
¦
The discovery of the Magnesian Gate was a great stride
towards that of the Temple itself ; and I was satisfied
in my own mind that I was making fair progress . Of
this, however, I had to convince the Trustees, that I might

obtain the necessary funds to continue the excavations.
I therefore opened up the outer side of the road around
the mountain , in search of a road which led away from it
towards the open plain , where I thought the Temple must
inevitably be found .
I succeeded in exploring five hundred yards of the Discovery
of the
road in this manner by the time my funds were ex Portico of
Damia
hausted. At this distance from the gate I found the nus.
stone piers of a portico which must have been that of

Damianus. I now concluded that this portico was of
great length, and that the six hundred feet of it men
tioned by Philostratus as having been built of stone,

was of a more ornate character than the remainder.
The clouds had begun to disperse, and the difficulties to

lessen.
Early in May I suspended the excavations, and
returned to England , to rejoin my family, from

whom I had been separated since September, and to
make arrangements, if possible, for the prosecution
of the explorations during another season , which I had

determined should in future exclude the summer
months .
Hin One of the difficulties in conducting excavations at

drances,
difficul Ephesus, and one of my greatest enemies , was the fever
ties, and
dangers. which prevails there , and which is generated by the ex
tensive marshes near the river Caÿster on the north side
of the city. I was not sufficiently careful , and for years
took no precautions, such as generous living and occa
sional relaxation would have afforded me against the
common foc. I was therefore a constant sufferer, and
my courage and powers of endurance were put to severe

tests, and threatened from time to time to break down.
Other hindrances, difficulties, and dangers were caused

partly by the vexatious stoppage of the works by the
different Pashas of Smyrna, who succeeded one another
so rapidly that as soon as I had propitiated one of them
I found myself obliged to conciliate another ; and in part
by the insufficiency or inefficiency of workmen . Large
parties of my best workmen were sometimes taken
without notice by the railway companies and others.

Then , too, my life was repeatedly threatened and even
attempted ; and there was always the danger of injury
¦
FLOODS IN ITALY. 119
from falling earth and stones , from which I had many

narrow escapes .
But above all these there was the fear of failure for
want of funds to continue the excavations . This caused
me constant anxiety at that time . In my less sanguine

or hopeful moods , I would sometimes wish for a great
earthquake to open up a chasm, and reveal the secret ;
but if this had happened, I should have lost the credit of
finding the Temple. During my stay in England, the

Trustees of the British Museum determined to proceed
with the works, and Mrs. Wood accompanied me on Journey
ing from
my return to Smyrna towards the end of October. We England.
were detained at Vogogna for five days by the floods

with twenty others who came over the Simplon Pass at
.
the same time. As the roads and bridges were washed
away, and could not be put in order for some months,
we continued our journey by a circuitous route which

brought us to Baveno on the Lago Maggiore. The
water had risen in the lake to the first- floor windows of
the houses, and by the time we reached Milan we had

seen enough water to satisfy the keenest hydropathist
living. To get to the salle-à-manger of the hotel at
Baveno, a narrow plank was placed from one window to
another across the street, which was then like one of
the Venetian canals. No lady could therefore cross to
the room where dinner was served, and we went on our
way fasting.
On our arrival at Ephesus I set to work immediately ance
Continu
of
with the few men I could get together on the spot, works.
beginning from the point where I had suspended work in

May, and continuing to open up the road leading around

Mount Coressus towards Ayasalouk. Tombs of every
Sarco description , but chiefly sarcophagi of white marble , of the
phagi.
third, fourth, and fifth century of our era , were found on
both sides of the road.
I also found in position the majority of the stone piers

of the Portico of Damianus in a continuous line on the
inner side of the road, that is, nearest the mountain .
This portico was twelve feet wide between the piers.

As I found no remains of the superstructure , I pre
sume that it was of wood : the portion described by

Philostratus as being of stone for the length of a stadium
(600 feet) was probably that part nearest the Temple,
which remains undiscovered. Between the piers of the
portico nearest the road we found sarcophagi of the

largest size, all of which bore Greek or Latin inscriptions.
Where the road changes direction at rather an acute !
angle, to make its course conformable to the shape of the
mountain, I found a continuous row of sarcophagi suc
ceeded for some distance by tombs of every description .
Some of the sarcophagi, which were chiefly of white
marble, had the Christian monogram carved

Axen
upon their covers . These were of the fourth or fifth cen .
tury. Other sarcophagi were ornamented with bulls'

heads and rams' heads, and festoons of fruit and flowers ;
others, again, were much plainer, some being roughly

blocked out for similar decoration.¹
!
1 Appendix, Inscriptions on Tombs, &c.
HUMAN REMAINS. 121
I was unwilling to open any of the tombs or sarco

of sarco
phagi ; but finding that my workmen and others were less phagi.
scrupulous, I carefully removed some of the covers of

the latter, and after examination of the contents , replaced
them. In one of these, I found the complete skeletons of

fourteen persons, but nothing more ; eight of the bodies
had been placed in one direction, and the position of the
remainder was reversed . This sarcophagus must have
been used as a family grave or vault is at the present
day.
In another large sarcophagus I found four skeletons ,
four flat terra-cotta dishes, and four small terra-cotta
vases, but no coins, jewellery, or other article of value.
In none of these did I find or expect to find the obolus or
passage money for Charon , as they were all Christian
tombs.
On a white marble cippus placed over one of the

tombs in addition to the usual sepulchral inscription,
there were four lines of Greek poetry relating to T.
Calpurinius who came from the banks of the Rhine. "
This inscription is remarkable for being cut with great

precision, and deeply incised.
Some of the tombs were vaulted chambers, finished
in stucco, and roughly painted, with inscribed tablets over
the marble doorways, which were filled in with rubble

masonry.
A few of the tombs were ornamented with groups of
figures in bas-relief. See woodcut, page 123 .
Appendix. Inscriptions from Tombs, &c.

¡
Our woodcut represents a curious monumental stone

from a Christian tomb.
Colum On the side of the mountain near this road an upper
baria.
road for foot passengers had been constructed by arched
recesses where they were required by the irregularities
Christian Tombstone.
of the natural formation . Many of these recesses had

been used as columbaria.
Sepul Above this road, which can be traced , with few inter
chral re
cesses. ruptions, all round the mountain from the Magnesian to
the Coressian Gate, some rough rock-cut inscriptions
may be seen with a great number of small deep recesses
CEMETERY AND QUARRIES. 123
(loculi ) for sepulchral urns, which probably had been

closed by inscribed marble or bronze slabs . Some of
these recesses might have been for votive offerings, and

probably had sculptured facings like the examples in the
British Museum. Higher up the side of the mountain
and near the Magnesian Gate there remains one large
MRU ELEVAGE
Bas-relief from Tomb
roughly hewn sarcophagus. There might have been many

more originally, as this part of the mountain, outside the
walls, appears to have been one vast cemetery.

This side of Mount Coressus is remarkable for its Quarries.
extensive and deep quarries, none of which, however, yield

white marble, as has been often erroneously stated, the
rock being gray crystalline limestone, or gray marble.

Some of these quarries are more than 100 feet deep.
The wild birds build their nests in them now in perfect
safety, and here the traveller might sit from sunrise

to sunset without seeing a fellow-creature ; the scene
forcibly reminding one ofthe ' rough quarries ' and ' rocks
in Othello's oration before the senate.
As the tombs and sarcophagi along the main road
Rock-cut Sepulchral Recesses.
were placed side by side as closely as possible, I opened

up the outer side of the road with a continuous trench,
always looking for the road, which I thought must

inevitably lead off from it towards the Temple.
Via In this Street of Tombs , which, as I eventually learnt,
Sacra.
led to the Temple, and which I would venture to call the
Via Sacra, were found hundreds of terra-cotta lamps of
various forms and sizes, some quite plain, others orna
mented with the forms of human , heroic, or mythological
1
MISCELLANEOUS ANTIQUITIES. 125
figures, or by animals in relief. We found also ivory and

bone pins , from one inch and a half to five inches long,
some of which had been covered with a coating of gold
leaf.
I did not succeed in finding the site of the Jewish

Cemetery which must have existed at Ephesus, but it was
possibly at some distance from the city, and in a part of
the plain where no excavations were made.
ļ
Amongst other miscellaneous antiquities found in the Miscella
neous an
course of the excavations may be mentioned fragments of tiquities.
small terra-cotta figures, most of which were roughly
moulded ; one or two pheasant whistles in terra- cotta , •
1
ivory and bone knife-handles, bronze nails, buckles, and
a few iron implements, fragments in ivory of musical instru
ments, marbles of the same size as those used by school
boys in modern times , a few mechanics ' implements, of
which the most remarkable was a small well-made bronze
1
square for marking off right angles, fragments of bronze
basins, a bronze mirror , & c.
1
Some of the inscriptions on the tombs and elsewhere Inscrip
tions.
are worthy of particular mention here.
( 1.) An inscription on a tablet over the doorway of

a tomb, in Greek and Latin, to the memory of P.
Terentius Olympus and his family.¹
(2. ) An inscription to the memory of Faustina, who

filled the office of коσμnτεра of Artemis and to her
husband Menander.2
(3.) A small sarcophagus of white marble, ornamented
1 See Appendix, Inscriptions from Tombs, &c.

2 Ibid.
I
like the large ones, with rams ' heads and festoons , inscribed
with the name Anassa, wife or daughter of Apollonius .
(4.) Another similar sarcophagus, inscribed with the

name Pannychos, his wife Pithane , and his daughter
(name omitted) , in Greek and Latin.
(5.) The pedestal of a statue erected in honour of
Aelius Marcianus Priscus, an Agonothetes in the public
games, probably of Ephesus . Two sides of this pedestal

are covered with an inscription , part of which appears to
be a letter from a Proconsul named Carus.¹
(6.) An inscribed tablet in the name of a family of

gladiators, when Tiberius Julius Rheginus filled the office
of Asiarch.2
(7.) Another monumental tablet, with an inscription

in Latin, recording the name of Apollonius, who was
Verna Arcarius of the Province of Asia.
In a comparatively modern building near the road to

Magnesia, and about a mile from the city gate, I found
the upper stone of an ancient tomb inscribed with the
name of Paullus Fabius Persicus, Pontifex, Sodalis
Augustalis, Frater Arvalis .
Sepul Pausanias, in his description of Greece, tells us that

chre of
Andro the Sepulchre of Androclus, surmounted by the figure of
clus.
a man in armour, was in his time to be seen in the road
which led from the Temple of Artemis to the Temple of

Jupiter Olympius and the gates called Magnesian .
Bearing this passage in mind, I looked anxiously for
this ancient monument in the road which I was there
1 Appendix, Inscriptions from Great Theatre.

2 Appendix, ibid.
TOMB OF ANDROCLUS. 127
opening up. When I came to a point where this and

other buildings might have stood, I cut a number of
cross trenches towards the open plain from the outer
side of the road, and in this manner found what I believe
¦
was the lower part of this sepulchre. These founda
tions consisted of several courses of cushioned masonry
1
composed of immense blocks of white marble, mounted
on a plinth which formed a base 42 feet square. There
was a doorway on the east side . A trench cut through
the interior of the monument led to no further discovery.
The whole of the superstructure had been carried away.

The discovery of these remains was most encourag
ing, as it assured me that I had not missed my way, and
that I was still fairly on the road to the Temple. The
Sepulchre of Androclus is 2,600 feet from the Magnesian
Gate, and it was discovered in February 1869.
I had sought in vain for the Temple of Jupiter ; but

I believe it would be found between the Sepulchre of
Androclus and the Magnesian Gate and between the
road and the mountain.
I employed at that time rather a sharp-witted and A sharp

witted
unscrupulous ganger. When I began digging the trenches, ganger.
one of which unearthed the Sepulchre of Androclus ,
the occupier of the land came to ask him whether his
master intended cutting many more of those ugly holes,

and what right he had to dig them at all. The ganger;
foreseeing opposition and possibly the stoppage of the

works, replied with an ingenious lie, after the fashion
of the country, that his master's right was greater than
his (the occupier's ) ; for whereas the latter had paid only
a few piastres for his right (such as it was), his master

had paid a large sum of money to the Turkish Govern
ment for the privilege of digging there. This appeared

to satisfy the man, who very likely had no right what
ever to the land, which remained uncultivated for years
after I had passed over it. The trenches remained
open up to the time of my leaving Ephesus, and no one
had applied to have them filled up, The average depth
of the excavation along the road traced from the Mag
nesian Gate was about 12 feet.
Having thus, in the Sepulchre of Androclus, another

clue to the site of the Temple, I now continued the ex
cavation with renewed hope of success, and with the 1
energy with which that hope did not fail to inspire me.
Hopes At the same time I feared that if I did not succeed dur
and fears.
ing that season of 1868-69 , in finding some more satis
factory clue to the exact site of the Temple than a mere
road (however promising I might think it) , I should not
obtain another grant, and that thus for want of funds I
might be obliged to abandon the excavations.
The fear of failure now cost me many a pang, as I
looked over the smooth Plain of Ephesus, with its gentle
uninterrupted incline towards the sea, and without any

mound to indicate the site of such a building as the
Temple of Artemis.
Passing onward from the Sepulchre of Androclus, I

continued opening up the road, and by now sinking my
pits less frequently than before, I very quickly explored
another 600 feet of road. This brought me nearly oppo
site an ancient road, or bridle-path, which led over the

DISCOVERY---FRESH HINDRANCES. 129
depressed centre of Mount Coressus towards the Forum

on the west side of the city. I here found the road I Discovery
ofroad
had been so anxiously looking for, leading away from the leading to
the
foot of the mountain towards the cemetery at Ayasalouk. Temple.
This road was 45 feet wide, 10 feet wider than the road I
had been exploring from the Magnesian Gate. This dis

covery was another great stride towards success. As far as
I was able to explore it, on both sides of the road were

marble sarcophagi, one of which was ornamented with a
PCORNELINICEPHORI NOMENCLATORIS
KOPNINOYNEIKH OPOYNOMENKAATOP
05403
Sarcophagus with Medusa's Head
Medusa's head in relief, and was inscribed with the name
of P. Cornelius Nicephorus, Nomenclator.

A great and apparently insuperable difficulty now pre- Difficul
sented itself. I was unable to explore the newly found ties.
road for any distance. The whole Plain of Ephesus had
that year been sown with barley, and as we were then in
the month of April, it had grown up to nearly its full

height. Barley in Asia Minor grows high enough to con
K
ceal a man on horseback. I could not venture to cut the

barley, as I had not the means to compensate the pro
prietors or occupiers of the land , and the admission of
¦ their claims might have brought upon me a large number
1
of demands, for holes and trenches left open in the ground
already explored . I took advantage of a modern boun
dary between two barley fields, to trace the road for

several hundred feet. Looking onward in the direction
which it took, I found it pointed towards some large
olive trees which grew by the side of a modern boun

dary, more than half a mile distant, where I had before
sunk a trial hole without any satisfactory result, the
sand and stones having fallen in before the hole had
been sunk to a sufficient depth.
I determined now to venture the small sum total of
my balance in hand upon one or two trenches near the

olive trees, and as many trial holes, in the ground
between them and the foot of the mountain, as the inter
mediate boundaries might allow. But I had scarcely be
Works gun to act upon this resolution, when the Mudir, having
stopped
bythe an eye to the contents of a large sarcophagus found near
Turks.
the Coressian Gate, stopped the excavations, under the pre
Į
tence that my firman required renewal. This was a most
provoking interruption, but there was no remedy but to
go at once to Constantinople, and obtain the renewal of my
firman for another year.
The The Prince and Princess of Wales were then at the

Prince
and Turkish capital , and there seemed little hope of my
Princess
of Wales. affairs being attended to ; but through the good offices of
Sir Henry Eliott, our Ambassador at Constantinople , I
PERIBOLUS WALL. 131
returned to Smyrna in less than a week, with renewed

power to continue the excavations .
When I returned to Ephesus, I found that the Mudir, The

Mudir.
taking advantage of my absence, had opened the large
sarcophagus, with what result I never ascertained . I
may here explain that a mudir is a deputy collector of

taxes in an appointed district , where he is also head of
the police and may make arrests, but he must take his
prisoners before a pasha or kaimachan, for trial and judg

ment.
I now put a dozen men to dig a large trench near the Works re
sumed.
olive trees, and a few others to dig some trial holes ,
wherever the boundaries between the fields permitted, in
order to trace the direction of the road leading to the
Temple. In a few days we found in the large trench a

thick wall, built with large blocks of stone and marble,
which I hoped would prove to be the peribolus wall of
the sacred precinct of the Temple.
I had applied to the Trustees for a further advance of Supple
mentary
200/. , to continue the excavations till the end of May. My grant.
application was fortunately successful ; at the same time it
was intimated to me, that this additional grant was only
allowed in consideration of my having worked at this
apparently hopeless enterprise for so many years, and that
unless I succeeded in finding something more satisfactory
than a road and a wall, to prove that I was now approach
ing the site of the Temple, I must not expect further funds
to continue the search. Thus it will be seen what a nar
row escape we had of losing the prize which ultimately

rewarded our perseverance .
K 2
1
Peribo I now carefully studied the ground in the immediate

lus wall of
Temenos neighbourhood of the morsel of wall found near the olive
dis
covered. trees. I observed that the wall took the same direction as
that of a modern boundary which formed an angle near

the trench I had dug. Suspecting that the modern boun
dary might mark the position of an ancient wall, I cut
another large trench and hit most fortunately upon the
angle of the wall into which were built two large stones,
Interest equidistant from the angle, with duplicate inscriptions
ing in
scriptions. in Latin and Greek, by which we are informed that
this wall was built by order of Augustus in the twelfth
year of his Consulate and the eighteenth year of his
Tribunitian power B.C. 6 and that it was to be paid
for and maintained out of the revenues of the Arte
misium and the Augusteum. This was therefore, with

out doubt, the peribolus wall of the Temenos of the
Temple of Artemis, described by Tacitus as having

been built by Augustus to restrict the limits of the
sanctuary or asylum for criminals which had been un
duly enlarged by Alexander the Great, Mithridates, and

Mark Antony.
The Pasha of Smyrna, who had expressed a wish to

ļ
be informed when I found the Temple in duplicate, had
left long before these inscriptions were discovered, or I

should certainly have sent him notice of this discovery of
an inscription in duplicate, the only one, as it so happened ,
found at Ephesus, and therefore a lawful prize for the
Turkish authorities. I had one of the inscribed stones
afterwards conveyed to Smyrna, and formally handed it

over to the Turkish commissioner who was appointed to
THE TEMENOS FOUND. 133
watch my proceedings, and take possession of all that the

Ottoman Government could claim under the conditions
of my firman ; but the stone remains at the railway

station at Smyrna to this day.
The great question as to the whereabouts of the Success.
Temple was now decided . Six years had elapsed since I

had first begun the search. This seems a long time, but
the actual time devoted to the search did not extend over
F
more than twenty months, and the cost of the work did
not exceed 2,000 /
Peribolus Wall.
A, B, C, D, ARE THE INSCRIBED BLOCKS.
In the course of these excavations I had found
Hypocausts of several Roman baths in the open plain

of Ephesus , the dwarf columns between the two pave
ments being composed of terra- cotta. One of these
hypocausts was found near the Peribolus wall of the
1
Temple.
Eager to obtain more inscriptions, I opened up the More in
scriptions.
periboluswall each way from the angle, and at the
distance of eighteen feet found on each face another in
scription, giving the width of the roads and streams.
These were respectively fifteen cubits wide.
One very interesting fact is connected with all these
four inscriptions . From every one of them the name of

the Proconsul had been erased, or rather the fiat had gone
forth for its erasure, but it had not been thoroughly

executed in every instance A portion of the name (' C.
Asinio ') still remained on one of the stones.
Interest Mr. W. H. Waddington, an accomplished scholar, and
ing his
torical expert in the deciphering of Greek inscriptions, but who
facts con
firmed. is now, unfortunately for science, a deputy of the French
Assembly, ascertained that this man was C. Asinius
Gallus, who was Proconsul B.C. 8, and was put to death by
Tiberius A.D. 33 , when his name was ordered to be erased
from all monuments. Fortunately for us, the mason did
not complete his task. Possibly a shower of rain came on
while he was executing the order, and what was then left
of the name was carelessly allowed to remain , or thus
much of the inscription might have been left to show who
it was that had been thus dishonoured.
Contract The wall itself was a most disgraceful piece of work,
work.
probably contract work ! If I had not found the inscrip
tions built into it , I never could have believed that it had
been built in the time of Augustus.
Letter of I received a most gratifying letter of congratulation

con
gratula from Mr. Waddington on the discovery of the peribolus
tion .
wall, from which I quote one paragraph, showing his
appreciation of the discovery : ' I congratulate you most
warmly on your most important discovery, the more so
because it is not the result of a lucky accident, but entirely
due to your wonderful perseverance and tenacity under

difficult and sometimes dangerous circumstances.'
False
alarm. While digging deep trial holes all over the Eastern
NARROW ESCAPES. 135
extremity of the plain , I had many a fright for the safety

of the men. On the very spot where I eventually found
the peribolus wall, and where I had once or twice before

tried to get down, I set a man to dig wide and deep . He
did not, however, dig wide enough, and the upright sides
of the holes fell in. I came to the spot one afternoon and
seeing the man's upper coat and shovel lying on the
ground hard by, I supposed that he was in the hole.
Hurrying to the nearest gang of men, I brought them to
the spot in breathless haste to get out the dying or dead
man. Leaving them at work, I rode off in another direc
tion to a man who coolly told me that the supposed victim

had gone to a neighbouring café, after the earth had fallen
in without doing him any injury. I shall have hereafter to

notice one or two accidents caused by the sudden falling
in of the sides of excavations, but I may mention that
during our eleven years of work we have only lost one
life by casualty.
The discovery of the peribolus wall and the in- Brigands .
scriptions built into it occurred early in May 1869, and
it was at that time that I had several narrow escapes of
being taken prisoner by the same band of brigands
which, soon after I left Ephesus that year, succeeded in
taking Mr. Alfred Van Lennep, on his father's farm, not
many miles from Ephesus, and obtaining ransom money

to the amount of 1,500/.
The narrowest of my escapes from being taken by Narrow
escapes.
this band, which was said to number thirteen men , was
purely accidental. When they first came to the imme
¦ mediate neighbourhood of Ephesus I was cutting trenches

S
and sinking trial holes in the plain between Mount

Coressus and Ayasalouk. My men were therefore
scattered about digging either singly or in pairs. I made

my rounds on horseback in the morning and afternoon ,
attended by my groom only. We were both unarmed ,
and no doubt this fact was noted by the brigands, who
must have watched my proceedings from some hiding
place . On the day which they had fixed for my capture ,
it happened that a special train was appointed to run from
Smyrna to Aidin. At that time Mrs. Wood used to
remain in Smyrna, and I went alone to Ephesus for the i.
week ; and I had promised , that if a special train ran that

week to Aidin, I would meet it at Ayasalouk, and if she
were in it accompany her to Aidin . On hearing from the
station-master that a special train to Aidin was expected
from Smyrna, I met it, omitting to make my morning
inspection of the excavations . Mrs. Wood was in the
train, and I therefore went on with her to Aidin. On our
return in the evening, my two cavasses with several of
my workmen met me on the platform of the railway
station, and congratulated me on having had a narrow
escape.
They then told me that seven brigands had been
hidden that day in one of my trenches near the foot of
Mount Coressus, and that towards evening three of them
had approached one of my trial holes where a single man
was digging. Looking down, they asked him where his
master was ? The man looked up and suspecting their

real character shrewdly replied, ' My master ! Oh he has
gone offto Constantinople.
|
1
A TURKISH BRIGAND .
i
BRIGANDS. 137
6
Indeed ! when did he go? '
'To- day.'
6
'When will he return ?'
'In about three weeks or a month .'
With this false information they joined their

comrades, and it was hoped they would at once leave
Ephesus to seek other game. In case they should not
do so quite so soon as we could wish, and as it was
probable they might wait one more day to ascertain the
truth of what they had been told , I took the precau
tion of strengthening my body-guard, by hiring two
more cavasses, and armed myself with revolver and
dagger.
A fortnight before this, I had had a narrower escape
than I was aware of at the time. Mr. Waddington had
written, asking me to obtain, if possible, a correct copy
of an inscription from a fountain at Belevi, which is
scarcely a mile from Cosbounar, near which place this
band of brigands was reported to be concealed . As I
had promised Mr. Waddington to take a careful copy
as well as a pressing of this inscription , I was de

termined to keep my word, although I did not like the
idea of falling into the hands of the brigands. To have
taken more than one attendant would have been ex
pensive, as I must have taken a horse for each man. I
contented myself, therefore, with one cavass, in whose

courage I felt quite confident, and who said he would not
run away, but would ' fight any number of men.' I was
fortunate enough to return in safety from this expedition
but I afterwards found that I had done my work of copy
S
VERIE US
138 DISCO AT EPHES .
ing the inscription within a stone's throw of the lair of the
brigands .
In connexion with most of the fountains in Asia
Minor, there is a raised platform of masonry to which

devout Turks mount to pray, after having washed their
feet and hands ; the fountain at Belevi is a good specimen
of this arrangement. It is therefore chosen as an illus
tration.
Vents
-7:
Fountain at Belevi.
I may mention one more narrow escape I had from

this band of brigands, before I closed the works for the
season. I felt myself tolerably secure from attack with
my body-guard of four cavasses, till I was warned by a
friend who was well acquainted with the habits of the

brigands of Asia Minor, that there was danger of an
BRIGANDS. 139
ambush in the barley, which grew close up to the

peribolus wall, where my men were then at work. I
must take care, he said, that one of the robbers did not
come behind me, and pinion my arms, as the others

would then rush out and would not hesitate to shoot any
of my cavasses who might interfere to prevent my capture.
This attempt was, I believe , made one day. Becoming
suddenly aware, from the expression of the face of one of
my cavasses, that something unusual was going on be
hind me, I turned quickly round, and faced a strange
looking man ; on asking him what he wanted, he said he
only wanted to see the work that was going on there.

As this was evidently an idle excuse, he was made to
move away. This man was very likely one of the
brigands, and his companions might have been hidden in

the barley, ready to rush out if he had succeeded in
pinioning me. If there were any men concealed in the

barley, they were prudently allowed to retire at their
leisure.
It is generally believed in Turkey, that when most is

heard of brigands there is the least danger of meeting
.
with them. The rule was not applicable in this case.
Much was heard of these brigands long before they

effected the capture which I have already mentioned and
proved their existence in a most objectionable manner.
The Mudirs of small districts in Turkey are not Intriguing
mudir.
officials who are overpaid , and they sometimes endeavour
to make up all deficiencies by intrigue and trickery.
Among those who in addition to their ordinary duties
were from time to time appointed to watch my opera
h
tions , was an old man who was extremely anxious to

gain something more than his legitimate income, and
ļ
finding that sundry attempts to get ' bakshish ' out of
me had utterly failed , he hit upon a novel scheme, and
one day called upon me with the intention of carrying it
out. Descanting most eloquently on the injury which I
must have received from the interference of a certain
Hadgi Saba, owner of a field adjoining those in which I

was working, he urged me to attack him before the
authorities, and obtain from him proper redress. Seeing
my unwillingness to take this course, he put into my

1 hands a paper which contained a few hints as to the
manner in which I should open the attack. I suppose
this poor proprietor had given the Mudir some offence.
The latter, therefore , while he had an eye to the plunder

hoped at the same time to revenge himself on the
offender. He must have got some Greek who knew a
little English to write the following, which is a ver

batim copy of the paper he gave me. I am herein
supposed to be appealing by memorial to the Pasha of

S myrna.
¦
Amusing ' I am authorised by imperial orders to search antiqui
1 memorial. ties at Ephesus, where I began to excavate this year. I
told the Land Proprietors that I would indemnify their rent

according to the land. All the Proprietors consented . I
have already spent 400,000 piasters for the Excavations ,
but Hadgi Saba of Kirkenjee is exciting the people, and

in order to prevent my working, he is perverting the
Land Proprietors, so that if the land worths 3000 piasters ,
he asks 10,000 a year, and he says that I either should
IN
THE MUDIR'S SCHEMES. 141
pay that sum or shut the holes. By so doing he wishes

.
I to make me spend 400,000 piasters, and he has stopped
my works a long time. I have lost 60,000 Piasters by
his actions. I demand that sum from him. I will pay all
the Proprietors according to the value of the rent

through the Authorities, but I want my loss of 60,000
Piasters from Hadgi Saba, and I request that a guaran
tee should be taken from him not to interfere any more
in this affair.'
In this strange document may be seen the plan by

which the Mudir hoped to make a pretty good thing for
himself out of the excavations, for not only did he count
on getting a handsome share of the plunder of poor
Hadgi Saba, but as the landowners or occupiers would
1
be paid through him, he hoped to retain a considerable
percentage of the amount that would so pass through
his hands . Poor old man ! he did not gain a single para
by his scheme, as I would neither attack Hadgi Saba

nor consent to pay the landowners through him.
The following are specimens of telegrams from the Tele
grams.
Smyrna and Aidin Railway, which may serve as speci
mens of the ' English ' of some of the station-masters : —

'From Mr. P (General Manager and Engineer) to
Mr. Wood.- I Can the barrows send to morrow, the
Blangs (planks) as possible after. '

Another : ' We can Suply the whel barrows at Hon
dred
Piasters Each and the Blangs at Seventeen P▬▬▬ ›
Some Greek philanthropist of Smyrna so far be

friended one
one of my men, who was too modest to apply
directly to me for re-employment, as to write the following
I
11
epistle, which the poor man presented with the greatest

apparent confidence in its efficacy to secure him a
favourable reception :—
February 4, 1870.
Curious ' Mr. Wodin,――――――― Sir, this Caradenigly Ali ses that he
letter.
has been amply at Afeses in your Work then he got very
bad then com to hospital, now he is betr wants to go bac
for worke again plees to help and send him bac becouse
he ar very poore.
"Your earnest Savant,
'CABRIEL CRITORIAN . '
This poor man was re- employed, but he was far too
weak to work, and he was partly supported by the charity

of a few of his fellow-workmen. A relapse drove him
again to the French hospital at Smyrna, where he was

most kindly received in spite of his religion ; but as his
remaining there would have been contrary to the rules
of the hospital, he was eventually removed to the Tur
kish hospital, where he died during my absence from

Smyrna.
I continued opening up the peribolus wall in each
direction from the angle found (the south-west angle) , but
I came across no more inscriptions, and after having
traced the direction of the wall for 1,000 feet northwards
and 500 feet eastwards, and thus fully proved, with the
inscriptions, that the peribolus wall of the sacred pre
Works cinct had been discovered, we left for England towards
sus
pended . the end of May 1869.
2-2
SUCCESS OF THE WORK. 143
I now felt convinced that, as I had found the sacred
precinct of the Temple, I should have no difficulty in

obtaining a further grant for the renewal of the excava
tions. I therefore left everything in preparation for my
return in the autumn.
END OF SEASON 1868-9 .
1
‫!‬
‫יד‬
‫‪22‬‬
ļ
I PART II.
14
L
‫וי‬
‫‪11‬‬
CONTINUANCE OF WORKS. 147
CHAPTER I.
1869-70.
Excavations Resumed at Peribolus Wall- Groves of Diana- Snakes , &c.—

Lack of Workmen- Ganger- Bas-relief-Peribolus Wall - Roman Build
ings and Mosaic Pavement- Accident-A Lady- Inspector of Works
Happy Result of Accident- Welcome Visitors - Another Roman Building
-Augusteum-Change of Ganger-Exorbitant Demands of Landowners
-Discovery of the Temple of Artemis-Ill-health- Trial Holes-Strike
-Edrise, the Cavass - Difficulties with Bakal- Frosts- Coloured Marble
-Storks - Deluge -Illuminated MS . - Greek Superstition - Site of
Temple-Fatal Accident- Bible References - Religious Services at
Ephesus -Earthquakes Compensation to Landowners -Close of Season
-Voluntary Services.
THE discovery of the peribolus wall sufficed, as I had Excava

tions re
hoped, to induce the Trustees of the British Museum to sumed at
peribolus
continue the excavations ; and having recruited my health wall.
for a fresh campaign, we returned to Smyrna towards the

end of September.
I soon got a small gang of men together to begin

with, and the excavations were resumed a few days after |
our arrival.
I continued opening up the peribolus wall ,
and at the same time sank a great number of trial holes
over the whole area which at that time was defined as
being within the sacred precinct. As the ground inclined
upward from the walls, the holes dug varied from 12 to

L2
S AT EPHESUS.
148 DISCOVERIE
20 feet in depth according to their position, the founda

tions of the peribolus wall being about 12 feet under
ground, on the west side of the Temenos.
Over the large area thus explored, I found not a

vestige of any building, until I had worked northward
for nearly half a mile . I then began to find the remains

Groves of of brick walls, and thin marble pavements . The ground
Diana.
over which I had been digging had very likely been
occupied, not by buildings, but by groves and streams, —a
pleasant place to wander in.
Snakes, In one of the holes sunk near the peribolus wall, the
&c.
workman found so many snakes that he was obliged to
abandon it. The snakes at Ephesus are generally harm
less, but there are some whose bite is venomous and even
fatal ; one of these is the asp . Scorpions are plentiful,

and may be found in abundance under loose stones on
the Castle Hill . Of tortoises there is no lack, while
owls and bats abound amongst the ruins. On the

banks of the Cayster may be seen a splendid kingfisher
of the genus called the ' Smyrna kingfisher.' Otters
build their houses in the Cayster, where they are not

liable to be interfered with.
Thunder-storms with heavy showers of rain were

frequent at the time when the works were resumed ; and
as the Turks do not work in the rain, our progress for the
Lack of first fortnight was slow. There was also great difficulty
workmen.
in obtaining the needful number of workmen, the labour
market being drained by the two railways, the coal and
emery mines , and the Smyrna quay, which was then being
built . I had at that time no English sappers to help me
I
:
Fig
.
.1
Fi
.2 g
P
.
卐
難
☆
卐
.
Fig .3 Fig
.1 Fig.5
G
.
Fig.6
♡
7ig
.F
ԵՐ
ԻՐ
8
.Fig
Figs
1R
[R
PAVEMENTS
,N
BUILDINGS
]F
.TEMPLE
TEMPLE
FROM
ENRICHMENTS
igs.45.6.7.8.COLORED
OMAN
.2.3.MOSAIC
HANHART
&N
LITH
M
...
1.
BAS-RELIEF AND MOSAIC. 149
in superintending the works , and the Englishman who

had been employed by Mr. Newton was a much better
cook than ganger, and on leaving my service was installed
as keeper of the refreshment-room at the railway station
at Ayasalouk, to the great satisfaction of visitors , who
availed themselves of his services as a guide to the
ruins.
In the peribolus wall on the west side, I found a Bas-relief.

small bas-relief, representing a seated figure, like that of
an emperor, handing to an erect figure what looks like a
roll of parchment ; probably the commission for building

the peribolus wall.
I went on tracing the direction of this wall, until, at wall.

Peribolus
the distance of sixteen hundred feet from the angle first
found, it turned due north. Believing that it must be

continued for several hundred feet in that direction, I
abandoned it, and confined my attention to the sinking of Roman
buildings
deep trial holes within the wall. I thus hit upon the front and
mosaic
1 wall of some Roman buildings, which I traced for seven pave
ment.
hundred feet in a straight line running eastward. I ex
plored these buildings, which I suppose were the dwell
ings of the priests, and in a number of cross trenches

found some mosaic pavements . One of these represented
triton, with a dish of fruit, and crooked stick ; an
attendant dolphin carries his trident. This mosaic, which
is well executed and remarkably rich in colour , is now
safely lodged in the British Museum ; but it was with
great difficulty taken up from its original position, in
which it had remained undisturbed for about eighteen

centuri
es.
Accident. Towards the end of October I had the misfortune (as

it appeared at the time) to injure my foot so severely that
I lost the use of it for some weeks, but as it led to a
change in my life at Ephesus, which added greatly to my
comfort, I have since regarded it as one of the fortunate
accidents of my life. Having suffered so much from
fever myself, I had had such a dread of exposing my
wife to the risks which I had to encounter, that I had
hitherto gone alone to Ephesus, while Mrs. Wood re

mained in Smyrna. We were thus alone for five or six
days every week ; but when this accident happened, and
I needed assistance, it was arranged that we should both
go out to Ephesus together. I went on horseback to
the works , while my wife accompanied me on foot. The
men were at that time chiefly occupied in digging trial

holes within the sacred precinct, searching for the pave
ment, or other remains of the Temple, which would

A lady reveal the secret of its site. Mrs. Wood saved me all
inspector
of works. useless labour by examining the holes, and reporting to
me what might be seen in them, and I had only to alight
when something had been found in the excavation which
needed my personal inspection. As the holes were in
many cases from 20 to 24 feet deep, it was neither a

pleasant nor an easy task for a lady to approach their
edges, amongst the loose earth, stones, and débris, and,
stooping over, to examine them thoroughly on all sides to

their lowest depths .
For many days I was unable to leave the house.
Mrs. Wood went to the works, accompanied by a cavass,
and made the necessary inspection of the trial holes, and

LIFE AT EPHESUS. 151
even gave instructions to the workmen. My lameness.
was accompanied by fever and general ill-health ; but

the prolonged test to which our new mode of life was
subjected served only to prove the advantages as well
as the pleasantness of the new arrangement, and from
that time Mrs. Wood was my constant companion at
Ephesus . This made our little home there pleasant, Happyof
result
not only for myself, but for visitors , during the last five accident.
years in which excavations were carried on. Before this
happy change, I was in the habit of bringing with me from

Smyrna a piece of cold roasted meat. Having no cook
at Ephesus , I could have no vegetables, but the wife of

the station-master hearing from my cavass of my frugal
dinners, sent me several times a plate of hot potatoes,
which made my meal perfectly luxurious.

I may here mention that the works were always sus
pended on Sundays . As the Turkish labourers simply re

quired one day's rest during the week, the choice of the
day being a matter of indifference to them, we made
Sunday the holiday, and went down to Smyrna on Satur
days, retu
rning on the Mondays.
During the month of November, the Dowager Mar- Welcome

chioness of Downshire, accompanied by her sons, the visitors.
late Marquis of Downshire and Lord Arthur Hill, came

to Smyrna in their steam yacht ' Kathleen , ' and paid us a
visit at Ephesus. They afterwards most kindly invited

us to accompany them on a cruise to some of the islands
of the Archipelago. This invitation I was greatly tempted
to accept, as my lameness would render the many indul
gences kindly promised me specially welcome, and there
E
was an able surgeon on board the yacht, in the person of

Mr. Venning. One other gentleman, Captain Hawker,
completed this most agreeable party. But I feared that
if we once went on board the yacht, the time of our
return to Ephesus would become a matter of uncer
tainty, although Lord Downshire very kindly promised
to put us ashore whenever and wherever I pleased . I
feared also that the excavations would not go on so well in
my absence, and as I believed myself to be on the point
of finding the Temple, I reluctantly declined the invita
tion, which many of my friends strongly urged me to ac
cept, and which would have afforded me an opportunity

not likely to occur again.
Another Meanwhile the excavations proceeded steadily. I had
Roman
building. imagined that the long range of Roman buildings, where
I had found the mosaic pavements, must flank either the
Temple itself or an open space in front of it. I there
fore sank a number of deep trial holes southward , and
found at the distance of 445 feet the remains of another
Roman building, which was probably a small temple, and
was mounted on a stylobate of three marble steps . On
extending the exploration , I found a mutilated imperial

female statue, in white marble, life size, which, not being
worth the expense of removal, was left where it was dis
covered, at the bottom of a deep excavation. As I came

across no remains of buildings in the ground between these
two Roman buildings, I concluded that it was an open
space in front of the Temple, which must now be sought

for beyond it, and I therefore put a number of men to work
in that direction. About this time we laid bare the re
SCULPTURE AND INSCRIPTIONS. 153
mains of a building, which was probably the Augusteum Augus

teum .
referred to in the inscription found in the peribolus wall .
Like the other building above described, it was mounted
on three steps. The pavement at the foot of the steps

was nearly 20 feet under ground.¹
Amongst the débris of this building were found
Touchinal
Pan as a Warrior.
a small seated figure of Jupiter, with an eagle in bas

relief on the side of the chair, a curious bas-relief of Pan
as a warrior, a headless statue of Minerva, and other
fragments of statuary, together with a number of inscrip

tions, chiefly of thanksgiving to Artemis. Of these in
1 The position of this as well as that of the other building is shown on

the General Plan.
scriptions one is from Metrodorus, son of Dama,¹ one of
the vεOTOLOι of the Temple ; another was from G. Scaptius

Frontinus, also a veOTTOLOs of the Temple. I suppose
that the word veоTоtos here means a person who deco
:
rates the Temple with a votive offering in gold or
silver.2
Change of While I was exploring this building, I was obliged to

ganger.
dismiss my ganger for repeated neglect of orders, promot
ing one of my cavasses, for the time, to this office. A
few days later I found this man lying full length, smoking
a narghileh, on a mound, near the excavation where the
men were at work. He was evidently puffed up with an

idea that his privileges must be increased with his respon
sibilities ; but circumstances soon enabled me to send
him back to his more legitimate duties. A Greek named
Yorghi, called by the English ' Georgie,' presented himself
for employment. He had been engaged in similar work
on the railroad from Smyrna to Aidin , and came to me
with a strong recommendation. I engaged him at once, and
he remained in my employment till the excavations were
abandoned.
The inscriptions now found showed that I was work
ing on sacred ground, and that the Temple must be near

at hand. Indeed the discovery of all these buildings led
me to believe that I was close upon the Temple, and I
continued sinking trial holes to the depth of 20 feet and
upwards.
Exorbi But I had great trouble just then with the owners or
tant de
mands of occupiers of the land, who, under the pretence that they
land
owners.
1 Inscription from Augusteum, No. 1 . 2 Ibid. No. 4.
1
THE TEMPLE PAVEMENT FOUND. 155
wanted to plough and sow, demanded exorbitant sums as

compensation for allowing a few holes to remain open ,
one man asking as much as 50l. for holes in his field, for
which he ultimately accepted 37.
On the last day of the year 1869, the marble pave Discovery
of the
ment of the Temple, so long lost, so long sought for, and Temple of
Artemis.
so long almost despaired of, was at last actually found at
a depth of nearly 20 feet below the present surface of the
ground. One of the workmen , who had been put to
sink a number of deep holes, in one of the most likely
fields of the group in which I was working, struck upon
a thick pavement of white marble, which I at once con
cluded must be that of the Temple. It was the first
thick pavement I had found within the sacred precinct.
The next day was the first of the Turkish feast of Bairam,
but I persuaded the man who found the pavement to
work for two or three hours in the morning, before he left
for his three days' holiday. On New Year's Day 1870
this pavement proved to be Greek, and eventually it

was found to be that of the last Temple but two. It con
sisted of two layers, the upper one of rubbed white marble

9 inches thick, the lower one, roughly tooled, of grey
marble 15 inches thick.
The excitement caused by this discovery and the Ill-health.
hard work to which I was then subjected , were too much
for my health. By a note in my journal on the 3rd of
January, I find I had been writing that day from 9 A.M.
till 10.45 P.M. , and that I had suffered from fever every
night for three weeks . I did not, however, give in, but 1
continued my work without relaxation .

Trial Before the Temple was found, I was obliged to save

holes.
expense by digging the trial holes with almost upright
sides, and of as small dimensions as possible. I gen
erally marked them out on the surface of the ground

about 8 feet by 10 feet, and by the time they were sunk
to the depth of 18 or 20 feet the workmen could just
clear a sufficient space at the bottom of the excavation
to show any pavement, wall, or other remains of buildings
which might be found in them . If rain fell before
these holes were sunk to the necessary depth, the
falling in of the sides often caused much trouble and

expense, as we were compelled not merely to clear
them out, but in many cases enlarge them before they

could be carried deeper.
The great depth at which the pavement of the

Temple was found is accounted for by the silting up of
the site by the mountain streams, which still bring down
an immense quantity of detritus from the mountains.
The difference of level of the ground near the Temple
and at the peribolus wall on the west side of the sacred
precinct is as much as ten feet.
The Greek, Yorghi, whom I took into my service

as ganger early in January of this year, proved himself
to be active, clever, and energetic, and was never absent
from his work. He now lives at Ayasalouk, and earns
his livelihood (till the excavations are resumed) by es
corting travellers over the ruins. He has the privilege of

cultivating the eight acres of land which contain the site
of the Temple, and now belong to the British Government,
on condition that he protects the ruins of the Temple

DIFFICULTIES WITH WORKMEN. 157
from spoliation. Before I had the good fortune to meet

with this man, I had tried not less than eight gangers, who
had all been, for various reasons , most unsatisfactory. Of
these, two were Englishmen, one French, one a Smyrniote

Catholic, one Greek, two Turks, and one the son of a
converted Turk. The Englishmen , I am sorry to say,
were the worst of all.
I had at that time an Albanian cavass, who was what Strike.
schoolboys would call a great sneak. He would faithfully

report any shortcomings of the men, while he himself stole
their tobacco, bread , and other provisions from the brink

of the holes in which they were digging, till at last they
were so indignant that, without giving me any notice, and
indeed without pausing to ask if I was aware of the man's
misdeeds, they all resolved to leave in a body. Hence one
morning, as I proceeded to the works, I met them all
with their picks and shovels coming away. When I
spoke to them they declared that they would not resume

their work unless I discharged that cavass. As this
might not be a very convenient precedent for the future

management of my men, I refused to do what they wished,
but told them that he should in future have other duties
than the superintendence of the men at work. With this

assurance they were appeased, and returned to their work.
But what annoyed me most was that one of my best

workmen, who had had his wages raised to the maximum
height, headed the men as their leader and adviser, and
not merely acted as spokesman for them all, but seemed
at first the most obstinately disinclined to listen to my
remonstrances.
S
VERIE US
158 DISCO AT EPHES .
January 14, 1870. - I found that the mice had de
stroyed one of my paper pressings of inscriptions . No
doubt they found that the soft pulpy paper would make
excellent nests or beds for their young families , whilst the
fact that the room below had been a granary accounted
for the number of mice in the house.
Edrise, The quarrels between native Turks and Greeks were
thecavass.
sometimes serious, but more often simply amusing. One
of my cavasses (Edrise ) came to me one day in a furious.
rage with the bakal, who had given him pork for his
dinner, assuring him it was veal, not pork. This cavass
was one of my most faithful servants, and among other
accomplishments, he was capable of taking excellent paper
pressings of inscriptions. It was quite an amusing sight
sometimes to see him start off on horseback on an inscrip
tion-copying expedition , as , with a great air of authority
he gave his orders to a man on foot, who followed him
.
with the paper case, &c.
January 20. —While I was superintending the work
men, who were digging holes in the ground, on or near
the site of the Temple, a horseman rode up to me in great
excitement and told me I must send twenty men to take
a horse out of one of the holes left open near the Magne
sian Gate. I sent six men, and they got the horse out
safely ; but the lady's saddle was destroyed, which I the
more regretted as it turned out to be the property of a
friend of mine who with her husband was kindly escorting
some people over the ruins.
I had always great difficulty with the bakals who
supplied the men with bread, dried fish, cheese, and other
TURKISH HONESTY. 159
provisions. The bread was very bad, sometimes like Difficul

ties with
mud, as the men expressed it, and generally short of the bakal.
weight, one oke ( 23 lbs . ) of four hundred drachms being
represented generally by a loaf weighing only 350 or 360

drachms, the price of this being two piastres, (about 41d) .
The complaints of the men were sometimes loud, but more
generally deep ; but whether loud or deep, they had very
little effect upon the bakal, who only cared to make as
many piastres as he could by the sale of his bread. One
half the men, therefore, bought flour, and made their
own bread. These men were thus able to save most of
their wages, and I had the pleasure of giving them

many a Turkish pound in exchange for their savings in
silver.
Much has been said about the honesty of the Turks ;

I am sorry I can say little in support of statements in their
favour. They would generally steal any small object of

value found in the excavations, and did not scruple to
commit the most heartless robberies on their fellow
workmen. One poor man was thus robbed of all his

savings at the end of a season. About one-third of
the sum he lost was collected for the benefit of the
victim .
Hard frosts set in this year with the month of February, Frosts .
during which I was employed in sinking many holes over
the site of the Temple, and enlarging the one in which
the pavement was found. At the same time I continued
to explore the long line of building in front of the Temple,

and found a number of mosaic pavements.
February 9. - Found a large fragment of a Grecian

Coloured Doric cornice in the field in which I afterwards found

marble.
a large Doric building on the south side of the Temple.
The cornice retained vestiges of colour- blue, vermilion,
and gold .
About this time I filled up all the holes dug against
Discovery ofTemple.
the peribolus wall, to leave no room for demands on the

part of the occupiers, who now wanted to plough the land.
Storks. March 3 -The first stork appeared on one of the

"1
piers of the aqueduct at Ayasalouk. It was soon fol
lowed by others, till every pier was occupied. by a pair.

Sometimes a quarrel took place, and there was a fight for
1
the possession of a pier, for the sake perhaps of the old
I
1
GREEK MANUSCRIPT. 161
nest, which they leisurely built up again with sticks and

twigs brought from the surrounding fields. These lazy
birds spend quite a fortnight in building their nests.
March 14.-The lower village of Ayasalouk was Deluge.
flooded by the heavy rain last night. People were obliged
to take refuge up the trees ; the excavations were swamped,
all the holes being half filled with water ; and great masses
of earth had fallen in from the sides . The damage done
was considerable, and we were obliged to confine ourselves
chiefly to surface work for some days.
April 6. -Visiting the Greek church at Kirkenjee , Illumin

ated manu
we saw an illuminated manuscript book which was said script.
to have been discovered in a marvellous manner. It is a
liturgy composed from the Gospels of the four Evangel

ists, and was found (the priests say) in a cave at Ephesus ,
the man who found it being attracted by a strong light,
which emanated from the open book itself ! Large sums
of money have been offered for the book, but the people
of Kirkenjee will not consent to part with it, as they
believe that it is their charm against misfortune.
Some- Greek
super
thing that happened to them on a former occasion, when stition.
the book was for a time on loan, put this idea into their
heads . The book is very handsomely bound , and is kept
carefully folded in a white cloth edged with gold lace. It
is taken out of its covering by the priests, with every show
of reverence , when visitors (who are expected to give
backshish) ask to see it. The title page is missing, the
body of the manuscript is written in cursive Greek, in
black ink, accentuated with red ink, and is, like most
M
manuscripts of the kind, executed in a clear and masterly

hand.
Site of The site of the Temple, now undoubtedly discovered ,
Temple.
was more than half a mile distant from the corner of the
peribolus wall first found, and nearly due north of it.

The need of searching over so vast an area accounts , in
some measure, for the months that elapsed between the
discovery of the peribolus wall, and that of the Temple

itself ; but the delay is further explained by the fact,
afterwards ascertained, that we had previously dug many
a hole over the site, without meeting with any sign to show
that we were near it.
Fatal The only fatal accident that happened during the ex
accident.
cavations now occurred. One of the workmen , a black
man, was killed by suffocation at the bottom of the hole
where the coloured Greek cornice already mentioned was

found. I had ordered the ganger to have it taken up out
of the hole that I might show it to Mr. Newton on his

arrival at Ephesus . Unfortunately, during the time which
passed between the issuing of the order and its execu
tion, a heavy fall of rain rendered the sides of the hole
loose and dangerous . The ganger, considering my order

imperative, prepared to execute it early on Monday
morning. The man who was killed was therefore sent
down to adjust a rope around the stone ; he had done so,

but was stooping again to perfect the adjustment, when
the sides of the hole fell in, and completely covered him.
In about seven minutes he was taken out by his fellow
workmen, but it was too late , and when I arrived about
two hours after the accident, accompanied by Mr. New

SMALL
.
AYASALOUK
MOSQUE
MAN.HANHART
LITH
EPHESIAN BULLOCK- CARTS. 163
ton, the poor man was stretched out at full length, on an

improvised bier (his feet towards the Kebla and Mecca), in
the picturesque ruined little mosque in the lower village of

Ayasalouk. He was dressed in his light working clothes ,
which being wet showed his well-proportioned form to
great advantage. His head was covered with a cloth,
which, on being removed , disclosed a calm smiling face.

Mr. Newton's exclamation immediately was, ' How like
! sculpture ! no doubt the ancient Egyptians took their

sculpture from the dead .' I had to pay the expenses of
the poor man's burial, the Mollah grumbling at a fee of

thirty piastres.
April 21.-My men were now nearly all employed
in extending the large excavation on the site of the
Temple, and I took out the inscribed stones from the
angle of the peribolus wall. Their removal to the
railway station was effected by a bullock cart drawn by
two bullocks , which were yoked to it with some difficulty.

་
One of the animals resisted furiously. The yoke, the Bible re
ferences.
goad, and the stony ground ' of Scripture are all to be
found at Ephesus. In ploughing, the bullocks are yoked
together, and are driven by a goad or long sharp pointed
rod , while the stony ground pervades the whole of the
ruins of the city and suburbs, small fragments of marble
being so thick on the ground that it is impossible to avoid
stepping on them.
The various religious bodies in Smyrna are in the Religious
services at
habit of coming out to Ephesus on appointed days in Ephesus.
the year, which they keep holy, or devote to certain
saints.
M 2
་
The Roman Catholics make the great Mosque at

Ayasalouk their rendezvous or place of worship . The
Archbishop on a recent occasion had an altar arranged
on the east side, and performed a regular Mass, which was
attended by about fifty ladies and gentlemen of his con
gregation, who had come out to Ephesus expressly for
that purpose. This was done with the belief that this
building was originally a Christian church, which it cer

tainly never was, having been built originally by the Turks
as a mosque . The Catholic Archbishop, however, pre
ferred to retain the belief which he encouraged in others.

The Greeks have done the most sensible thing : they have
built for themselves a small church on the hill at Ayasa
louk, over the site of an ancient Greek church, which

was possibly the Church of St. John, as that was known to
have been built on a hill. These ruins, which comprised
a number of columns and a large marble chair, were dis
covered by some railway people . Here on Sundays and

saints' days they have regular services, which are an
nounced by the tolling of a bell not far from the church.
Near this little church a young Greek lived as a hermit,
his bed, which consisted of a paploma (quilt) laid upon
the bare earth, being made in a recess in the wall.

During the day he employed himself in solitary religious
exercises, and in painting heads of the Virgin and saints,
which were purchased by the devotees who visited the
ruins of Ephesus . '
The Armenians keep one day in the year holy at
¹ An English lady who visited Ephesus pointed out to him the useless
ness of his life, and he left a few days after.
TURKISH OFFICIALS. 165
Ephesus, going thither in crowds, and occupying large

tents, which are pitched for them by the railway authori
ties, on the eve of the saint's day, on the top of Mount
Coressus. I have never witnessed their services , as I
have those of the Roman Catholics, but there are certain
large stones on the mountain, which, as they believe ,

belonged originally to a church there, and within a certain
area defined by these stones they hold their services.
My journal records seven shocks of earthquake Earth

! quakes.
during the month of April this year ( 1869) . Every year
there are earthquakes in Asia Minor, more or less violent.
The earthquake that destroyed Mitylene was distinctly
felt in Smyrna, and caused great alarm .
I had great difficulty in settling the amount of com Compen
sation to
pensation to the occupiers of the land over which we were land
now digging, the Mudir backing up the claimants in their owners.
extravagant demands, and declaring, when I demurred to
them, that my cases of stones packed ready for trans

mission to the British Museum, should not be allowed to
go down to Smyrna. I was however always stronger when

in the right than any Mudir, and in this case overruled
his objections without paying larger sums than I thought
proper for the land . On one occasion I was almost pro
voked to use force, the zaptiehs having placed them
selves in front of the railway trucks, which were put ready
to receive the cases. My cavasses looked to me for
orders, but fortunately, as Mrs. Wood was sitting near, I
decided rather to submit to the annoyance of delay than
to use violence.
The season closed with the approach of intolerably Close of

season.
hot weather towards the middle of May. I had actually
discovered the Temple itself, although the evidence was

not sufficient to prove the fact quite satisfactorily. I had
found one or two patches of the Greek pavement, in two

layers as before described, and I had struck upon one of
the foundation-piers of the columns of the peristyle. I
had also found two sculptured stones, which afterwards

proved to be fragments of one of the sculptured drums of
a column, but I had not found any other pieces of archi
Drum of a Column.
tectural detail, which might be recognised as part of the

Temple. Although I had really, as I afterwards found,
made fair progress, I suspended the works with a heavy
heart, being uncertain how my imperfect discoveries up
to that time would be regarded by the Trustees of the
British Museum. I must, however, have had some hope
that they would allow the exploration to be continued, for

my notes remind me that I left my house at Ayasalouk
furnished ready to return to in the autumn, and also
A POPULAR PHYSICIAN. 167
that I had been authorised to pay in advance, after

I
! the manner of the country, the enormous rent of forty
Turkish pounds, for this little house of five rooms only.
It may here be mentioned that from the time I Voluntary

services.
i
injured my foot, and consented to the arrangement that
Mrs. Wood should accompany me to Ephesus , she
bestowed her care not only upon myself, but on all the
workmen also, doctoring them with a success which was
quite marvellous . So renowned did she become in the
!
neighbourhood, partly perhaps because her services and
medicines were gratuitous, that people came from the

villages in great numbers, and she has had sometimes
between sixty and seventy patients in the course of the

day. In doing this, she had to encounter much that was
loathsome and disagreeable, but she had the satisfaction
of doing much to alleviate the sufferings of the poor
creatures by whom we were surrounded , and whose con
dition was more or less at our mercy.
May 14.-We left for England.
END OF SEASON 1869–70 .
¦
CHAPTER II.
1870-71.
Journey Out -Heavy Rains -Drums of Columns Found-Pottery- Narrow

Escape - Removal of Mosaic Pavement-Remains of Temple-Last Three
Temples -Large Capital Found- Ramazan —Ancient Greeks and Modern
Protestants - Dr. Schlieman-Amount of Work Done - Rains -Dis
covery of the First Column in situ- Colour- Displacement of Column
Base Courban Bairam- Purchase of Land- Travelling in Turkey—
Illustrious Visitors- Turkish Soldiers- Discovery of Hidden Treasure
' Theologos '--Further Discoveries - Squabbles -Close of Season.
Journey THE Franco - German war had begun before the time
out.
came for our return to Smyrna . On the 8th of Sep
tember we left London , and in order to avoid the horrors
of the war, we were obliged to pass through Belgium

and northern Prussia to Berlin. On our way we saw
hundreds of the wounded , and French prisoners with

Prussian escorts on the railways ; the red cross, and lit
ters, and ambulance-waggons at all the stations ; barrels
on end at the street corners for the contribution of cigars

for the wounded ; women picking lint at the refreshment
rooms at Aix-la- Chapelle ; sisters of charity, with their
black and white clothing and long rosaries , acting as
nurses, and other signs of a great struggle between two

powerful nations. At Berlin we saw, in the Palace yard,
1
COLUMNS OF THE TEMPLE. 169
the first mitrailleuse taken from the French, which
attracted a crowd of inquisitive people from morning to

night. The Germans were by that time very confident
of success. By way of Vienna and Trieste we finally
reached Smyrna September 29th, and October 3rd I

resumed the excavations on the site of the Temple, by
cutting an easy road for the barrow- men to the bottom
of the large excavation. This took me from 12 to 14

days with the few men I could at first obtain . I then
continued to enlarge the holes already dug, and opened

new ones.
Towards the end of October the lower part of the Heavy

rains.
village of Ayasalouk was again deluged with the heavy
rains, as it had been during the month of March. Some
of the inhabitants narrowly escaped being drowned.

1
Everything was set afloat in the cafés, and the water
found its way more freely than before into the excava
tions, Georgie, the ganger, valuing the damage to us at
two thousand piastres (nearly 187. ) .
Before the end of this month I had considerably October
1870.
enlarged the excavation which had laid bare a great por
tion of one of the foundation piers for the columns of
columnsof
the peristyle, and exposed to view the goodly sight of Drums
half-a-dozen large drums of the columns themselves, found .

which had fallen upon one of the outer piers on the south
flank of the Temple, and had been caught by this pier,
and a wall connecting it with the adjoining pier. The
sight of this group of fluted blocks , with a fragment of

one of the capitals, encouraged the hope that on opening
up the whole site much more would be found remaining ;
but these remains must have belonged to one of three

columns which were evidently allowed to stand long after
the destruction of the Temple. Although these drums
had been allowed to remain to a certain extent as they
had fallen, they had, with only one or two exceptions,
been so much hacked about and damaged that it was
Village of Ayasalouk.
impossible for me to obtain such measurements as would

have enabled me to ascertain their exact shape. This is
much to be regretted, more especially as the upper dia
meter of the column appears to be small compared with
the lower diameter, as I have since ascertained, although
I was ignorant of the fact at that time.
When these frusta or drums of columns were first
PROPORTION OF THE COLUMNS. 171
found , I doubted whether they belonged to the great
Temple mentioned by Pliny, who described it as having

columns sixty feet high. For, taking that dimension as
my guide for the height of the columns, and the account
given by Vitruvius respecting the proportions of the
Grecian Ionic order, viz. eight and a half diameters in
height, I had expected to find columns upwards of seven
14
1"
14
Discovery of Columns.
feet in diameter, whereas the drums of columns at that

time found measured only 5 feet 3 inches to 5 feet 7
inches. I still hoped, however, that the results of further
explorations would prove this to have been the Temple,

and that I should be able to reconcile my discoveries on
the site with the statements of Pliny and Vitruvius.

On the pavement near these remains of the Temple, Pottery.
was found a great quantity of broken black Greek

pottery of the finest description, fragments of lamps,
vases, tazzas, & c. , but not one perfect piece.
Narrow November 1.- One of my quickest and most expert
escape.
workmen was put to enlarge the hole where the poor
black man had lost his life, and he had nearly succeeded
in sinking it to the required depth, when some tons of

sand fell in about him, and half buried him. For
tunately he was not hurt ; but as I found the sand here
so treacherous I abandoned for the time any further
attempt to get the stone up out of the hole .

Removal Towards the end of November I took up the mosaic
of mosaic
pave pavement which I had found during the last season.
ment.
This was not easily done, as there were then several
feet of water over it, and it was quite as much as the
little pump I then had could do to keep it down . A
deal frame was prepared like the four sides of a shallow

box, large enough to enclose as much of the pavement
as we wished to take up. Having then cut away the pave
ment all around so far as to allow the case to be placed

in position, we severed the mosaic from its foundation with
long chisels, in widths of about 5 inches, inserting, one

by one, boards of that width, and just long enough to
make, when all were inserted, the bottom of the case.

This, the most difficult part of the work, was done with
great skill, by an English carpenter named Long
Wilson,' who had worked under my directions at the
stations of the Smyrna and Aidin Railway. We then
laid a piece of coarse canvas over the surface of the
mosaic, and spread over it a thick layer of melted glue,

อัง
ค
น
ค าง
เบ
csse
ธรร
นา
วง ม
งงาม
MOSAIC
PAVEMENT
.
.
DIANA
OF
TEMPLE
NEAR
BUILDING
ROMAN
FROM
&HANHART
NLITH
.M
REMOVAL OF MOSAIC PAVEMENT. 173
which, percolating through the open canvas, secured it

to the pavement in one compact mass. We then filled
up the case with liquid gypsum (plaster- of- Paris) to the

depth of several inches, and having prized up the whole,
inserted two strong deals under the case . With great
difficulty twenty men lifted it out of the hole, which was
13 feet 6 inches deep, up a steep sloping road, cut ex

pressly for the purpose, and finally carried it through
the ploughed fields to the road leading to the railway
station, a distance in all of nearly three-quarters of a
mile. As they passed through the ploughed fields, the

men, being slip - shod , dropped their shoes repeatedly, and
I was obliged to tell off two men to follow them , and
replace the shoes on their feet. Twenty men were as
many as could get under the case, and it was quite as
much as they could carry over such difficult ground. At
the time I flattered myself that we had succeeded in

taking up this mosaic pavement without the slightest
injury, but in spite of all our care, we did not quite
succeed . Part of the Triton's face, and of the dish of
fruit which he holds aloft, are missing. These defects.

are the more to be regretted, as they cannot very well
be restored from the small drawing I was able to make
in the bitterly cold weather before it was removed . The
long range of buildings from which this mosaic was taken
was probably occupied by the priests and officials of the
Temple. To the north of these buildings was found a

beautiful spring of fresh water about 14 feet under
ground, which served to supply the men until the ex
cavations were abandoned . Most of my workmen were
now employed in wheeling away the soil and débris, and

enlarging the excavations, which began to assume dimen
sions of some importance, and which eventually proved
to be near the south-western angle of the Temple.
Remains December 1st is marked in my journal as a red-letter
of Temple . day, for on this day I have recorded that at last we found
part of the base of the column to which the group of
drums belonged, and, in position , a large square block of
marble which proved afterwards to be the plinth stone of
the base of a column belonging to a more ancient temple,
indeed, of the last Temple but two, the foundations of
which were commenced 500 B.C. The size of this plinth
Last three is only 7 feet 8 inches, while that of the plinths of the last
temples.
temple is 8 feet 8 inches ; but the position on plan of the
plinths of the last three temples appears to have been
identical.
Large December 9th was found one of the capitals , which,
capital
found. although much mutilated, gave a good idea of its boldness
and grandeur. On seeing this, I felt more assured of the
fact that I had discovered the Temple, and I determined
that Pliny and Vitruvius should no longer mislead me, for
what building could this be but the great Temple of
Diana ? The Augusteum, mentioned in the inscriptions
in the peribolus wall, must be a comparatively small build
ing, and Roman in style.
Ramazan. The 30 days' fast of Ramazan, during which the
Turks allow nothing , not even a cigarette or a drop of
water, to pass their lips from sunrise till sunset, had now
begun. The Mudir of the district, hearing of ' marvellous
discoveries ' at Ephesus, came down from Kirkenjee,
A TURK'S IDEA OF PROTESTANTS. 175
where he was quartered, and paid me a visit. Being a

good Turk, he refused coffee, but accompanied me to the
works to see the wonders ' he had heard of. On my
showing him the drums of the large columns , and the

capitals, he asked me to what building they had belonged.
I told him they were the remains of an ancient mosque or
church, in the time of the ancient Greeks, when they did
not worship the one true God , but had many gods , male
and female, and that this church was dedicated to the
worship of a female, whose statue , forty or fifty feet high,

Ancient
Greeks
was set up inside it . ' Ah , ' said the Mudir, as if a new and
"
light had broken in upon him, they were Protestants.' I modern
Protes
did my best to undeceive him, and to make him under- tants.
stand that we ( Protestants) were not worshippers of idols ,

but he evidently did not understand how Protestant
worship could be anything but idolatrous, since we had
not Mahomet as our prophet, and the whole thing

remained a mystery to him.
December 16. - This day the celebrated Dr. Schlie- Dr.
Schlie
man, the discoverer of Troy, visited the excavations. He man.
was kindly enthusiastic in his congratulations when he
planted his foot upon the ' veritable ' pavement of the
Temple. He had been digging in the Troad, but had been
stopped by the Turks, and he now asked my opinion,
whether he could get a firman to dig in the Troad in
search of the city of Troy. I expressed my doubts, as
the Turks had made known their determination to grant
no more firmans for excavations. He said they might

have what was found, as he was anxious only to prove
by excavations his own theory about the position of Troy,

ES
176 SC
DIS OVERI
CO AT EPHESUS.
and being a rich retired merchant, he could well afford to

spend out of his income ten thousand francs a year.
Amount
of work Before the close of the year I had removed about
done. 4,000 cubic yards from the large excavation, besides sink
ing a number of pits over the site of the Temple. We

had unusually hot weather, slight shocks of earthquake,
and rumours of a band of brigands at Ephesus, towards
the close of this month.
1871. Fanuary 6. Mr. Newton arrived this day from

England . He was delighted, on visiting the excavations
at Ephesus, to see so many proofs that the Temple had
at last been found.
Rains. This year the rains came on early. January 13th
the pavement of the Temple was under water to the

depth of 3 feet 3 inches, on the 16th as much as 4 feet 5
inches, and on the 25th it rose still higher, being then 5
feet 2 inches.
The insufficient number of our barrows, and the im
possibility of getting any ready-made, caused some delay

with the excavations, which were now to be prosecuted
with greater vigour. The heavy rains also impeded the
progress of the work, and the damage to the railway in
several places prevented my travelling between Smyrna
Discovery and Ephesus for some days. At last, on February 6th, I
of the first
column was able again to visit the works, and on that day the
in situ.
fine base of one of the columns on the south flank was
discovered in position. A ladder was placed for me to

descend the hole ; but I was so excited, and so careless in
my hurry to get down, that I fell head foremost , much to
the amusement of the men, as I suppose it must have
BASE OF A COLUMN .
FOUND IN POSITION .
MANHANHART LITH.
1
#
BASE OF COLUMN IN POSITION. 177
been, although they did not show it in the slightest

degree. This base is now re-erected in the British
Museum, and gives a very fair notion of the grand scale
on which the last Temple was built.
Portions of this base (the scotia) retained much of Colour.
the red colour with which it had been originally tinted,
but exposure to light and air has so completely dissipated

the colour that there are now no signs of it. The angle
at which the square plinth of the base stood at the time
of its discovery, misled me for a time as to the direction
of the Temple. I had had hitherto nothing to guide me ,
excepting the supposition that its direction would be the F
same as that of the long line of Roman buildings in
front ; the plinth, however, had been moved out of its
original position , probably by the fall of the column,
when the thrust would be very great, nor was it till I Displace
ment of
had laid bare the foundations, and a considerable portion column
base.
of the ground in the supposed direction of the building,
F
that I was quite convinced of the displacement of this
great mass of masonry.
March 1.- Most of my men were absent for the Courban
Bairam.
feast of Courban Bairam, to which they devote several
days and eat lamb as we do at Easter. I had now two
certain points between which I could work with the com

plete assurance that I was on the site of the Temple, viz.
the plinth stone of the base of one of the columns near
the western end, and the base of another near the centre
of the south flank. I had thus a large area to work over,
and I took advantage of it. I was now better able to

determine in which direction the débris should be wheeled .
N
IES
By degrees the masonry which supported the steps on that

side was exposed to view, with the piers or buttresses
which united the masonry with the foundation - piers of
the columns of the peristyle ; and I soon obtained an
approximate dimension for the intercolumniations on the
flanks of the Temple, together with more positive data

for the direction of the Temple , which was ultimately
ascertained to be a few degrees south of due east and

west. I also found large patches of the pavement of
the last Temple but two, some more drums of columns,

a fragment of one of the architraves, and a stone from 1
the tympanum of the west pediment. On the pavement
in many places were found ashes and splinters of cal
cined marble, the ashes in some places as much as 6

inches in depth ; the effects of fire were also to be seen
on many of the large blocks of marble belonging to the
Temple which rested on the pavement.
March 2.- Had photograph taken of base of

column in position by an Armenian photographer from
Smyrna.
Purchase This month the owners of the ground over which I
of land.
was digging came for compensation, at the same time
offering their land for sale, but I could come to no agree
ment with them. There were in all about 8 acres, for
i
which I offered 145. This they would not accept,
pretending to want about three times that amount. As
it was absolutely necessary that I should buy the land

before I proceeded much farther— for it would now have
cost more to fill up the holes I had dug, and hand it
over to the owners in its original condition , than to pur
SITE OF THE TEMPLE PURCHASED. 179
chase the land- I invited them down to Smyrna, that I
might have the assistance of Mr. Consul Cumberbatch

and his people in the negotiation . The men came down
to Smyrna ; but as they had not brought with them the
¦
deeds or documents necessary to sell the land, it became
necessary that they should return to Ayasalouk and start
off to Scala Nova, where the books relating to the Ephe
sian territory are kept. On reaching Ayasalouk with

their papers the next day, they declared they could not
go farther ; so I had the horses prepared, and with two
of my cavasses I prevailed upon them to mount and start
for Scala Nova. We had some difficulty in persuading
them to go on, even when they had mounted ; but as

they went on, their objections melted away or were
overruled, and we all safely reached Scala Nova. Here
they went to borrow money under the escort of my ca

vasses, and it turned out that of 13 doulooms which one
of the men wanted to sell me, he had really purchased of
I Government only 5 doulooms ; the other 8 doulooms he

had cleared and fenced in with his own . Having cleared
the land, however, he had obtained the right to purchase

it at a fixed price, before all other applicants. With the
valuable aid of Mr. Xenophon Alexarchi, our consul at
Scala Nova, I managed to complete the purchase of all the
land I wanted in the course of two days , during which I
was occupied at the Konak between six and seven hours .
The whole was bought for a little more than 160/. , and I
was authorised by the trustees to pay 200l. if necessary.
It was most fortunate that the purchase of the land was

effected just at that time, as will be seen hereafter. The
N 2
I
road between Ayasalouk and Scala Nova is in some places

rough and mountainous, and the natives habitually take
Travel
three hours for the journey. But there are two police
ling in
Turkey. cafés on the road, at one of which they are almost sure
to loiter and take coffee or raki. The road has a bad
reputation for robbers, and as the keepers of the cafés

are seriously suspected of complicity with them , it is
considered prudent to conciliate them by halting for

refreshment, which is scarcely needed in so short a ride.
I find by my notes that in going to Scala Nova accom
panied by, and therefore hindered by, the landowners , the
journey occupied 3 hours ; but in returning, accompanied
only by two of my cavasses, the journey was performed
in 24 hours . The delay, in travelling with the people of
the country, may be further accounted for by their im
perfect horse furniture, where string and rope are sub
stitutes for leather. The girths are very apt to break,
and the horseman , mounted on a high wooden saddle

resembling a pack-saddle, loses his equilibrium, and
comes suddenly to the ground . The ordinary refresh
ment taken by travellers at these roadside cafés is a
very diminutive cup of black coffee, which consists chiefly
of what they call the ' cream ' and a deep sediment of
muddy grounds. The cup itself is dirty-looking, if it is
not positively dirty, and I have often sickened over the
nasty dose taken out of compliment. On the occasion of
my being accompanied , as in this instance, by men whom
I wished to conciliate, we halted at both these cafés on
the road, and I took the mud with as good a grace as
I could assume .
L
TURKISH SOLDIERS. 181
The Duke of Sutherland and the Marquis of Stafford Illustrious

visitors.
visited Ephesus in the course of this month. As his Grace
had hospitably entertained H.M. the Sultan during his
visit to England, orders had been sent from Constanti
nople to the Pasha of Smyrna to do the Duke especial
honour. Half a squadron of cavalry and half a company
of infantry accompanied him and his suite to Ephesus as

a body-guard. As there was no real need for any guard
at all, we were much amused by the manoeuvres of the

soldiers, deploying into line, and then extending and
skirmishing as we approached the base of the mountain ,
as if there were really an enemy before them . As we Turkish
soldiers.
crossed the plain, the Duke asked me whether we could
not give this ' army ' the slip, and I said ' Certainly,' and
spurred my horse, all following, towards the pretended
'Cave of the Seven Sleepers ; ' but the wonderful vigilance
I
and extraordinary running powers of the Turkish infantry
were here shown, for they were at the cave almost as
soon as we were with the splendid horses which the
Pasha had sent to mount us, and they had to run over
fully two-thirds of the ground that we had to traverse.

So we gave up the idea of getting rid of them, and
they continued to do the laborious duty imposed upon
them .
April 7 was a notable day at Ephesus . The work Discovery

of hidden
men, in opening up new ground on the north side of the treasure.
excavations , came upon an earthenware vessel about 5
feet under ground, containing more than 2,000 coins, and
some lumps of the metal of which the coins were made.
The three cavasses then employed were fortunately on the
spot, and prevented what might otherwise have proved a

general scramble for the treasure. Checking all attempts
of the workmen to appropriate some of the coins, they
made the man who found them bring them to my house.
It was most fortunate that these coins were not found be
fore I bought the land, as in that case the landowners

would never have consented to part with it for any reason
able sum . The coins found were all forwarded eventually
to the Trustees of the British Museum, that they might

be examined and sorted by some competent person in
the medal department. This task devolved upon Mr.
Grueber, who published a full description of the coins in

pamphlet communicated to the Numismatic Society of
London. Mr. Grueber describes it as a hoard of coins
comprising ' specimens of many of the nations of Europe

which were, during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries,
mixed up with the affairs of the East. It consists of coins
of Naples, Rhodes, the Seljuk Emeers, Venice, Genoa, and
the Papal States. The whole hoard embraces a period of
about eighty years, so that the coins of which it consists
must all have been current at one time. The earliest
date which can be assigned to any of the coins is 1285 ;

these were struck by Charles II . of Naples . The latest
may be placed not after 1365 , these having been struck
by Roger de Pins, Grand Master of Rhodes . From this
it may be concluded that the hoard must have been buried
not later than the year 1370, if not even earlier.'

Mr. Grueber gives the following list of the coins, com
prising the whole of them, which were sent to England in
two packages :
ial
D
R
I
E
P
S
E
u
n
a
1 COOR OS
1810 A
MO
DO
RE
OFT RL
UM
N
A FO IRRA
OK
GL OB
OB HO W
I
E U AN A
TE
O T
E
D
D
CANAN
A
u
d
o
s
r
o
пос
DIN тр
Ca
m
Devi
INS
V
D
R
.‫ שנה‬43 /
The
O
at
A AE
DURATRUS 10
Taeo CATBAGS
FJLees
COINS FOUND ON THE SITE OF THE TEMPLE

OF DIANA AT EPHESVS .
TREASURE TROVE. 183
(
Naples ( 1603 coins) .— 10 of Charles II . , 1569 of
Robert I., and 24 of Louis and Johanna .
' Rhodes (786 coins ).-162 of Elion de Villeneuve, 101

of Deodato de Gozon, 113 of Pietro Comillano, and 410 of
Roger de Pins.
' Seljuks (20 coins) .— 17 Theologi of Ephesus and 3 of

Magnesia .
‘ Genoa ( 1 coin) .— A coin struck in the Island of Chios

during the time of the Maona of Justiniani .
'Papal States (3 coins) .— Giulio of Pope John XXII .
'Venice ( 1 coin) .—A matapan of Francis Dandolo .
6 Thirteen various blundered and unascertained
1 coins .'
I
The white metal found with these coins contained
about 25 per cent. of silver. 1
Perhaps the most interesting of the coins are those Theolo

gos.'
struck at Ayasalouk, bearing as they do the word ' Theo
logos, ' which was the mediaval name for Ayasalouk, and
going far to prove that St. John's Church was erected at
that place.
I
Some of the foundation-piers of a church or other Further
discove
building were now found within the walls of the cella of ries.
the Temple on the north side. Towards the east end of
the Temple we discovered the foundations and base of á
large monument only eight feet below the present surface.

A large Roman sarcophagus was also laid bare near this
spot, showing that some time after the destruction of the
Temple a cemetery occupied the site.

There was great jealousy between my Greek ganger, Squabbles
George, and one of my Turkish cavasses. This circum
stance was more or less favourable to the interests of the
excavations, as they would report of one another ; but it

was the cause of many a quarrel, in which I was often
called upon to interfere. One day the cavass so far lost
his temper that he struck the ganger a severe blow with

his stick ; I punished him by taking not only his stick from
him, but his sword also, in the presence of all the work
men. This humiliating act had the desired effect, and he
kept a better watch over himself ever after.
Close of An area
The season closed this year May 10th .
season.
of about 210 feet by 130 feet had been explored to
as great a depth as the water standing in the excava
tions would allow. The heavy rains had been very un
favourable for the excavations. Early in the year the
water stood so high that it was impossible to dig to a

greater depth than 15 feet below the surface, whereas
most of the stones composing the débris of the Temple

rested on the pavement at an average depth of 22 feet.
The latter months of the season were therefore em
ployed in preparing ground over a large area for full

exploration to the level of the pavement in the autumn, by
which time the water would sink. With the discovery of
the column in situ, and the masonry supporting the steps,
together with the foundation-piers and walls, which gave

me the intercolumniations on the south flank, I was
obliged to content myself as the result of the season's
operations ; and fearing that I might not return to con

tinue the excavations as I intended in the autumn, I
sowed the banks with the seed of the Eucalyptus globu

losa (the blue gum tree) , closed the doors of my maga
CLOSE OF SEASON 1870-71 . 185
zines, and suspended the works on the day I have above

named, leaving Smyrna May 12th .
My grant for the season had enabled me to employ,
on an average, about one hundred workmen, and the
excavations , which had been carried on entirely on the

site of the Temple, had made fair progress , although so
little had as yet been found of the remains of the Tem
ple itself, owing to the numerous difficulties attending
the work .
END OF SEASON 1870–71 .
I
4
+
1
*
I
1
I
CHAPTER III . 1
1871-72.
First Lecture on Discoveries -Decision of Trustees-Excavations resumed

I
-Sculptured Frieze - Sculptured Column- Cella-wall of Temple- Im
pression of Cella-walls on Foundation -piers- Remains of more than one
Temple-Water in Excavations—Rain—H.M.S . ‘ Caledonia '—Removal
of Antiquities Amusements at Ephesus- Turkish Workmen and Man
of-War's Men- Sappers- Visitors-Another Capital- Damming -Base
of Column- Officers and Men of the Caledonia '-Aurora Borealis
Amount of Work done - Strata of Excavation- Storks-Number of
Workmen The Times -Arrest of Kiourt Men- Miscellaneous Anti
quities The Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg- Schwerin- Suspense
Prince Frederic Charles- Monseigneur Spaccapietra- Sawing Marbles—
Suspension of Works - Samos- Tighani- Brigands- Inspection of Anti
quities -Waiting for Firman-Appreciation of Coins -Museum at Con
stantinople Leave for England- The Sacred Clog.
First lec- JULY 20th, 1871 , I delivered my first lecture in London

ture on
discove. on my discoveries at Ephesus, before a small but select
ries.
audience, in the lecture-room of the Society for the
Encouragement of the Fine Arts, at 9, Conduit Street,
Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, the President of the Society,
being in the chair.
At that time the excavations were not sufficiently
advanced to enable me to illustrate my lecture with a
correct plan of the Temple. I confined myself, there
fore, to a narrative of the manner in which the Temple
EXCAVATIONS CONTINUED. 187
had been found , and to the discoveries made in the
theatres and other public buildings, as well as on the

road from the city to the Temple.
A discussion of great interest afterwards took place,

in which Mr. Newton, Professor Donaldson, Mr. Pen
rose, Mr. Hyde Clarke, and others took part.

The Trustees of the British Museum declared their Decision
of the
satisfaction with the progress made during the past trustees.
season, and resolved to continue the excavations. We
therefore left London August 17th, and arrived in

Smyrna on the 31st.
I got together as large a gang of men as I could , Excava
tions re
and resumed work at Ephesus September 5th. When sumed .
the vegetation which had grown all over the excavations
had been removed , I found , much to my disappointment,
that the water was still standing many feet above the
pavement. The weather was oppressively hot, and the
workmen at first made little progress, as they had not
yet recovered from the relaxing effect of a hot summer.

As I was anxious to find any remains of the steps which
might still exist, I began digging a wide trench near
the column of the peristyle which had been found in
position ; but not a vestige of them remained here.
From the destruction to which the others were doomed
the column seems to have been preserved by the river,

which had evidently run against it, if we may judge from
the fine sand deposited all around it. Although I did

not succeed in finding any portion of the steps, or
even the masonry which had supported them near the
column, I found a large patch of the pavement beyond
them , and thus ascertained that the height from the pave
ment beyond the steps to that of the peristyle was 9 feet

5 inches.
Sculptured September 14. - Found part of the frieze of the
frieze.
west front of the Temple, on which is sculptured what
might probably have been intended to represent the
taking of the girdle of Hippolyte, queen of the Ama
zons, by Hercules. The figure of Hercules is almost
entirely chopped away ; there remain, however, portions

of one thigh and arm, and of the lion's skin in which he
was partly enveloped. The female figure is more perfect.

A portion of the enriched bed mould of the cornice forms
part of this block, while some markings on the top seem

to show that it was originally the drum of a column from
a more ancient temple. The heads of the figures of
the frieze appear to have passed up to the underside of
the corona of the cornice.¹ This block is now in the
Elgin Room, and has been modestly described by Mr.

Newton as a female struggling with Hercules . This
was a most valuable and interesting discovery, as it
proved that the frieze was sculptured in high relief.
Sculptured September 19, a still more important discovery was
column.
made, namely, the large sculptured drum of a column
.
from one of the ' columnæ cælatæ ' described by Pliny.
In a little more than the semi -circumference of this
drum are remains of five of the figures which surrounded

it. Two of them are male, three female. The most
perfect of the male figures may be recognised as Hermes
1 See plate.
phire Toxins
Cuban Con
charg
Crelief
HERACLES STRUGGLING WITH AN AMAZON .
PART OF SCULPTURED FRIEZE -TEMPLE OF DIANA .

MAN.HANHART LITH.
DISCOVERY OF A SCULPTURED COLUMN. 189
(Mercury) by the caduceus in his right hand, and the

petasus hanging from his neck behind ; the chlamys is
twisted round his left arm. The female figures were
probably goddesses, but they are so mutilated that it is

impossible to conjecture which of them were here repre
sented .
This immense mass of marble, measuring exactly

6 feet high, a little more than 6 feet in diameter, and
weighing more than eleven tons, was found deeply buried
in the sand and marble chippings at the west end of the

Temple, and was almost entirely under water. As it
was, moreover, turned completely over, with its base
uppermost, it was a very difficult task to raise it out of
the water in the first place ; we had to use our pump
vigorously to keep the water down sufficiently to allow
the men who worked the levers to approach the work,
and as the sculptured parts were on the underside of the
marble as it lay, it was extremely difficult to avoid

injuring the drapery of the figures. By degrees the drum
was turned over until it rested upon its proper base. It
then became easier to insert one by one the stout timbers

upon which it was to be placed before it could be moved
up out of the water. Little by little the immense block
was lifted to a higher level, the timbers being then placed
under it, by means of a strong crab winch and pulleys . An
attempt was made to draw it up clear of the hole in which
it had lain buried for so many centuries, but the strength

of the winch and the men who worked it broke the
ropes. Having obtained stronger ropes, on October 7

we began again to haul up the big drum after having got
it on to a strong sledge. We had not moved it many

yards when a road, partly made for the purpose, gave
way under the weight, and we had great difficulty in

avoiding a catastrophe ; but we repaired the road, and
on November 15 the huge block safely reached the top ,
nearly two months after its discovery, ready for the photo
grapher, who came out the next day to take a view of
it. It was then secured from harm by planks until the

crew of one of her Majesty's ships should come and
move it on to the railway station . Memo. in Journal :
'It took fifteen men fifteen days to haul up the big
sculptured drum. Forty paces from hole and out of
water to commencement of road to top. Sixty paces
up road to top. Ninety paces on level towards Ayasa
louk .' This will give some idea of the expense of
moving these large masses of marble from the place

The I
where they are found to our Museum in London.
case alone in which it was placed cost upwards of 30l.

Cella-wall
I discovered early this season a portion of the cella
of Temple.
wall of the Temple on the south side, also some more of
the foundation- piers of a church or other large building,
which were composed of rubble masonry, and had been
commenced within the cella-walls some centuries after
Impres the destruction of the Temple. On these piers could be
sion of
cella clearly traced the impression of the stones of the cella
walls.
walls to the height of four courses. I eventually found the
whole of these foundation-piers , to the number of eighteen,
with the impression of the cella-walls upon them, and this |
enabled me to obtain the exact width of the cella, with
other particulars for the completion of my plan. The water

FURTHER DISCOVERIES. 191
continued to sink in the excavations, and I was able ,

before the close of the year, to remove the six feet of
débris which had been left above the pavement when
the works had been suspended in May. In doing this,

the masonry which originally supported the steps was, to
a great extent, laid bare. This masonry was composed
of layers of grey limestone a little more than 8 inches.
thick, which, as I have since ascertained, was the height

I
of each step of the platform . Large patches of the Remains
of more
pavement of one of the former temples (the last but two, than one
temple.
as I afterwards ascertained) were exposed to view, and
on the pavement rested such remains of the columns and
other portions of the Temple as had not been used for

building-stones or burnt for lime. A few fragments of the
various enriched mouldings of the cornice were found

amongst the débris . Many of these had distinct traces
of colour upon them, while some had evidently belonged
to one of the earlier temples .
November 17. - The water had sunk to a level which Water in
excava
enabled us to explore down to the pavement ; but rain tion.
threatened to give us only a brief opportunity for digging

deep .
During the month of December the wind was so high
that for the whole of one day the men could not work.
On the 12th there was water on the pavement at the
excavations to the height of one foot.
December 19. -Another large fragment of a sculp
tured drum was found, with remains of male figures in
Persian costume . One or two small fragments of this
drum had been found before when the site of the Temple
1
was first discovered. These fragments, now reunited,

form an interesting object in the British Museum.
Rain. The rain continued to impede the works , and towards
the end of the month the water had risen to the height
of 20 inches above the lower pavement.
H.M.S.
' Cale On the 28th H.M.S. ' Caledonia ,' Captain Lambert,
donia.' arrived in the port of Smyrna. This ship had been
sent from Malta in reply to my application for a ship

of war to take away the stones and cases which might
be ready for shipment.
Part of the last working day of the year was spent
on board the ' Caledonia, ' making arrangements with
Captain Lambert for the assistance of a certain number
of his officers and crew at Ephesus .
January 3, 1872. — Lieutenant M‘Quhae, with twenty

sailors, four carpenters, a sick-bed attendant, and a ward
room cook's mate, accompanied by Dr. Farr, came out

to Ephesus, and joined Lieutenant Gambier, who had
preceded them the previous day.

The officers found quarters in the station- master's
house. The men were accommodated in the large room
(
of our house, where the men of H.M.S. Terrible '
had made themselves so comfortable on a former
occasion.
Removal
of anti The sailors began their work by drawing some of
quities.
the smaller stones from the excavations to the railway
station at Ayasalouk. A large devil- cart had been lent
by the authorities at Malta for the removal of heavy stones ,

but it was found impracticable for very bulky stones ,
which, on account of their large dimensions in every

"
1
VIEW OF EXCAVATION ON SITE OF

BER
E
SITE OF TEMPL , LOO
KING
EAST DECEM 1871 .
MANHANHART LITH.
"I
VIEW OF EXCAVATION ON SITE OF TEM
EMPLE , LOOKING WEST . DECEMBER 1871 .
M&N HANHART LITH.

!
REMOVAL OF ANTIQUITIES. 193
direction, could not be slung beneath the axle of the cart.

It was, however, found very useful afterwards in trans
porting heavy flat stones from the ruins.
A strong sledge, chiefly used for taking the stones ,

conveyed the large sculptured drum slowly but safely to
the station. The sailors took to their work most kindly ;
the officers enjoyed their duties ashore, which were

occasionally lightened by shooting and boar-hunting Amuse
ments at
during the day, and whist in the evening. Whist at Ephesus .
Whist at
Ephesus ! It must sound like a desecration of holy
ground in the ears of those who have never seen the
place. For ourselves, we were accustomed to it, and
enjoyed a rubber occasionally with our visitors.

Among the blocks moved by the crew of the
' Caledonia ' was one of the five capitals now in the
British Museum.
In using the sledge, it was found to be an excellent Turks and

sailors .
plan to employ about ten Turks with twenty sailors, and
these together made up the number needed to draw the
sledge when heavily laden . Large rollers, nine or ten

inches in diameter, were employed for the purpose, and
each of these required two men to move them forward

as they fell loose behind the sledge.
The devil- cart was used to bring the colossal statue
of a Persian found in the ruins of the city to the station at
Ayasalouk. When the cart arrived at the lower village
with the statue slung to the axle, it appeared as if one of
the numerous Turkish tombstones which still remain in
the street must be removed to allow the cart to pass. I
was sent for to be consulted as to the course to be pur
sued, and when I came to the spot I found the Custom

house officer and all the petty Turkish officials of the
place assembled to protest against the desecration of the
tombstones. I found it useless to reason with them, and
to promise that if we removed one of them for a minute
only it should be set up again in a firmer and more

upright position. They continued to protest against its
removal, and we arranged the ground for the cart and its
load to pass over the tombstone without touching it.
Sappers. As I had applied for some sappers from the corps of
the Royal Engineers, three non-commissioned officers
arrived at Ephesus January 9th for the purpose of
assisting me in the excavations. This was the ' party of
Royal Engineers ' stated by the journals of the day as
having been sent to Ephesus to assist the explorer ! I
had had no notice of their coming, and they came with
the idea, founded, as they said, on their instructions
before they left England , that all the necessary accommo
dation would be found ready for them on their arrival.

Disappointment at finding themselves in a strange place
without quarters ready to receive them caused the chief
of the party to lose his temper, and the result was an

amount of impertinence which did not encourage me to
interest myself about them. As night closed in , how
ever, I found rooms for them in the ever-expanding
house of the station-master, and I gave them what I
could spare of my own bedding and stores. But two of
the party never settled down to work and discipline, and

I therefore obtained leave to send them back by the
Caledonia when she left Smyrna . The third sapper,
ANOTHER LARGE CAPITAL. 195
who was the junior of the party, Corporal Trotman, re

mained with me not only for that season , but for the two
successive seasons, and only left when the excavations
were abandoned.
January 10th Mr. Newton again paid me a visit . Visitors.

He had come in the Duke of St. Albans yacht to Scala
Nova, and had journeyed on to Ayasalouk, leaving the
Duke and his party to follow the next day.
January 11th the Duke of St. Albans and his party
came over to Ayasalouk from Scala Nova, drenched to
the skin by the rain. The water from the adjoining fields
ran into and completely engulfed the excavations ; and
a vast muddy lake, with a few stones just seen above its
surface, greeted His Grace and his companions when they
visited the excavations.
Mr. Newton kindly assisted me most materially by

making arrangements in Smyrna for the reception of the
cases of antiquities on board ship as they came down by
railway, also in forwarding to Ephesus from time to time
.
the implements which might be needed for the works.
He found the change from life in London most delightful,
and he remained with us as long as he could , taking a
deep interest in the work.
January 17 -Another large capital, found at the Another
capital.
east end of the excavations, was more perfect than those
found at the west end, having the bead and reel moulding,
and the upper flutings of the shaft of the column to which
it belonged worked upon the same block of marble ; one

volute was nearly perfect, and the large eggs (twelve
inches deep) were quite perfect. The work of destruction
02
:
had been commenced by ruthlessly chopping off the

beautiful egg and spear enrichment which surrounded
the abacus. The whole, however, with all its defects,
forms a noble specimen of Greek art, and may now be

seen on a pedestal in the most remote corner at the north
end of the Elgin Gallery.
Damming. As the water stood this season so high in the excava
tions, I had recourse to damming, in which I found my

Sapper Corporal Trotman most useful. In this manner ,
with the aid of a powerful pump , we examined the ground

at the west end nearly down to the level of the pavement.
Base of Fearing that some calamity might befall the base of
column.
the column found in position , I caused the stones to be
removed as far down as the plinth stone, and in so doing.
I discovered that although dowel holes had been made

in every one of the stones, not a single dowel had been
used. I was, therefore, no longer surprised at the displace
ment of the base when the column fell. The fine capital
which I have already mentioned had evidently belonged
to this column, which had fallen from the outer row in
ward, but diagonally, towards the cella -walls, some of the
drums of the column remaining nearly in the position in
which they had fallen . I was thus enabled to trace the
direction in which the column fell, as well as the connec
tion between the base and the capital.
The capital became an object of great interest at the

railway station to the numerous travellers, most of whom
had never before seen a work of art in their lives ; and
even the Turks appeared now to understand the purpose
of the excavations .
F
Jik
BOUCHONSNEH
OC
E
IONIC
,
CAPITAL DIANA
.OF
TEMPLE
Ma ANHART
LITH
OFFICERS AND MEN OF H.M.S. CALEDONIA. 197
February 1st the ' Caledonia ' left Smyrna with its
valuable freight. The large sculptured drum had been
carefully cased up, and being, like some of the other
blocks, too large for the hatchways of the ship, it remained
|
with them on the deck securely lashed .
Messrs. Dussaud, contractors for the Smyrna quay,
had most kindly lent us their powerful steam crane to

hoist the big drum on board the ' Caledonia ,' which was
done to the music of fifes. On reaching England it re
quired twenty powerful dray horses to move it from the
docks to the British Museum.
The officers and men from the ship had spent twenty- Officers
and menof
seven days at Ephesus, and left it with regret. Captain H.M.S.
Cale
Lambert took especial care in his choice of the officers ap- donia."
pointed to take charge of the expedition from the ship.

Lieutenants Gambier and M'Quhae conducted the work
at Ephesus with all the skill that was required , and they
were cheerful and pleasant companions during the time
they remained with us . The men had had more liberty than
had been allowed by the officer of the Terrible .' The
Caledonians were allowed to spend their evenings at
the refreshment room of the station and the cafés at
Ayasalouk, but they were bound to turn in by ten o'clock,

and the ' rounds ' were always punctually made at that
hour by their two officers . The men behaved thoroughly
well, and did their work willingly and cheerfully. All the
men had ' check ' ( extra pay ) for the time during which
they were employed ashore .
February 3rd Mr. Newton left Smyrna ; and as the

officers and men of the Caledonia ' had departed when
we next went out to Ayasalouk, it seemed quite dull and

lonely without them. But we soon became reconciled
to our quiet life again , as we all had plenty of work to

do .
Aurora February 4.—The Aurora Borealis was distinctly seen
Borealis.
at Smyrna, and alarmed the Turks very much, as all
natural phenomena invariably do. In this case they
thought the earth was about to be destroyed by fire.

The water in the excavations stood as high as 4 feet
6 inches above the pavement on February 8th.

Amount February 10th, I reported to the Trustees that I
of work
done. had cleared out 38,500 cubic yards from the site of the
Temple, at a total cost of about 4,000/. This was about
one-third of the amount of work which, according to my
estimate, would be needed in order to clear out the whole

of the area of the Temple site.
Early in the month of March I endeavoured to make
some arrangement with the railway authorities for the re
moval of the soil from the excavations by tramway ; but this
plan I was obliged to abandon on account of its costliness,

and we continued to use a number of wheelbarrows, some
Strata of six of which could be served by one digger. The digging

excava
tion. was chiefly in sand, which we found under 4 feet of
vegetable soil to the depth of about 12 feet, the remainder
being composed chiefly of débris and sand. Over a
great portion of the surface we found a Turkish pave
ment about 4 feet under ground, composed of rather large
irregular blocks of stone, which gave us great trouble, as
men with back-boards were obliged to carry them to a
distance. About 8 feet below the surface we found a
MURDEROUS ASSAULT. 199
quantity of Arabian pottery, a group of which is given in

woodcut, page 201 .
March 4.-The storks return with great regularity to Storks.

build their nests and establish themselves for the summer
months at Ayasalouk. The first stork of the season is re

corded to have appeared this day. A few days after, the
storks came in force, and occupied all the aqueduct piers.
About one hundred and fifty men were employed on the Number of
workmen.
works this season, my grant being limited to a fixed
amount which did not admit of employing a greater
number.
As it was no longer considered necessary to keep our The

'Times.'
operations secret from the general public, I sent a short
(
account of my discoveries to the Times. ' The public
thus knew for the first time the difficulties which had been
surmounted, and the success which had thus far attended
the explorations at Ephesus.

This season we had quite a plague of Kiourt men,Arrest
Kiourt of
many of whom I refused to employ, but they remained men.
hanging about Ayasalouk, and did their best, by per
suasions and threatenings, to induce some of the work
men to gamble at night. A man had one night con
sented, but refused the next night. The Kiourt men,
highly angered, fell upon him, and, beating him un
mercifully with sticks, left him , fearing they had killed
him . My cavasses came to my house the same night
and reported the affair to me, adding that the head of
the police was incapably drunk, while his two men did
not care to interfere. So there was nothing to be done
but to act the special constable, as I had done before.
Getting my cavasses together, and summoning my sapper

( I had only one at that time) , we proceeded to the cafés
in the lower village, and, after a visit to the poor beaten
man to ascertain the nature of his injuries , I left the
sapper to apply the remedies needed for a broken
head, and proceeded with the four cavasses to the

room where the fifteen ruffians were said to have taken
refuge. This room was pointed out by one of the work

men who gallantly volunteered to show the way. As
I thought that my rushing in with four armed men at
my back might bring about a serious fight, I halted
my men outside, and went in quietly with only one

of the cavasses (my faithful Edrise) . Ten men were as
sembled, four or five of whom had been concerned in the
assault. When I entered they were seated around a
large wood fire, but jumped to their feet immediately. I
took the precaution of getting within the circle, when ,

with my back to the fire, I could face them all, and stop
all attempt to escape, and defend myself at the same
time if necessary. I then proceeded to take down all
the men's names. While I was doing this, a knife
was passed from one man to another, but no attempt

was made to resist, although I had to take a knife from
a man who, a few days before, had tacitly threatened
me, by standing in my path where the lane was narrow
and lonely, and idly lopping off twigs from the bushes
in the hedge. This was one of the worst of the
Kiourt men, and he and four others of the men then
present were denounced by my guide as having taken

1 part in the assault. These men I thereupon arrested,
1
ARREST OF KIOURTS. 201
and handed them over to the care of the police. Going
after this into an adjoining house, I found another of

these ruffians hiding in a corner. I thus managed to
secure six of the fifteen men who were concerned in
the affair, and I was afterwards told that if the man so
cruelly treated had died during the night, the remainder of

the Kiourt men had planned the rescue of the prisoners.
Fortunately he survived, and a short imprisonment was
20000
AAA
00000 70309
000
Group of Arabian Fottery.
the only punishment inflicted on the men captured ; but

I insisted upon their being afterwards sent away from
Ayasalouk, and I discharged nearly all the Kiourts
who were then in my employment. Thus ended an
affair which might have been a very serious one for
myself or my people. As it was, it did good, as my
men saw that I would not allow them to be maltreated
with impunity to their tormentors.

Amongst other annoyances at Ayasalouk, the village
was for a long time plagued with a mad youth who

always became unusually excited on seeing a European,
and whenever he met me he used to threaten violence.
Very mad people are allowed in Turkey to roam
about at pleasure . I once or twice met a full-grown
man in the bazaars in Smyrna completely naked , and no

one attempted to interfere with him .
When the photographs of the Excavations were

being taken, Edrise took his stand in two places ; when
I showed him the result of his vanity, he was horrified
to see himself figuring twice in the same picture.¹
With all the vigilance of my superintendents at the
Miscella excavations, small objects, such as gold or silver coins or
neous anti jewellery, could be easily stolen by the men. I could
quities .
never therefore ascertain whether there was much found.
I put my most trustworthy men in the lower part of the

excavation , where small objects of value were most
likely to be found, but from first to last I only secured
one gold coin. This was handed to me by a man who
was grievously wounded in a pitched battle (which I

shall have occasion to notice hereafter) , and who had
reason to be grateful for the care taken of him till his
wound healed . This was a coin of Pope John XXII .

A gold bracelet was recovered from the man who had
found it, and who could not conceal the fact of its
discovery from his fellow-workmen, one of whom

informed against him . He was accordingly obliged to
give up his treasure. I have reason to believe that
small articles of value were occasionally found in the
In the lithograph the second figure of this cavass has been omitted.
MODE OF WORKING. 203
excavations, as men from time to time left the works
suddenly, and, after a visit to Smyrna, returned without

being able to give a satisfactory account of their absence .
But I could do nothing to prevent these robberies ( if
they ever really took place ) , and to adopt the plan which
has sometimes been suggested by visitors and others , of
offering a premium or payment for any coins or small
objects of value, would have been productive of very

bad results. The men would have examined carefully
every handful of sand ; and if they did not throw it
up quickly enough to supply the barrows, their excuse
would have been that they were examining it in search
of coins, &c. Again, a man disinclined to work would
have found a ready excuse for idleness, for when he
squatted down in the favourite position of the natives
of Turkey, he might pretend that he was searching for
ļ coins ; while others might produce some of the innume
rable ancient coins procurable at Smyrna and elsewhere,
1
and, declaring they had found them in the excavations,
claim their reward. All this would have impeded the
works most lamentably, whereas it was most important

that, with the means placed at my disposal, I should clear
out as many thousand cubic yards as possible, so as to
open up whatever large stones of the Temple might
remain scattered over the whole site. At the same time
there was a good chance of finding any small objects , for

every shovelful of earth thrown up passed under the eyes
of two superintendents, besides those of at least three
workmen, and in cases where the earth was thrown up, as

it often was in several steppings , so many more workmen
had a chance of seeing anything that ought to be saved

from the spoil banks ; there was the further chance of
finding things by examining the spoil banks themselves
every day, and always after rain. I have even been asked
if I sifted the sand in search of coins and other small
objects. If I had attempted any of these cunning con
trivances, I could not possibly have employed one-tenth
of the number of men that I did , and I should not
therefore have cleared one -tenth of the site. Conse
quently we should never have discovered even the few

blocks of marble which, with the particulars ascertained
on the site, have finally enabled me to make a plan and
other drawings of the Temple. Nor should we have
discovered the sculptured drums of columns and the
antiquities which now enrich the collection in the British
Museum, and which are more than an ample equivalent
for the money expended on the excavations.
The Duke
and One pleasant day, March 30, was spent at Ephesus
Duchess of with their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess
Mecklen
burg of Mecklenburg- Schwerin. I accompanied them and
Schwerin.
their suite to the Temple and round the ruins ; they
were escorted with the same force of cavalry and
infantry that had been told off for the protection of the
Duke of Sutherland . The Pasha of Smyrna sent not
only horses to mount the whole party , but also two tents
and a liberal luncheon , which was served in the tents
pitched on the high ground near the Stadium .

By the end of March I had cleared out nearly 44,000
cubic yards, and had exposed to view a considerable
portion of the remains of the Temple in position , besides
¦
OTTOMAN FIRMANS. 205
finding a number of loose stones , which gave me good

hope of securing a much greater number than was
ultimately found. Enough had been found to justify great

expectations , and I therefore applied to the Trustees for
a grant of money sufficient to enable me to clear out the
whole of the Temple site . My estimate for this work

was 6,000l. While the expediency of applying to the
Treasury for the required grant was being considered by
the Trustees , I was kept in great suspense ; the Ottoman Suspense.
Government had issued a circular declaring that they
I
would grant no more firmans for excavations, but would
undertake them themselves. The Trustees, believing

they would not renew my firman for another year, were
disinclined to risk further expenditure, and ordered the
works to be discontinued at the end of the month, or
until the firman should be renewed.
April 8th Prince Frederic Charles of Prussia, the Prince

Frederic
'Red Prince,' as he was called during the Franco - German Charles.
war, came out to Ephesus with his suite, escorted, not by
"
the armies ' that had accompanied other great people,
but by only six or eight horsemen . I had the honour of
escorting him and his party over the excavations of

the Temple. He was very careful to understand all
1
that was pointed out to him, attentively listening to all
t
I had to tell him , which he kindly repeated in German
to those of his suite who did not understand English .
April 24 -The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Monsig

Smyrna, Monsignor Spaccapietra, came to Ayasalouk capietra.
or Spac
with about sixty of his congregation, and performed high
mass again in the mosque, having his high altar placed

1
in an archway in the eastern wall. Monsignor Spac
capietra will be remembered as having taken a pro

minent part in the recent Council of the Vatican .
Sawing During the month of April I received from England
marble.
some saws, of which I at once proceeded to make the best
use I could, by sawing off slabs from bulky stones which

would have cost much to send as they were . I thus
secured all that was worth sending, and considerably
reduced the cost of their transport to England both in the

number and sizes of the cases , and the amount of freight.
The water stood this month about 7 feet above the
pavement, but sank a little towards the end of the month.
As the excavations proceeded , we reopened many
deep holes which I had sunk on the site of the Temple

several years before its discovery. These happened to
be in places where there were no remains discovered to
indicate the site of any building, and they had been re
filled that the land might be cultivated.
Suspen In accordance with instructions from the Trustees , I

sion of
works. suspended the excavations on the 28th of April, paying
off all my men.
Samos. As it was still early in the year, and the great heat
had not yet set in , I visited Samos, accompanied by my
friend, Mr. William Forbes ; and I had thus an oppor
tunity of comparing the columns of the Temple of Hera
(Juno) and their bases with those of the Temple of

(
Artemis at Ephesus. The comparison proved very
much in favour of the latter, those of the Temple at
F
Samos not being fluted, and the bases being inelegant
and unrefined in detail.
·OF TWO EVILS CHOOSE THE LEAST 207
It would not cost a great deal to lay bare this

Temple, as it is buried to the depth of a few feet only.
A great portion of the walling of the neighbouring Tighani.
town of Tighani still exists above ground, but I saw no
remains of buildings, though many might perhaps be
found below the present surface.
We had the greatest difficulty in getting back to
Scala Nova from Vathe, the chief town of Samos, there
being no wind to fill our sails, and thus the sun had set
before we arrived . We had had such dire experience

of the liveliness and plentifulness of the insects of prey
which abound there, that we determined to return to
Ayasalouk that night, in spite of the reputed danger of

the road, and my own fears that, as it was well known
at Ayasalouk whither I had gone and when I was Brigands .
expected to return , I might be waylaid, either for ransom
or from revenge for my imprisonment of the Kiourt
men . We had two cavasses with us, and we all deter
mined to resist. I gave the cavasses orders to do so in
the hearing of all the people who lounged near the door
of the khan, where we were joined without invitation
by two men whom we did not know, but who professed
to be connected with the Post. These men took the
lead on our leaving the town. When we approached

the café near the mountain, the guard was missing,
and this was considered suspicious, as these men
are suspected, whether guilty or not, of taking part

with the brigands. A deep silence pervaded our whole
party of six persons as we proceeded over the mountain.
My revolver was in my coat-pocket firmly clutched by
my right hand, my finger ready on the least alarm to be

placed upon the trigger . As we approached the most
dangerous part of the road, not a word was uttered, and
everyone's breath appeared to be suspended , when one

of our voluntary leaders took the cigarette from his
mouth, whirled it round his head several times, and rode
into the bushes. Both my companion and myself expected

that moment to be attacked , thinking this action must have
been a signal for the robbers to attack . But he reappeared
alone, and rode on as before at our head. The bushes
were passed, but the attack expected and prepared for

never took place. The signalling, as it undoubtedly was ,
was repeated a little further on, and not till the open
country beyond was gained did we again breathe freely.
Inspection Before we left for England, the Turkish Com
of anti
quities. missioner came out to Ayasalouk, and inspected the
cases of antiquities which I had packed for the Museum .

They were now fastened down and sealed with his seal ,
in case the threatened intentions of the Turkish Govern
ment respecting excavations should be carried out.¹

Waiting May 11 - We left Smyrna for England, touching at
for a
firman. Constantinople, where we were detained till June 1. I
remained there all that time, in the hope of obtaining the

renewal of my firman for another year, and bringing the
document itself away with me .
Sir Henry Elliot, H.B.M.'s Ambassador, did all he

could to persuade the Turkish authorities to grant the
1 When I afterwards wished to send these cases to England a new com

missioner had been appointed, and he would not allow them to pass, without
breaking the seals of his predecessor, and examining their contents.
SERVER PASHA AND THE COINS. 209
renewal without further delay, his chief plea with them

being that, as the firman was granted, in the first
instance, for the purpose of finding the Temple of
Artemis, and securing what remained of it for the
British Museum, this object could not be fully accom
plished unless the renewal was granted from year to year
till the completion of the work. While I was waiting at
Constantinople for the decision of the Porte, a box
containing 2,004 of the coins which I had found on the
site of the Temple arrived from the British Museum

for presentation to the Ottoman Government. The
Trustees, having reserved a certain number selected for
the Museum , had forwarded the duplicates to the

Turkish authorities . Sir Henry Elliot thought it would
be well for me to present this box myself to Server
Pasha, the Minister for Foreign Affairs at that time, as
it might give me an opportunity of conciliating his
Excellency, and of urging the immediate renewal of my
firman. I accordingly waited upon Server Pasha, accom
panied by Mr. Etienne Pisani , the chief dragoman from
the embassy, and presented the box in due form . The
Minister ordered an attendant to get the box opened,
and when it was brought in again it was found to contain
a number of small bags of coins neatly labelled with their
number and names. There were also some lumps of
white metal which were found with them, looking very
much like pure silver. I offered to open some of the

bags and explain the different coins, but Server Pasha
said it was of no consequence, and proposed that we

should replace the bags. Then turning to a Turkish
P
Apprecia- gentleman who was present, and who was probably some
tion of
coins. one of consequence, he asked him if he would give ' five
paras ' (one farthing) for the whole of the contents ofthe
box, at which the other shrugged his shoulders and said,

'Decidedly not .' Server Pasha then said he should
immediately send the box to Ahmet Vefik Effendi , the

Minister of Public Instruction . After urging my suit
for the renewal of my firman, and receiving assurances
which might have been very encouraging to anyone who
had no knowledge of Turkish diplomacy, I left the

Foreign Minister's cabinet, feeling that I had made little
#
or no progress in obtaining my wants.
The next day I went to the Tribunal of Commerce
to see Ahmet Vefik Effendi, armed with a letter of
introduction from Sir Henry Elliot. I fully expected a
favourable reception, or at least a courteous one, having
been told that this Minister was an enlightened man ,
and was well suited for his office. I also thought I
should be well received, because I believed the coins had
been sent to him , as promised the day before by Server

Pasha. With this idea I began by asking him whether he
did not find the coins highly interesting. He soon stopped
me, saying he had seen nothing of them-that, instead
of taking them to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, I
should have brought them direct to him. He was the
proper person to receive things of that kind ; the Foreign
Minister had nothing to do with them. As it was, it would
(
perhaps be three years ' before he saw anything of
them, and as for my firman , he should do nothing to
assist me until he had the coins in his possession, which
THE MUSEUM AT CONSTANTINOPLE. 2f1
was not likely to happen soon. I could not, however,
better employ my time than in urging Server Pasha to

send the coins on to him. All this he addressed to me
in an angry impatient voice, and I had much difficulty in

refraining from making a hasty reply ; but I succeeded in
controlling my tongue, though I could not conquer my

temper, and, simply asking him for a permission to visit
the museum , for which he introduced me to another
official, I left the worthy man to cool down from his

angry fit as he best could . The gentleman to whom he
had introduced me acted with more courtesy , and, send
ing for the Curator of the museum, a young protégé of

Baron Prokesch , he requested him to accompany me.
The chief object of my visit was to ascertain what

had been done with the statue of Venus found in the
great theatre at Ephesus, a female head, and some other

sculpture which had been ceded to the Turkish Govern
ment by the Trustees.
I found, on visiting the museum at Constantinople , that Museum at

Constanti
this statuary, with some other objects which had been nople.
sent from England , had been placed in a sort of store
room , in which they were locked up. The Venus had been
injured by having a large splinter of marble displaced

from the thigh, and this fragment was lying by the side of
the statue. I asked the Curator why he did not get the piece
replaced . His answer was that he had no funds, not even
the few piastres for the gypsum needed for the repair of
statuary , As for the head, it was placed on the ground
where no one could possibly see its beauty, and where
it was liable to be knocked over and broken to pieces.
P2
In spite of all this carelessness and non-appreciation

of antiquities, the Curator spoke with great bitterness of
my digging up such a number of beautiful things,' and
sending them all to England , assuring me that I should

not obtain the renewal of my firman for another year.
His anger was intensified when I expressed my certitude.
of obtaining all that I wanted , not only for that year, but
for any number of years successively, adding that it
was a very small return for the Turks to make for the
English blood spilt in their cause, which I fervently hoped

would never be so wasted again.
Three or four days after I had had my interview
with Server Pasha, I went a second time to see Ahmet

Vefik Effendi ; but the coins had not arrived, and, a few
more days having been spent in doing all I could, with
the aid of Mr. Pisani, to obtain my firman, I was assured
by Sir Henry Elliot that I could not do better than leave
Leave for the matter in his hands . We therefore left Constanti
England.
nople for England June 1st.
The During our stay at Constantinople, all the Turkish
sacred
clog. world went to see the sacred clog of Mahomet, which had
been brought in the same vessel with us from Smyrna.
The day which we chose for seeing the treasury
happened unfortunately to be the one appointed for the

ladies of the Sultan's harem and other ladies to see the
clog. The gates of the treasury were therefore closed
against us , and not even a silver or golden key would

open them.
END OF SEASON 1871-72 .

FUNDS FOR THE EXCAVATIONS. 213
CHAPTER IV .
1872-73.
Mr. Lowe's Grant of £6,000 - Excavations resumed- Sculptured Frieze—

Disappointed of Workmen - Cella-walls - Effects of an Earthquake—
Columns and their Foundations -Corinthian Capital- Marcus Aurelius
--Lack of Workmen -Third Sculptured Drum-Supply of Bread
Hindrances - Inscriptions - Sculptured Drum- Sculpture- Lions' Heads
-Work done-Roman Pavement — Disappointment — Sickness - You
rooks - Imprisonment of Men - Courban Bairam-The Temple was
Octastyle - Inscription ――――――― Bas - relief — Skulking — Gunboat -
―――――――― Narrow
Escape- Fourth Sculptured Drum- The Weather- Water- Sculpture
&c. ready for Export-The Antelope '-Mr. Newton - H.M.S. 'Ariadne '
-Cases &c. shipped - Greek and Latin Inscriptions - H.M.S . ' Swiftsure '
-Crew at Ephesus- Cost of Excavation - Columnæ Cælatæ - Valuable
Cargo of Swiftsure '-Jews and Greeks -Water in the Excavations
Arabs-Food of the Workmen- Strength of the Turks- Characteristics of
Workmen, Arabs, Turks , and Greeks- Fight between Turks and Greeks
Imprisonment of Workmen-Workmen leaving-General Lord Henry
Percy, G.C.B., V.C. -Excavations suspended- Contracts with Sapper.
THE first few weeks in England were employed, with
the assistance of Mr. Newton , in providing against the

difficulties which might possibly arise from the non
renewal of my firman, and the consequent want of funds
for the continuance of the excavations, as it was unlikely
that the Treasury would authorise a grant without the
firman. We did all we could to interest the public in
case we might have to appeal to them for assistance ; but
ultimately Sir Henry Elliot obtained the authority re

quired on the original favourable terms, and an applica
tion was made to Mr. Lowe , then Chancellor of the
Exchequer, for a sum of money sufficient to clear out the
Mr.
Lowe's whole of the Temple site. Mr. Lowe, interested as a
grant of great classical scholar in the completion of the enterprise,
6,000/.
unhesitatingly granted the 6,000l. asked for, with the
unanimous consent of the House of Commons. Mean
while my health gave way, and when the time came

which I had appointed for returning to Smyrna I was
unable to do so. I therefore sent instructions to Sergeant
McKim, the sapper who had been sent out in the month
of August with Corporal Trotman to act under my direc

Excava tions at the excavations. The works were accordingly
tions re
sumed. recommenced on August 29, by sinking such portions of
the ground as had not been excavated up to that time to
within 6 feet of the pavement, the remainder being left
till I should arrive.
When at length I was able to leave England, my son
accompanied us for the season 1872-73 as my assistant , this

appointment having been made by the Trustees in kind
consideration of my health. We left England September

18th, and reached Smyrna on the 24th, making an un
usually quick passage from Marseilles . I found Sergeant
McKim in the British Hospital ill with fever ; happily
he was recovering, and was able to go out to Ephesus a

day or two after our arrival. For the first three days I
was far too weak to go out to Ephesus, but on the 30th I

took advantage of a special train which had been engaged
by General Adie, and visited the works. I found that
PART OF SCULPTURED FRIEZE TEMPLE OF DIANA .
NORTH WEST ANGLE .
MANHANHART LITH.
FRIEZE_TEMPLE
SCULPTURED
.PART
DIANA
OF
.
ANGLE
WEST
NORTH
HANHART
&N
M
LITH
SCULPTURED FRIEZE. 215
everything was going on well under the superintendence

of the two sappers and Georgy, the Greek ganger, who
had been now employed for two seasons in the excava
tions. In a day or two more I was able to give my usual
personal superintendence to the works.

A large area had been sunk to within a few feet of
the pavement, as I had directed , and we now began to

remove the remainder. Near the western extremity of
the Pronaos , on the north side, we soon found two Sculp
tured
sculptured stones which had formed part of the frieze at frieze.
the north-west angle of the Temple. This sculpture,
which is in high relief, some parts projecting from the

surface as much as 13 inches, represents on one face
two nude male figures (probably Hercules and Antæus) ,

wrestling. On the other face of the block there had
evidently been the figure of Artemis herself with a stag,

but almost the whole has been chopped away, nothing
being left but the head and neck of the stag. The
form of the antlers may be easily traced , although

not a vestige of them remains. All the figures are
life- size .
I had the usual difficulty in getting together a sufficient

number of workmen, and this season was more than
usually unfavourable, scarcely any rain having fallen

since the month of May. There had been consequently
a great deal of sickness during the summer months, and

the men who had suffered had not recovered their strength.
I had done all I could to provide workmen against my
return, having previously arranged with Ali Khoja to

bring 150 men, as he had worked for me for the last two
1
"
Disap- seasons, and had brought with him a hundred men from
pointed of
workmen. a district beyond Konia, about fourteen days ' journey on
foot from Ephesus . The Khoja had left me his address,
and I had written to him from England to remind him
of our arrangement, and fixing the date for the resumption
of the works ; but he did not receive my letter till long
after it was due, and day after day passed away without
our seeing anything of him or his men, until at last, towards
the end of October, he made his appearance with only
eight men. This default of the Emenekleh men seriously
delayed the work.

Cella As the excavations proceeded, a considerable portion
walls.
of the western and southern walls of the cella of the last
Temple but two was found in position , the plinth resting

on the original pavement, which had been nearly all
removed from the interior of the cella. These cella- walls
were remarkable for their exquisite finish and the
extreme beauty of the marble of which they were built.

The arrises were all taken off at an obtuse angle to pre
vent damage to them by any concussion by earthquake

or otherwise, and the joints were as fine as they could be ;
the fronts of the blocks were frosted.
The small portions that remained of this beautiful

walling had been made to do duty as part of the
foundations for the walls of the last two Temples, and
had been thickened out and strengthened for the purpose
by large blocks of limestone, making the foundations

of the walls 13 feet thick, the original walling being
6 feet 4 inches thick. A large space was now cleared
near the cella, and I could therefore distinctly trace the

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE- DISCOVERIES. 217
effects of an earthquake which passed obliquely across an earth

the Temple site at the time when the church was being quake.
built. The pavement had been raised in one part nearly
five feet above its original level , and with it a large mass
of mortar which had been mixed upon it. Three of the

foundation-piers had been overthrown, and the walls of
the cella had been disturbed . I have no doubt that the
building was then abandoned and another site chosen.
No brick vaulting was found, and this is a further proof

that the church was never finished on its intended
site.
A great number of the buttress walls between the
foundation-piers of the columns of the peristyle and the

masonry supporting the steps of the platform were now
found on the north side, corresponding in position to those
on the south side. The foundation - piers had been nearly Columns
and their
all removed ; only one ofthese remained intact on this side, founda
tions.
supporting the base stones of one of the inner columns of
the peristyle ; but these were chipped all around till not
a vestige of moulding remained upon them, and only one
small fragment of the face of the square plinth could be
seen.
Some of the drums of this column were also found
prostrate at a high level, showing that the site had been
silted up to the level of the pavement of the peristyle
before the column fell. This column had fallen outward.
Near the cella wall was found a Corinthian capital, A Corin
thian
elliptical on plan, which I presume belonged to the upper capital.
tier of columns decorating the interior, and was doubtless
of a much more recent date than the remainder of the
Temple. The lower tier of columns must also have been

elliptical, and probably of the Ionic order.
Marcus
Aurelius. The interior ofthe Temple might have been restored or
rebuilt in the time of Marcus Aurelius, whose name with
that of his wife Faustina and his daughter Fadilla were
found upon the architrave of the west door of the cella,

many fragments of which remained where they had fallen.
Lack of
workmen. The difficulty of getting workmen in sufficient num
bers continued throughout this season from the causes
already mentioned. During many previous years, when I
had little or no money to spend, I might have obtained

almost any number. Now I had money, but could not get
men. There was , however, an improvement in December,
and the excavations then proceeded much more rapidly.
Third
sculptured December 31st.- The third sculptured drum of a
drum. column was found on the north side towards the west
end of the excavation . This example is quite different in

character from the sculptured drums previously found , in
which the extreme projection from the surface did not

exceed 4 inches. In this example the projection is as
much as 13 inches. The diameter of this drum is the
same as that of the first found, and must therefore have
been the lowest drum of the shaft to which it belonged.
The disposition of the two figures is also singular ; they

occupy as much of the circumference of the shaft of the
column as four of the figures in the other drums found

—that is, nearly the semi-circumference of the shaft.
This example was probably from one of the inner columns
ofthe peristyle, where a greater projection of the sculpture

was considered necessary. Unfortunately not enough re
¦
.
3
Nº
COLUMN
DRUM
SCULPTURED
OF
PART
NHANHART
&
M
LITH
PRICE OF BREAD AT AYASALOUK. 219
mains to show what subject was illustrated by this drum ;

but although the original beauty of the work is utterly ¡
destroyed, we can yet discern the extreme boldness and
excellent grouping of the design, which is best seen at a

distance of some 20 feet.
Amongst the difficulties I had to contend with, one of Supply of

bread.
the greatest was the supply of bread for the men. The
Bakal, who often sent coarse and uneatable stuff which

the men compared to mud, was at last convicted by the
Turkish authorities of giving short weight, and was im

prisoned as he deserved to be. On being liberated he
was ordered by the Kaimachan of Scala Nova to supply

his bread at the rate of seventy paras an oke, full weight.
This he declared he could not possibly do, as he had to
pay a great deal for the carriage of his flour from Smyrna,
and in order to convey the bread to the workmen at the
excavations he must keep a horse and extra man for the

purpose. He could not therefore supply the bread for less
than two piastres an oke , and I applied to our Consul at

Smyrna to obtain special leave for the arrangement. My
request was granted, and we had no further serious inter
ruption of this kind to complain of.

Ramazan and Bairam had caused the usual hindrances , Hin
drances.
the men being too weak for work during the fast, and
absent from the works during the feast. The rains had
fortunately been delayed this season, and I was able to
clear out the earth and débris down to the lower pave
ment over the whole area which had been prepared

during the latter part of the last and the beginning of
the present season . The men of Ali Khoja came by
degrees to the number of more than one hundred, but I

did not succeed till the end of the year in getting together
my full complement of three hundred workmen.
Inscrip Some fragments of Greek inscriptions were found at
tions.
a low level in the excavations, copies of which are given
in the Appendix.¹
Sculptured Before the close of the year 1872 one or two more
drum.
fragments ofthe sculptured drum, with figures in Persian
trousers , were discovered at the west end . Here also was
Sculpture. found a very fine piece of sculpture , being part of a female

arm with the elbow, which belonged probably to one of
the statues of colossal dimensions in the tympanum at
that end of the Temple .
Lions'
heads. Some fine fragments of lions ' heads from the cymatium ,
or uppermost moulding of the cornice, were found on the
pavement.
Work By the end of the year I had removed 70,126 cubic
done.
yards from the site of the Temple.
December 31st. - Saw the old year out at Ephesus.
Early in the month of January 1873 , the water in the
excavation had sunk sufficiently low to allow us to lay
bare patches of the pavement beyond the steps of the
Roman platform . This pavement was Roman, and consisted of
pavement.
square slabs of white marble 3 inches thick laid upon a
foundation composed of red cement about 3 inches thick
and rubble masonry 21 inches thick. It was probably
laid not very long before the destruction of the Temple,
as it did not exhibit much wear.
1 ' Inscriptions from site of Temple.'

YOUROOKS. 221
I now began to clear away the soil and débris for the
distance of 30 feet beyond the lowest step of the platform,

where I hoped to find many remains of the Temple. In Disap
pointment.
this, however, I was greatly disappointed , for here we
scarcely found a vestige of the building remaining.
Much sickness now prevailed among the men, and I Sickness.
lost the services for a time of seventy or eighty of them.

My own health was preserved to a great extent by
moderate exercise on foot and on horseback. With my

horse I was able to explore the whole of the district within
a certain distance of my work without a long absence
from it. The Yourook dogs were sometimes trouble
some, causing me to dismount and use my whip ; but the Yourooks.

Yourooks were generally on the watch, and called them
off. One evening I was returning with some ladies from
an excursion to the sea ; we were admiring the great beauty
of the scene when we encountered a fierce Yourook dog.

Its young mistress, however, called it away, and, putting
her foot on the dog's head to keep him down, went
on quietly with the knitting which these women always

have with them. We were struck with admiration of
the group ; the girl, the dog, and the black huts at
the foot of the mountain beyond, forming a beautiful
picture.
Four of my men were imprisoned for stealing a lamb. Imprison
ment of
The Mudir refused to liberate them till they had paid men.
seventeen Turkish dollars, most of which our Consul
obliged him to return to the men .
The feast of Courban Bairam again took the whole Courban
Bairam .
of the men away for several days, after which the
majority of them were for a time demoralised and unfit

for work.
During the month of January I obtained those par

ticulars relating to the position of the columns at the west
end of the Temple which were needed to confirm the
AENTEPA
THPORT
Christian Martyr.
The statement of Vitruvius that the Temple was octastyle.

Temple
cctastyle. Further reference will be made to this in the last chapter
of this book.
Inscrip
tion. One of the few inscriptions found on the site of
the Temple was discovered this month, also a curious
bas -relief in panels representing the combat of a man
SCULPTURED
DR
NO
.4 UM
MANHANHART
LITH
ANOTHER SCULPTURED COLUMN. 223
(perhaps a Christian) with a lion. The man is armed Bas-relief.
with a thick club, but in the third panel he appears to have

fallen a victim to the fury of the lion .
The workmen were now spread over a large area, Skulking.
and it required all the vigilance of the superintendents to
keep them from skulking.
January 29th.-- H.M.S. ' Growler,' Captain Verney , Gunboat.

came into the port of Smyrna, and I hoped to be able
to put on board some of my cases of antiquities ; but the
captain told me that a small ship of war like his could
not take a cargo, as she was supposed to be sufficiently
laden with her guns .
One of my best workmen had a narrow escape from Narrow
being seriously injured by a fall of earth which he had escape.
incautiously left at a slope much too steep for safety.

Fortunately he was only slightly bruised, as there were
no large stones amongst the sand which fell upon him ;
but he was unfit for work for some days.
January 30th.- Two very large blocks of the fourth Fourth

sculptured
sculptured drum of a column were found at the eastern drum.
end of the Temple, and on the south side. This dis
covery satisfactorily proved what I had already con
jectured, that the ' columnæ cælata ' of Pliny had adorned
both ends of the building.
This drum had been planted thickly with half- draped

male and female figures, like the first drum, found at the
west end. In these two blocks united there are remains
of as many as six figures, but they are all so much muti

lated (not one head being left) that it is impossible now
to understand the subject of the sculpture.
1
The character of the drapery appears to be inferior

to that of the first drum, and the remnants of the figures,
where nude, seem to exhibit inferior anatomical treatment.
Nevertheless this, like similar fragments afterwards found,

is extremely interesting, as having formed part of one
of the famous colossal sculptured columns for which
the Temple was chiefly remarkable, and adds very
materially to the evidence which has been so eagerly
sought for since the discovery of the site, as to the
peculiar characteristics of the building as a whole.
This drum, like the others, was under water when
first found, but as it had been split into two pieces it was
hauled up to the top with comparative ease, especially
as we now had efficient hauling tackle, and the workmen
had learned much by experience. Six days after its dis
covery, it was landed on the top uninjured.
The
weather. During the month of February the men were em
ployed chiefly at the east end of the Temple ; but for
some days the works were interrupted by the intense
cold. A sharp frost, a cold wind, and ever so little
rain, were each sufficient to stop the works. Few of
the men had a change of clothes in case they should
get wet ; so they generally ran for shelter when rain
came on.
The weather must have moderated considerably

towards the end of the month , for I find that on February
26th the first stork of the season arrived . This does
not generally take place till March 6th .
Water. Before the end of February, the water in the excava
tion was becoming troublesome, being on the 25th 16
MAN-OF-WAR'S MEN AT EPHESUS. 225
inches above the pavement, near the base of the column

in position, on the north side.
I had now in my store room at Ayasalouk between Sculpture

&c. ready
50 and 60 tons of sculptured stones and inscriptions . I for export.
had already applied to the Trustees for a man-of-war to
take them on board, and on March 4 H.M.S. ' Antelope,'
a despatch boat, which was generally at the disposal of

Her Majesty's Ambassador at Constantinople, came to
Smyrna for the purpose of taking on board all the cases
and loose marbles which might be ready.
March 5.- A lieutenant and fifteen of the crew of the H.M.S.
'Ante
' Antelope ' came out to Ephesus to assist in hauling the lope."
marbles to the railway station and in packing them in
cases.
March 6 - Mr. Newton arrived on a visit to Smyrna Mr.
Newton.
and Ephesus. The storks made their appearance in
couples this day on the numerous piers of the aqueduct,
and on the minarets of the ruined mosques at Ayasalouk .
There was now expected in Smyrna
H.M.S. H.M.S.
'Ariadne.
'Ariadne .' It became therefore a question whether we
should put our heaviest blocks on board the ' Antelope,'
or wait for the frigate. It was ultimately decided that
·
we should reserve the big stones for the Ariadne ' and
put our smaller stones and cases on board the ' Antelope,'
as she had come expressly for them. The blue jackets
and marines of the ' Antelope ' were quartered in the lower
room ofour house , and did their work, like the other crews,
cheerily and expeditiously. The ' Antelope ' appeared to

have an especially fine set of picked men. They soon
finished their work, and on March 11 returned to their
Q
ship, the name of which they left painted upon the bond
Cases &c . timber of the station at Ayasalouk. The ' Antelope ' left
shipped.
with twenty-four cases and three loose sculptured blocks.
Greek and March 14. - Found a group of five inscribed stones
Latin in
scriptions. about 10 feet below the surface on the north side ; two of
these were Greek, two Latin, and one Latin and Greek.¹
Near these were found several graves about 8 feet below

the surface, with rough sides of marble slab and marble
covers .
H.M.S. March 18.-H.M.S. ' Swiftsure ,' Captain the Hon .
"Swift
sure. ' W. J. Ward, came to Smyrna for the remainder of the cases
and marbles. Mr. Newton was still in Smyrna, but he
left on the 22nd.
Crew at March 24.- Lieutenant Baring, Sub-Lieutenant Neild ,
Ephesus. 6
and fifteen men of theSwiftsure ' came out to Ayasalouk
to finish the work so well begun by the crew of the

' Antelope .' A force of about 200 men was employed
Cost of ex- during this month. I found by calculation that the exca
cavations.
vations this season had cost since the beginning of January
only 15d. a cubic yard. This was owing chiefly to the

effective superintendence of the two sappers who assisted
the Greek ganger.
The improved state of my health
had also enabled me to attend constantly and watch
Column the works. Some fragments of a sculptured drum were
cælatæ.'
found this month at the east end ; but none of the sculp
ture remained. They were mere splinters, proving only
that the drum itself had been 6 feet in height, and that
there had been a considerable plain space between the
figures, as on that found at the west end on the north side.
¹ See Appendix, Inscriptions from site of Temple, Nos. 1 to 5.
EXPORT OF ANTIQUITIES. 227
The water stood at 4 feet above the pavement at the foot

of the steps ; but with the aid of the pump we were able
to examine, bit by bit, the whole area for 30 feet beyond
the lowest step, so as to make sure of getting any large
blocks of marble or other antiquities that might remain .
April 2. -I wrote to our Consul at Smyrna asking

him to send in the usual request to our Ambassador at
Constantinople for the renewal of my firman. As the
water was generally high in the excavations during the
months of March and April, it was necessary to remove
the upper soil, and so prepare ground to be examined in

the autumn. For this reason an early application for the
necessary authority to export all antiquities found on

the same terms as before was deemed advisable. The Valuable
cargo of
' Swiftsure ' carried away thirty- one cases and sixteen Swift
sure.'
sculptured blocks , including one of the large capitals and
the plinth- stones of the base of the first column found.
The officers and men remained at Ephesus till April 9.
I must here acknowledge the great kindness of Captain

Ward and the efficiency of the officers and men sent to as
sist me. The ' Swiftsure ' remained at Smyrna after she had
taken on board all the antiquities from Ephesus, to prevent
any uprising of the Greeks against the Jews at Easter.

The Greeks believe that the Jews offer Christian blood as a Jews and
Greeks.
sacrifice, and as Easter approaches there is generally some
'well-authenticated ' story of a Greek child having been
kidnapped and killed by them . The poor Jews have had
for years a warm advocate and defender in Mr. Eppstein,
missionary to the Jews at Smyrna, who has done much
to protect them from insult and injury at times when it is
Q2
dangerous for them even to venture into the streets.

Last year a Jewish carpenter was employed to do some
repairs in a Greek house . When he left one night, he
found an infant in his basket, and was charged with the
design of stealing it. In spite of his indignant denial he
was ill-treated, and was obliged to run for his life. This
ill- will towards the Jews is confined to the Greeks . The
Turkish authorities generally do all they can to protect
them .
This year I was spared the anxiety about money

which I had felt in former years. My grant of 6,000l. was
to be expended during two seasons, and I had not yet
spent the 3,000l. which I was authorised to devote to the
current season . As the money had been granted to con
tinue the excavations for two years, I felt sure my firman

would be renewed, though it might require a little pressure
Water in from our Government. Apart from this, I had difficulties
the excava
tions. enough to contend with. The water was rising higher
and higher in the excavations as the spring advanced ;
and it was no easy task to keep the men together in suffi
cient numbers. Still I determined to carry on the work
till the middle of May if possible. The workmen em

ployed on the excavations were now chiefly Turks ; but
during the last two seasons I employed nearly a hundred
Arabs. Arabs who came to Ephesus with their wives and children
and pitched their black camel-hair tents on the low
ground near the excavations.
The Turkish workmen came from far-distant parts of
Asia Minor as well as from the neighbouring villages.
Generally very slow and deliberate in their movements,

SUPERINTENDENTS
THEIR
WITH
WORKMEN
OF
.GROUP
LITH
MAN
HANHART
THE DIET AND STRENGTH OF THE TURKS. 229
they were remarkably patient and plodding under the

strict discipline which I was obliged to enforce ; but great
watchfulness was needed on the part of the superintend
ents to make them do a fair day's work. I had not fewer
than seven superintendents over my 300 men.

Some of the best men were remarkably adroit in throw
ing up the sand, which they would cast up even as high as
12 feet. Their food was of the simplest kind. Coarse Food of
the work
bread and a little salt fish or olives, black raisins, and some men.
fruit occasionally, accompanied by copious draughts of the

best waterthey could obtain, constituted their breakfast and
dinner. To their supper, as being the most sumptuous
meal, some delicacy, such as snail soup, thistle broth, or

boiled thistle stalks, dandelion , and other wild vegetables,
was often added. With this frugal diet their strength
was unusually great, as the fatigues which they endured
in spite of the unhealthy climate, and the great weights
which they raised in their arms or carried on their
backs, sufficiently proved.Turkish porters in Strength
The
of the
Smyrna often carry from 400 to 600 pounds weight on Turks.
their backs , and a merchant one day pointed out to me
one of his men who, he assured me, had carried an
enormous bale of merchandise, weighing 800 pounds, up

a steep incline into an upper warehouse.
The Arab workmen, showing more agility than
strength, appeared to take a pride in working more quickly

They were exceedingly quarrelsome, |
than the Turks .
and there was always great danger of their coming to

blows with the Turks. This was happily prevented more
1
than once by the timely interference of Sergeant M'Kim .
After a short experience of their habits and tempers , we

adopted the plan of giving them their work apart from
the Turks . Taking advantage of their spirit of competi
tion, my gangers gave each their appointed tasks to be done
Charac- within a given time. Invariably the first in finishing their
teristics of
workmen, work, the Arabs expressed their feelings of exultation and
Arabs,
Turks, and derision by loud cries. This plan answered exceedingly
Greeks.
well for a time, but the Turks soon got tired of over-exert
ing themselves, and gradually settled down again to their
deliberate style of working. The Arabs, however, con
tinued to put on a ' spurt ' when called upon to do so.

The Greek workmen were generally quick and in
telligent ; but their numerous holidays , all of which they C

kept most religiously by sitting at the cafés dressed up
in their best clothes, made them very undesirable work
men. Latterly I employed only three or four, for the
sake of their unusual intelligence and their aptitude for

certain portions of the work. On the works a serious
fray seldom or never took place ; but one which nearly

proved fatal to many occurred on Sunday evening,
Fight be April 13 , in the village of Ayasalouk. One of the

tween
Turks and Turkish workmen, having taken too much raki, was
Greeks.
singing in a maudlin way and making a fool of himself
as he passed a priest and some other Greeks who were
seated outside a café. One of the Greeks very foolishly
ridiculed the Turk, who, not too drunk to see and to resent
the insult, stopped and cursed the Greeks and their
religion. The priest upon this exclaimed, ' Why do you

curse my children ? ' The Turk replied by striking the
priest with his stick. All the Greeks, chiefly agricultural
FIGHT BETWEEN TURKS AND GREEKS. 231
labourers from Kirkenjee , then rose up and began to

assault the Turk, who laid about him furiously with his
stick, and was soon joined by some of his fellow- workmen.

Extending from small beginnings, the fight soon became a
pitched battle between fifty and sixty Turks and Greeks,
armed with sticks and stones. Our sergeant in vain threw
himself between the combatants. The men were not on
the works as they had been at other times when he had

succeeded in stopping a fight ; and in this case it was an
affair which, according to the sergeant's account, had
been brewing ' for a long time . They now told him to
get out of the way if he would avoid being hurt, for they
must have it out ; so the fight went on. The Turks ,
being most numerous, drove the Greeks into the barley

fields, and obliged them in the end to take refuge in one
or two of their cafés, the door of one of them being
kept by the sergeant, who narrowly escaped being hurt.
The fight lasted two hours. The station-master, who
had gone to Kirkenjee, hearing of it as he approached

Ayasalouk, was afraid to return to the station that night.
Early in the morning, however, he ventured to enter the
station, and telegraphed to Smyrna and Aidin for help.
Some of the cafés were broken into and robbed ; my
house was fortunately respected, although it was deserted

by the cavasses who had charge of it.
I received news of the fight only when we arrived at
the railway station at Smyrna on Monday morning on
our way out. The telegram giving particulars of the
disturbance was greatly exaggerated by volunteer in
formants . A great fight had taken place, they said,
amongst my workmen, and numbers had been killed and
wounded, that soldiers had to be sent for from Aidin to

prevent further hostilities , &c .
On hearing the news I hesitated about taking Mrs.

Wood, and Miss C. Cumberbatch, who intended to ac
company us that morning to Ayasalouk. They determined ,
however, to go, hoping that they might be of some use to

the wounded . On arriving at Ayasalouk, we found the
rooms at the station occupied by the wounded, the Turks
and Greeks having been carefully separated. One poor
man, a Turk, had been left on the platform outside with
a large splinter in his forehead. We had him removed
into our house, and did all we could to soothe him , but
we could not withdraw the splinter, as this operation

needed a strong arm, great skill, and a powerful forceps .
The Greek priest was amongst the most injured, having
been bruised from head to foot, and he gave vent to
pitiful lamentations over his hard fate. Another sufferer

had had three ribs broken ; but as no knives had been
used in the fight, there was no loss of life. About

twenty men were more or less severely wounded . Those
of my workmen who had not been arrested, or who had
taken no part in the fight, were found at the excavations ,
methodically digging and wheeling as if nothing had

happened . A hasty glance to see how the affair had
affected me was all that I could detect. One hundred
soldiers had been sent from Aidin, and the Kaimachan
of Scala Nova and the deputy- governor of Aidin had

come to investigate the affair.
The soldiers unfortunately arrived at Ayasalouk just
TURKISH FORMALITIES. 233
in time to secure the bread which had been made for my

men, who had therefore to wait till another batch of
loaves could be baked.
Meanwhile Mrs. Wood bound up the heads and
limbs of the wounded, and did all she could, assisted by

Miss Cumberbatch, till the doctor of the ' Swiftsure, ' for
whom I had telegraphed , should arrive.

The Turkish officials made the railway platform their Imprison
ment of
workmen .
justice-hall, sentries being placed to prevent intrusion. were
The depositions of the wounded men were taken and
carefully written down by the clerk, to be forwarded with
the prisoners to Smyrna. I lost the services of some of
my best men by this affair.
April 24.-The wind was too high and boisterous for
the men to work.
I had great difficulty in obtaining the liberation of

four of my best men who had taken part in the late dis
turbance. Even as late as May 19, when they had been
in prison for five weeks, Tahir Bey, chief of the police,
to whom I spoke on their behalf, expressed his willing
ness to do all he could to help me, but added that he had
not the power of obtaining their release until they had
been tried. Imprisonment in such prisons as the gaol in
Smyrna is in itself a severe punishment.
As the top soil was now being removed in prepara
tion for the autumn , when the water was invariably low,
nothing was found of any interest beyond some broken
pottery at variouslevels and one or two common
sepulchral jars. The pottery was chiefly Arabian, similar

to the group already illustrated . A large jar was found
on the south side not far underground, with a quantity of
a resinous substance which had been poured into it when

in a fluid state.
Workmen
May 3. - The Emenekleh men worked to day like
leaving.
madmen or like men under the influence of some strong
excitement. In explanation of this they said that that

day must be the last of the season, as they had their little
farms and homesteads to look after. Nothing that I
could say had the least effect on them. They declared
most positively that they would not stay for a thousand
piastres a day ; the next day, therefore, I was left with
only thirty-five men to go on with to the end of the season.
One of our most distinguished and intelligent visitors
this month was General Lord Henry Percy, G.C.B. , V.C .
He exhibited more than the usual interest in the ruins of
Ephesus, and came more than once to roam about them.

He was most anxious to see the tomb of St. Luke further
explored, but I unfortunately could not at that time spare

any of the few workmen who remained from the excava
tions on the Temple site.
Excava May 27 was the last day the men worked at
tions sus
pended. the excavations, and on the 30th we left for England.
Before leaving I measured up with Sergeant M'Kim the

amount of earth-work which he might do by contract
Contract during my absence. On my recommendation the Trustees
with
sapper. consented to his having three contracts, which comprised
the removal of the soil on the eastern and northern sides
of the excavations to a line at a given distance of the

pavement. This would very much expedite the explora
-
THE SAPPERS. 235
tion of the ground in those places on my return in the

autumn .
Corporal Trotman, the other sapper, was left to take

photographs on his own account, both sappers being put
on half-pay in consideration of the privileges allowed
them .
END OF SEASON 1872-73.

IES
CHAPTER V.
SEASON 1873-74 TO DEC. 31 , 1873.
Delay-Excavations resumed-Carts and Horses - Platform- step -Lime

kiln -- Injured Workman -Acroterium - Sculptured Frieze - Corporal
Trotman-Eclipse -Fall of Sand- Distinguished Lady Visitors — Mode of
paying Men- Bakal- Professor Sachau- Ramazan and Bairam— In
scriptions -Turkish Encampment-Architectural Details -Use of Gold-
Sculpture from the Pediments--Angle of Roof-Dimensions of Platform
ascertained- Pay-box - Work - Dry Season - Curb of Portico - Lions'
Heads -Ancient Game- Poll-tax - Discovery of another Building—
Portico Enriched Cymatium -Grant exhausted-Hidden Inscriptions—
The Mudir interferes - Sir Henry Elliot-A Protestant Service —Music
Dancing at Ayasalouk.
Delay. I was detained in England this year longer than usual

because the Turkish Government hesitated to renew my
firman, and it was not till August 18 that we had news

from the Ambassador that they would renew it once more
on receiving a pledge that no more renewals should be

asked for. Until the firman was actually granted, the
Trustees would not authorise my return to Ephesus,
although I urged the need of my going as soon as possible

to take advantage of the subsidence of the water in the
excavations. I had thus to wait in London ready to start
immediately ; but it was not till September 15 that I
received marching orders.
Leaving England on September 19, we reached
Smyrna October 3 , having been detained by unusually
WORKS CONTINUED. 237
tempestuous weather in the straits of Messina, and having

been obliged to avoid Marseilles for fear of quarantine at
the end of our voyage. We were, as we had been several
times before, kindly welcomed and received at the English
Consulate on our arrival until we could find quarters
in Smyrna.
October 6. - To Ephesus, and found that Sergeant tion

Excava
s re
M'Kim had faithfully performed his three contracts . sumed.
There was a large number of workmen assembled at
Ayasalouk, whom I immediately engaged and set to work.
Many poor sick people were anxiously expecting and
waiting for Mrs. Wood to doctor them, and we both soon
settled down again to our respective duties . We moved
into our quarters in Smyrna on the 7th. There is great
difficulty in finding lodgings or rooms in Smyrna, as it is
one of the conceits of the inhabitants to keep their houses
to themselves, however poor and necessitous they may be.
Sergeant M'Kim had hired carts and horses for the Carts and
horses.
work he had done by contract, and as he found them
more economical than wheelbarrows for removing the
earth, I continued to use them in conjunction with wheel
barrows, and eventually purchased two of them ; these we
used for the whole of the season . I made arrangements with
the owners of the fields immediately adjoining our ground

to allow the earth to be tipped and regularly spread over
their land to the height of 6 feet. This proved a mutual
advantage, as I was very much cramped for room on all
sides but the south side ; and while it would have been
extremely difficult, if not impossible, to add to the height

of my spoil banks, they were only too glad to have their
land raised. We first ofall hastened to remove the earth
and débris, which had been purposely left to be done

under my own personal superintendence, not knowing how
soon the rains might come on and swamp me.
Platform October 16.--Found on the north side part of the
step.
lowest step of the platform on which the Temple was
raised . This was a most important discovery, as it gave
me the positive total width of the whole structure . There
was, I found , only a very small error in my previous de

ductions from the data obtained during the last season.
This step I proceeded to open up as far as it remained,

and in doing so I found in one place a portion of the
pavement remaining in conjunction with it. The rise of
the steps of the platform was barely 8 inches, as I had pre

viously conjectured from the masonry which had sup
ported them on the south side. The small amount of
wear on the arris of the step now found , which remained

in position on the north side towards the east end for
more than 100 feet, goes far to prove that the ascent to
the platform at this point was discouraged by a fixed rail
between the columns. Built upon the step and enclosing
Limekiln. a portion of it was found a limekiln, 15 feet in diameter,

into which doubtless much of the sculpture had been
thrown and burnt for lime. It was near this that I found
an immense heap of small marble chippings standing
ready to be thrown into the kiln . These chippings were

carefully examined, but very few fragments of sculpture
were found in the whole heap. I had not long returned
before the Turk who had been so severely wounded in
the forehead by a Greek in the fight which occurred be
SCULPTURED FRIEZE. 239
tween the Turks and Greeks during the last season ,
came to me to complain that the sum of nine Turkish

pounds , which the Greek had been condemned to pay
him, had never been handed over to him. The man had Injured
workman.
been frightfully disfigured , and his head seemed to have
been permanently affected by the wound , his skull having

been fractured. I did all I could for him, and I believe
he eventually obtained a portion of the money, if not all—

poor compensation for all he had gone through, as he was
left with a fractured skull and an impaired intellect for the
rest of his life.
October 30. - Found at the west end a large fragment Acro

terium &c.
of what might have been part of the large central
acroterium of the western pediment. The high relief of
the enriched portion must have had a good effect at the
height at which it was placed.
November 3.-Two fragments of the sculptured frieze Sculptured
frieze.
were found in the centre of the west front, ' evidently be
longing to the same frieze as the large block labelled in
the British Museum as ' Herakles struggling with an
Amazon ; ' all these stones have the same enriched mould
ings forming the bed- mould of the cornice.
About this time Corporal Trotman became very Corporal
Trotman.
fidgety and unhappy, and pressed for leave to return to
England. He had spent the summer months in visiting
the sites of the ' seven churches,' taking numerous photo
graphs, and had, by exposure to the sun and over- exertion,

brought on several severe attacks of fever, from the effects
1 See Plate.
of which he almost constantly suffered . As he had been
already two years at Ephesus, and I feared the work
might not last more than another season, I persuaded him

to remain till the end , as I had determined to do myself.
Eclipse. November 4. -The eclipse of the moon this evening
was well seen at Ephesus. It had already commenced
when the moon rose above the mountains , and it termi
nated about 7.45 . The Turks do not understand eclipses,
and , on the occurrence of such phenomena , still think that

some monster is endeavouring to devour the sun or moon.
This evening they beat their drums and fired off guns to
warn off the monster, and in doing so they shot a cow by
accident, on which they feasted the next day.
Fall of November 7.-- Some tons of sand from the north side
sand.
of the excavation fell in upon the men who were working
there. Fortunately a large gang of Arabs were there at
work, and they soon scratched out the three men, who
were completely covered. These men were so far hurt
that they could not work for some days . They had been
repeatedly warned not to undercut the sides of the exca
vation, but, to save trouble and get a good fall, they per
sisted in doing so. The accident had the good effect of
making them more prudent. I was not present at the

time ; but the sappers informed me that the Emenekleh
men (from beyond Konia) stood by helplessly looking on,

and it was well the Arabs were there to contend with
what may perhaps be called their native element.

Distin November 12.- While I was at the works to-day, pay
guished
lady ing the men, who at this time numbered more than three
visitors.
hundred, the excavations were visited by Madame la
i MANAGEMENT OF ACCOUNTS. 241
I
Princesse de la Tour d'Auvergne, and Madame Lopez, an
English lady. They begged leave to take away some

' nice little bits ' from the Temple. I had fortunately !
anticipated the wants of visitors in this respect, and had
sorted out a great number of fragments, large and small,
which were placed in a heap on the top . From this they
(
chose their nice little bits, ' and left in great glee with
their trophies. By paying the workmen regularly every Mode of

paying
week, I obtained them at lower wages ; for if they wished
men.
to leave at the end of any week, they could do so without
any sacrifice, or the trouble of coming from a distance to
claim their wages on a pay day, which with the rail
way companies came round only once a month. If one of
my workmen wished to leave in the middle of the week,
he would get some fellow-workman to give him his money
for the two or three days he had already worked, and
that workman would come forward on the following pay
day, and claim the absentee's money. For the sake of Bakal.
keeping a bakal for the men, I was obliged to guaran
tee his payment, and had therefore to take into my ac
counts all that was owing for bread and other provisions,
deducting it from the men's wages, and paying the bakal
after the men had been paid. This gave me great trouble,
but it kept my men together, and secured a supply of
bread for them. I would advise anyone undertaking the
conduct of excavations or similar works in Turkey to adopt

this plan ; for I can safely affirm that no other will answer
the purpose of keeping a gang of men together, and, what
is absolutely necessary, a bakal who can be depended upon

for supplying bread regularly without payment on delivery.
R
Professor November 17.- Professor Sachau, the well-known and

Sachau.
accomplished Arabic and Hindoostani scholar, visited
us at Ephesus, and showed great interest in the excava
tions. This gentleman , on his return to Vienna, lectured
at the Museum on the discoveries at Ephesus, and pre
pared the Viennese for the lecture which I delivered there
on my way home in April . The water in the excavations
stood this day 2 inches below the pavement at the foot

of the steps, having sunk more than 6 inches since my
return for the season . This gave me greater facilities for
exploring the area at a lower level than I had ever had

before. Would that there had been more to find !
Ramazan The fast of Ramazan had been going on for the last
and
Bairam . thirty days with the accustomed amount of fasting and
prayer on the part of the workmen, and on the 20th the
works were totally deserted, as they had been every
previous year, for the feast of Bairam, most of the men
going to Scala Nova to attend early service in the

mosques there ; for there was no regular priest at Ayasa
louk, although one of the little mosques there was oc 1
casionally used for public prayer.
I took this opportunity to complete my survey of the

ruins of the city with the aid of one of the sappers .
A further study of the whole site inclined me to the

belief that the hill at Ayasalouk might have been Mount
i
Solmissus, on which, we are told by Strabo , the Curetes
assembled, and, by the deafening noise of their arms,
succeeded in concealing from Juno the birth of the god
dess Diana.
November 22. -About 100 men were at work again.
I
!
PURCHASE OF INSCRIPTIONS. 243
November 24. - Having heard from Mr. Clarke , of tions.

Inscrip
Sokia, that a man had brought thither some inscriptions
from distant ruins on the east side of the Besh Palmak
mountain, which might have been those of ancient Alinda

or Amazon, I hastened at once to see the inscriptions.
I found them of so much interest that I determined to
purchase them for the British Museum ; but before

coming to terms with the man who had possession of
them , I first copied them by his leave into my note-book,
and then took paper pressings of them, which I was
obliged to leave wet on the stones in the evening. On
going to remove them the next day I found, as I had feared ,
that the man had determined to checkmate me by remov
ing mypressings himself and locking them up in his box. I
warmly protested against his keeping my property, after
giving me leave to take the pressings . With mixed per
suasions and threatenings I ultimately gained my end, and
he gave up the pressings. On the next day he sold the
three inscriptions to me for 300 piastres. I sent them to

the railway station on a camel's back the same evening with
the kind assistance of Mr. Clarke, who has done so much
for archæology by assisting Mr. Newton and Mr. Pullan
at Priene and MM . Rayet and Thomas at Miletus.
November 27 - Left Sokia at daybreak. ap- Turkish
As I
encamp
proached the open plain , the strong red light from the ment.
sun which was about to rise above the mountain on the
east side of the plain lighted up the sides of the moun

tain on the opposite side, along the base of which I was
travelling, and where some devejees (camel-drivers) had
encamped overnight. The men were now outside their
R2
t
!
black tent with the camels, some of them putting fresh

fuel upon the fire, which had probably burnt all night,
others offering up their morning prayers. The whole

scene was so strikingly beautiful that it made me regret
I could not rise at the same time every day to see such
sights. The ride from Sokia to the railway station at

Balachik was accomplished in two and a half hours
exactly. I have known the country people to spend four
hours over it, but I have not patience for such slow pro
gress on horseback.
There is much besides the beautiful scenery to interest
and beguile the traveller in Turkey. He is cheered on

the way by the hearty salutation of nearly everyone he
meets , wishing him ' good day,' or commending him`
to God's protection as if they really meant it. If he
approaches the black tents of the Yourooks in want of
water, it is handed to him in a bowl without grudging,

although it has sometimes been brought from a distant
spring. This spirit of hospitality is shown by the Turk
even on the railway ; he will seldom eat without offering

(with his fingers it may be) dainty morsels to his fellow
passengers. I once put up for the night at a khan at
Magnesia ad Mæandrum, accompanied by a friend. After
we had had our supper, three Turkish gentlemen came
into the room where we reclined upon our mattresses ,
and had a supper of many courses served to them . As

each dish was put before them, they politely pressed us
to take a portion of it, till at last a roasted goose was
served ; of this we accepted the legs for our lunch on

i the road next day, and the Turks were much amused to
Į
GOLD AS A DECORATION OF THE TEMPLE. 245
see our servant carve the goose, and take possession of

the legs on our account.
In the course of the excavations , which, during the
month of November, were carried on with as large a force
as I could conveniently employ, I found several interest
ing fragments which assisted me materially in obtaining

some knowledge of the details and ornamentation of the
Temple. Among these not the least interesting was a Architec

tural
fragment of moulded marble with two astragals between details.
which was doubled a narrow strip of thin lead, a strip
ofgold being inserted in the fold. Part of this had been
torn away, but I suppose that in its original state it
turned down, and formed a narrow fillet or band of gold

between the two astragals. I am sorry to say this is the
only specimen of the kind found in the whole course of
the explorations, but there was very likely a great Use of
quantity ofgold used in this manner, nor can it be denied gold.
that the gorgeous beauty of the Temple would be much

enhanced by this system of decoration . This discovery
more or less confirms the truth of Pliny's statement that
at Cyzicus there was a delubrum or small temple in
which there was a thread or strip (filum ) of gold in every
joint of the marble ; and in the inscription giving the

accounts for the building of the Erectheum there is an
item of so much gold - leaf purchased for gilding certain

ornaments.
It is difficult to say whether the fragment found at

Ephesus belonged to the interior or exterior of the
Temple, there being nothing in the mouldings to prove

their original position in the building ; and although it
was found at some distance outside the cella- walls , it

might have belonged to the interior.
Sculpture One or two fragments of sculpture, including part of a
from the
pediments. female arm, and another with the elbow, both from figures
about 11 feet high, and from (probably) the tympanum of
the pediment at the west end, were found in the course of
an exploration below the pavement and under water with
the aid of our large pump , which was now kept almost
always at work.
The toe of a colossal figure was also found at the east

end at a low level, belonging probably to the pediment at
that end of the Temple. It may be presumed , then, that
the tympanum of the pediment at the east end contained
sculpture as well as that at the west end.
One more large fragment of the tympanum was found

at the west end beyond the lowest step of the platform in
the south-west angle, in the same position in which it
might have fallen. The two fragments of the tympanum
now found are of the greatest importance, as they give
Angle of the exact angle of the roof, which was found to be 17°
roof.
(see West and East Elevations of Temple).
Dimen A still more important discovery was made this month.
sions of
platform. A short length of the lowest step at the east end was
found which enabled me to decide the exact length of
the whole structure , measured on the lowest step . The
width had already been ascertained by the discovery of
the step on the north side (see Plan of Temple) .
Pay-box. The payment of so many men as I now employed
I
(more than three hundred) was a most tedious and
troublesome piece of work , and I was often shut up in my
de
.
4
NO
COLUMN
OF
DRUM
SCULPTURED
PART
OF
NHANHART
&
M
LITH
PAY-BOX. 247
pay-box for five or six hours at a time. This pay - box I
had provided myself with only during the last season , and
I found it a great comfort . I could occasionally retire to
it for shelter from sun , wind , or rain , and I had it so placed

from time to time that from it I could see all the men at
•
work. I had it made by the carpenters of the Caledonia, '
and it was fitted with a door, a window, and a shelf for
writing, drawing, &c. I would recommend every excava
tor to provide himself with similar accommodation. I did
without one for years, and experienced great discomfort

and inconvenience for want of it.
I generally sent in a report of the progress of the ex- Work.

cavations to the Trustees every month , or whenever there
was anything that required immediate notice. These
reports were sometimes accompanied by progress plans,

the preparation of which , added to my daily duties of
superintendence, the study of fragments and arrangement
of all that was found, the making of plans with drawings
of detail, and taking notes of all that took place, kept
me often employed for as many as fourteen hours a day.

Certainly the average of my day's work was quite double
that of an ordinary Government employé in England.
In constant dread of the rains coming on and prevent- Dry
season.
ing exploration for the remainder of the season down
to the pavement, I urged on the work. My fears were
not realised, and the unusual dryness of the season sin
gularly favoured the uninterrupted continuance of the
works.
Before the close of November a length of marble curb Curb of

portico.
or plinth of a stoa or portico was found in position on the
-----
south side nearly 31 feet beyond the lowest step. This

discovery led to others which will be described in their
proper place.
Lions' A number of fragments of large lions ' heads were
heads.
found at a low level, which must have belonged to at
least two of the latest temples . At the west end of
Ancient the Temple one of the slabs of the marble pavement had
game.
been scored over with some rough lines making a few
squares. This was evidently for some game played with
pebbles or other substitute for draughts.
Poll-tax. December 17. - The Mudir came this morning to the
excavations , and told me he wished to collect the poll-tax
which the workmen were liable to pay to the Ottoman
Government. When the dinner hour arrived, he called
the men together, and addressed them, demanding pay

ment of the tax then and there. The men , raising their
voices against the imposition , as they called it, appealed
to me to protect them. At the same time the Mudir
proposed that I should deduct the amount from their

wages and hand it over to him. This I would not under
take to do, nor would I interfere in support of the men's

opposition, as I had been informed by our Consul at
Smyrna, Mr. Cumberbatch , that the Mudir was right, that
the workmen were liable to pay the tax on his demand ,
but that on the other hand they should be careful to obtain
a receipt for the money they paid, to protect them from
being charged again on returning to their homes. I tried
to persuade the Mudir to postpone the collection of the

tax till the works were closed ; but in this, as I had found
him in other matters of business, he was resolute, and in
THE POLL- TAX IN TURKEY. 249
sisted on immediate payment. When I left the works,

he was haranguing the men. About an hour afterwards
a large body of the workmen, numbering more than a

hundred, and chiefly Emenekleh men, came from the
works to the side of my house in an excited state, some
of them loudly vociferating and apparently trying to
persuade the whole body to join in some plan or resolu
tion . The Mudir, seeing the position of affairs , sent two
Zaptiehs for their rifles, and stationed them at my door
with fixed bayonets. On this some of the men smiled
grimly, and I was vexed at a precaution which I believed
to be quite unnecessary ; it provoked the men to come in
a crowd to the front of the house. My chief cavass
Edrise then took upon himself to call to them to go away
from the front, which they immediately did , to show they

did not intend any threatening movement. I then sent
Edrise down to them to tell them I should not pay
them till next week, as he said they came with the

idea of taking their money and leaving for their ho
without paying the tax. They then dispersed, and
the sentries were taken from my door. This incident
shows how widely spread is the distrust of officials in
Turkey.
December 18.-The Emenekleh men were at work Discovery
of another
with the others . This day we found on the south side of building.
the Temple the remains of another large building about

70 feet from the Temple. It was raised, as we afterwards
learned, on three steps, and was adorned with Grecian
Doric columns and entablatures, the columns being as

much as 20 feet 6 inches apart. Between this building and
Portico.
the Temple were found the remains of a portico which
surrounded the Temple on at least three sides. This
portico was nearly 31 feet distant from the lowest step of
the Temple, and was 25 feet wide. Long lengths ' of the
outer curbs remained in position, together with some
of the bases, and the lower parts of some of the square
marble piers belonging to the portico. The piers

were spaced to correspond with the columns of the Doric
building, every other pier of the portico being opposite
Cymatium
a column. Fragments of the entablature and of some

drums of the columns of the building beyond the portico
were found here, also one or two lions' heads, the

character of which made it appear that this building was
of about the same date as the Temple. The columns

were unaccountably small , considering their distance apart,
being not more than 2 feet 6 inches in diameter. In widen
HIDDEN INSCRIPTIONS. 251
ing the trench between this building and the Temple, I

was fortunate enough to come upon a fragment of theEnriched
cyma
cymatium (the uppermost member of the cornice of them.
Great Temple) beautifully enriched with the conventional
Greek honeysuckle. See woodcut.
December 20th I had expended the whole of the Grant

haustedex
.
grant of 6,000/ made by Mr. Lowe ; but a small
additional grant was allowed by the Trustees to con

tinue the excavations .
During the month of December I endeavoured to Hidden

inscrip
ascertain a fact I had long suspected , viz. , that the large tions.
marble blocks composing the front wall of the Great

Mosque at Ayasalouk were from the cella-walls of the
Temple, and that a great number of them were in

scribed, their faces being turned inward. I asked Mr.
Cumberbatch's opinion whether leave could be obtained

to examine the wall from the interior of the mosque. As
he was decidedly of opinion that any such application

would be fruitless , I determined to go to work without
special leave, and work on till I was interrupted. I
detached two of my best and most expeditious workmen ,
and, digging a hole in the accumulated soil in the interior
of the mosque, began to remove some of the inner stones
.
of the wall in order to get at the inner side of the large

facing stones on the outside. I had nearly accomplished The
Mudir in
this when the Mudir came one morning armed with pistol terferes.
and sabre —a most unusual precaution for him—and at
tended by three or four armed Zaptiehs. I reached the
mosque at the same time. After satisfying himself by at
glance at the work, he turned to me and asked what I

was doing there. I explained what I wanted, and tried in

vain to persuade him to let the men remove one more
stone, a large one ; but he was obstinate, and warned
the men off the work. Too glad to escape imprison
ment, they quickly gathered up their tools, and hurried
away to join their fellow-workmen at their legitimate

work at the Temple.
Sir Henry Soon after this ( January 9 ), Sir Henry Elliot, our
Elliot.
ambassador at Constantinople, came to Ephesus accom
panied by our consul , Mr. R. W. Cumberbatch , Tahir
Bey, the Mudir, and others. I tried hard again to obtain

the leave I so much coveted, but in vain. There was no
opportunity of doing the work by stealth, even if I had

been so inclined , for the Mudir set men to watch the
mosque day and night ; and the truth remains for others
to ascertain. I feel convinced myself that almost all the
inscriptions from the Temple are there, and it is most

vexatious to leave them unexamined , and such a mine of
wealth untouched . The wall is composed of from twelve

to thirteen hundred large blocks of marble . The same
day that the Mudir stopped my exploration of the mosque
wall, our assistant chaplain, the Rev. W. Cook, came out
A Pro to Ephesus in the evening. As it was the last day of the
testant
service. year, Mr. Cook held a prayer-meeting in the sappers'
room which was attended by all those at Ayasalouk who
understood English, and we made up quite a little con
gregation. This, I believe, was the last service held at
Ayasalouk by a Protestant clergyman, and was confined
to so few only because the service was in English. In
former services which had been held at Ayasalouk while
MUSIC AND DANCING . 253
the excavations were going on, the Greek language had

been employed , and they were therefore attended by
many of the villagers. I mention these facts, as I know
they will be interesting to some of my readers. Thus

closed the year 1873 at the ruins of Ephesus.
Ayasalouk was generally a quiet place, but on certain
festivals which were kept by the Greeks it was noisy
enough. At such times we were disturbed and annoyed
by loud cries in the cafés near us , where they indulged in
dancing to the beating of the Turkish drum, which was an
earthenware cylinder, over the open end or ends of which

(sometimes one end was closed) was strained a bladder.
On this they made an almost monotonous sound, only
slightly varied by the force of the stroke. The dancing Music and
dancing at
to this dreary music was a solo performed generally Ayasa
louk.
by a young man, who before he got up to dance was so
far primed with raki that his movements had quite a

Bacchanalian character. The dancing, chiefly done by
writhings of the body and movements rather of the arms

than the legs, was now and then enlivened by the snap
ping of his fingers, an agile jump from one side of the ring
to the other, and a loud scream or howl. Sometimes a
small band of Jewish instrumentalists were hired, and they

discoursed much pleasanter, often very good , music, of a
character never heard in Europe.
The previous dry seasons had made this an especially

favourable one for exploring the site of the Temple down
to an unusually low level, and the long- delayed rains still
further favoured me. Unfortunately very little had been
left for us to take ; but that little, and the information ob
L
1
tained by a more perfect examination of such parts of the

Temple as remained in position , were of great value, and
more than amply justified the expenditure sanctioned by
the Trustees of the British Museum .
CLOSE OF THE YEAR 1873 .
I
SUSPENSION OF WORKS. 255
CHAPTER VI .
SEASON 1873-74. JANUARY TO ABANDONMENT OF EXCAVATIONS.
Suspension of Works - A Turkish Refusal Discharge of Workmen

-Method of paying Men - Ancient Well-The Altar- Sculpture
Foundations of Temple-Demolition of Church Foundations — Archaic
Frieze Lion's Head - Cymatium- Excellence of Ancient Greek Art—
Mr. Newton on the Sculpture of the Temple-Boar's Head- The last
Temple but two - Iron Grille - Remains of three Temples - The last
Temple but one-The Temple Doors - The last Temple- The Platform
-Dimensions of the Temple -The Columns - Pliny's ' Columnæ Cælatæ'
-Dedicatory Inscriptions- Intercolumniations -The Cella--The Hypæ
thron - The Altar - Sculpture of Phidias and Praxiteles- Sculptured
Frieze --Cymatium- Superstructure - The Roof - Lamps - Antifixa
Archaic Sculpture - Grecian Ionic Architecture-- Architects of the Temple
---Ancient Writers now understood - The Marble- Grecian Doric Building
-Cold Weather-Archaic Sculptured Column -Amount of Work done
6
Sale of Plant -Billal- St. Luke's Tomb- Fidelity of Turkish Workmen
-Works closed - The Sappers -Results of the Season's Work- Anti
quities shipped -We leave for England - Success of Mrs. Wood's Work
--- My own Success- Conclusion of Narrative.
THE year 1874 commenced with vexation and disappoint

ment. Mr. Newton arrived January 2nd , and , even before
visiting the works, expressed his opinion that they had
better be stopped, as he thought they had not been suffi
ciently productive this season, and that there was not
much promise of finding enough to justify further explora

tion. In this view I did not coincide. He urged im Suspen- .
sion of
mediate suspension of the works, and they were accord works.
ingly suspended, much to the amazement and confusion
S
of the workmen who were so suddenly and prematurely

discharged.
A Turkish The day after his arrival in Smyrna, Mr. Newton
refusal.
accompanied me and the chief dragoman from the British
1
consulate to the Konak to ask the Pasha's leave to ex
amine the west wall of the large mosque at Ayasalouk in
quest of inscribed blocks from the cella-walls of the
Temple. The Pasha said it was a religious question, and

he must ask the Mollah. This is the Turkish system of
refusing to grant a request, for to refuse point blank ' is,
in their opinion , discourteous and unnecessarily harsh.

In vain I urged that my examination of only a single stone
of the outer face of the wall from the interior, by digging
under ground and removing a few stones from the inner

side of the wall, would not endanger the building, and I
promised to leave all as I found it, replacing the stones
and the earth dug out ; but all was to no purpose. The
question must be referred to the Mollah, and the consulate
dragoman should be informed in due time of the holy

man's decision . This decision was never obtained , but a
little later Tahir Bey, whom I looked upon as my friend
and advocate in the matter, told me it was useless to

persevere in my request-that the Turks would never
grant it, because the building was sacred . This sanctuary

was roofless, and is now only used for the shelter of cattle
herded there at night.
January 5. -With Mr. Newton to Ephesus. Arriv
ing at Ayasalouk, we found about 150 of the discharged

workmen on the platform anxiously waiting to know their
fate. These men were chiefly the Emenekleh men , who,
MAJORITY OF The workmen dISCHARGED. 257
having come from such a distance, would naturally suffer

far more than the other workmen from the unexpected
suspension of the works. A visit to the excavations
which we made immediately on our arrival did not

change Mr. Newton's opinion . I therefore paid the men,
Discharge
of work
and finally discharged all but twenty, who were retained men .
to explore the Doric building, and to continue the exca
vations at each extremity of the Temple. Ali Khojah, the
chief of the Emenekleh men, and about a dozen of the
men themselves , parted from us quite affectionately, and

looked behind them regretfully as they went away. I
had adopted a system of paying the workmen which I Method of

paying
found to answer extremely well, and I would recommend men.
it to any future explorer in Turkey. The men's wages

were uniformly ten piastres (about twenty-one pence) a
day. I kept no men who could not earn this . The men
were paid their wages every week, and at the end of the
month a list was carefully prepared by the sappers and
Greek ganger, and checked by myself, of all those men

who had worked well and earned one or two piastres a
day more, the maximum pay being twelve piastres a day.

This extra sum was paid to them at the end of every
month under the name of Bakshish . I found that this plan
stimulated the men to exert themselves, and it helped
greatly to keep them together from month to month, and
many of them from the beginning to the end of the
season.
In clearing away the sand at the east end of the Ancient

well.
Temple, we found an ancient well, in which we thought
that something might be discovered . So we cleared it
S
S AT EPHESUS.
258 DISCOVERIE
out to as great a depth as we possibly could, but found
nothing but a little broken pottery of no value . As ex

perienced explorers like Mr. Newton think there is a
great chance of finding treasure in wells and drains, our

failure was rather a disappointment to us all. On the
north side of the Temple we found a fragment of a beau
tiful cameo representing a portion of a wing. As the
water in the cella of the Temple was then still standing

some inches below the pavement, I was enabled to explore
more thoroughly the cella itself, and the remains of the
The altar. great altar, which was nearly 20 feet square. Below
the pavement was found a drain in the foundations of the
altar, provided probably for carrying away the water used

in washing the surface after sacrifice. A large fragment
Sculpture. of an enriched Roman frieze was found in the cella. This
probably belonged to the church or other building after

wards partly erected , but never finished , within the walls
of the cella . A fine lion's head, part of a statue , belong
ing probably to one of the former temples, was also found
here, with fragments of sculpture and architectural enrich

ment, below the pavement. A great number of fragments
of the marble tiles from the roof were found scattered over
the whole area of the site, but none of them were large
enough to give the full size of the flat tiles, or the length
of the elliptical tiles .
Founda Bearing in mind
tions of Pliny's description of the precau
Temple. tions taken in laying the foundations of the Temple to
prevent the damp rising, viz . , by laying a bed of charcoal,
and over this placing fleeces of wool , I sank, with the

aid of the pump, four deep holes , one inside against the
FOUNDATIONS OF THE TEMPLE. 259
west wall of the cella, one outside against the south wall,
one near the centre of the cella, and one under the pave
ment of the peristyle of the last temple but two, at some dis
tance from the cella - wall on the north side . In the holes
sunk close to the cella-walls, I found, at the depth of

5 feet 9 inches, a layer, 4 inches thick, of a composition
which had the appearance and consistency of glaziers'
putty. Below this was a layer of charcoal 3 inches
thick, and below that another layer of the putty- like

composition 4 inches thick. I ordered a cutting of
the whole mass to be got out ; but the incoming of the

water made this impossible, and I was obliged to content
myself with some small specimens of the composition and
charcoal. The composition has now been analysed
through the kindness of my friend Mr. Matthieson, and
has been found to consist of carbonate of lime 6591 ,
silica 2610, water, &c. (volatile ), 455 , nitrogen a trace,

so that, in point of fact, we have here nothing but a
species of mortar. Below all this I found the natural
soil, which was alluvial, being composed of sand and small

water-worn stones of irregular form. The foundations
of the walls consisted of rather small stones, and there
was an offset of 3 feet on the inner side which made

the foundations of the wall very wide and solid at the
base. It was finally determined to take to pieces and Demoli
tion of
examine the whole of the foundation -piers of the church
church
founda
which I have described in Chapter III . (Part 2 ) as tions.
having been thrown in against the cella- walls before they

were removed. In doing this , which we partly effected
by the aid of gunpowder in small quantities , we found a
S2
"
Archaic great number of fragments of an archaic frieze which

frieze.
had probably belonged originally to the altar of the last
temple but two, also many fragments of architectural
enrichment —a Greek inscription , a small archaic head ,
in calcareous stone, of Egyptian character, and , above all,
Lion's
head. a magnificent lion's head, which was doubtless one of
the gurgoyle heads belonging to the main cornice of the
last temple, and which, placed immediately over one of
the columns, spirted out the rain-water from the roof on
to the pavement below. The carving of this lion's head
.
is worthy of particular notice, the eye being deeply set,
and carefully and distinctly defined between the eyelids.
The markings of the nose and jaw and the treatment of
the hair and ears are admirable, nor is there anything
more striking in the Museum from the ruins of the
Temple than this head . As Mr. Newton has remarked
in an article published in the ' Portfolio ' for June 1874 ,

' it is interesting to compare this specimen with the
same feature in the cornices of the Mausoleum and the
Temple at Priene . ' Mr. Newton further adds, with the

able judgment of one who has made Greek sculpture and
I
architecture one of his special studies and delights :
'These lions' heads would prove, even if we had no
other evidence, what masters the ancients ( Greeks)

were of architectural effect, and with what judgment the
proportions of their ornaments were adjusted to the
general scale of their buildings.'
Cyma Side by side (or nearly so) with the lion's head in the
tium.
Elgin Room at the British Museum is seen the fragment.
of enriched cymatium already noticed . The rich effect
ANCIENT GREEK ART. 261
of the whole as a crowning member may be appreciated
to some extent by a painstaking student or intelligent

observer. Whether we appreciate it or not, it appears
to me a fact that the ancient Greek architecture and
sculpture of the best period ( which is defined by Mr.
Newton as beginning about the year B.C. 450 and

ending about the time of the death of Alexander the
Great, B.C. 323 ) reached nearly as the Excel

perfection as
lence of
work of man possibly can. works of ancient
Many Greek
Greek art.
art which may at first sight appear even coarse, rough ,
and unfinished, were, in their proper place, much more
effective than if they had been modelled in accordance
with our own more imperfect and erroneous notions of
true art. A lion's head of an earlier period, evidently a
portion of a statue, was also found within the cella- walls,

and is now exhibited in the Elgin Gallery.
Referring more particularly to the fragments ofarchaic
sculpture which may be supposed to have decorated an
altar in the Temple, I cannot do better than quote Mr.

6
Newton's words from the Portfolio ' of June 1874
In the lowest stratum of Mr. Wood's excavation at Mr.
Newton
Ephesus, he found upwards of one hundred fragments of on the
sculpture
a frieze which, so far as we can at present judge, appear to of the
be similar in style to the Xanthian and Thrasian reliefs , Temple.
and which may therefore be referred with probability to
the period when the Temple of Diana begun by Ctesi
1
phon and Metagenes about B.C. 580 ( ?) ¹ was completed
by Demetrius and Pæonius .'
' I think it not improbable that these Ephesian frag
1 Their date was probably 480-460 B.C.

ments may be part ofthe Opvykós or cornice which, accord

ing to Pausanias, adorned an altar in the Hiera of Diana,
on which stood the statue by Rhokos, the famous sculp
tor, called by the Ephesians Night, and which probably
represented Leto, the mother of Artemis . '
Boar's
Part of a large boar's head, found in the cella, was
head.
probably of the same date as the lion's head, which I have
supposed belonged to the last temple.
I must now refer more fully to some interesting facts
relating to the Temple which were not fully developed
till late this season , and not till we had removed the whole
of the foundation -piers of the church. Then, and not till

then, were clearly traced the still existing and distinct
remains of the last three temples .
The last The lowest marble pavement, of which quite one -half
temple
but two. remains in position outside the cella-walls, and which is
nearly 7 feet 6 inches below the pavement of the peristyle
of the last temple, was evidently that of the last temple
but two, an intermediate pavement between this and the
pavement of the last temple having been found . The
lowermost pavement has been already described as being

composed of two layers, the upper one of white marble,
which was not laid down in square blocks or slabs , but is

of every size and shape neatly fitted, the most common
shape being a blunt oblong wedge like the voussoir of an
arch. This is the pavement referred to when the site of

the Temple was first discovered . At the west end be
tween the antæ it is mortised in four or five places, the
Iron mortises being about 19 inches apart, to receive the

grille. standards of an iron or bronze grille which separated the
TEMPLE OF DIANA , EPHESUS.
POSTICUM
OPISTHODOMOS
PORTICON
PORTICO
QUUL
S.STATUE
30.10
S
342.62
ALTAR
B
418-1
/2
CELLA
69-7/2
TREASURY
********
STAIR
CASE
………………
VESTIBULE
17.17
PRONAOS
19
.
28.8% 23.6 .
163-9%
239-4/2
PLAN
100 100feet
SCALE OF FEET.
N. B. The Columns marked A & B and the Walling and Anta colored
dark were found in position.
The dotted Columns are Sculptured.(Columnce Cœelatie")
The foundation piers of the Church within the Walls of the Temple are
indicated by dotted lines.
REMAINS OF THREE TEMPLES. 263
pronaos from the peristyle : copper or bronze sockets (one

of these was found in its place) were inserted in these
mortise holes for the reception ofthe standards , which were
not run with lead as in the present day. In the west front
the plinth of a column of the last temple but two was found
in position, as well as part of the base of one of the inner
columns, consisting of the plinth and lowest circular stone.

The position of these corresponded as nearly as I could Remains
of three
ascertain with that of the columns of the last temple, temples.
giving me satisfactory proof that the last three temples

were built on the same plan , but were raised one above
the other, the remains of the most ancient of the three
temples forming the foundations of the last two. The
discovery of the remains of three temples on the same

site and of the same size accounts for Pliny's statement.
that the Temple was 220 years building, the earliest

of the three having been probably commenced, as I
have supposed, about 500 B.C. , and the latest in the time
of Alexander the Great. Nearly 4 feet above the The last
templebut
lowest of the three pavements was found the highly one.
polished white marble pavement of the last temple but
one (the temple burnt by Herostratos) . Large patches
remained in position, and were only discovered on the re
moval of the upper portion of the foundation-piers of the
church. Connected with this pavement were found near
the west wall of the cella two large marble blocks , resting
upon a massive and solid foundation, in which was cut
the groove for the outer bronze wheel on which the door
of the Temple moved, also the corresponding sinking for

the inner wheel. The groove was 8 inches wide and
34 inches deep, and was much worn. The mortise for the
door-frame was also cut in one of these stones. The exact
width of the whole door was thus ascertained, namely, 14

The feet 8 inches, in two parts, as ' folding doors.' It must
Temple
doors. therefore have been nearly 35 feet high. This width,
however, applies with certainty only to the door of

last temple but one ; the last temple might have had
a wider or narrower door. A few stones of the cella
wall on the north side were left rough inside, as if some
thing had been here fitted against it. The blocks com
posing the wall were cramped together with long cramps
in an oblique direction for the whole depth of each course,
and the ends were turned inward and downward and run
with lead.
The last I have now to complete my description of the last
temple.
temple, so far as I have been able to restore it from the
data furnished by the excavations on its site .
The plat The platform upon which the Temple was raised ,
⚫ form.
called by Pliny the universum Templum ,' was 418 feet
1 inch by 239 feet 4 inches ( English) , measured on the

lowest step , the dimensions given by Pliny being 425 by
220 feet ( Roman). The height of the pavement of the
peristyle from the pavement beyond the platform was
9 feet 5 inches. The height of each step was little more
than 8 inches ; fourteen steps, therefore, were needed to
mount to the peristyle. The ' tread ' of the steps was 19
inches.
Dimen The Temple itself was 163 feet 9 inches by 342 feet
sions ofthe
Temple. 6 inches, and was octastyle, having eight columns in
front ; and dipteral, having two ranks of columns all
1
PERSPECTIVE VIE
DI
Op 3.4.0 OF CO இ
FREESTERAVIS
34
RO
ED
PA
TEMPLE OF D
ANA , EPHESUS .
MAMORTY
CHO
V, LOOKING EASTWARD .
M&NHANHART LITH
THE COLUMNS OF THE TEMPLE. 265
round the cella. This accords with the description of it
by Vitruvius .
The columns of the peristyle were, as Pliny has columns.
The
described them , one hundred in number, twenty-seven of
which were the gifts of kings. They were 6 feet o½ inch

in diameter at the base ; and adopting the proportion
given by Vitruvius for the improved Ionic order, that is
8½ diameters in height independent of the base upon
which they were raised , they would be 55 feet 8 inches
high, including the base . This nearly accords with Pliny's
dimension for the height of the columns, viz. , 60 feet
(Roman), a Roman foot being about one-third of an inch
.
shorter than an English foot . Pliny describes thirty-six

of these hundred columns as ' cælata ' (sculptured), and
I have no doubt they occupied the positions shown on my
plan of the Temple, viz. , eighteen at the west end, and
the same number at the east end. The data in our
possession do not enable me to state with certainty to

what height the sculpture of these ' columnæ cælata ' was
carried up .
The medal of Hadrian illustrated by the
woodcut A distinctly represents one tier of figures only
with a band of mouldings above it. The medal of Gor
dianus, B, published in Professor T. L. Donaldson's ' Ar
chitectura Numismatica,' gives a similar representation ;
but the band of mouldings is much higher up the shaft of
the column. Of the five examples of the sculptured columns
in our possession , the diameter of three of the frusta or
drums can be clearly ascertained ; of these three, two

measure the same at the base as the lowest drums of the
fluted columns (6 feet o inch) , the third measures only

I
1

1
1
5 feet 6 inches across its upper end. This would make
it appear that the sculpture was carried up to the height
of about 20 feet, or for three tiers of sculpture divided by

bands of mouldings as shown in illustrations. The ques
tion then arises whether the columns at the west end were
sculptured to the height of one tier only, as shown by the

medals, and those at the east end , where the smaller drum
EPECIAN
A.
was found, to the height of three tiers. ( See south eleva
tion. ) To give my readers a fair opportunity of judging for

themselves, I have given elevations showing both exam
ples, also illustrations to a larger scale of columns with three
tiers and one tier of sculpture respectively. I am myself
inclined to adopt the example with three tiers as the most
truthful representation of the sculptured columns, es
1
THE COLUMNA CELATE. 267
pecially as the only evidence to the contrary is that of

medals, which in this case give very grotesque and imper
fect representations of the Temple. The term sculptured

columns certainly does not so well apply to such as were
sculptured for only one-tenth the height of the whole
•
MEDAL OF TEMPLE OF DIANA EPHESVS,
ΑΥΤ · Κ ·Μ ·ΑΝΤ ·ΓΟΡΔΙANOC
ΚΟΡΩΝ
ΓΝΕΩ
७०
ΕΦΕCΙΩΝ
B.
column. Above the sculpture, to whatever height it was

carried, the columns were doubtless fluted . Fragments of
dedicatory inscriptions deeply incised were found on the

torus of the outer fluted columns of the peristyle. The
columns thus inscribed were probably the gifts of com

munities or individuals. The twenty-seven columns, gifts
of kings, mentioned by Pliny, were probably among the

thirty-six sculptured columns, and their dedications might
have been inscribed upon a band above the first tier of
sculpture.
Inter The intercolumniations¹ between the columns on the
columnia
tions. flanks were 17 feet 1 inch, excepting the two inter
columniations at each extremity of the Temple, where
they were increased to 19 feet 4 inches, to allow, I sup
pose, for the projection of the sculpture on these columns ,
which, in one of the examples found, was, as I have be
fore stated, as much as 13 inches.
The spacing of the columns in front deserves par

ticular attention. Vitruvius, in his book dedicated to
Augustus, describes the intercolumniations in front of a
temple as equal, excepting only the central one, which
was made wider than the others to allow the statue
within the temple to be well seen from the road through

the open door. But I found that there was in the great
Ephesian Temple a beautifully harmonious gradual dimi
nution from the centre to the angles, which made the in
creased width of the central intercolumniation quite un
objectionable . All the ordinary columns of the peristyle

were fluted with elliptical flutings 84 inches wide near the
base, these were separated by fillets very little more than
one inch wide. The outer columns had 24 flutings, the
inner columns 28. Vitruvius describes the inner columns
of the peristyles of temples as having ' thirty ' flutings .

The cella. The cella was nearly 70 feet wide, and I have sup
posed the Temple to have been hypæethral or partly

1 The dimension from centre to centre.
し
TEMPLE
DIANA
EPHESU
.OF S
WERY
WEST
.
ELEVATION
5. 0
10 .
50 .
100 Fe0et
20
"
?
1 •
TEMPLE
DIANA
,OF
E. PHESUS
EAST
ELEVATI
. ON
10 50 50 100 Feet
200
TEMPLE OF DIAN
SOUTHE
10 50 50 100
DIANA. EPHESUS.
OT40 OLO GALO
LAB
GASN WAD
H ELEVATION.
200 300 Feet

1
1
TEMPLE
OF
DIANA
, PHESUS
.E
Present
Surface
Ground
of
Pavement
Cella
,Lofast
Temple
.but
one
***********
-24.0"
Pavement
LCella
,ofast
Temple
.but
two
7.5%
9.5%
Charcoal
between
twolayers
Mortar
.of
TRANSVERSE
SECTION
.
10.
5.0. 50 100 Fee
.200t
1
14
TEMPLE OF DIA
ARZYS
Pavement of Colla, La
Pavement ofCella Las
Charcoal between twelav
WEST. LONGITUDINAL
10 5 0 50 100
.
ANA , EPHESUS .
GIC
Last Temple but one

Last Temple but two.
layers of Mortar
EAST .
AL SECTION .
200 300 Feet

THE TEMPLE WAS HYPETHRAL 269
open to the sky. A double tier of columns must have

.
been employed in the cella, but the only fragment found
which might have belonged to the interior is part of a
Corinthian capital, elliptical on plan. What the hypæ- Thehype
thron.
thron of the Greeks really was has not yet been deter
FIL
LIEFD
ROBBIEDER
EEES
A.
mined. There are many reasons for believing that it
was a large space in the cella which was open to the

sky like the central court of the Royal Exchange of
London. The literal meaning, ' under the sky,' seems
to admit of this arrangement only. The size of the
aperture remains an open question . The pavements of
Greek temples were sunk in the centre, which appears

to prove that the rain was allowed to fall there, and by
this contrivance the remainder of the cella was kept dry.
Mr. Fergusson has supposed that the statue of the

god or goddess could not have been exposed to the
rain or snow, but that the whole of the Temple was
roofed over, and that the cella was lighted from above,
B.
not by an aperture in the roof, but by a clerestory, which

he obtains by countersinking the roof on both sides.
The question is, whether such an arrangement would
answer to the term hypæthral ? The statue may have
been protected from the weather by a species of
The altar. canopy or baldacchino . Remains of the altar were found
in position as shown on plan. In rear of the altar must

THE SCULPTURE OF THE TEMPLE. 271
have stood the statue of the goddess . The foundations

discovered are large enough for both the altar and the
statue. The statue of the goddess which was said to
have fallen from Jupiter¹ was probably similar in

character to the traditionary many-breasted goddess
represented by old engravings, and the well-known
statue of the Asiatic goddess in the Museo Reale at
Naples. (See illustration A, page 269) .

The illustration B is from an archaic statuette in
white marble which I met with in the garden of a

Turkish gentleman at Mylassa.
The works of Phidias and Praxiteles
with which Sculpture
of Phidias
the altar was said to abound , I have supposed to have and
Praxiteles.
been placed in a deep recess behind the altar and
statue, such as I have shown in my plan. Here pe
destals for statues and groups of sculpture might have
stood, and numbers of bas- reliefs might have been placed
on the walls between the antæ of the recess.
To return to the exterior of the Temple, the frag Sculp

tured
ments of sculptured frieze found in the excavations prove frieze.
that the whole of the frieze was sculptured with familiar

mythological subjects in which Diana, Hercules, Theseus,
Amazons and others figured .
A large fragment of sculpture, representing the
winged figure of a man leading a ram, was found at the
west end of the excavations . This massive block of!
marble formed a corner- stone , and was probably part of
an altar which might have stood on the platform outside

the Temple.
1 Acts xix.
Cyma The cymatium was beautifully decorated with the

tium.
conventional Greek honeysuckle ornament, intercepted
by boldly and well -executed lions ' heads which measured
nearly two feet across the forehead . Above the cyma
tium were antifixa of white marble.
Super
structure. Fragments of the architrave which were found to
gether with those of the frieze and cornice have enabled
me to complete the whole of the entablature , a small
portion of the cornice only having been left to conjec
ture .
The roof. The roof was covered with large white marble tiles,
of which many fragments were found, as well as of the
circular cover tiles. Unfortunately the size of the flat
tiles can be determined only approximately by the pro

bable distance apart of the lions ' heads in the cymatium .
If I am correct in this, the tiles were about 4 feet wide ;
the circular (elliptical) tiles covering the joints were 10
inches wide.
Such, then, was the building which ranked as

one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, the
beauty of which attracted such multitudes to Ephesus,

St. Paul. and which is alluded to in Acts xix. St. Paul, during
his three years' sojourn at Ephesus , doubtless often gazed
upon it with admiration, at the same time that he deplored
its consecration to the worship of a heathen goddess .
Lamps. In clearing out the cella, a few plain but well-made

terra-cotta lamps were found. Some of these are
pierced through the centre, and might have been held

aloft on a rod or stick in processions .
Antifixa. While the church piers were being demolished and
TEMPLE OF DIANA , EPHESUS .
ft/4
ins
55
.8
COLUMNS AND ENTABLATURE . WEST.

10 10 20 30 40 feet
TEMPLE OF DIANA , EPHESUS ..
84
ins
55ft
COLUMNS AND ENTABLATURE . EAST .
10 5 0 10 20 30 40feet
A
ARCHAIC GREEK SCULPTURE. 273
examined, a few men were kept working at the Doric

building, also in the area beyond the Temple steps . At
the east end , near the lowest step, was found a frag
ment of a honeysuckle ornament which probably be
longed to one of the antifixa or fronting stones of the
circular tiles from the roof of the Temple. There were
also found some very interesting fragments

of ar- Archaic
sculpture.
chaic sculpture which have been considered worthy of
especial notice by Mr. Newton in the ' Portfolio ' for July
1874 :
' Among the marbles discovered by Mr. Wood in
the Temple of Diana at Ephesus were certain frag
ments of archaic sculpture which are evidently works
executed in the same school as the sculpture from
Branchide. They consist of a female head, on which
the remains of colour can still be seen, part of two other
heads, and portions of the bodies of several draped

female figures under life-size. All these sculptures were
attached as decorations to a marble background ; the
figures are not therefore sculptured in the round, but, if

¦
we may borrow a term used by architects, are engaged I
figures. Now, when we compare the statues from
Branchide and Miletus with the Ephesian fragments , we
find a resemblance sufficiently strong to justify us in
supposing that the sculptures from both localities are
the product of the same school ; and when we take into
consideration the connexion of Theodorus and Telekles
with Ephesus, we can hardly doubt that we have, in these

most ancient sculptures in marble, works of the Samian
school furnished by that family.
1
T
274 VERI
DISCOVER ES AT EPHESUS.
IES
' The discoveries recently made at Cyprus by General

Cesnola and Mr. Lang have greatly added to our know
ledge of the archaic period of Greek art. In that island,
inhabited by a mixed population , and subjected in turn to

Egyptian, Assyrian, Phœnician, and Persian influence, we
find a series of sculptures in calcareous stone, some of
which are direct imitations of Egyptian statues ; others
have much of the peculiar mannerism of Assyrian art,
while the style of others again reminds us so closely of
the sculpture from Branchide and Ephesus , which we 1
have been describing, that they may be referred with

probability to the same school and period.
'It is interesting to compare some of the heads in
this series with those from Branchide and Ephesus
already noticed. The nose is generally sharp -pointed,

though in one of the Ephesian heads it is unusually
broad and flat near the end. The mouth has the stereo
typed smile characteristic of Greek archaic art, the
corners having an upward tendency. The angle at

which the eyes and eyebrows are set in relation to the
nose, varies, but the outer corner of the eye is generally

higher than agrees with our idea of symmetry.
'In all these examples, and especially in the Ephesian
heads, the eye appears rather as if seen through a slit in
the skin than as if set within the guard of highly sensitive
and mobile lids. The same want of knowledge which in
the seated figures from Branchida has failed to discon
nect the bodies from the chairs, has, in the treatment of
the eye, been unable to express its free movement and
to detach it from the lids .
MR. NEWTON ON THE SCULPTURE OF IONIC TEMPLES. 275
' In one of the Ephesian heads the eyelids are so

little marked that it is quite certain that they must have
been suggested by the aid of colour. When we compare
the treatment of the face in the earlier Egyptian sculp
tures, as for instance in the colossal head of Ramses II . ,
we see far truer and more skilful modelling of the eye

and eyelid, and of the mouth.
6
The use of calcareous stone for sculpture must
have preceded that of marble in the Hellenic world.
'
According to Pliny, the first artists who worked in
the nobler material were Dipœnos and Skyllis, certain
sculptors whom he places about B.C. 580.'
Mr. Newton, in another article in the Portfolio ' for
July 1874 , makes some further remarks relating to the

sculpture from the Temple of Diana which I shall here
quote at some length for the same reason that I have
before given. He writes :

'Closely connected in date and style with the sculpture Grecian
Ionic
from the Mausoleum at Priene are the remains of the architec
ture.
Temple of Diana at Ephesus , a part of which is exhibited
at the north end of the Elgin Room. As a contribution
to the history of Greek architecture these relics of one of
the most celebrated Ionic temples of the ancient world
are of transcendent interest. By comparing the architec
tural remains obtained from the Mausoleum, from the
Temple of Athena Polias at Priene, from the Temple of

Apollo at Branchida (recently explored by the French
archæologists, MM . Rayet and Thomas) , and from the
Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, we shall be able to trace
T2
S
the development of Ionic architecture in Asia Minor with

far greater accuracy than has been hitherto done.
'While the researches of MM . Rayet and Thomas

have led to the startling discovery that the bases of some
of the columns of the great Branchida Temple were
richly sculptured with ornaments previously unknown in

this architectural combination, Mr. Wood's explorations on
the site of the Ephesian Artemision have proved beyond
all doubt the correctness of Pliny's much-disputed state
ment that thirty-six of the columns of the peristyle were
cælatæ , ornamented with sculpture in relief. Portions of
several (five) drums thus sculptured in relief have been

sent home by Mr. Wood , all unfortunately too much
mutilated to enable us to make out what were the
subjects of the several compositions which enriched the

shafts. In the most perfect fragment (a drum next the
base) the figures, 6 feet high, are carved in low relief, the
requisite variety of planes being ingeniously obtained with
out disturbing the general outline of the shaft by undue
projection.
"
Fragments of much bolder relief from the frieze and
from one of the columns were also found by Mr. Wood.

'We have hardly enough of this sculpture to be able
to judge of its merits, but it may be fairly said to be of
consummate excellence if we regard it as architectural
decoration.'
A few of the examples of sculpture here alluded to

by Mr. Newton have apparently come from sculptured
columns of a still earlier date than I have assigned to the
earliest of the three temples , the remains of which I found

¡
ARCHITECTS OF THE TEMPLE. 277
on the site ; or these examples may perhaps be taken as

proofs that Greek art did not make the same progress at
Ephesus as at Athens during the fourth and fifth centu
ries B.C.
The discovery of the fact that the last three Temples

of Artemis at Ephesus were not only built upon the same
site, but were of the same dimensions, will assist materially
to clear up some of the statements of ancient writers
which have appeared to be irreconcilable.

Philo, an architect of Byzantium , who wrote about three
centuries before Christ, informs us that an immense ex
cavation was made, and the foundations were laid with
stone from the quarries above : ( the hill at Ayasalouk ?) ,

and that the work was then commenced by forming a
basement of ten steps.
Pliny and Diogenes Laertius tell us that the founda

tions of the Temple were laid on charcoal and fleeces of
1 wool, according to the advice of Theodorus of Samos, son

of Rhokos , about the year B.C. 500.
Vitruvius, writing in the time of Augustus, about Architects

1 of the
25 B.C. , tells us that the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, of Temple.
the Ionic order, was built by Ctesiphon of Gnossus
and his son Metagenes, and was afterwards completed

by Demetrius, a priest of Diana, and Pæonius, an
Ephesian.
The temple commenced by Ctesiphon and his son 1.
was doubtless the one first raised on the foundations laid
by Theodorus of Samos, and was probably begun about

the year B.C. 480-460.
The names of the architects of the temple which was

I
built on the same foundations about the beginning of the

fourth century B.C. have not been handed down to us.
This temple was destroyed the day Alexander the Great
was born. The third and last temple on the same foun
dations was built by Dinocrates, a Macedonian architect,
and to this building belong most of the sculpture and
fragments of architecture from the temples now in the
British Museum.
On so vast a building as the Temple of Diana archi

tects must have been constantly employed ; but the names
which I have given are the only ones handed down to
us. 1
Ancient We find then that Philo described the foundations

writers
now un which had served for the last three temples ; that
derstood.
Vitruvius described the manner in which the last temple
but two was constructed, and his description answered as

well for the last two, all three buildings being similar in
plan ; that Pliny, in saying that the Temple of Diana
took 220 years in building, was speaking of all these last
three temples as one building , as they were twice re
built on the same plan and site:
The The marble with which the Temple was built certainly
marble.
did not come from the quarries of either Prion or Coressus. 1
There is marble in the mountain which bounds the plain
on the east side ; but I could find no quarry there which

could have supplied the marble. I believe it may have
come from Cosbounar, where there is a very large quarry
of fine white marble ; and if we read passuum for pedum

in the description of Vitruvius relating to the distance of
the quarry from the Temple, it will make this conjecture
THE MARBLE OF THE TEMPLE. 279
I
a probable one, as five thousand double paces would be
equal to about five miles. The marble used in the three
temples varied in quality, that from the two earlier ones

|
being very superior ; it was a crystallised saccharine marble
capable of taking a high polish. Some of the drums of the
columns of these temples were used for the frieze of the last,
!
the columns of the last temple being of a coarser marble
and having grey streaks in it.
The destruction of the church piers and examination
of the stones of which they had been built was a long and
tedious affair ; but, as I have already said, numerous frag
ments were recovered which, when cleaned from the
mortar that enveloped them, furnished me with much of
the detail of the architectural enrichment of the Temple.

The difficulty is to sort the fragments and to assign them
to the particular temple to which they belonged, and to
their exact original position in the building.
We had the most lovely weather for our work during
the month of January, which is one of the most pleasant
months in the year in Asia Minor. The annual feast,
Courban Bairam, took all my men away from their work

for several days. The month of February opened with
continued cold weather, and found us still at the work of
destruction of the church piers, exploring the Doric build

ing, and continuing the exploration of the east end ofthe
1 Temple. The ruins of the Grecian Doric building were Grecian

Doric
not productive of any interesting details ; and as I had not building.
the means at my disposal for exploring the whole building,
and most of it was covered by one of my largest spoil
banks, I discontinued the work there February 19th,
having found the piers of four of the columns in position

and a portion of the wall beyond. All this month small
fragments of sculpture were found from time to time in
the church piers and elsewhere, but nothing that requires
particular mention here.
Cold Early in March the cold weather, which had now pre
weather.
vailed for nearly two months, increased in intensity. The
large saws used at the excavations for lightening the
larger marble blocks when practicable, were frozen in the
half- sawn blocks when they were not removed overnight,
or in the morning during the breakfast half-hour. There
was ice an inch thick in the excavations for more than a
week. In some of the villages the running water in the
streets froze, and the aqueducts near Smyrna, decorated

with immense icicles, attracted many visitors . For
many days my men were unable to work. The intensity
of the cold in the interior was so great that shepherds

and others were found frozen to death ; others were
brought frost-bitten and helpless into the hospitals at

Smyrna. Such was the unusual severity of the first few
months of that year. On finding an interesting Greek 1
inscription in the cella , together with a number of other
fragments justifying some further expenditure, I in
creased my gang of men from twenty to forty, and this
number was kept up till nearly the end of the season .
Archaic Two large fragments of archaic sculpture found at a
sculptured low level on the site of the Temple have been recently
column.
fitted together at the British Museum , and it is now quite

evident that they formed part of a sculptured column
I about 6 feet in diameter. Another fragment, consisting
1
DIMENSIONS OF EXCAVATION. 281
of a female head and a fragment of the marble to which

it was attached, also appears to have formed part of a
sculptured column ; and these two examples prove that the
columnæ cælatæ, noticed by Pliny, were a peculiar feature
of the earlier of the last three temples as well as of those
which succeeded it.
On referring to the report sent to the Trustees for Amount

of work
their information March 27th, I find that I then estima- done.
ted the amount of earth examined at 132,221 cubic yards,
the bulk of which had been wheeled out from the site.
The dimensions of the large oblong area dug out are-
length 500 feet, width 300 feet, and depth 22 feet to pave
ment of earliest temple. Besides this there is, branching
off on the south side, a wide cutting exposing a long length
of the portico surrounding the Temple, and part of the
Doric building on that side. The appearance of this

large excavation , with its immense and irregular spoil
banks, is very striking, more especially at twilight- ' weird
like ' it was called by a Scotch lady who rode past it
rather late in the evening on the road from the ruins to
Ayasalouk.
I had received instructions from the Principal Libra Sale of

'plant.'
rian of the British Museum to sell my plant,' taking
advantage of any favourable opportunities which might

occur for my doing so without making great sacrifices .
I was fortunate enough to find a purchaser for my carts
and horses, as well as for some of my other plant, in Mr.
de Cuyper, a Belgian engineer employed at some coal
mines near Turbali. Most of the remainder was taken
by the manager of the Smyrna and Aidin railway.

:
Billal. Mr. de Cuyper willingly took into his employment

Billal, the black groom, who had then been with me for
eight years. With the horses, therefore, the groom must
go, but he was most unwilling to leave before we left, and

he wept bitterly when he came to say good-bye, his heart
having been touched by the kindness of his mistress.
St. Luke's Before leaving Ephesus, I sank a deep hole be
tomb.
low the pavement of the building which I believe to be
St. Luke's tomb, in search of the vault in which the sar
cophagus might be found, but I came across nothing be

yond the foundations of the pavement ; these were com
posed of small stones, and I did not succeed in reaching
the vault, if there is one. I found, however, two shallow
graves under the pavement, similar to those found in the
quadrangle outside the building, having, like them , thin

marble sides. These, I presume, may have been the
graves of bishops of a later period, who were thus
honoured in their final resting- place.
March 20. - I discharged all but two or three of my

I
workmen, having obtained employment for them with Mr.
de Cuyper. Among these were about a dozen men who
had been with me for years, and I was anxious to leave
Fidelity of them at work . But they had, it seems, become quite
Turkish
workmen. devoted to their employment at Ephesus, and would not
!
leave before ' Chelebeh ' ( master), although they received
no pay from me for the five or six days during which they
remained after the works had been stopped . They had
their clothes to wash, they said, before they could make

their appearance before their new employer. One man
(Aoushar Mehmet) , who had acted so fearlessly in denoun
EXCAVATIONS ABANDONED. 283
cing the Kiourt men during a previous season for almost

murdering a fellow-workman, was so affected that he wept
bitterly. So there are a few men with kind and impres
i sible hearts even among the Turks, and here is a small

tribute to their honour. There had been, however, in my
employment from time to time some very bad men, who,

as I have said, heartlessly robbed their fellow- workmen ,
and absconded with the plunder.
The two or three men left were employed in complet
ing the destruction and examination of the church piers ;

but nothing more was found , and the works were finally
altogether abandoned March 25th, much to my regret, Works
closed.
as I feel sure we have left much of interest and value
¡ behind us beyond the margin of the present excavation .
Feeling that I might never see Ephesus again, I

hurriedly made a number of large sketches , some of which
have served to illustrate this book. I had also a number
of photographs taken by Corporal Trotman for the same

purpose.
March 27.- The two sappers, Sergeant M'Kim and 1 The
sappers.
Corporal Trotman , left to-day for England . They had
served me well , the sergeant for two seasons, the corporal
for three. In reporting them to the Principal Librarian, I

|
said : ' I cannot speak too highly of their conduct and the
assistance they have unremittingly and invariably given me,
or of the intelligence and assiduity with which they have

! carried on the works under my direction. They fully de
serve the reward that may be accorded them , for they
have exhibited the utmost patience and fortitude under
the trying occupation in which they have been engaged . '

This eulogium I am only too glad to repeat here.

These men have since left the army, and the sergeant is
' now working at his trade as a carpenter, while the corporal

is an attendant in the Medal Room at the British Museum .
Notwithstanding the comparatively barren results

Result of of the season 1873-74, I had twenty-three cases
the
season's and sixty-three loose blocks of marble to send home.
work.
Admiral Randolph entered the port of Smyrna April 8th, 1
Iwith five ships of war from Athens, where he had been

detained a few days beyond the time which had been
fixed for his departure by threatened disturbances . As
Admiral Randolph's ships were not bound for either
England or Malta, I made an arrangement with Mr.
Paterson, a much-esteemed British merchant in Smyrna,
and a most kind friend of mine, for the transport of my
cases and marble blocks by one of the ships in which he

Anti was interested as the accredited agent. Admiral Randolph
quities
shipped. provided me with the necessary means in men , boats, and
tackle for putting the antiquities on board the merchant
vessel. Having seen this done, and having disposed of
all my plant, we made arrangements for our final depar
We leave ture from Smyrna, and embarked on board H.M.S.
for
England. Cockatrice,' a small gunboat commanded by Captain
St. Clair, on the morning of April 14th, having accepted
the captain's kind offer of a passage to Constantinople on
our way to England. It may readily be believed that we
did not leave either Ephesus or Smyrna, after a sojourn
of so many years, without heartfelt regret. At Ephesus
we planted the Eucalyptus globulosa (American gum-tree)
1 on the top of the spoil banks which surround the great

J.
CLOSE OF NARRATIVE. 285
excavation on the site of the Temple of Diana, and as we
left the spot slowly and lingeringly we looked back fre

quently at the beautiful scene, which had had such a fas
cination for us, and which had been for so many years
associated with our united labours .
Mrs. Wood's best exertions had been used in doing
all she could to alleviate the sufferings of the workmen

and the villagers, and her skill and care were proved by
the fact that of hundreds of workmen only two or three
were obliged to be sent down to Smyrna to be treated in

i the hospitals by skilled doctors.
As for me, the task I had set myself had been per
formed. The situation , plan , and particular characteristics

of the long-lost Temple had been discovered, and all
that remained of it within the area cleared out had been
secured for our national collection of antiquities.

At Smyrna, where for so many years we had expe
rienced so much kindness , we parted from our friends

with deep regret, cheered, however, by the belief that
we should one day return and see them all again, and
perhaps renew the work so abruptly stopped, for had
we not drunk freely of the Fasoolah water ? 1
They say in Smyrna that all who drink the waters of this spring are
sure to return to Smyrna sooner or later. The fact is that all people who
have for any length of time breathed the fresh, light air of Smyrna, and have
there found kind friends amongst the inhabitants, are glad to return, if only
for a few days.
i
1
APPENDIX .
GREEK AND LATIN INSCRIPTIONS FROM EPHESUS
FOUND IN THE EXCAVATIONS. i
1. Inscriptions from the Peribolus Wall of the Artemisium (Temple of Diana)

and the Augusteum .
2. Inscriptions from the Temple of Diana (found in the Great Theatre).
3. Inscriptions from the site of the Temple of Diana.
4. Inscriptions from the Augusteum.
5. Inscriptions from the Odeum.
6. Inscriptions from the Great Theatre.
7. Inscriptions from Tombs, Sarcophagi, & c.

¦
8. Inscriptions from the City and Suburbs. i
¡ N.B.-The underlining in the Inscriptions indicates suggested restorations of

the text where lacunæ or imperfections occur on the stone.
i
2 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE PERIBOLUS WALL
No. I.
Imp . Caesar divif. Aug. cos . XII . tr . pot . XVIII . pontifex
maximus, ex reditu Dianae fanum et Augusteum muro muniendum
curavit, C. Asinio Gallo pro cos. , curatore Sex . Lartidio leg .
Αὐτοκράτωρ Καῖσαρ θεοῦ υἱὸς Σεβαστὸς ὕπατος τὸ ιβ , δημαρχικῆς
ἐξουσίας τὸ τη, ἐκ τῶν ἱερῶν τῆς θεοῦ προσόδων τὸν νεὼ καὶ τὸ
Σεβαστῆον τιχισθῆναι προενοήθη ἐπὶ Γαίου ᾿Ασινίου Γάλλου
ἀνθυπάτου , ἐπιμελήα * Σέξτου Λαρτιδίου πρεσβευτοῦ .
!
!
1
4 No. 2.
Αὐτοκράτωρ Καῖσαρ θεοῦ υἱὸς Σεβαστὸς ὕπατος τὸ ιβ , δημαχικῆς
ἐξουσίας τὸ ιη, στήλας ἱερὰς τῶν ὁδῶν καὶ ῥείθρων ᾿Αρτέμιδι ἀποκατέ
στησεν ἐπὶ Γαίου ᾿Ασινίου Γάλλου ἀνθυπάτου , ἐπιμελήα ? Σέξτου
Λαρτιδίου πρεσβευτοῦ , τὸ ῥεῖθρον ἔχει πλάτους πήχεις ιε.
1 i.e. Σεβαστεῖον τειχισθῆναι.

2 i.e. ἐπιμελείᾳ .
OF THE ARTEMISIUM AND THE AUGUSTEUM. 3
No. I.
The Emperor Caesar Augustus , son of a god , Consul for the
twelfth time, with tribunitian power for the eighteenth time, chief
Pontifex, caused the Temple of Diana and the Augusteum to be
surrounded by a wall, the cost to be defrayed out of the revenues
of the goddess Diana, in the time of C. Asinius Gallus, Pro-consul :
Sextus Lartidius the legate had charge of the work.
No. 2.
The Emperor Caesar Augustus, son of a god, Consul for the
twelfth time, with tribunitian power for the eighteenth time,
erected to Artemis the sacred boundary-pillars of the roads and
watercourses in the time of C. Asinius Gallus, Pro-consul : Sextus
Lartidius the legate had charge of the work : The watercourse is
fifteen cubits wide.
A
4 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE PERIBOLUS WALL.
No. 3.
Αὐτοκρατωρ Καῖσαρ θεοῦ υἱὸς Σεβαστὸς ὕπατος τὸ ιβ , δημαρχικῆς
ἐξουσίας τὸ ιη , στήλας ἱερὰς τῶν ὁδῶν καὶ ῥείθρων Αρτέμιδι ἀποκατέ
στησεν ἐπὶ Γαίου ᾿Ασινίου Γάλλου ἀνθυπάτου . ἐπιμελήα Σέξτου
Λαρτιδίου πρεσβευτοῦ , ἡ ὁδὸς ἔχει σὺν τῷ ῥείθρῳ τοῦ ποταμοῦ
πήχεις λ .
No. 3.
TRANSLATION,
The Emperor Caesar Augustus, son of a god, Consul for the
twelfth time, with tribunitian power for the eighteenth time,
erected to Artemis the sacred boundary-pillars of the roads and
watercourses : in the time of C. Asinius Gallus , Pro -consul : Sextus
Lartidius the legate had charge of the work. The road with
the watercourse of the river is thirty cubits wide.

INSCRIPTIONS
FROM THE
TEMPLE OF DIANA
(Found in the Great Theatre)

2 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE
No. I.
Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . Δίων Διοπείθους εἶπεν . ἐπειδὴ
᾿Αγαθοκλῆς ͵ Ηγήμονος ῾Ρόδιος σῖτον εἰσαγαγὼν εἰς τὴμ πόλιν , πυρῶν
ἑκτεῖς ' μυρίους | τετρακισχιλίους, καὶ καταλαβὼν τὸν σῖτον τὸν ἐν τῇ
ἀγορᾷ πωλούμενομ πλέονος δραχμῶν [ ? ] πεισθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ ἀγορα
νόμου καὶ βουλόμενος | χαρίζεσθαι τῷ δήμῳ , ἐπώλησε τὸν σῖτον πάντα
εὐωνότερον τοῦ ἐν | τῇ ἀγορᾷ πωλουμένου , δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ
δήμῳ δοῦναι᾿Αγαθοκλῇ | ῾Ροδίῳ πολιτείαν ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ ἢ καὶ ὁμοίᾳ , καὶ αὐτῷ
καὶ ἐκγόνοις . ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ [ αὐτὸν τοὺς ᾿Εσσῆνας εἰς φυλὴγ καὶ

5
1 χιλιαστὺν καὶ ἀναγράψαι αὐτῷ ταῦτα τοὺς νεωποίας εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς
6
᾿Αρτέμιδος, οὗ καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς πολιτείας | ἀναγράφουσιν. ὅπωςἅπαντες
εἰδῶσιν ὅτι ὁ δῆμος ἐπίσταται χάριτας ἀποδιδόναι τοῖς εὐεργετοῦσιν
αὐτόν . ἔλαχε φυλὴμ Βεμβίνης, χιλιαστὺν Αἰγώτεος.
1 ἑκτεῖς . The ἑκτεύς was the sixth part of a μέδιμνος , the Attic corn measure
= about 12 gallons) .
2
δραχμῶν [?]. After cp. the stone exhibits the characters Ex * .
3
ἐφ' ἴσῃ . See Le Bas and Waddington , Voyage Archéologique , inscr. 136 a,
and note ; also inscr. 87: ἀφ᾽ ἴσου. Fritzsche ( Libri Apocr . p. 408 ) gives ἐφ᾽ ἴσης
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 3
No. I
Resolved by the Council and the People.
Dion, son of Diopeithes, moved, That whereas Agathocles ,
son of Hegemon, of Rhodes, having imported a quantity of
corn into the city, fourteen thousand measures of wheat, and
finding that the corn in the market was being sold at more than
[ ? ] drachmæ, persuaded by the Superintendent of the market,
and wishing to please the People, sold all his corn cheaper than
that which was being sold in the market : it be hereby resolved
by the Council and the People to grant citizenship to Agathocles
of Rhodes, upon equal and similar terms, to himself and to his
descendants : further, that the Essênes¹ allot him a place in a
tribe and a thousand, and that the Temple-wardens inscribe these
[grants ] in his honour in the Temple of Artemis where they
inscribe the rest of the grants of citizenship ; to the end that all
1 Officials so called.
B
as the reading of a MS . in Sir. ix . ro. Cf. Tischendorf, prolegg. in N. T. p. lii.

The phrase ἐφ' ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίᾳ implies the admission ofthe new citizen to equal rights
and a similar position in the State with the rest of the citizens of Ephesus.
4 τοὺς Εσσῆνας . Paus . viii. 13. τοὺς τῇ ᾿Αρτέμιδι ἱστιάτορας τῇ Ἐφεσίᾳ γινομένους ,
καλουμένους δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν πολιτῶν Ἐσσῆνας . Εtym . Magn . s. v . ὁ βασιλεὺς κατὰ
Ἐφεσίους ἀπὸ μεταφορᾶς τοῦ μελισσῶν βασιλέως . See Müller's Dorians, ii. 9 ; King
(C. W.), Gnostics and their Remains, pp. 2 , 171 .
5 τοὺς νεωποίας . Νεωποίης [νεωποιός] ‘ ein Obrigkeit in a . griech . Städten in
Kleinasien welche den Bau u. die Erhaltung der Tempel zu besorgen hatte ' ( Pape
and Benseler, Wörterbuch der griech. Eigennamen ). Cf. Le Bas, inscr. 152 : oïde
ἐνεωποίησαν αὐθαίρετοι . § 161 : νεωποιὸν τῷ αὐτῷ ἔτει νεωποιήσαντα σὺν τῷ ἀδελφῷ.
Bailie, Fasc. Inscr . Grac. ii . p . 21 : ἀρχινεωποιὸν νεοποιῶν τῆς ἐπιφανεστάτης θεοῖ
᾿Αφροδίτης .
6 ἅπαντες , Inscr. ΑΠΑΤΕΣ .
7
φυλὴμ Βεμβίνης . Steph . Βyz. counts five Ephesian phyla : οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐν
No. 2 .
Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ · Βρόταχος! Πλάτωνος εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ
Λεύκιππος ῾Ερμογένους ᾿Ολύνθιος πᾶσαν εὔνοιαγ καὶ προθυμίαμ
παρέχεται | καὶ κοινῇ τῷ δήμῳ , καὶ ἰδίᾳ τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι τῶν πολι
τῶν · δεδόχθαι τῇ | βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ δοῦναι Λευκίππῳ πολιτείαν ,
αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις , ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίῃ · ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ
1 Βρόταχος . Cf. Bergk. Port. Lyr. Grac. p . 783 ( Simonides, 127) : Κρὴς γενεὰν
Βρότυχος Γορτύνιος ἐνθάδε κεῖμαι.
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 5
may know that the People understands how to repay with its
ļ
favours those who render it service .
Admitted into the Bembinean tribe and the Ægotean
thousand.
Βέννῃ , Βέννιοι· οἱ δὲ ἐν Εὐωνύμῳ τῆς ᾿Αττικῆς , Εὐώνυμοι · οὓς δ᾽ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐν Ἐφέσῳ

κατέλαβον , Ἐφεσίους φασί · τοὺς δὲ ὕστερον ἐπηλύδας, Τηΐους καὶ Καριναίους ἀπο
καλοῦσι . The Euonymi, Ephesii, Teii, and Carinaei are mentioned in these in
scriptions ; but for Bévvio , inscrr. 1 , 12 and 16 seem to offer Beμßireis ( Béµßira,
κώμη τῆς Νεμέας , Steph . Β . ).
8 Xiaorur. Le Bas, inscr. 136 a, note : une division de la tribu , comme
ἑκαστοστύς et τριττύς. On disait aussi χιλιοστύς.’Cf . Εtym . Μ . s. v. στρατός: ὁ τῶν
χιλίων [ἀνδρῶν ἀριθμὸς καλεῖται] χιλιοστύς .
No. 2 .
Brotachus, son of Plato, moved, That whereas Leucippus, son
of Hermogenes, of Olynthus, manifests all goodwill and devotion
both to the People at large and individually to those of the
citizens who have intercourse with him : it be hereby resolved
by the Council and the People to grant citizenship to Leucippus,
on equal and similar terms, to himself and to his descendants ,

B2
INSC
εἰς φυλὴν καὶ χιλιαστύν · ἀναγράψαι δὲ τὸ | ψήφισμα τοὺς νεωποίας
εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος , ὅπου καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς [ πολιτείας ἀναγρά
φουσιν. ἔλαχε φυλὴν Τήϊος , χιλιαστὺν ῾Ηγητόρειος .
No. 3.
* Εδοξεν τῷ δήμῳ . Πίνδαρος Δωροθέου εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ ᾿Απολλώνιος
Κόνωνος Μάγνης πᾶσαν εὔνοιαγ καὶ προθυμίαν παρεχόμενος διατελεῖ
καὶ κοινῇ εἰς τὸν δῆμον τὸν ᾿Εφεσίων καὶ ἰδίᾳ τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι τῶν
πολιτῶν | • • •
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 7
and to allot him a place in a tribe and a thousand ; and further
that this decree be inscribed by the Temple - wardens in the
Temple of Artemis where they inscribe the rest of the grants
of citizenship .
Admitted into the Teian tribe and the Hegetorean thousand.
No. 3.
Resolved by the People.
Pindar son of Dorotheus moved , That whereas Apollonius [?],
son of Conon [ ? ], of Magnesia, continues to manifest all good
will and loyalty, both towards the Ephesian People at large and
individually to those of the citizens who have intercourse with him

Νο . 4 .
ἀποστεῖλαι δὲ αὐτῷ
καὶ ξένια τὸν οἰκονόμον · 1 ὅπως ἅπαντες εἰδῶσιν ὅτι
τοὺς εὔνοιαμ παρεχομένους εἰς τὰ πράγματα τῆς
πόλεως τιμᾷ ὁ δῆμος κατὰ τὸ προσῆκον · ἔλαχε φυλὴν
χιλιαστὺν Εχύρεος .
1 τὸν οἰκονόμον sc. τῆς πόλεως [or τῆς βουλῆς ?]. See No. 8.
No. 5 .
῎Εδοξε τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ
εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ Ἀρτεμίδωρος καὶ .
᾿Απολλοδώρου Περίνθιος • λα
βόντες εὖνοι εἰσὶ τῷ δήμῳ .
πράττοντες ἀεὶ τὸ ἀγαθὸν
1 τῆς οἰκειότητος τῆς ὑπαρχούσης .
ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ .

ļ
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 9
No. 4.
and that the Treasurer send him pledges of
friendship .. . . . to the intent all men may know that the People
appropriately honours those who manifest goodwill towards the
interests of the city.
Admitted into the . . tribe and the Echyrean thousand .
No. 5.
moved, That whereas Artemidorus, son of . •
of · and • • "" son of Apollodorus of Perinthus
• • [?], are friendly to the People, always pro
moting its advantage . of [?] the relation which
exists · it be hereby resolved by the Council and the
People, with the favour of Heaven. • •

No. 6.
ἔλαχε φυλὴν Τήϊος, χιλιαστὺν Γητόρειος.1
1 Sic [? error for ΗΓΗΤΟΡΕΙΟΣ : cf. No. 2].
No. 7.
Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . Φιλαίνετος Φιλόφρονος εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ |
Νικαγόρας ᾿Αριστάρχου ῾Ρόδιος, ἀποσταλεὶς παρὰ τῶμ βασιλέων
Δημητρίου | καὶ Σελεύκου πρός τε τὸν δῆμον τὸν ᾿Εφεσίων καὶ τοὺς
ἄλλους ῞Ελληνας , | κατασταθεὶς εἰς τὸν δῆμον περί τε τῆς οἰκειότητος
τῆς γεγενημένης | αὐτοῖς διελέχθη , καὶ περὶ τῆς εὐνοίας ἣν ἔχοντες
διατελοῦσιν εἰς | τοὺς ῞Ελληνας, καὶ τὴμ φιλίαν τὴμ πρότερον ὑπάρ
χουσαν αὐτῷ | πρὸς τὴμ πόλιν ἀνενεώσατο · δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ
δήμῳ | ἐπαινέσαι τε Νικαγόραν ἐπὶ τῇ εὐνοίᾳ ἣν ἔχων διατελεῖ πρὸς
τοὺς| βασιλεῖς καὶ τὸν δῆμον , καὶ στεφανῶσαι αὐτὸν χρυσέῳ στεφάνῳ , |
καὶ ἀναγγεῖλαι τοῖς ᾽Εφεσείοις ' ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ · δοῦναι δὲ καὶ πολι
1 τοῖς Ἐφεσείοις . Steph . Βyz. : εὕρηται καὶ Εφέσεια διὰ διφθόγγου · οὕτω γὰρ ἐν
᾿Αλεξάνδρα Σοφοκλῆς. On these games see Thuc. iii. 1o4 : ξύν τε γὰρ γυναιξὶ καὶ
TEMPLE OF DIANA. If
No. 6.
[Admitted into the Teian tribe and ] the [ He ]getorean
thousand.
No. 7.
Resolved by the Council and People.
Philænetus , son of Philophron, moved, That whereas
Nicagoras, son of Aristarchus, of Rhodes , when sent from Kings
Demetrius and Seleucus to the People of Ephesus and the other
Hellênes, appeared before the People, and addressed them on the
friendly relations which have been established, and on the good
will which the Kings continue to bear towards the Hellênes, and
renewed the alliance which formerly existed between himself and
this city : it be hereby resolved by the Council and the People to com
mend Nicagoras for the goodwill which he continues to bear towards
the Kings and the People, and to crown him with a crown of gold,
τείαν | ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίῃ καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς εὐεργέταις · ὑπάρ
χειν δὲ αὐτῷ | προεδρίαν ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσιν , καὶ εἴσπλουν καὶ ἔκπλουν ,
καὶ ἐμ πολέμῳ | καὶ εἰρήνῃ · καὶ ἀτέλειαν ὧν ἂν εἰσάγῃ ἢ ἐξάγῃ ἢ εἰς
τὸν ἴδιον οἶκον | ἢ εἰς ἀγοράν · καὶ εἴσοδον πρὸς τὴμ βουλὴν καὶ τὸμ
δῆμομ πρώτῳ μετὰ τὰ ἱερά · ταῦτα δὲ εἶναι ] αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις · ἀνα
γράψαι δὲ τὰς δεδομένας αὐτῷ δωρεὰς τοὺς νεωποίας | ὅπου καὶ τὰς
ἄλλας ἀναγράφουσιν · ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ εἰς φυλὴν καὶ εἰς |
χιλιαστύν · ὅπως ἅπαντες εἰδῶσιν ὅτι ὁ δῆμος ὁ ᾿Εφεσίων | τιμᾷ τοὺς
εἰς τὰ αὐτοῦ πράγματα προθύμους ὄντας | δωρεαῖς ταῖς προσηκούσαις ·
ἀποστεῖλαι δὲ καὶ ξένια αὐτῷ τὸν | δῆμον . ἔλαχε φυλὴν᾿Εφεσεύς,
χιλιαστὺν Λεβέδιος .
παισὶν ἐθεώρουν , ὥσπερ νῦν ἐς τὰ Ἐφέσια "Ιωνες. Cf. Chandler, Inscr . Antiq . i. 36 :
δεδόχθαι καθ᾽ ὅλον τὸν μῆνα τὸν ᾿Αρτεμισιῶνα εἶναι ἱερὰς τὰς ἡμέρας, ἄγεσθαι δὲ ἐν
αὐταῖς τὰς ἑορτὰς ἅτε τοῦ μηνὸς ὅλου ἱεροῦ ὄντος τούτου τῇ θεῷ.
2 Εφεσεύς. Etym . Μ. : τὸ ἐθνικὸν , Ἐφεσεύς. Steph. Βyz. : λέγεται καὶ ᾿Εφεσεύς ,
ὡς Ταρσός, Ταρσεύς • ‘Eine Phyle in Ephesos iührte insbesondere den Namen
᾿Εφέσιοι᾽ ( Pape, cf. No. 1 , note 5 ).
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 13
and to proclaim the crown in the Theatre at the Ephesian festi
val ; and, further, to grant citizenship to him upon equal and similar
terms as to the rest of their benefactors ; and that he enjoy the
privilege of occupying a front seat at the Games, and of entering
or leaving the harbour at pleasure alike in war and peace, and of
exemption from duty on all goods which he may import or export,
whether for his own family or for market [ ?] , and of admission to the
assemblies of the Council and the People first after the sacred
rites these distinctions to belong to himself and to his descendants.
Moreover, that the grants which have now been made to him be
inscribed by the Temple-wardens where they inscribe other like
grants, and that they allot him a place in a tribe and to
a thousand, to the end that all may know that the People of
Ephesus honours with appropriate gifts those who are loyal
to its interests. And also that the People send him pledges of
their friendship .
Admitted into the Ephesian tribe and the Lebedian thousand.

No. 8.
τυγχάνει περὶ τοὺς ῞Ελληνας καὶ τὴμ πόλιν
ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ · δεδόχθαι τῷ δήμῳ συνησθέντι τοῖς
γενομένοις ἀγαθοῖς τοῖς βασιλέως καὶ τοῖς .
καὶ στεφανηφορεῖν Εφεσίους καὶ τοὺς κατοίκους
ἐπὶ τοῖς εὐτυχήμασιν τοῖς ἐξηγγελμένοις , καὶ θύειν
εὐαγγέλια τῇ ᾿Αρτέμιδι τοὺς ᾿Εσσῆνας καὶ τὸν τῆς πό
λεως οἰκονόμον ' καὶ εὔχεσθαι · καὶ εἰς τὸ λοιπὸν ἐγ
γίνεσθαι Δημητρίῳ τῷ βασιλεῖ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ
καὶ ᾿Αντιγόνῳ καὶ Δημητρίῳ τοὺς στεφάνους
φορεῖν · τοῦ δὲ ἀναλώματος τοῦ εἰς τὴν θυσίαν ἐπιμελεῖσθαι
τὸν οἰκονόμον · ἐπαινέσαι δὲ καὶ ᾿Απολλώνιον ,
τὸν τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ ἀναγγείλαντα τὴν εὔνοιαν
προθύμως τῷ δήμῳ , καὶ ἣν ἔχει αὐτὸς πρὸς τὸμ βασιλέα
καὶ τὸν δῆμον τὸν ᾿Εφεσίωγ καὶ στεφανῶσαι αὐτὸν χρυσέῳ στεφάνῳ
χρυσέων εἴκοσι · τοῦ δὲ στεφάνου ἐπιμελεῖσθαι τὸν οἰκονόμον.
1 τὸν [ τῆς πόλεως ] οἰκονόμον . Cf. Rom. xvi . 23. Or, τὸν [τῆς βουλῆς ] οἰκο
Bailie , ii . p. 21 .
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 15
No. 8.
[ That whereas . . . . ] fortune favours the Hellênes and this city :
it be hereby resolved by the People, gratified at the good offices of
the King and of . . . . • that garlands be worn both by Ephesians
and by residents in honour of the happy events which have
been announced, and that sacrifices to celebrate the good tidings
and prayers be offered to Artemis by the Essênes and the Treasurer
of the city ; and that for the future it be permitted to King
Demetrius and the People and to Antigonus and Demetrius to
wear their garlands [ ? ] : the Treasurer to provide for the ex
penses of the sacrifice. That it be also resolved to commend
Apollonius , who loyally reported to the People the goodwill
entertained towards them by the King, and that which he
himself bears to the King and the People of Ephesus, and to
crown him with a crown of gold weighing twenty staters, the
Treasurer to defray the cost of the crown . Moreover, that the
Council and the People grant citizenship to him as to their other
benefactors, and the privilege of occupying a front seat at the

δοῦναι δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ πολιτείαν
καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις εὐεργέταις
τὴμ βουλὴν καὶ τὸν δῆμον, καὶ προεδρίαν ἐν τοῖς
ἀγῶσι, καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς εὐεργέταις · ἀναγράψαι δὲ τὰς
δεδομένας αὐτῷ δωρεὰς τοὺς νεωποίας, ὅπου καὶ ἀναγράφουσι
τὰς ἄλλας πολιτείας · •
No. 9.
καὶ ἰδίᾳ τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι τῶν πολιτῶν, καθότι ἂν ἕκαστος αὐτὸν
προσκαλέσηται· δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ ἐπαινέσαι .
.. ριδαιον [ ? ] ἀρετῆς ἕνεκεν καὶ εὐνοίαςκαὶστεφανῶσαιαὐτὸν χρυσέῳ
στεφάνῳ · δοῦναι δὲ [ πολιτείαν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίᾳ
καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις εὐεργέταις · ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ αὐτὸν | τοὺς
Εσσῆνας εἰς φυλὴν καὶ χιλιαστύν , ἀναγράψαι δὲ τόδε τὸ ψήφισμα τοὺς
νεωποίας εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς Αρτέμιδος οὗ καὶ τὰς ἄλλας πολιτείας
ἀναγράφουσι . ἔλαχε φυλὴγ Καρηναῖος ' [ ? ] , χιλιαστὺν . .
1 Καρηναῖος. Καρήνη [Καρίνη ] πόλις Μυσίας. Steph . Βyz. See No. 1 , note 5 ,
and cf. Duct. of Geogr . j . 516.
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 17
Games as to the rest of their benefactors ; and that the Temple
wardens inscribe the grants which have now been made to him
where they inscribe the other grants of citizenship .
No. 9.
and individually to those of the
citizens who have intercourse with him, according as each may
have invited his aid : it be hereby resolved by the Council and
People to commend . · • · [?] for his merit and good
will , and to crown him with a crown of gold ; furthermore to grant
citizenship to himself and to his descendants on equal and similar
terms as to their other benefactors ; and , moreover, that the Essenes
allot him a place in a tribe and a thousand, and that the Temple
wardens inscribe this decree in the Temple of Artemis where
they inscribe the other grants of citizenship .
Admitted into the Carenæan [ ? ] tribe and the · •
thousand.
No. 10 .
*Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . Ζώπυρος εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ Ζώϊλος
'A ... · • . | Ελαΐτης, διατρίβων ἐν τῇ πόλει, εὔνουν καὶ πρόθυμον
ἑαυτὸν παρέχεται καὶ κοινῇ τῷ δήμῳ | καὶ τῶν ἰδιωτῶν τοῖς ἐντυγ
χάνουσιν · δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ δοῦναι πολιτείαν | αὐτῷ ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ
ὁμοίῃ καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις εὐεργέταις , ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ [ αὐτὸν
καὶ εἰς φυλὴν καὶ χιλιαστύν · ταῦτα δὲ ὑπάρχειν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις . |
ἀναγράψαι δὲ τὸ ψήφισμα τοὺς νεωποίαςὅπου καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς πολιτείας
ἀναγράφουσιν , ὅπως ἅπαντες εἰδῶσιν ὅτι ὁ δῆμος τιμᾷ τοὺς εὐερ
γετοῦντας αὐτόν . ] ἔλαχε φυλὴν Ἐφεσεύς , χιλιαστὺν Βωρεύς.
1 Ἐλαΐτης. Ρaus. v. 24 : Ελαϊτῶν • • οἳ καταβάντι ἐκ Καϊκοῦ πεδίου ἐς θάλασσαν

πρῶτοι τῇ Αἰολίδι οἰκοῦσι.
2 Sic.
3 Βωρεύς. The same name was borne by a tribe at Cyzicus. Böckh, inscrr .
3663-6 (cited by Pape ).
!
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 19
No. 10 .
Zopyrus moved, That whereas Zoilus , son of A————, of Elæa ,
now living in this city, proves himself friendly and loyal to the
interests of the People in general, and of such private citizens as
have intercourse with him : it be hereby resolved by the Council
to grant him citizenship upon equal and similar terms as to
other public benefactors , and further, to allot him a place both in
a tribe and a thousand-these privileges to belong to himself and
to his descendants . Resolved also that the Temple-wardens
inscribe this decree where they inscribe the rest of the grants of
citizenship, to the end that all may know that the People honours
those who render it service.
Admitted into the Ephesian tribe and the Borean thousand.

No. II.
Εδοξε τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . Εὔπαλος Κρονίου εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ
Λυσικῶν Εὐμήλου Θηβαῖος πρόθυμον ἑαυτὸν πα-|ρέχεται καὶ κοινῇ
τῷ δήμῳ καὶ ἰδίᾳ τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι τῶμ πολιτῶν , καθότι ἂν ἕκαστος
αὐτὸν προσκαλέσηται· δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ | καὶ τῷ δήμῳ ἐπαινέσαι τε
Λυσικῶντα ἀρετῆς ἕνεκε ' καὶ εὐνοίας , καὶ στεφανῶσαι αὐτὸν χρυσέῳ
στεφάνῳ τὸν [ ἀγωνοθέτην τοῖς Διονυσίοις ? ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ · δοῦναι δὲ
καὶ πολιτείαν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις , ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίῃ · καὶ εἴσοδον εἰς ]
τὴμ βουλὴν καὶ τὸν δῆμον μετὰ τὰ ἱερὰ καὶ τὰ βασίλεα πρώτῳ , καὶ
εἴσπλουν καὶ ἔκπλουν καὶ ἐμ πολέμῳ καὶ εἰρήνῃ · [ ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ τοὺς

1
νεωποίας αὐτὸν καὶ εἰς φυλὴν καὶ εἰς χιλιαστύν ο
1
· ἔνεκε. Cf. Böckh , 658 ; ἀρετᾶς ἕνεκε (Steph . Τhes . ed. Hase, s. ἕνεκα ).
2 τοῖς Διονυσίοις . The Dionysia were celebrated at Athens, Argos , Corcyra ,
Tarentum, Naucratis , Pangæus, Paros ( Pape). Ephesus must now be added to the
list.
3 τὰ βασίλεα [ = βασίλεια ]. Le Bas , inscr . 87 : μετὰ τὰ ἱερὰ καὶ τὰ βασιλικά.
1
I
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 21
No. II.
Eupalus, son of Cronius, moved, That whereas Lysicon, son
of Eumelus, of Thebes , proves himself loyal to the People at large,
and individually to those of the citizens who have intercourse with
him, according as each may have invited his aid : it be hereby
resolved by the Council and the People to commend Lysicon for
his merit and goodwill, and that he be crowned with a crown of
gold by the President of the Games in the Theatre at the festival
of Dionysus ; further, that citizenship be granted to him and to
his descendants, upon equal and similar terms, and the privilege of
entering the assemblies of the Council and the People first after
the sacred and the royal rites, and of entering or leaving the
harbour at pleasure both in war and peace. Resolved also that
the Temple-wardens allot him a place both in a tribe and in a

thousand ...
!
C2
No. 12 .
῎Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . ᾿Αρτέμων Μητράδος ' [ ?] εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ
Θρασύμαχος | Ποσειδωνίου Μάγνης πρότερον διετέλει πρόθυμος
καὶ εὔνους ὢν τῷ δήμῳ , καὶ νῦν | τοῦ πολέμου γενομένου κατὰ τὴμ
πόλιν καὶ ἀναλισκομένων σωμάτων | τῶν καὶ ἐλευθέρων καὶ οἰκετικῶν,
πᾶσανπαρείχετο προθυμίαμ εἰς τὰ συμφέροντα | τῶμ πολιτῶν καὶ τοὺς
μὲν διέσῳζεν τῷ ἰδίῳ ἀναλώματι, τοὺς δὲ [ ἀπέστειλεν τοῖς προσήκουσιν
!
βουλομένους ἀπιέναι· δεδόχθαι ] τοῖς παραγινομένοις τῶμ πολιτῶν
¦
δοῦναι Θρασυμάχῳ | Ποσειδωνίου Μάγνητι πολιτείαν , αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκ
γόνοις , ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοία , καὶ ] ἀναγράψαι τοὺς νεωποίας τὰ δοθέντα
αὐτῷ ὅπου I καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ πολιτεῖαι εἰσὶν ἀναγεγραμμέναι · ] καὶ ὁ
δῆμος ὁ ᾿Εφεσίων χάριτας ἀποδιδοῖ Θρασυμάχῳ καὶ τὴμ | πολιτείαν
τῶν εὐεργετημάτων ἕνεκεν , ἐπικληροῖ δὲ αὐτὸν εἰς φυλὴν καὶ | χιλιαστύν .
ἔλαχε φυλὴν Βεμβίνης , χιλιαστὺν
1 Μητράδος. So the inscr. , apparently.

2 διέσῳζεν . On the forms σωΐζω , σῴζω , see Etym . Μ . s. v . Lipsius, Die biblische
Gräcität, p. 9, note.
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 23
No. 12 .
Resolved by the Council and the People
Artemon, son of Metras [ ? ], moved , That whereas Thrasy
machus, son of Poseidonius, of Magnesia, was ever in former days
loyal and friendly to the People, and now when the war befell
the city, and the lives of freemen as well as slaves were being
sacrificed, he manifested all zeal for the welfare of the citizens , and
at his own cost got some of them safe through, and sent others
home to their friends on their wishing to return : it be hereby
resolved by such of the citizens as are now present to grant
citizenship to Thrasymachus son of Poseidonius of Magnesia,
to himself and to his descendants, on equal and similar terms, and
that the Temple-wardens inscribe the grants now made to him
where the rest of such grants of citizenship have been inscribed .
Moreover the Ephesian People, in addition to conferring citizen
ship, offers its thanks to Thrasymachus for his good services,
and allots him a place in a tribe and a thousand.
Admitted into the Bembinean tribe and the . thousand .

No 13
ἐπειδὴ Νικήρατος
ἔδοξεν τῷ δήμῳ εἶναι
αὐτὸν πολίτην καθάπερ καὶ δέδοται τοῖς ἄλλοις εὐεργέταις.1
· Inscr . Ε0ΕΡΓΕΤΑΙΣ.
No. 14.
ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς καὶ
εὔνοιαγ καὶ προθυμίαν
• . ἀρετῆς ἕνεκεν καὶ
στεφανῶσαι αὐτὸν χρυσέῳ
στεφάνῳ ὅπως ἂν πάντες εἰδῶσιν ὅτι ὁ δῆμος
ον τοὺς νεωποίας
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 25
No. 13.
[Grant of citizenship to Niceratus, as a public benefactor. ]
No. 14.
[Vote of thanks and grant of a gold crown to some benefactor :

name lost. ]
No. 15 .
εὔνοιαν καὶ
προθυμίαν . αι · δεδόχθαι τῇ
βουλῇ · αὐτὸν τοὺς Εσσῆνας
ἀναγράφονται
No. 16 .
ļ
Ελαχε φυλὴν Βεμβινέων , χιλιαστὺν
No. 17 .
Εὐθυδάμῳ Εὐμήδους ῎Αρκαδι ἐκ Καφυᾶν ἡ Ἐφεσίων βουλή . Πύρων
εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ Εὐθύδαμος | πρόθυμος ἐστὶ περὶ τὸν δῆμον τὸν Ἐφεσίων,
ἔδοξεν τῷ δήμῳ εἶναι αὐτὸν πολίτηγ καὶ | πρόξενον , καὶ ἐκγόνους,
καθάπερ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις εὐεργέταις δέδοται: ἔλαχε φυλὴν | Καρηναῖος ,
χιλιαστὺν ᾿Αλθαιμενεύς .
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 27
No. 15.
[Grant of citizenship to a benefactor : name lost. ]
No. 16.
Admitted into the tribe of the Bembineans, and into the thou
sand ..
No. 17.
The Council ofEphesus to Euthydamus, son of Eumedes, ofCaphyæ

in Arcadia.
Pyron moved, That whereas Euthydamus is loyal towards the
People of Ephesus, it is resolved by the People that he be a citizen
and a proxenos, and his descendants [ likewise ], according to the
privilege which has been granted to their other benefactors.
Admitted into the Carenæan tribe and into the Althæmenean
thousand .
No. 18 .
῎Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . ᾿Επικράτης [ ? ] εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ ᾿Αντιφῶν
᾿Αντιμένοντος Ιστιαιεύς, | πρόθυμος ὢν εἰς τὸν δῆμον τὸν ᾿Εφεσίων ,
καταστὰς εἰς τὴν βουλὴν καὶ τὸν δῆμον | αἰτεῖται πολιτείαν · δεδόχθαι
τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ δοῦναι αὐτῷ πολιτείαν ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ | καὶ ὁμοίῃ · ἐπι
κληρῶσαι δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ εἰς φυλὴν καὶ χιλιαστύν · καὶ ἀναγράψαι ὅπου
καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ | πολιτεῖαι ἀναγεγραμμέναι εἰσί . ἔλαχε φυλὴν ᾿Εφεσεύς ,
χιλιαστὺν ᾿Αργαδεύς .
1 ’Αντιμένοντος. ‘ Manns. att. Grabstele im Φιλόπατρις vom 1o April , 1859 ’

( Pape ).
2 Ιστιαιεύς [3 ]. Inscr. ΙΣΤΙΑΙΕΙ [?].
No. 19.
Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . Ἡρογείτων εἶπεν · περὶ ὧν οἱ
νεωποῖαι καὶ οἰκουρῆτες! κατασταθέντες διελέχθησαν ] τῇ βουλῇ , καὶ
1 οἰκουρῆτες . i.q. οἰκοφύλακες [Æsch . Supp . : Ζεὺς . . οἰκοφύλαξ ὁσίων ἀνδρῶν ].

Cf. Ar. Lys . 759 : τὸν ὄφιν τὸν οἰκουρόν = τὸν τῆς Πολιάδος φύλακα ( Phot. lex. s.
οἰκουρός ) .
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 29
No. 18.
Epicrates [ ? ] moved, That whereas Antiphon, son of Antimenon
of Histiæa [?], being loyal to the People of Ephesus , appears before
the Council and the People and asks for citizenship : it be
hereby resolved by the Council and the People to grant him.
citizenship upon equal and similar terms ; furthermore, to allot him

.
a place in a tribe and in a thousand , and to inscribe [ this grant]
where the rest of the grants of citizenship have been inscribed.
Admitted into the Ephesian tribe, and into the Argadean
thousand.
No. 19.
Herogeiton moved, That, in the matter upon which the
Temple-wardens and custodians came forward and addressed the
Council, and produced a vote from the Senate and the Privy
τὸ ψήφισμα ἤνεγκαν τῆς γερουσίας καὶ τῶν ἐπικλήτων ὑπὲρ Εὐφρονίου
πολιτείας · δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ · | ἐπειδὴ Εὐφρόνιος Ηγήμονος ᾿Ακαρνὰν
πρότερόν τε εὔνους ὢν καὶ πρόθυμος διετέλει περὶ τὸν δῆμον τὸν
Εφεσίων , καὶ νῦν | ἀποσταλείσης πρεσβείας πρὸς Πρεπέλαον ὑπὸ
τῆς γερουσίης καὶ τῶν ἐπικλήτων ὑπὲρ τοῦ σταθμοῦ τοῦ ἱεροῦ καὶ τῆς
ἀτελεί- ας τῇ θεῷ, συνδιῴκησεν μετὰ τῆς πρεσβείας ὅπως ἂν ἡ ἀτέλεια

1
ὑπάρχῃ τῇ θεῷ, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἐν ἅπασι καιροῖς διατελεῖ | χρήσιμος ὢν
καὶ κοινῇ τῷ δήμῳ , καὶ ἰδίᾳ τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι τῶμ πολιτῶν · ἐγνῶσθαι
ἐπαινέσαι τε Εὐφρόνιον εὐνοίας ἕνεκεν | ἣν ἔχει περί τε τὸ ἱερὸν καὶ
τὴμ πόλιν · καὶ δοῦναι αὐτῷ πολιτείαν ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίῃ , αὐτῷ καὶ
ἐκγόνοις · ἀναγράψαι δὲ αὐτῷ τὴμ | πολιτείαν εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς ᾿Αρτέ
μιδος, οὗ καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ πολιτεῖαι ἀναγεγραμμέναι εἰσίν · ἐπικληρῶσαι
δὲ αὐτὸν καὶ εἰς φυλὴν καὶ εἰς | χιλιαστύν· ὅπως ἂν εἰδῶσι πάντες ὅτι
--------
2 γερουσίας [infr. 1. 7 , γερουσίης]. Strab . xiv. r : ἦν δὲ γερουσία καταγραφο
μένη · τούτοις δὲ συνῄεσαν οἱ ἐπίκλητοι καλούμενοι καὶ διῴκουν πάντα . He is speak
ing of the time of Lysimachus , see Dict. of Geogr. i . 837 , where Mr. Long adds, 6We
may conclude that it [ Ephesus ] had a Boule and also a Demos, or popular assembly ' 1
—a conjecture abundantly confirmed by these inscriptions. For γερουσία , as distinct
from βουλή in the Asiatic cities , see Bailie , i . 169 ; ii . 19 : ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆμος καὶ ἡ I
γερουσία . Le Bas, inscr. 141 : καθιέρωσαν δὲ καὶ τῇ βουλῇ ἀργύρων ὁμοίως καὶ I
I
τῇ γερουσίᾳ .
3 ἐπικλήτων . See last note ; and cf. Herod . viii . nor : ἐβουλεύετο ἅμα Περσέων
τοῖσι ἐπικλήτοισι .
4 Πρεπέλαον . Diod . Sic. xx. 107 [B.C. 302 ?] .
5 Inscr . ΣΥΝΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΕΝ , an error for ΣΥΝΔΙΩΙΚΗΣΕΝ [?].
7
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 31
Councillors touching the granting of citizenship to Euphronius :
Whereas Euphronius, son of Hegêmon, of Acarnania, was ever
in former days friendly and loyal towards the People of Ephesus ;
and of late, on occasion of an embassy being sent to Prepelaus by
the Senate and the Privy- Councillors on the subject of the sacred
: balances and exemption from duty, he joined the embassy in
arranging that the goddess should have the proposed exemption ;
and whereas in all other respects he is at all seasons serviceable
both to the People at large and individually to such of the citizens
as have intercourse with him : it be hereby determined to commend
Euphronius for the goodwill which he entertains towards the
Temple and the City, and to grant him citizenship on equal and
similar terms, to belong to himself and to his descendants : further
more, that the grant of citizenship be inscribed in his honour
in the Temple of Artemis where the rest of such grants have been
inscribed, and that he be allotted a place both in a tribe and in a
thousand, to the end all men may know that the People of
Ephesus honours with appropriate gifts those who render service
to the Temple and the City.
Admitted into the Ephesian tribe and the Argadean thousand.
6
1
1
i
1
ὁ δῆμος ὁ ᾿Εφεσίων τοὺς εὐεργετοῦντας τό τε ἱερὸν καὶ τὴμ πόλιν
τιμᾷ δωρεαῖς ταῖς προσηκούσαις . | ἔλαχε φυλὴν Ἐφεσεύς , χιλιαστὺν
᾿Αργαδεύς .
No. 20 .
δοῦναι αὐτῷ πολιτείαν · ἔλαχε φυλὴν .
χιλιαστὺν Χηλώνεος .
No. 21 .
εἶπεν · ἐπειδὴ • ·
Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ · I
1
πρόθυμος | ἐστὶ καὶ εὔνους τῷ δήμῳ καὶ ἰδίᾳ τῷ ἐντυγχάνοντι τῶν
"
πολιτῶν |1 ὧν ἂν δείηται ' προθυμίης οὐθὲμ φειδόμενος· δεδόχθαι τῇ .
"
βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ δοῦναι [ αὐτῷ πολιτείαν ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίῃ καθάπερ
καὶ τοῖς λοιποῖς εὐεργέταις , καὶ αὐτῷ | καὶ ἐκγόνοις · ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ
αὐτὸν εἰς φυλὴν καὶ χιλιαστύν . ἔλαχε φυλὴν . · χιλιαστὺν

.
.
Σιμώνεος. .
———
1 δείηται. For this form , cf. Franz, Elm. Epigraph . Grac. p . 150.
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 33
No. 20.
to grant him citizenship
Admitted into the . tribe and the Chelonean thousand.
No. 21 .
moved, That whereas . • · is loyal and friendly
to the People and individually to any one of the citizens who has
intercourse with him, sparing no endeavour to do whatever he may
require it be hereby resolved by the Council and the People to
grant citizenship to him on equal and similar terms, to belong to
himself and to his descendants, and, furthermore, to allot him a
1 place in a tribe and a thousand.
Admitted into the . . . . tribe and the Simonean thousand.

1
IONS
34 INSCRIPT FROM THE
No. 22 .
Διόδωρος εἶπεν ·᾿Αμφικτύων Ιάσονος Μυτιληναῖος ἐπειδὴ πρόθυμον καὶ
εὔνουν ἑαυτὸν παρέχεται καὶ κοινῇ τῷ δήμῳ | καὶ ἰδίᾳ περὶ τοὺς ἐντυγ
χάνοντας τῶν πολιτῶν· δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ δοῦναι αὐτῷ
πολιτείαν | ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ καὶ ὁμοίῃ · ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ αὐτὸν εἰς φυλὴν καὶ
χιλιαστύν . ἔλαχε | φυλὴν Εὐώνυμος, χιλιαστὺν Γα ·
No. 23.
Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . ᾿Αριστὲυς εἶπεν · Ἐπειδὴ ᾿Αριστο
φάνης᾿Αριστείδους Τήϊος εὔνουν ἑαυτὸν παρέχεται καὶ κοινῇ τῷ | δήμῳ
καὶ τῶμ πολιτῶν τοῖς ἀφικνουμένοις , καὶ νῦν • ·

ἀποσταλέντος
εἰς Τέω ὑπὸ τῆς πόλεως πολλὴν εὔνοιαγ καὶ προθυμίαμ παρείχετο ·
δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ διῦναι ᾿Αριστοφάνῃ
᾿Αριστείδους Τηΐῳ πολιτείαν , αὐτῷ καὶ ἐκγόνοις · ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ αὐτὸν
1 Ευώνυμος . ‘ Phyle in Ephesos nach dem attischen Demos . . . benannta

(Pape ). See No. 1 , note .
2 τοῖς ἀφικνουμένοις . Cf. Ant. Greek Inscr . in British Museum ,i. ( Attica) , p. 26 :
ἐστὶν ἀνὴρ ἀγαθὸς • " περὶ ᾿Αθηναίους τοῖς ἀφικνουμένοις εἰς τὴν χώραν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ .
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 35
No. 22 .
Diodorus moved, That whereas Amphictyon, son of Jason, of
Mytilene, proves himself loyal and friendly to the People at large ,
and individually in relation to those of the citizens who have inter
course with him : it be hereby resolved by the Council and the
People to grant him citizenship upon equal and similar terms, and,
furthermore, to allot him a place in a tribe and a thousand.
Admitted into the Euonymian tribe and the Ga . . . . an
thousand.
No. 23.
Aristeus moved, That whereas Aristophanes [ ? ] , son of
Aristeides, of Teos , proves himself friendly to the People at large,
and to such of the citizens as visit [ Teos ] ; and of late, when
• was sent to Teos by the State, he manifested much loyalty
and goodwill it be hereby resolved by the Council and the
People to grant citizenship to Aristophanes [ ?], son of Aristeides,
D
NS
IPTIO
36 INSCR FROM THE
εἰς φυλὴν | καὶ χιλιαστύν · ἀναγράψαι δὲ τὸ ψήφισμα τοὺς νεωποίας
ὅπου καὶ τὰς λοιπὰς ἀναγράφουσι πολιτείας . ἔλαχε φυλὴν
χιλιαστὺν
No. 24.
῎Εδοξεν τοῖς ᾑρημένοις ἐκ τοῦ δήμου ἐπὶ τῷ σίτῳ , ποιήσασθαι πολίτας
τρεῖς εἰς τὰ συμφέροντα τοῦ δήμου τοῦ ᾽Εφεσίων | καὶ τῆς βουλῆς ·
ἀναγράψαι δὲ τὰ ὀνόματα τῶν γενομένων πολιτῶν τοὺς νεωποίας ὅπου
καὶ τοὺς ἄλλους πολίτας ἀναγράφουσιν ] . των ᾿Αθηναγόρου ·
Διονύσιος Χάρμου · ᾿Απολλώνιος Εὐθήνου . ἔλαχον φυλὴν ᾿Εφεσεῖς ,

1
χιλιαστὺν Οἰνῶπες.
1 Οἰνῶπες . The name of a tribe at Cyzicus (Pape , referring to Böckh , inscrr .

3663-6 ). Cf. No. το ( Βωρεύς ).
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 37
of Teos, to himself and his descendants ; furthermore, to allot
him a place in a tribe and a thousand ; and, moreover, that this
decree be inscribed by the Temple-wardens where they inscribe
the rest of the grants of citizenship .
Admitted into the . · tribe and the . thousand.
No. 24.
Resolved by those who have been chosen from the People in
reference to the corn-supply to adopt three citizens, having
regard to the interests ofthe Ephesian People and Council : further,
that the names of the citizens so made be inscribed by the Temple
wardens where they inscribe those of the other citizens.
ton, son of Athenagoras, Dionysius, son of Charmus ,
Apollonius, son of Euthenus, were admitted into the Ephesian
tribe and into the Enopian thousand.

TIONS
38 INSCRIP FROM THE
No. 25 .
*Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ . Μητρᾶς ' εἶπεν . ἐπειδὴ᾿Αρχέστρατος
Νίκωνος Μακεδών, οἰκεῖος ὢν τοῦ βασιλέως καὶ γενόμενος | ἐγ Κλαζο
μέναις στρατηγός , πιστόν τε αὑτὸμ παρέσχηται εἰς τὰ τοῦ βασιλέως
πράγματα , καὶ τῇ πόλει τὰ πλοῖα τὰ σιτηγὰ ? ἔσωσεν · τὴμ βουλὴγ ] καὶ
τὸν δῆμον τὸν ᾿Εφεσίων καὶ στεφανῶσαι χρυσέῳ στεφάνῳ καὶ ἀναγγεῖλαι
τοῖς Διονυσίοις ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ τῆς ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ αὐτὸν | καὶ
εἰς φυλὴν καὶ χιλιαστύν · εἶναι δὲ αὐτῷ καὶ προεδρίαν ἐν τοῖς ἀγῶσι
καὶ ἀτέλειαν ὧν ἂν εἰσάγηται ἢ ἐξάγηται · καὶ ἀναγράψαι τὸ ψήφισμα |
τοὺς νεωποίας εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος , ὅπου καὶ αἱ λοιπαὶ πολιτεῖαι
ἀναγεγραμμέναι εἰσί· ὅπως ἅπαντες ἂν εἰδῶσι ὅτι ὁ δῆμος ὁ ᾿Εφεσίων,

Į
κ.τ.λ.
1 Μητράς, i.q. Μητρόδωρος . Cf. Cramer , Anecdota , ii. 27ο [cited in Steph . Thes .
{ed . Hase )]. ;
2 σιτηγά = σιταγωγά . ‘ Dem . 1213 , 2 ’ (L . and S. ).
1
1
I I
I
1
TEMPLE OF DIANA. 39
No. 25.
Metras moved, That whereas Archestratus, son of Nicon of
Macedonia, being on friendly terms with the King, and in com
mand at Clazomenæ, has proved himself to be faithful to the
King's interests, and saved the corn-ships for this City : the
Council and the People of Ephesus crown Archestratus with a
crown of gold, and proclaim it at the festival of Dionysus in the
Theatre of [ ? ] . . . . . ; further, that they allot him a place both
in a tribe and in a thousand, and that he possess the privilege of
occupying a front seat at the Games, and exemption from duty on
all articles which he may import or export. And that this decree
be inscribed by the Temple-wardens in the Temple of Artemis
where the rest of these grants of citizenship have been inscribed ,
that all men may know that the Ephesian people honours those
who render it service, &c.

No. 26.
καὶ ἐπικληρῶσαι αὐτὸν εἰς φυλὴν καὶ
χιλιαστύν · ἀναγράψαι δὲ τόδε τὸ
ψήφισμα τοὺς νεωποίας εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν
τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος , ὅπου καὶ τὰς ἄλλας
πολιτείας ἀναγράφουσιν. ἔλαχε φυλὴν
Εφεσεύς , χιλιαστὺν Ρόδιος [ ? ] .

TEMPLE OF DIANA. 41
No. 26.
and to allot him a place in a tribe and a thousand ; furthermore,
that the Temple-wardens inscribe this decree in the t Temple of
Artemis, where they inscribe the other grants of citizenship.
Admitted into the Ephesian tribe, and the Rhodian [?]
thousand.
42 TABLE OF EPHESIAN TRIBES AND THOUSANDS.
Tribes ( φυλαί) and thousands (χιλιαστύες ) mentioned in the fore
going inscriptions :
ΦΥΛΑΙ ΧΙΛΙΑΣΤΥΕΣ
Ἐφεσεῖς ᾿Αργαδεῖς
‫נין‬ Βωρεῖς
99 Λεβέδιοι
99 Οἰνῶπες
"" Ρόδιοι [ ?]
Βεμβινεῖς Αἰγώτεοι
Καρηναῖοι ᾿Αλθαιμενεῖς
Εὐώνυμοι Τα . •
Τήϊοι Ἡγητόρειοι
[?] 'Εχύρεοι
[?] Σιμώνεοι
[ ?] Χηλώνεοι
INSCRIPTIONS
FROM THE
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA

Į
I
2 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE I
1
No. I.
(Found on the north side ofthe Temple, six feet below the surface. )
Αὐρήλιον
῾Ερμόφιλον
ἐπίτροπον
τοῦ Σεβ .
5 Αὐρήλιος
Φιλόνεικος
ἑκατόνταρχος
τὸν εὐεργέτην .
No. 2 .
ἀρχιέρειαν τῆς
᾿Ασίας ναῶν τῶν
ἐν Εφέσῳ ,
5 τὴν τειμὴν ἀ
ναστησάντων
Οὐετυληνίου
1
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. 3
No. I.
[ To] Aurelius Hermophilus, procurator Augusti, [ erected by]
Aurelius Philoneicus, a centurion , [ to ] his benefactor.
A sepulchral inscription, probably erected by a freedman . On the imperial

procurators see Marquardt, Handb. d. Röm. Alterth. iii. 300 : another person is
called iπirρоnós pov in a letter of Antoninus Pius ; see Inscriptions from the Odeum,
No. 2. The form Tov Evɛpyέrŋr at the end occurs in various inscriptions.
No. 2 .
[ To] . . "" [priestess of] the temples of Asia that are
in Ephesus, the memorial ( ' honour ' ) having been erected by
Vetulenius Sabinianus of the tribunitiate (' chiliarchia ' ) , and
A2
Σαβεινιάνου
ἀπὸ χειλιαρχίας
10 καὶ Οὐετυληνίου
Αὐγουρείνου
ἱππικῶν,
ὑῶν αὐτῆς
τῆς γλυκυτάτης
15 μητρός.
Νο . 3 ·
Matidiae,
Divae Marcianae
Augustae nepti, Divae
Matidiae Augustae filiae, Divae
5 Sabinae Augustae sorori,
Imperatoris Antonini Augusti Pii
materterae, Bule et Civitas
Efesiorum ,
curam agente Successo liberto Procuratore.

¦
Vetulenius Augurinus, men of equestrian rank, sons of her their
much beloved mother.
A sepulchral inscription to a lady, priestess of the temples at Ephesus belonging

to the imperial worship celebrated by the Community (kotrór) of associated cities in
the province of Asia. See Marquardt, Handb. d. röm. Alterth. iii. 1. 140 f. , and
especially Waddington , Voy. Arch. iii. No. 885 several inscriptions cited by
Marquardt (C. I. G. 3151 , 3211 , 3415 , 3508 ) supply the contents of line 2. On
Tμ as a statue see Boeckh on C. I. G. 3192 ( cf. 3199 , 3200 ) ; also Le Bas,
Voy. Arch. p. 19, another Ephesian inscription printed by C. Curtius, Hermes, iv.
193 (who refers to C. I. G. 2954. 87 ) , and No. 139 of Le Bas and Waddington. On
the tribunitiate or chiliarchia see Guhl, Ephesiaca 73 f. , and an inscription at
Aphrodisias in C. I. G. 2803 .
No. 3 .
'In honour of Matidia,' granddaughter of diva Marciana
Augusta, daughter of diva Matidia Augusta, sister of diva Sabina
Augusta, maternal aunt of the Emperor Antoninus Augustus
Pius, by the Bovλn and City of the Ephesians, the freedman
Successus, Procurator, being clerk of the works.'
This Matidia therefore was the sister of Hadrian's wife Sabina, both of them
being daughters of the elder Matidia, daughter of Trajan's sister Marciana.
Antoninus Pius then being son by adoption of Hadrian and Sabina, this younger
Matidia was his (adoptive ) aunt on the mother's side.
The inscription belongs to the reign of Antoninus (A.D. 138-161 ) ; and probably
to its first year, as he is not styled P.P. (pater patriae), a title which he received in
139.
}
No. 4.
[ T. ] Claudio, T. filio, Papiria, Xenophonti, Procuratori
*
Augusti ad bona co . . . nda in Africa, Procuratori Provinciae
Asiae , Subpraefecto annonae Urbis , Procuratori Illyrici per
Moesiam Inferiorem et Dacias tres, Procuratori argentariarum
Pannoniarum et Dalmatiarum, Procuratori Daciae Apulensis,
Procuratori in Aegypto ad Epistrategiam septem Nomorum et
Arsinoitum, Procuratori viarum Urbis, Salvianus, Augusti nostri
verna, Dispensator rationis extraordinariae
Provinciae Asiae.
*
Coemenda perhaps, as the first syllable was co not con.
¹ It is certainly T. not Tr. on the stone. Of course Ti. (Tiberius) is far more
common as a praenomen of the Claudii, but T. (Titus ) does occur both with
Claudius and Clodius.
2 Illyricum was a general term and comprehended the two Moesias, the three
Dacias, and some other adjoining provinces. He was therefore Proc. of the part
of Illyricum comprehended in Lower Moesia and all the three Dacias.
3 One of the three Dacias was called Apulensis from the town of Apulum
(Carlsburg).
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA.
7
|
1 No. 4 .
'Erected by Salvianus, born slave of our Lord Augustus, and
cashier of the extraordinary expenditure in the province of Asia,
1
in honour of Titus Claudius Xenophon, son of Titus, of the
Papirian tribe, Procurator of Augustus for * purchasing estates in
Africa, Procurator of the province of Asia, Subprefect of the corn
supplies for the City, Procurator of 2Illyricum throughout Lower
Moesia and the three Dacias, Procurator of the silver- mines in
both the Pannonias and both the Dalmatias, Procurator of Dacia
Apulensis, Procurator in Egypt of the Epistrategia of the
Seven Nomes and the Arsinoitae, and Procurator of the ways of
the City .'
4 Egypt was divided into three Epistrategiae or chief military districts, each of
which was under an Epistrategos or supreme military governor, and had an Imperial
Procurator. One of these Epistrategiae, comprehending Middle Egypt, was called
the Heptanomis or Seven Nomes, and its capital was Arsinoe. All Egypt was sub
divided into Nomes.
No. 5.
Ti. Claudio Vibiano Tertullo
ab epistulis Graecis
et a rationibus Augustorum
et Praefecto vigilum
Spectatus Augustorum nostrorum
Libertus, Adiutor tabulariorum ob me
rita eius .
Τιβέριον Κλαύδιον Οὐειβιανὸν
Τέρτυλλον τὸν
ἐπὶ τῶν ῾Ελληνικῶν
ἐπιστολῶν καὶ τῶν
καθόλου λόγων τῶν
μεγίστων αὐτοκρατό
ρων καὶ ἔπαρχον οὐι
γούλων.
Σπέκτατος Σεβαστῶν ἀπελεύ
θερος , βοηθὸς ταβλαρίων ,
τὸν ἴδιον εὐεργέτην .

No. 5 .
' Erected by Spectatus, freedman of our Lords the Augusti ,
1
¹ assistant accountant, in honour of Tiberius Claudius Vibianus
2 2
Tertullus, Greek secretary and steward of the Augusti and
Praefect of the Watch, in gratitude for his good offices .'
¹ Adiutor tabulariorum was a common office, as it occurs often in inscriptions.

2 Ab epistulis, a rationibus : this use of ab, and the corresponding ô éπɩ tôv in
Greek, are exceedingly frequent in inscriptions.
No. 6.
TI. IVLIVM. C ..
... 10. PROVINC
CORNAE IAE . ITEM
DRVMO ASIAE
TRIB. M M. VLPIVS
5. RINAT . O. REPENTI
CIVM . EQ . 15. PENSAVIT . .
AVG. PRO CIA . ASIAE ..
VAE . TR . ΤΑ
RIS AVG.. H ..
No. 7 .
Į
·
Ὑπατικὸν Ποντιφίκα Ὑμμιδίου Κοδράτου πατέρα κήδε
παντοίης ἀρετῆς στάθμην , ῥυσίπτολιν ἄνδρα ,

i
ἔξοχον ῾Ελλήνων, πρόκριτον Αυσονίων ,

Τ
κλεινοῦ Κοδράτοιο φίλον πατέρ᾽, ᾧ βασιλεῖον
ἁρμονίη θάλαμον πήξατ᾽ ἐπ᾽ εὐγαμίῃ ,
῾Αδριανὸς Μούσαισι μέλων ἀνέθηκε Σεούηρον,
εἰκὼ χαλκείην οὖνεκα προστασίης
Υμῖν , ἄνδρες Ιωνες, ἀγάλματα καλὸν ὁρᾶσθαι
αἰὲν, ὅτ᾽ ἔστεπται πλησίῳ ἐν τεμένει .
No. 8. No. 10 .
ΑΝΝΟ . PR
M. PAL
PRO .
VENE . .
FACIEN •
CVR . . . PAVLVS AV .
VERNA ARKARIVS
No. 9.
PRAEPOSITO
IVS. AMPHIO .
. . IA . P. L. IVCVNDA . IVSTISSIMO .
SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA. JI
No. 7.
A man of consular rank, a pontifex, the father of Ummidius
Quadratus, '
Hadrianus, a friend of the Muses, dedicated this statue to
Severus, a patriot citizen , a model of virtue of every kind, a prin
cipal man among the Greeks, and eminent among the Italians,
2
the dear father of the famous Quadratus, for whom wedded love
3
built a royal chamber for a happy married life : a statue of
5
bronze to commemorate his patronage. To you, men of Ionia !
it is ever pleasing to see images [when they are crowned] in
this grove near your city.
A very interesting inscription, in parts difficult to read, but nearly certain in

every line but the last.
The epithet in v. 1 is certainly puσínroλir, ' protector of his city.' The word
occurs in Aesch. , Sept. c. Theb. , 120 .
This is perhaps the Ummidius Quadratus, governor of Syria, mentioned by
Tacitus, Ann. xii . 45 and 54 , the rival of the celebrated Corbulo. His death is
mentioned, Ann . xiv. 26, in the fourth consulship of Nero . But there were others
ofthe same name.
2 Or Kλɛtroυ may be a proper name.
3
Or, built a chamber that was a palace to them.'
"
4 Lit. dedicated Severus (as ) a bronze statue .'
5 Hadrianus seems to have been client to his patronus Quadratus, or possibly to
Severus.
For additional notes on this inscription, see Postscript at end of Appendix .
¦
12 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE A
No. II .
Βουλή .
τῶν μαθητῶν
Τ. Φλ. Υψικλῆς Τιανος ·
Ρόδιος
¡
5 Τ. Φλ . Πλαικιανὸς Ἐφέσιος ·
Ρόδιος Πρεῖσκος
Τ . Κλ . Καλλίξενος Κιλβιανός ·
-
Ιεραπολίτης Κλ . Σάλβιος ·
και και με
Αὐρ . ῎Ατταλος Φωκαεύς ·
10 Νεικαεὺς Αἰλ. Λυκεῖνος ·
Λει . Μάρκελλος᾿Ανκυρανός ·
᾿Αντιοχεὺς Μεττιανός ·
Κόλων Καύνιος ·
Δίς με σοφιστὴν πρῶτον ᾿Αθήνηθεν κάλεσαντο
15 Σώτηρον βουλῆς δόγμασιν ᾿Ανδροκλίδαι

F
----
Πρώτῳ δὲ ἀντ᾿ ἀρετῆς τε βίου σοφίης τε λόγοιο

9
Ωρισαν ἐν τιμαῖς μυρία δῶρα τελεῖν .
.
No. II .
The Council .
of his disciples.
T. Flavius Hypsicles of Tion ;
Of Rhodes,
T. Flavius Plaecianus of Ephesus ;
Of Rhodes, Priscus ;
T. Claudius Callixenus of Cilbianum ;
Of Hierapolis, Claudius Salvius ;
Aurelius Attalus of Phocaea ;
Of Nicaea, Ælius Lycinus ;
Li. Marcellus of Ancyra ;
Of Antiochia, Mettianus ;
Colon of Caunus.
Twice did the Androclidae¹ summon from Athens me Soterus, ²
a sophist, first by decrees of the Council ; and on me first as
a reward for virtue of life and wisdom of speech they resolved
by way of honour to bestow numberless gifts .
Androclus was the reputed founder of Ephesus, Strabo, xiv. p. 632 , 640.
2 A sophist of this name is mentioned somewhat contemptuously by Philostratus,
Vit. Soph. ii. 23, as having resided at Ephesus.
No. 12 .
( From a pedestal. )
σύνκλητον
ἡ νεοκόρος Εφεσίων πόλις · καθιερώσαντος
Πεδανίου Φούσκου Σαλεινάτορος ἀνθυπάτου
διὰ πρεσβευτοῦ καὶ ἀντιστρατήγου Γαΐου
᾿Αρμινίου Γάλλου ψηφισαμένου Τιβερίου
Κλαυδίου Ιουλιανοῦ φιλοπάτριδος καὶ
I
φιλοσεβάστου τοῦ γραμματέως τοῦ δήμου .
am
No. 13 .
Αὐτοκράτορα Καίσαρα Θεοῦ Νερούα υἱὸν Νερούαν
Τραιανὸν Σεβαστὸν Γερμανικὸν Δακικὸν ἡ φιλοσέ
βαστος Ἐφεσίων βουλὴ καὶ ὁ νεοκόρος δῆμος κα
θιέρωσαν ἐπὶ ἀνθυπάτου Βιττίου Πρόκλου
ψηφισαμένου Τ . Φλα . ᾿Αριστοβούλου Ασιάρχου
γραμματέως τοῦ δήμου υἱοῦ Πυθίωνος αρ ·
γυμνασιαρχούντων γυμνασιαρχίας εν
δος το σ • · Φ α
ιας μυρτ .
No. 12.
the Senate . the devout city of the Ephesians.
Dedicated by Pedanius Fuscus Salinator¹ the proconsul as repre
sented by the legate and propraetor Gaius Arminius Gallus , in
accordance with a decree of Tiberius Claudius Julianus, the Recorder
of the people, loyal to his country and to Augustus.
Pedanius was the colleague of Hadrian in the consulship, A.D. 118. His name
is given in full in Boeckh, Corp. Inscr., No. 1732 .
No. 13.
The Emperor Caesar Nerva Trajanus Augustus Germanicus
Dacicus, son of Divus Nerva , dedicated by the loyal Council of the
Ephesians and the devout People in the proconsulship of Vettius
Proculus,¹ in accordance with a decree of T. Flavius Aristobulus,
son of Pythion, Asiarch and Recorder of the People · . the
gymnasiarchs being
Vettius Proculus was proconsul about A. D. 112 : see Waddington, Fastes der
Provinces Asiatiques, p. 716.
No. 14.
(Found in wall on site ofthe Temple, 8 feet below present surface ofground. )
1
᾿Αττίδιον Ἰοῦσκον ' Πραίτορα καὶ πρεσβευτὴν
γενέρωσον καὶ εὐγενέστατον Στερτίνιος Μάξιμος
Εὐτύχης , ἱππικὸς ῾Ρωμαίων, θύτης τῶν ἑξήκοντα ,
σκρείβας λιβράριος κουαιστώριος, τὸν ἴδιον πάτρωνα .
No. 15 .
( From a pedestal. )
Τῆς πρώτης καὶ μεγίστης μητροπόλεως
τῆς ᾿Ασίας καὶ δὶς νεωκόρου τῶν Σεβαστῶν ᾿Εφεσίων
πόλεως ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἐτείμησαν Τ. Φλ .
Σαρπηδόνα ᾿Ακμονέα καὶ ᾿Εφέσιον , παῖδα κωμῳδόν ,
ἀρετῆς ἕνεκα καὶ σώφρονος ἀσκήσεως
καὶ τῆς περὶ τὴν ὑπόκρισιν ἐπιμελείας νικήσαντα
τὸν ἀγῶνα τῶν μεγάλων ἱερῶν᾿ Αρτεμισίων ἀγωνοθετοῦντος Λου .
Αὐρηλίου Φίλωνος .
No. 14.
To Attidius Fuscus, Praetor and Legate, noble and high born ;
erected by Stertinius Maximus Eutyches, a Roman of equestrian
rank, a sacrificer belonging to the Sixty, scribe and clerk to the
quaestor, in honour of his own patron.
The name is engraved so, but should probably be ovokor, Tovokor, or ' Iovator.
No. 15.
The Council and People of the first and greatest metropolis
of Asia, twice Temple-warden of the Augusti, the city of the
Ephesians, in honour of T. Flavius Sarpedon, the Acmonean
and Ephesian, a boy comedian, as a reward for his excellence and
his studious training, and his care bestowed on his acting, after his
victory in the contest at the great festival of the Artemisia ; the
president of the games being Lucius Aurelius Philo.
2
No. 16.
(From the door-jamb of the last Temple of Diana. )
ΑΥΡΗΛΙΟΝ
. . Ν. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΝ . ΦΑΔΙΛΛΑΝ .
. ΟΝ . ΕΥΣΕΒΟΥΣ . ΘΥΓΑΤΕΡΑ .
ΑΔΕΛΦΟΝ. Μ . ΑΥΡΗΛΙΟΥ .
ΑΝΤΩΝΕΙΝΟΥ .
ΚΑΙΣΑΡΟΣ . ΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΥ
ΤΩΝ . Η. ΦΙΛΟΣΕΒΑΣΤΟΣ . ΕΦΕΣΙΩΝ. ΒΟΥΛΗ . ΚΑΙ .
ΣΤΟΥ. ΤΟΥ . ΓΡΑΜΜΑΤΕΩΣ . ΤΟΥ . ΔΗΜΟΥ .
(On anotherfragment of door-jamb.)
ΦΑΥΣΤΕΙΝΑΝ .
|
ΘΥΓΑΤΕΡΑ .
Μ . ΑΥΡΗΛΙΟΥ .
ΑΝΤΩΝΕΙΝΟΥ .
(On another fragment of door -janb .)
ΦΑΥΣΤΕΙΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑΤΩΡΑ
ΘΕΑΝΑΥΤΟ ΚΑΙ •
No. 16 .
Fadilla and Faustina, two daughters of the Emperor Marcus
Aurelius, are here mentioned, and the doors of the temple were
probably repaired in their time ; the name of the secretary is missing
No. 17.
(Fragments ofdedicatory inscriptions from the torus of the column-bases; takenfrom the
Schedae epigraphicae by Herr Hermanus Roehl. )
ΓΙ ΣΑΡΔΙΗΝHAPT ΔΙΤ ΟΥΔΟ
γι . . Σαρδιηνὴ ᾿Αρτέμιδι τὸν οὐδὸν ἀνέθηκεν
ΡΟ ΔΡΟΥ
. . ἀνδρου
EM ANE Ο PY NH ANT
᾿Αρτέμιδι ἀνέθηκε,
ΕΥΣ ΕΘΗ ΤΟΥ HKE ΕΘΗ
ἀνέθηκε , ἀνέθηκε, ἀνέθηκε ,
ΘΡ NEO E ОА ΡΙΣΤ
θρασυ ᾿Αριστ .
ΤΕΛ KE ОА ΜΙΔΟ APT
τέλης , ἀνέθηκε, ᾿Αρτέμιδος , ᾿Αρτέμιδι.

20 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE SITE OF THE TEMPLE OF DIANA.
No. 18 .
μω του •
διω πασῶν τῶν κρίσεων καὶ τὰ ἆθλα δόντα
τοῖς μουσικοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἀθληταῖς ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων
καὶ πανηγυριαρχήσαντα τῶν ᾿Αρτεμεισήων καὶ
ἀγωνοθετήσαντα τῶν μεγάλων Πυθίων καὶ
ἀρχιερατεύσαντα τῶν ἐπ᾽ Ἰωνίας καὶ ‘Ελλησπόντου
καὶ ἀγωνοθετήσαντα τῶν χρυσοφόρων, δόντα
καὶ κείονας τῇ πόλει εἰς τὸ ἀρχαῖον γυμνάσιον .
των ποιησαμένης Οὐλπίας . . . τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῶν.
No. 18.
of all the trials, and given the prizes to the musicians
and to the athletes at his own expense, and presided at the great
festival of the Artemisia, and conducted the games at the great
Pythia, and held the office of chief- priest to the guild comprising
Ionia and the Hellespont, and conducted the games for the
Chrysophori, and likewise given columns to the city for the
Old Gymnasium .
erected by Ulpia . . their mother. '
1 This explains the purpose of the inscription. It consisted of two parts, com
memorating Ulpia's two sons. The inscription on the left hand is too fragmentary
to be restored. Like the right-hand inscription , however, it appears to havemen
tioned the guild of Ionia and the Hellespont.
1
INSCRIPTIONS
FROM
THE AUGUSTEUM .
A
33
2 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM.
No. 1 .
Δημητρίου ἐνιαυτῷ .
φυλῆς Ἐφεσέων .
Δημήτριος Μηνοφίλου , Τρύ
φωνος Βορεύς · Θόας Δρα
5 κοντομένους Οἴνωψ . τῆς
Σεβαστῆς . ᾿Αλέξανδρος
Διοκλήους τοῦ ᾿Αλεξάν
δρου Λαβάνδηος · Πυθί
ων Φερίππου τοῦ Νε
10 άνδρου Σιεύς . Τῆιοι. Πυθέ
ας ῾Ερμολάου Εχεπτολεμεύς ·
Πυθόδωρος ᾿Απολλωνίου
τοῦ ᾿Απολλωνίου Εχεπτολεμεύς .
Καρηναῖοι . Εὐσέβης Δει
15 καίου Πεῖος · Τρύφων Τρύ
φωνος τοῦ Νεικαγόρου
Χηλώνηος . Εὐώνυμοι ,
Ηράκλειτος ‘Ἡρακλείτου τοῦ
᾿Απολλωνίου Γλαύκηος ·
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTE UM. 33
No. I.
In the ... year of Demetrius. Of the tribe of the Ephesians :
Demetrius, son of Menophilus, [son of] Tryphon ( ?) , Borean ;
Thoas, son of Dracontomenes , Œnopian . Of the Augustan tribe :
Alexander, son of Diocles, son of Alexander, Labandean ; Pythion,
son of Pherippus, son of Neander, Siean . Teians : Pytheas, son
of Hermolaus , Echeptolemean ; Pythodorus, son of Apollonius,
son of Apollonius, Echeptolemean. Carineans : Eusebes, son of
Deicæus, Pian ; Tryphon , son of Tryphon , son of Nicagoras ,
Chelonean. Euonymians : Heracleitus, son of Heracleitus, son of
Apollonius , Glaucean ; Apellas, son of Menodotus, Polyclean .
Bembineans Lesbon , son of Teimotheus, son of Teimotheus,
Aegotean.
Line 4. For Τρυφώνας we should probably read Τρύφωνος or τοῦ Τρύφωνος.

A very interesting inscription, in part barely legible, and difficult of illustration .
The occasion on which it was composed would have been evident but for the mutila
tion of the beginning : the date alone in part survives. The inscription may possibly
be a list of contributors to some public works in some unknown year of one Deme
trius, who was probably an Ephesian official. The persons named are arranged
according to their tribes, but the arrangement of the tribes themselves is not easy to
explain ; it is certainly not chronological, but may possibly be in the order of their
rank. Ephorus s. v. Bévva (Müller, Fragm. Hist. Græc. vol. i. p. 242 ; Guhl, Ephes.
A2
20 ᾿Απελλᾶς Μηνοδότου Πολύ
κληος . Βεμβειναῖοι .
Λέσβων Τειμοθέου τοῦ
Τειμοθέου Αἰγώτεος .
Νο . 2 .
᾿Αγαθῇ τύχῃ .
Εὐχαριστῶ σοι, κυρία ῎Αρτεμι , Γ . Σκάπτιος Φροντεῖνος , νεοποιός ,
βουλευτής , σὺν καὶ τῇ γυναικί μου ῾Ερεννιᾳ Αὐτρωνίᾳ , ἐσσηνεύσας
ἁγνῶς καὶ εὐσεβῶς, σπονδοποιοῦντος Θεοπόμπου Γ. τοῦ Μενεκρατοῦς
ἱεροῦ .
1 The Essenes, priests of Artemis , bound to perpetual chastity , may very pose
sibly be connected with the Jewish monks of the same name. The verb ἐσσηνεύω
appears to be new.
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM.
5
p. 29 ) mentions the five Ephesian tribes as Bennians (read Bembineans), Ephesians,

and Euonymians, to which the Teians and Carineans were afterwards added. All
these occur in this inscription, and beside them the Augustan tribe. • Each man's
name is followed by that of his father, and sometimes that of his grandfather, with a
further designation which doubtless indicates the division (a pparpia, or something
analogous) of the tribe to which he belonged. The readings of two or three names of
persons are uncertain, as Neander (possibly Leander or Menander), Pytheas, and
Pherippus. The names of these divisions are not given in Pape's Wörterbuch der
Griechischen Eigennamen ; some of these are faint in the inscription.
No. 2.
With Good Fortune.
I give thanks to thee, O Artemis, both

Lady Artemis, both I Scaptius
Frontinus, Temple-builder¹ and member of the Senate, and my
wife Herennia Autronia, I having performed the office of Essene ,
in a holy and pious manner, Theopompus making the drink
offering, Caius the son of Menecrates being . . . . of the temple.
1 Curator, or Shrine- maker (?).

No. 3 .
:
ἀγαθῇ τύχῃ ·
εὐχαριστῶ σοι κυρία ῎Αρτεμι Μητρόδωρος Δαμα βοα του Αλεξάνδρου
φυλῆς Τηΐων χιλιαστύς Εὐρυπόμπου νεοποιήσας εὐσεβῶς τας . . •
. .· ηνειας μετὰ καὶ τῶν . .... αὐτοῦ τέκνων καὶ γυναικὶ . . αὐτοῦ
᾿Αγλαία .
Νο . 4 .
εὐχαριστῶ τῇ Αρτέμιδι Στέφανος Συνετου . . . . μετὰ καὶ τοῦ υἱοῦ
Στεφάνου καὶ τοῦ Συνμηνου . . Πο . Αἰλίου Πλουτογέν . . . βουλευτοῦ
. •
καὶ ἐφηβάρχου . . . παραφυλακο ;
No. 5 .
ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἐτίμησαν τοὺς νεοποίους . • ἐπὶ πρυτάνεως .

INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM.
No. 3.
With good fortune !
I Metrodorus, son of Dama, having been a Temple-builder ,
piously, and . . . . by the aid of Alexander of the Teian tribe,
thousand of Eurypompus, offer my thanks to thee, O Lady
Artemis.
[ In this he joins ] with his children and his wife Aglæa.
No. 4.
With good fortune.
I Stephanus , son of Synetus , render thanks to Artemis, together
with my son Stephanus, and . ·
Publius Aelius • a Councillor and Ephebarch
No. 5 .
The council and the people testify to the honour of the Temple
builders · • .. in the year of the presidency of . . .

No. 6.
οἳ δὲ ἐν · • καὶ τοῖς σὺν . . . αὐθαιρέτοι πρυτάνευς
Ουοκόνια (?) ἂν • · ἱερατευούσης λ · ·

τῆς , ἱεροκήρυκος
• • • πλίου φυ . Καριεναίων * ᾿Αλθαιμένεος

Μάρκου Κράτερος .
γ
( ?) Διονύσιος φυ . Εφέσεω . * Λεβέδιος • • · οἳ ενο • •
No. 7.
ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἐτίμησαν Κλαυδίαν . Κλαύδιον
καὶ Μίνδιον .. · ἱερέας καὶ . • · θυγατέρα . . καὶ᾿Απο . .
ἱερατεύσασαν τῆς θεοῦ •
No. 8.
εὐχαριστῶ σοι Κυρία ῎Αρτεμι Τ. Φλ .... ᾿Αλέξανδρος Αἰλιανὸς
φιλοσέβαστος ἱερόκηρυξ , ἀγοράνομος , στρατηγὸς , νεόποιος, σὺν καὶ τῇ
γυναικί μου Οὐηδίᾳ Διομηδίλλῃ , καὶ τῷ πατρὶ αὐτῆς Οὐηδίῳ Διομήδει.

INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. 9
No. 6.
With good fortune.
Allusion is here made to certain citizens or authorities of the
city, a priestess , and a sacred herald . Also to Marcus Craterus . .
of the Carenaean tribe, the Althaimenean thousand,
Dionysius of the Ephesian tribe, the Lebedian thousand . ·
No. 7.
The Council and the people testify to the honour of Claudia,
Claudius, and Mindius, priests, and of · ? daughter of ...
and Apo . · who acted as priestess to the goddess
No. 8.
With good fortune.
I Alexander Ælianus, friend of Augustus, a sacred herald ,
Aedile, General, and Temple-builder, render thanks to thee , O Lady
Artemis, together with my wife Vedia Diomedilla and her father
Vedius Diomedes .
IO INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM.
No. 9 .
Τιβ . Κλαύδιον Σεκοῦνδον βιάτορα τριβουνικιον , ῎Ακκηνσον οὐήλα
τον λείκτορα κουρίατον φιλεφέσιον ( σὺν) καὶ ἄλλοις ἐπισήμοις
῾Ρωμαίοις ἐκόσμησαν · Εφεσίων πολῖται
(Five remaining lines almost entirely erased.)
No. 10.
Σεβαστω · τὴν ἁγνείαν
καθιέρωσαν
No. 11 .
Νικον Ιούλιον Τιβερίου , Δρουσον Ιούλιον Τιβερίου υἱὸν Καίσαρα ,
οἱ νεο ·
Τιβέριον Ιούλιον Σεβαστὸν υἱὸν Καίσαρα , . · · •
ποιήσαντες . · · Ἰούλιον Καίσαρα ἐπὶ πρυτανέως ᾿Αλεξάνδρου
τοῦ᾿Απολλωνίου Πασαλλατου ἐνιαυτω

INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE AUGUSTEUM. Il
No. 9.
Tiberius Claudius Secundus, Viator of the rank of tribune ;
Accensus Velatus, a lictor curiatus, friend of the Ephesians, with
other illustrious Romans, are adorned by the Ephesian citizens
(The rest obscure andfragmentary. )
No. 10 .
[Certain persons ] solemnly consecrate an expiatory offering.
No. II .
The victorious Julius, son of Tiberius Drusus Julius Caesar, son
of Tiberius Julius Augustus Caesar, son of Tiberius Julius Caesar
the Temple-builders , [ or curators, congratulate ] . •
in the year of the presidency of Alexander Apollonius Pasallatus,

No. 12 .
νεοποιήσας ιεροπρεπως καὶ φιλοτίμως μετα τῶν
τέκνων μου του φιλου Ουάλεντος καὶ του φιλου Φροντεινου καὶ φιλης
Φαυστίνης τῆς θυγατρός μου .
No. 12 .
[ I. . . • • render thanks to thee, O Lady Artemis, ] having
been a Temple -builder ( or Curator ) religiously and honour
ably, together with my children the beloved Valens and the
beloved Frontinus , and my beloved daughter Faustina.
No. 13 .
πρύτανις πρωτογένου τοῦ Σιμωνίδου Σιμώνιος • · Ασκληπιάδης
Μέμνονος Τρύφων στραβέλαφος Πελασγηος

INSCRIPTIONS
FROM
THE ODEUM
+
2 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM
1
No. I.
i
Αὐτοκράτωρ Καῖσαρ θεοῦ Τραϊανοῦ
Παρθικοῦ υἱὸς θεοῦ Νερούα ἔκγονος
Τραϊανὸς᾿Αδριανὸς Σεβαστὸς ἀρχιερεὺς
μέγιστος δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ y , ὕπατος τὸ γ,

¦
5 πατὴρ πατρίδος Εφεσίων τοῖς ἄρχουσι καὶ τῇ βουλῇ χαίρειν . T
Λ . Εραστὸς καὶ πολείτης ὑμῶν εἶναί φησιν καὶ πολλ . . .
πλι καὶ τὴν θάλασσαν καὶ ὅσα ἀπὸ τούτου δυνατὸς
χρήσιμος γενέσθαι τῇ πατρίδι καὶ τοῦ ἔθνους τοὺς ἡγε
μόνας ἀεὶ διακομίζειν – ἐμοὶ δὲ δὶς ἤδη συνέβαινεν
10 τὸ μὲν πρῶτον εἰς ῾Ρόδον ἀπὸ τῆς ᾿Εφέσου κομιζομένῳ
νῦν δὲ ἀπὸ Ἐλευσῖνος πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀφικνουμένῳ , βούλεται
δὲ βουλευτὴς γενέσθαι, κἀγὼ τὴν μὲν δοκιμασίαν ἐφ' ὑμεῖν
ποιοῦμαι , εἰ δὲ μηδὲν ἐνποδὼν . .. · καὶ φαίνεται τιμῆς ἄξιος
τὸ ἀργύριον ὅσον διδόασιν οἱ βουλεύοντες δώσω τῆς ἀρχαιρεσίας ἕνεκα .
15 Εὐτυχεῖτε .
I
!
Į
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 3
No. I.
The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Trajan, conqueror of
Parthia, descendant of the deified Nerva, Trajanus Hadrianus
Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribune of the People for the third
time, Consul for the third time, Father of his country, to the
Magistrates of the Ephesians and to the Council, greeting.
Lucius Erastus affirms that he is a citizen of yours, and sails much
also on the sea, and that, as far as he can from doing this, he makes
himself serviceable to his country, and continually conveys over the
sea the chief men of the [ Ionian] race. Moreover he had inter
views with me on two former occasions, first, when I made a
voyage from Ephesus to Rhodes, and now on my arrival at your
city from Eleusis. His wish is to become a member of the
Council, and I accordingly commit to you the legal investigation of
his claims ; and if nothing stands in the way, and he appears to you
deserving of that honour, I will give the amount of money which
they pay on being admitted to the Council, ' and to meet the
expenses of the election. Farewell.
1 Or, which the members of the Council pay (for the candidate).
A2
L..
4 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM .
No. 2
Αὐτοκράτωρ Καῖσαρ , θεοῦ ᾿Αδριανοῦ
υἱὸς, θεοῦ Τραϊανοῦ Παρθικοῦ υἱωνὸς,
θεοῦ Νερούα ἔκγονος, Τίτος Αἴλιος᾿Αδριανὸς
᾿Αντωνεῖνος Σεβαστὸς , ἀρχιερεὺς μέγιστος
5 δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ—αὐτοκράτωρ τὸ — ὕπατος
τὸ γ , πατὴρ πατρίδος , ᾽Εφεσίων τοῖς ἄρχουσι καὶ τῇ βουλῇ
καὶ τῷ δήμῳ χαίρειν .
Περγαμηνοὺς ἀπεδεξάμην ἐν τοῖς πρὸς ὑμᾶς γράμμασιν
χρησαμένους τοῖς ὀνόμασιν οἷς ἐγὼ χρῆσθαι τὴν πόλιν
10 τὴν ὑμετέραν ἀπεφηνάμην . Οἶμαι δὲ καὶ Σμυρναίους κατὰ
τύχην παραλελοιπέναι ταῦτα ἐν τῷ περὶ τῆς συνθυσίας
ψηφίσματι, τοῦ λοιποῦ δὲ ἑκόντας εὐγνωμονήσειν , ἐὰν
καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐν τοῖς πρὸς αὐτοὺς γράμμασιν ὃν προσήκει

1
τρόπον καὶ κέκριται , τῆς πόλεως αὐτῶν ἀεὶ ᾖτε μεμνη
15 μένοι . Τὸ ψήφισμα ἔπεμψεν Σουλπίκιος Ιουλιανὸς ἐπίτροπός μου .
Εὐτυχεῖτε .
Τὸ δὲ ψήφισμα ἐποίησεν γραμματεύων ΙΙ . Οὐήδιος᾿Αντωνεῖνος.

INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM. 5сл
No. 2.
The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Hadrian, grandson of
the deified Trajan , conqueror of Parthia, descendant from the deified
Nerva, Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus, Pontifex
Maximus , Tribune of the People for the — time, Imperator for the
――――――――――― time, Consul for the third time, Father of his country , to the
Magistrates of the Ephesians, and to the Council,
and the People, greeting :
In my letters to you I expressed my satisfaction that the people
of Pergamus had adopted the names which I had directed your
city to use. I think, moreover, that the people of Smyrna have by
accident passed over these in their decree concerning the joint
sacrifice, and that for the future they will show their right feeling
by their deliberate adoption of them, if you also in your letters to
them shall always have made mention of their city in the manner
that is becoming and has been decided. This decree is sent by
Sulpicius Julianus, my Procurator. Farewell.
This decree was drawn up by Publius Vedius Antoninus,
acting as scribe.
6 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM.
No. 3.
Αὐτοκράτωρ Καῖσαρ , θεοῦ ᾿Αδριανοῦ
υἱὸς, θεοῦ Τραϊανοῦ Παρθικοῦ υἱωνός,
θεοῦ Νερούα ἔκγονος , Τίτος Αἴλιος᾿Αδριανὸς
᾿Αντωνεῖνος Σεβαστὸς , ἀρχιερεὺς μέγιστος δημαρ
5 χικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ ἤ , αὐτοκράτωρ τὸ β, ὕπατος τὸ δ,
πατὴρ πατρίδος , ᾽Εφεσίων τοῖς ἄρχουσι καὶ τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ
δήμῳ χαίρειν . Τὴν φιλοτιμίαν ἣν φιλοτιμεῖται
πρὸς ὑμᾶς Οὐήδιος ᾿Αντωνεῖνος ἔμαθον οὐχ οὕτως ἐκ
τῶν ὑμετέρων γραμμάτων ὡς ἐκ τῶν ἐκείνου , βουλόμε
10 νος γὰρ παρ᾿ ἐμοῦ τυχεῖν βοηθείας εἰς τὸν κόσμον τῶν
ἔργων ὧν ὑμεῖν ἐπηνγείλατο , ἐδήλωσεν ὅσα καὶ ἡλίκα οἶ
κοδομήματα προστίθησιν τῇ πόλει, ἀλλ᾽ ὑμεῖς οὐκ ὀρ
θῶς ἀπεδέχεσθε αὐτὸν κἀγὼ καὶ συνωμολόγησα
ἃ ᾐτήσατο καὶ ἀπεδεξάμην ὅτι • συνπο
15 λειτευομένων τρόπον οἱ του • ειν χά .
ριν εἰς θέας καὶ διανομὰς καὶ τὰ τῶν • · ω
τὴν φιλοτιμίαν , ἀλλὰ δι᾿ οὗ πρὸς το • εμνο
σειν τὴν πόλιν προῄρηται. Τὸ ψήφισμα ἔπεμψεν
· Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ κράτιστος ἀνθύπατος . Εὐτυχεῖτε .

No. 3.
The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Hadrian, grandson of
the deified Trajan, conqueror of Parthia, descendant of the deified

.
Nerva, Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus, Pontifex
Maximus, Tribune of the People for the eighth time, Imperator for
the second time, Consul for the fourth time, Father of his country,
to the Magistrates of the Ephesians, and to the Council and the
People, greeting :
The public spirit shown to you by Vedius Antoninus I have
learnt not so much from your letters as from his. For being
desirous to obtain assistance from me for the general plan of the
works which he proposed (or offered) to execute for you, he
explained how many buildings and of what size he proposes to add
to the city ; but you did not accept his proposals in the right spirit,
while I both agreed to what he requested and approved his designs,
because
This decree is sent by · Julianus, the most worthy
proconsul. Farewell .
8 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM.
No. 4.
Αὐτοκράτωρ Καῖσαρ , θεοῦ
᾿Αδριανοῦ υἱὸς , θεοῦ Τραϊανοῦ
Παρθικοῦ υἱωνὸς , Θεοῦ Νερ
ούα ἔκγονος , Τίτος Αἴλιος ᾿Αδριανὸς
5 ᾿Αντωνεῖνος Σεβαστὸς , ἀρχιερεὺς
μέγιστος δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ
ιγ , αὐτοκράτωρ τὸ β ,ὕπατος τὸ δ ,
πατὴρ πατρίδος, Εφεσίων τοῖς
ἄρχουσι καὶ τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ
χαίρειν .
10 Εἰδότι μοι δηλοῦτε τὴν φιλοτιμίαν
ἣν Οὐήδιος ᾿Αντωνεῖνος φιλοτιμεῖ
ται πρὸς ὑμᾶς ο • • παρ᾿ ἐμοῦ
χάριτας εἰς τὸν εὐεργέτην τῆς πό
λεως.
15 τὸ ψήφισμα ἔπεμψεν . ·
Ἰουλιανὸς ὁ κράτιστος
ἀνθύπατος. Εὐτυχεῖτε .
No. 4,
The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Hadrian, grandson of the
deified Trajan, conqueror of Parthia, descendant of the deified Nerva,
Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus, Pontifex Maximus,
Tribune of the People for the thirteenth time, Imperator for the
second time, Consul for the fourth time, Father of his country,
to the Magistrates of the Ephesians, and to the Council and People,
greeting :
I am aware of the public spirit which you show me that
Vedius Antoninus exercises towards you ,
from me thanks to the benefactor of the city.
This decree is sent by · • Julianus, the most worthy
Proconsul. Farewell .
IO INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE ODEUM.
No. 5 is a decree of Antoninus Pius, but it is too fragmentary
for publication .
No. 6.
(On the base ofa statue found in the Odeum. )
Λούκιον Αἴλιον Αυρήλιον Κόμμοδον τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ
Αὐτοκράτορος Οὐήδιος Αντωνεῖνος .
This statue to Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus, the son of the Emperor, was
set up by Vedius Antoninus.
I
INSCRIPTIONS .
FROM
THE GREAT THEATRE

ବା
INSCRIPTIONS
FROM
THE
INSCRIPTION No. 1. - COLUMN I.
ΕΠΙ ΠΡΥΤΑΝΕΩΣ
ΤΙΒ . ΚΛ . ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ ΜΗΝΟΣ
ΠΟΣΙΔΕΩΝΟΣ - ΙΣΤΑΜΕΝΟΥ
Εδοξε τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ Νεωκορῷ δημῷ φιλοσεβάστῳ
Περὶ ὧν ἐνεφάνισαν Τιβ . Κλ. Τιβ . Κλ . ᾿Αλεξάνδρου υἱὸς Κυρ .
Ἰουλιανὸς φιλόπατρις καὶ φιλοσέβαστος ἁγνὸς εὐσεβὴς
γραμματεὺς τοῦ δημοῦ τὸ β , καὶ οἱ στρατηγοὶ τῆς πόλεως φιλοσέ .
βαστοι . φιλοτείμους ἄνδρας περὶ τὴν πόλιν καὶ κατὰ
5 πάντα ἀπέδειξαν στοργὴν γνησίων πολειτῶν ἀμοιβαὶ
• τὸ ἀπολαύειν μὲν τοὺς εἴ . . σαν
• βουλομένοις περὶ · ·
‘Ομοία ἀμοιβὴ · ἐσπουδακότας τὴν μεγίστην θε
10 ὸν ᾿Αρτεμιν ἧς δι᾽ εὐεργεσίας πάντα γίνεται πᾶσιν τὰ κάλλιστα ·
καθήκει . .
παρὰ τῇ πόλει τε Ουίβιος Σαλουτάριος ἀ
νὴρ ἱππικῆς τάξιος γένει καὶ᾿Ασίᾳ διάσημος στρατείαις τε καὶ
ἐπιτροπαῖς ὑπὸ τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν αὐτοκράτορος κεκοσμημένος

GREAT THEATRE. 3
No. 1. -COLUMN I.
In the presidency of Tiberius Claudius Antipater Julianus, on
the sixth day of the first decad of the month Poseideon (end of
December).
It was resolved by the Council and the public assembly of the
Neocori,' friends of Augustus.
Respecting the matters in which Tiberius Claudius, Julianus, son
of Tiberius Claudius Alexander, of the Carenean (Cyrenean) tribe,
friend of his country and friend of Augustus, a virtuous and
honourable man, scribe to the Assembly for the second time, and
the Praetors of the city, friends of Augustus, have shown them
selves to have been men of public spirit towards their country,
and in [ all things have exhibited ] the affectionate regard of true

born citizens , requitals [ shall be made to them] for the
▬▬▬▬▬▬
enjoyment of
A like requital [ shall remunerate ? ] those who have shown
zeal towards the very mighty goddess Artemis [ from whose good
ness ? ] there come to all the most excellent gifts . . .
and Vibius Salutarius, a man of equestrian rank in family, and
illustrious in Asia, decorated by our lord the Emperor with
1 Or perhaps, Meeting of the Temple-keepers.' The interpretation of this

mutilated inscription is in many parts very uncertain.
πολείτης ἡμέτερος καὶ τοῦ βουλευτικοῦ συνεδρίου πρὸς πα
15 . . . αθηχρω · διαθέσεως καὶ τὰς ἀπὸ τῆς τύχης επι τοι της
προκοπὰς κοσμήσας τῶν ἠθῶν σεμνότητι εὐσεβῶν μὲν φιλοτει
μίαις τὴν ἀρχηγέτιν . . ταῖς μὲν ἐπινοίαις ἐσπούδακεν περὶ τὴν θρησκ
είαν μεγαλόψυχος καὶ καθιερώσεσιν τὴν πόλιν καταπαν . . . . .
κεν πρὸς δὲ παρῆλθεν εἰς τὴν ἐκκλησίαν ὑπέσχετο δὲ ἀ
20 πεικονίσματα · ἓν μὲν χρύσεον ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἀργύρε . .
ἐπίχρυσα , ἕτερα ἀπεικονίσματα ὀκτὼ ἐπίχρυσα
COLUMN 2.
Καὶ τελεῖν τόκον δραχμεῖον καὶ ἀσσαριαῖον
·
αἱρεθησομένων καθ' ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν κα
1
τὰ τὴν διάταξιν αὐτοῦ τῇ γενεσίῳ τῆς θεοῦ ἡμέρᾳ
ἥτις ἐστὶν τοῦ θαργηλιῶνος μηνὸς ἕκτη ἱσταμένου
5 ὑπολογήσας . ἀποδώσειν τὰ χρήματα δὲ αὐτὸν τὰ καὶ
θιερωμένα ὅταν βουλῆ τη η τοὺς κληρονόμους αὖ
T
GREAT THEATRE. 5
сл
military commands and embassies, a citizen of ours , and a
member of the Supreme Council in assembly.
having adorned it by the dignity of his character, showing
pious regard by his liberal gifts for the [ goddess ] the foundress of
the city, has shown zealous intentions in her religious service by
his munificence, and by dedications to the temple has in all respects
done honour to the city, and moreover came forward to the as
sembly and engaged to contribute (or consecrate) effigies , one of
gold, in which also silver plated with gold, and other eight
effigies plated with gold .
COLUMN 2 .
and will ( or shall) pay interest of a drachma and an as
who shall be chosen each year according to his schedule
on the birthday of the goddess , which is the sixth of the first
decad of the month Thargelion ( May), after reckoning up the
amount ; and (that ) the money shall be paid which has been
devoted to the service of the Temple, whenever a council is con

τοῦ τῇ πόλει κομιζομένων τῶν ἑκάστου προσόδων
προισταμένων . περὶ ὧν ἁπάντων διάταξιν εἰσηγήσα
ΤΟ · . · σεν ἐπικυρωθῆναι καὶ διὰ ψηφισμάτων
10 . ν τῆς ἐπαναστάσεως ·
ἀνὴρ καὶ εὐεργέτας ακο . . λλι
Οὐέττιος Πρόκλος καὶ ᾿Αφράνιος Φλαονια
νὸς ὁ κράτιστος πρεσβευτὴς ἀντιστράτηγος . · ἀνυπερβλήτῳ
ντες τὴν
• πολεῖταιιι
15
. καὶ δι' ἐπιστολῶν
ευσαν ὥστε δι
ου αὐτὸ
Δ • εὐσεβῆ
20 εἰς δὲ τὴν θεὸν φιλότειμόν τε
τε μεγίσταις τιμαῖς . ον τε ἀναστασε
σιν ερ . .' . ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος ἐν τοῖς ἐπισημοτάτοις
τόποις τῆς πόλεως ἀναγραψαμένων τον καὶ χρυσέῳ
στεφάνῳ ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις ιζων τὰ καὶ φιλάρ
25 τεμιν — Τὴν δὲ παρ ... τῶν προγεγραμμένων ἱε·
ρῷ . . . ων καὶ τὴν ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ εἰς τὸ θέα

GREAT THEATRE. 7
vened, by his heirs, those persons who are appointed to [ collect]
the revenue of each receiving it for the State ; with respect to all
which has proposed that a schedule shall be sanctioned (by
the Council ) and · • ·
Vettius Proclus and Afranius Flavianus the most excellent
Legate Proprætor .
NOTE. The interpretation of the first part of this column is very doubtful. The
latter portion is too fragmentary to be intelligible.
Either avròr or Toùs Kλnporóμovs ( lines 5 and 6) seems grammatically incorrect,
unless we read ὅταν βούληται, whenever he wishes that his heirs, &c , or τὰ χρήματα δὲ
avrov, or, ' that his heirs shall pay the money that has been consecrated by him
avry (?) to the State.'
in the temple of Artemis, in the most conspicuous
positions in the city . • and with a golden
crown in the assemblies . and a friend of
Artemis . • of the aforementioned
and the . from the temple to the theatre

B
5
τρον καὶ τὴν ἐκ τοῦθεάτρου εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος
τος
30 . ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ
• . αὐτοῦ μαρμαρίνῳ • ·
τῷ ἐν τόπῳ ἐπιτηδείῳ φιλοτει
μήματι · καὶ περὶ τῆς διανομῆς τῷ καθι
ερωμένῳ · μάτων - τῇ τε βουλῇ καὶ τῇ Σεβα
35
στο οις ὑπέσχετο αὐτὸς καὶ γερου
σίᾳ . · ἐκδανειστὴς γενέσθαι • •
COLUMN 3 .
Γάιος Ουίβιος , Γ . υἱὸς, Οὐωφεντείνᾳ , Σαλουτάριος διάτα
ξιν εἰσφέρει κατὰ τὸ γεγονὸς ψήφισμα . ·
Ἐφεσίων βουλῇ καὶ τῇ φιλοσεβάστῃ γερουσίᾳ .
ταῖς ὑπ . .'Ap
5 τέμιδος
τῇ Ἐφ . • σὶ καὶ
d ·
(A lacuna of 6 lines.)
GREAT THEATRE. 9
and that from the theatre to the temple of Artemis ;
in the theatre .
• and for the distribution of the
sums consecrated, he engaged that he would himself [ pay them]
to the council , and to the most august goddess, and would himself
give a loan of them to the assembly of elders.
Gaius Vibius Salutarius, son of Gaius, of the Vofentine tribe, intro
duces a disposition according to the decree already passed . ·
the Council of the Ephesians and the assembly of elders, the friend
of Augustus . • · of Artemis
The enumeration of the images dedicated to Artemis by Gaius Vibius Salutarius

appears to have been here commenced. The list is continued on thefollowingpages.
B2
ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν [ ?] οὐνκιῶν γ. καὶ εἰκὼν
15 ' Epe . • ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν γ . Νεοκόρωνται παρὰ
Σαλουταρίῳ αὐτῷ καθιερωκότι, μετὰ δὲ τὴν Σαλουταρίου τελευτὴν
ἀποδοθῶσιν αἱ προδηλούμεναι εἰκόνες τῷ ᾽Εφεσίων γραμματεῖ
προγεγραμμένῳ σταθμῷ ἀπὸ τῶν κληρονόμων αὐτοῦ, ὡρισθῇ δὲαὐ
τὰς τίθεσθαι ἐν ταῖς ἐκκλησίαις ἐπάνω τῆς σελίδος τῆς βουλῆς πρὸ τῆς
20 χρυσέας Αρτέμιδος καὶ τῶν ἄλλων εἰκόνων . ῎Αρτεμις δὲ χρυσέα ὁλκῆς
λειτρῶν τριῶν καὶ αἱ περὶ αὐτὴν ἀργύρεοι ἔλαφοι δύο καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ . .
ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν δύο , οὐνκιῶν δέκα , γραμμάτων πέντε , καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυ
ρέα τῆς ἱερᾶς συνκλήτου , ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν δ, οὐνκιῶν β , καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυ
ρέα τῆς φιλοσεβάστου καὶ σεμνοτάτης Εφεσίων βουλῆς, ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν[ ?]
25 οὐνκιῶν δ, γραμμάτων θ, τὰ καὶ αὐτὰ καθιερωμένα τῇ τε Αρτέμιδικαὶ τῇ φιλο
σεβάστῳ Ἐφεσίων βουλῇ · ῾Ομοίως καὶ ἀργυρέα ῎Αρτεμις λαμπαδηφό
ρος ὁλκῆς λζ καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα τοῦ δήμου τοῦ῾Ρωμαίων ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν [ ?] ...
καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα τῆς φιλοσεβάστου γερουσίας ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν [? ] τὰ καὶ
αὐτὰ καθιερωμένα τῇ τε ᾿Αρτέμιδι καὶ τῇ ᾿Εφεσίων γερουσίᾳ
30 ῾Ομοίως καὶ ἄλλη ῎Αρτεμις ἀργυρέα λαμπαδηφόρος ε · ·
τη ἐν τῇ ἐξέδρᾳ τῶν ἐφήβων ὁλκῆς λζ οὐνκιῶν € , γραμμάτων [ ? ]
καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα τοῦ ἱππικοῦ τάγματος ὁλκῆς λγ-ημίουν

GREAT THEATRE. II
of the weight of [ ? ] pounds three ounces, and [ let ? ] a statue of ……….
of the weight of three pounds be religiously kept in the custody
of Salutarius, who himself consecrated it ; and after Salutarius' death ,
let the afore-described statues be restored to the scribe ( Regis
trary ?) of the Ephesians according to the afore-named weight by his
(Salutarius ') heirs ; and let it be made a rule that they be placed at the
public meetings above the seat of the Council (in the theatre ?) , in
front of the golden statue of Artemis and the other statues. And a
golden Artemis weighing three pounds, and the two silver deer at
tending her, and the rest of the [ images ? ] of the weight of two
pounds ten ounces and five grammes, and a silver statue of the
sacred Senate, of the weight of four pounds two ounces, and a
silver statue of the loyal and most venerable Council of the
Ephesians, of the weight of —- pounds four ounces nine grammes,
which were themselves also consecrated to Artemis, as well as to
the worshipful Council of the Ephesians. Likewise (item) a silver
Artemis bearing a torch, of the weight of six pounds, and a silver
statue of the Roman people of the weight of ――― · pounds, and a
silver statue of the most worshipful assembly of elders of the
weight of [? pounds ], [all ] which were themselves also con
secrated to Artemis as well as to the assembly of elders of the
Ephesians. Item, another Artemis of silver bearing a torch,
[which stands ? ] in the exhedra of the young men, of the weight of

six pounds five ounces — grammes ; and a silver statue of the
Equestrian Order of the weight of three pounds and half an ounce

κίου γραμμάτων δ, καὶ ἄλλη εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα τῆς Ἐφηβείας
τὰ καὶ αὐτὰ καθιερωμένα τῇ τε Αρτέμιδι καὶ τοῖς κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν ἕκαστον
[ ἐφήβοις
35 The position of
this fragment is - φιάλην ὁλκῆς

doubtful.
Σεβαστο .
ļ
COLUMN 4.
σι ¡
ἐπὶ
καὶ
5 τῶν ἱερα
ἐπιτελεῖ ταῖς
· ῾Ομοίως
καὶ ἀργυρέα ῎Αρτεμις λαμπαδηφό
ρος . • ρις καὶ εἰκὼν
ἀργυρέα ε᾿Αρτέμιδι
10
῾Ομοίως καὶ ἄλλη ῎Αρ
τεμις ὁλκῆς λειτρῶν [ ?] οὐνκιῶν γ ἡμιουνκίου ( ? ) γραμμα
τῶν [ ?] ῾Ομοίως καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα φυλῆς Εὐ·

GREAT THEATRE. 13
and four grammes ; and another silver statue of the company of the
Ephebi, [all] which were themselves also consecrated to Artemis
as well as to those who . • each year.
• • a libation-vessel (patera) of the weight • ·
• loyal
COLUMN 4.
The list of images dedicated to Artemis by G. Vibius Salutarius
appears to have been continued in this column.
shall contribute to the
Likewise [item] a silver Artemis
bearing a torch • and a silver
image · to Artemis
Likewise [item] another
Artemis of the weight of pounds [? ], ounces 3 , grammes [ ?] . · •
Likewise a silver image of the Euonymian tribe,

14 INSC FROM THE
RIPT
IONS
ωνύμου • · • τὰ καθιερωμέ
να · καὶ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα φυλῆς
15 σταδι
καὶ εἰκὼν
ἀργυρέα φυλῆς · · ΤΕ
ν τῆς θε
20 ου τῷ
ἐκ τοῦ ἱεροῦ τῆς
· ἐπὶ τῶν
᾿Αρτέμιδος
ξαν κατα
ἱερα τι
25 κατὰ σε
τοις βα
τὰ καθιε
ρωμένα
( A lacuna of so lines. )
ου ἢ τὰς εἰκόνας πρὸς τὸ
40 τινι τρόπῳ κακουργηθῆναι ἐπὶ
ἔστω ἱεροσυλία καὶ ἀσέβεια καὶ οὐδὲν

GREAT THEATRE. 15
• the consecrated offerings
and a silver image of the .
tribe ..
. . and a silver
image of the . tribe .
from the temple of
Artemis
(An unintelligiblepassage.)
the consecrated offerings .
(A lacuna of 10 lines. )
or the images with a view to . being
in any way injured . · let it be regarded as sacrilege and
impiety. And nothing

θμος ἐν τοῖς προγεγραμμένοις ἀπεικονίσ
μασι . ρία ἔχοντος τὴν περὶ τούτων ἐκδικίαν ἐπ᾽ ἀνάν
·
Τῶν δὲ καθιερωμένων ὑπὸ Σαλουτα
45 ρίου τελέσει τόκον Σαλουτάριος δραχμιαῖον καθ' ἕκαστον ἐνι
αυτὸν τὰ γεινόμενα δηνάρια χίλια ὀκτακόσια ἀφ᾽ ὧν δώσει τῷ γραμμα
τεῖ τῆς βουλῆς δηνάρια τετρακόσια πεντήκοντα ὅπως ἐπιτελεῖ διανομὴν
τοῖς βουλευταῖς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ ἐν τῷ προνάῳ τῇ γενεσίῳ τῆς μεγίστηςθεᾶς᾿Αρ
τέμιδος, ἤ ἐστιν μηνὸς Θαργειλιῶνος ἔκτη ἱσταμένου γεινομένης τῆςδιανο
50 μῆς τῆς πέμπτης , διδομένου ἑκάστῳ τῶν παρόντων δηναρίου ἑνὸς ,
καὶ ἐχόντος ἐξουσίαν τοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διανομῆς ἀπόντι δοῦναι καὶ ἀποτεῖσαι
τῇ βουλῇ ὑπὲρ ἑκάστου ὀνόματος τοῦ μὴ παραγενομένου καὶ λαβόντος .
COLUMN 5 .
( A lacuna of some lines. )
ισα · τοῖς
ανα · · αιλω καὶ
• τοῦ κλήρου γεινομένου
σία ἢ τοῦ γραμματέος τῆς

1
5
βουλῆς ην ἡ ἀναγραφὴν μετα
GREAT THEATRE. 17
in the aforementioned effigies
• · having the right of demanding satisfaction
for these..
And for the sums dedicated by Salutarius to the use of the
Temple, Salutarius shall pay interest, at the rate of a drachma [ for
each mina, i.e. 12 per cent. ] , yearly the one thousand eight hundred
denarii accruing, from which he shall pay to the Secretary of the
Council four hundred and fifty denarii, that he may carry out the
division of revenue to the members of the Council in the Temple
in the pronaos on the birthday of the mighty goddess Artemis,
which is the sixth of the first decad of the month Thargelion
(May) , when the fifth distribution takes place, one denarius being
given to each of those present, and the person presiding over
the distribution having the right to give to (or for) anyone absent
[and] to pay it to the Council for each name [ i.e. each member]
not present and not receiving it.
COLUMN 5.
(A lacuna ofsome lines.)
The first part of this column is quite unintelligible.

ἀποτεισάτω πρόστειμον
Ομοίως ἀπὸ τοῦ προγε
γραμμένου τόκου κατ' ἐνιαυτὸν ἕκαστον καὶ ταῖς ἓξ φυ
λαῖς . . • • κλῆρον τῆς προγεγραμ
10 ένης · τῆς φυλῆς εἰς ὀνόματα δι
των ληξομένων ἀσσάρια θ
γενόμενος κόλλυβος ὑπο
πολείτας κληροῦσθαι
῾Ομοίως δώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ προγεγραμμένου τόκου κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν
15 ἕκαστον • ὅπως ἐπιτελῇ κλῆρον
τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος
ων τῶν ληξο
μένων ὁ ἐφήβαρχος χω
ρὶς · ‘Ομοίως δώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ προγεγραμμέ
20 νου τόκου τῷ ἀρχιερεῖ ἐν ᾽Εφέσῳ ναοῦ κοινοῦ
τῆς ᾿Ασίας . . ὅπως • κατ᾽ ἐνιαυτὸν ἕκασ
τον τῇ γενεσίῳ τῇς Θεοῦ ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιτελεῖ
.
τῆς Αρτέμιδος λαμ
δὲ ἀναγραψαμένων
25 . γεινομένης τῆς ἀνα

GREAT THEATRE. 19
· • let them pay a fine
• · Likewise [he shall give ] from the
aforesaid specified interest yearly to the six tribes
• a share in the aforementioned
· to the tribe, to the persons named
• • [who shall get] as their share nine asses
Likewise he shall give from the afore-specified interest
yearly . · • that he may contribute a share
. of Artemis
• the captain of the young men
Likewise he shall give from the afore
specified interest to the high-priest of the common
temple of Asia at Ephesus . . . that . · yearly
the birthday of the Goddess he may pay
· that · • of Artemis
γραφῆς - ῾Ομοίως δώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ προγεγραμ
μένου τόκου . · • τῇ ἱερείᾳ τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος
· τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος εἰς

1
῾Ομοίως δώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ προγεγραμ
30 μένου τόκου κατ᾽ ἐκκλησίαν δυσὶν νεοποι
οῖς τοῦ ἱεροῦ · • σθαι ἐκ τοῦ προνάου
τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος τὰ ἀπεικονίσματα τῆς θεοῦ καὶ τὰς εἰκόνας καὶ
τὰ ἄλλα ἀπεικονίσματα ἐκ τοῦ θεάτρου εἰς τὸν πρόναον αὐθήμε
ρον δη . • ῾Ομοίως δώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ προγεγραμμέ
35 νου τόκου καθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ τοῖς παιδονόμοις
αὐτοὺς ἐν τῇ γενεσίῳ τῆς θεοῦ ἡμέρᾳ ἐπιτελε
ῖσθαι · " · · τῶν εἰς ὀνόματα Μ Θ λαμβανόν
των · η ἡμέρᾳ ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος
ιτων καὶ τῶν παιδονόμων χωρὶς
40 !
῾Ομοίως δώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ προγεγραμ
μένου τόκου καθ ' ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν τῷ τὰ καθάρσια ποιοῦντι παρε
τὰ λοιπὰ δη- τριάκοντα ὥστε και
θαρὰ • εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν ἀποφέρηται τὰ ἀπεικο
νίσματα καὶ αὐτὰ εἰς τὸν πρόναον τῆς Αρτέ
45 μιδος ἀποκαθίστηται κατ' ἰδίαν προαίρεσιν ἀγορᾶς ἢ

GREAT THEATRE. 21
• Likewise he shall give from the afore- specified
interest . • to the priestess of Artemis.
of Artemis to the
Likewise he shall give from the afore-specified
interest at every assembly to the two Curators of
the temple, whose duty it shall be to carry (?) , from the pronaos
of Artemis , the effigies of the Goddess, and the images, and
the other effigies , from the theatre to the pronaos on the same day.
· denarii.
Likewise, he shall give from the afore-specified interest yearly
to those also who have the care of the boys' education , on the
birthday of the goddess, to be paid . . · · of those who
―――――――――
receive up to the number of forty-nine . . on the day in the
Temple of Artemis . • • [the wages ] of the ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ ▬ and of
the educators of the boys separately.
Item, he shall give from the afore- specified interest yearly
to the person who performs the rites of purification ·
the remaining thirty denarii, so that [all ] the effigies may be again
carried back clean into the Temple, and may themselves also [ be
deposited] in the pronaos of Artemis, according to his own choice
of the agora, or ·
ηθη δίδοσθαι καθ᾿ ἕκαστον ἐνι
αυτὸν τῶν τὰ προγεγραμμένα δη- χίλια
· τι διάταξιν εἰσενενκεῖν μηδὲν
ελλας σ · ἀλλὰ προσασφαλιζομένου .
50 ᾿Εὰν δὲ . • ηθη δὲ ἀποδοῦναι τάχειον τὰ τῆς
καθιερωμένης ἔξεσται αὐτῷ ἐπ᾽ ἀνάνκῃ ληψομέ
νῳ τεῖσαι τῷ γραμματεῖ τῆς βουλῆςτὰ γεινόμενα ὑπὲρ τῶν
καθιερωμένων . • τοῦ ἀρχαίου δη - πεντάκις χίλια
῾Ομοίως καὶ τῷ γραμματεῖ ( ? ) τῆς γερουσίας τὰ γεινόμενα
55 ὑπὲρ τῶν καθιερωμένων τῇ γερουσίᾳ δη- τετράκις χί
λια τετρακόσια πεντήκοντα — ῾Ομοίως καὶ τοῖς θεολόγοις
καὶ ὑμνῳδοῖς τὰ γεινόμενα ὑπὲρ τῆς καθιερώσεως ἀρχαίου
δη - διακόσια πεντήκοντα πέντε῾Ομοίως τῷ γραμματεῖ
τοῦ δήμου τὰ λοιπὰ γεινόμενα τοῦ ἀρχαίου ὑπὲρ τῆς καθιερώ
60 σεως τῶν εἰς τοὺς πολείτας κλήρων καὶ ἐφήβων καὶ νεο
ποιῶν καὶ σκηπτούχων καὶ καθαρσίων δη - μύρια διακόσια
ἑβδομήκοντα πέντε - ὅπως ἐκδωνίζωσιν αὐτὰ ἐπὶ τόκῳ
ἀσσαρίων δεκάδυο ἀργυρῶν ἀδιάπτωτα καὶ ἐπιτελῆ
ταικαθ᾽ ἕκαστον ἐνιαυτὸν ἀπὸ τοῦ τόκου τὰ διατεταγμέ
65 να ἀνυπερθέτως ὡς προγέγραπται— Ἐὰν δὲ πρὸ τοῦ ἀπο

GREAT THEATRE. 23
[Nothing certain can be made ofthe next nine lines.]
Item , to the Recorder of the Senate the proportion accruing for
the offerings dedicated to the Senate, four thousand four hundred
and fifty denarii. Item , to the Theologi and the singers of the
goddess's praises , the proportion of the principal that accrues for
the ceremony of consecration, two hundred and fifty-five denarii .
Item , to the Recorder of the people (or popular assembly)
the remaining sum accruing from the principal for the consecra
tion of the allotments for the citizens and of the young men
coming of age and the custodians of the Temple and the staff
bearers (or vergers) and the purifiers of the statues , twelve
hundred and seventy-five denarii, that they may lend the said
money on secure (or permanent) interest of twelve silver asses, and
that the specified amounts be paid yearly out of the interest
immediately as has been before appointed . And if, before repay

с
δοῦναι τὰ δισμύρια δη . ἢ διατάξασθαι ἀπὸ προσόδου
χωρίων διδόσθαι τὸν τόκον αὐτῶν ἢ τελευτήσει
Σαλουτάριος , ὑποκείσθωσαν οἱ κληρόνομοι αὐτοῦ τῇ εὐ
λυτήσει τῶν καθιερωμένων δη- δισμυρίων , καὶ τοῖς ἐπα
70 κολουθήσασι τόκοις μέχρι τῆς εὐλυτήσεως, ὑποκει
μένων αὐτῶν τῇ πράξει κατὰ τὰ ἱερὰ τῆς θεοῦ καὶ τὰ πα
ρὰ τοῖς πρεσβευτέροις ἐκδανιστικὰ ἔνγραφα — Ὑπέσχετο
δὲ Σαλουτάριος ὥστε ἄρξεσθαι τὴν φιλοτειμίαν αὐτοῦ
τῷ ἐνεστῶτι ἔτει ἐν τῇ γενεσίῳ τῆς θεοῦ ἡμέρᾳ δώσειν
το δη- χείλια ὀκτακόσια εἰς τὰς προγεγραμμένας διανομὰς
καὶ κλήρους . μηδὲν δὲ ἐξέστω τῷ ἄρχοντι ἢ ἐκ δικῶν ἰδιώ
τῃ πειρᾶσαί τι ἀλλάξαι ἢ μεταθεῖναι ἢ μετοικονομῆσαι ἢ μετα
ψηφίσασθαι τῶν καθιερωμένων ἀπεικονισμάτων ἢ τοῦ
ἀργυρίου ἢ τῆς προσόδου αὐτοῦ ἢ μεταθεῖναι εἰς ἕτερον πόρον
80 ἡ ἀνάλωμα ἢ ἄλλο τι ποιῆσαι παρὰ τὰ προγεγραμμένα καὶ δια
τεταγμένα , ἐπεὶ τὸ γενόμενον παρὰ ταῦτα ἔστω ἄκυρον .
῾Ο δὲ πειράσας ἂν ποιῆσαί τι ὑπεναντίον τῇ διατάξει ἢ τοῖς
ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς καὶ τοῦ δήμου ἐψηφισμένοις καὶ ἐπικεκυ
ρωμένοις πρὸ ταύτης τῆς διατάξεως , ἀποτεισάτω εἰς
85 προσκόσμημα τῆς μεγίστης θεᾶς᾿Αρτέμιδος δη- δισμύρια

GREAT THEATRE. 25
ing the twenty thousand denarii, or making arrangements for the
interest thereof to be paid from the rent of the farms, Salutarius
shall depart this life, let his heirs be liable for the speedy settle
ment of the twenty thousand denarii that have been consecrated to
the goddess, and for the accruing interest till the time of such
settlement, they being subject to having the payment enforced,
after the manner of the other sacred property of the goddess, and
according to the tables of money-lending in the hands of the
Elders. Salutarius further promised , with a view to his munificent
gift commencing in the present year on the birth -day of the
goddess , that he would give one thousand eight hundred denarii
towards the afore- specified distributions and allotments . And be
it not permitted to the Archon , or to any private person by right
of any legal decisions, to endeavour to change or to transfer
or otherwise dispense or alter by any decree of the people any of
the consecrated images or the money or the revenue from it, or to
transfer it to any other fund or expenditure, or to do anything
else with it other than what has been prescribed and appointed ;
since [ it is decreed] that anything done contrary to these regula
tions be of no effect. And let anyone who shall have endeavoured
to do anything contrary to the disposition or to the purposes sanc
tioned and ratified by vote of the Council and the People, previous
to this present disposition, pay towards the adorning of the mighty
goddess Artemis twenty- five thousand denarii , and to the Imperial
Cz
πεντάκις χείλια καὶ εἰς τὸν τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ φίσκον ἄλλα Δη ΜΕ
ἡ δὲ προγεγραμμένη διάταξις ἔστω κυρία εἰς τὸν ἅπαντα χρό
νῦν καθὼς Οὐέττιος Πρόκλος εὐεργέτης
καὶ ἀνθύπατος καὶ῎Αφρανιος Φλαουιανὸς ὁ κράτιστος πρεσβευτὴς
90 καὶ ἀντιστρατηγὸς διὰ ἐπιστολῶν περὶ ταύτης τῆς διατάξε
ως ἐπεκύρωσαν καὶ ὥρισαν τὸ προγεγραμμένον πρόστιμον .
Γάϊος Οὐείβιος Γαΐου υἱὸς Ωφεντείνᾳ Σαλουτάριος εἰσενήνοχα
τὴν διάταξιν καὶ καθιέρωσα τὰ προγεγραμμένα .
1 Sic , for Ούωφεντείνᾳ , i.e. Vofentina .
COLUMN 6.
ΕΠΙ ΠΡΥΤΑΝΕΩΣ ΤΙΒ . ΚΛ . ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ
ΑΦΡΑΝΙΟΣ ΦΛΑΟΥΙΑΝΟΣ ΑΝΤΙΣΤΡΑΤΗΓΟΣ
χαίρειν
Οὐέττιος Πρόκλος εὐεργέτης καὶ ἀνθύπατος
" λιτου αρισ
ος των οικιο
GREAT THEATRE. 27
privy purse other twenty-five thousand denarii . And let the
prescribed disposition be in force for all time according as
Vettius Proclus, the public benefactor and proconsul, and Afranius
Flavianus, the most excellent legate and propraetor, have by letter
respecting this disposition ratified and determined the afore
mentioned fine .
I , Gaius Vibius Salutarius, son of Gaius , of the Voventine tribe
introduced this disposition and dedicated the aforementioned gifts.
COLUMN 6.
In the presidency of Tiberius Claudius Antipater Julianus.
Afranius Flavianus Propraetor,
greeting :
Vettius Proclus the public benefactor and proconsul ,
(Unintelligible.)
Τ . . λοσεν πολλοις
5ε . · νως εχει προσ
· . η την εαυτου
. α την πολιν εχει
φαν · πρεπόντων .
τεβ . κοσμε ·
10 καρσ ακοιναι . καὶ
επισ εἰς τειμὴν καὶ εὐσέβειαν ἐπι
φανε · ᾿Αρτέμιδος καὶ τοῦ οἴκου τῶν Αὐτοκρατο
ρων δε · ματων αφιε . • φιλοτειμου
μένους αι ὑμεῖν τε περὶ τἀνδρὸς χάριτας τίσων
15 περὶ εὐμενείας . α . • μηνυσαι μαρτυρῆσαι τῇ δὲ εὐφημίᾳ τῇ

ļ
προσηκούσῃ αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν ἀμείψασθαι οσ .· . αυτω καὶ πα 1
ρ · • ω ·
δεσθαι νόμιζω πρὸς τὸ καὶ πλείους εἶναι τοὺς
ὁμοίως προθυμουμένους εἰ οὗτος φαινομένης κατὰ τὴν
ἀξίαν ἀμοιβῆς τυνχάνοι ἐπειδὰν κἀμοὶ ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα
20 κεχαρισμένον καὶ ἥδιστον εἰ ὃν ἐξαιρέτως τῶν φίλων
τειμῶ καὶ στέργω παρ ' ὑμεῖν ὁρῴην ἢ μαρτυρίας καὶ τειμῆς
ἀξιούμενον . Περὶ μέν τοι ταύτης τῶν χρημάτων διατά
ξεως καὶ τῶν ἀπεικονισμάτων τῆς θεοῦ καὶ τῶν εἰκόνων

GREAT THEATRE. 29
[Thefirst part of this column is too fragmentary for even a conjectural restoration
of the text. The latter lines refer to the expediency of encouraging public spirit by
honouring those who have already shown it.]
since ' to myself also it would be especially grateful and
most agreeable if I should see one of my friends whom I so highly
honour and affectionately regard thought deserving of a testimony
and an honour in your city. With respect however to this disposition

.
of the property and the effigies of the goddess and the images,
1 Teidav [ ] seems by a late Greek use to represent cum sit, which in the earlier
Attic idiom would be iπeich iσr . But probably cokɛi μou is the right reading.
I
ὅπως αὐτοῖς δεήσει χρῆσθαι καὶ εἰς ἥντινα οἰκονομίαν
¦
55 ἄνδρα τετάχθαι , αὐτόν τε τὸν ἀνατιθέντα εἰσηγήσασθαι
νομίζω εὔλογον εἶναι , καὶ ὑμᾶς οὕτως ψηφίσασθαι . ἐπει
δὰν δὲ ὑπό τε αὐτοῦ τοῦ καθιεροῦντος καὶ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν κυρω
θῇ τὰ δόξαντα , βούλομαι ταῦτα εἰσαεὶ μένειν ἐπὶ τῶν αὐτῶν
ἀπαραλλάκτως ὑπὸ μηδένος μηδεμιᾷ 1 παρενχειρήσει λυ
30 όμενα ἢ μετατιθέμενα . εἰ δέ τις πειραθείη ὁπωσοῦν ἢ συν
βουλεῦσαί τι τοιοῦτον ἢ εἰσηγήσασθαι περὶ τῆς μεταθεσε
ως καὶ μεταδιοικήσεως τῶν νῦν ὑπό τε αὐτοῦ καὶ ὑφ' ὑ
μῶν κυρηθησομένων , τοῦτον ἀνυπερθέτως βούλομαι
ἐς μὲν τὸ τῆς μεγίστης θεᾶς ᾿Αρτέμιδος ἱερὸν καταθέσ
35 θαι πρόστειμον δη Μ . πεντάκις χίλια, εἰς δὲ τὸν τοῦ
Σεβαστοῦ φίσκον ἄλλα Δη . Μ . πεντάκις χίλια , καὶ . . τῇ
γερουσίᾳ ἄλλα Δη . μύρια πεντακισχίλια
кс.0 • ἀνθύπατος
και ἐπιστολῆς
40 ΕΥ ῎Ερρωσθε .
1 ΜΗΔΕΜΙΑN on the stone .
1
GREAT THEATRE. 31
to decide how it will be proper to apply them and for what purpose
connected with the Temple a man should be appointed , I think it
reasonable that both the person dedicating them should introduce
a decree, and that you should pass it accordingly. And as soon as
the measures approved shall have been ratified [ finally passed ] by

the person himself who dedicates them and by yourselves, I desire
that these provisions should remain for ever on the same footing
.
without being changed , neither relaxed nor altered by any one by
any stealthy contrivance. And if anyone should attempt in any
way whatever either to recommend to another any of such pro
ceedings, or to introduce any decree respecting the alteration and
different administration of the provisions which have now to be
ratified by the donor himself and by you , I desire that he should
immediately pay into the Temple of the mighty goddess Artemis a
fine of twenty-five thousand denarii , and to the privy purse of the
august Emperor other twenty-five thousand denarii, and to the . .
other fifteen thousand denarii.
Farewell .
ΕΠΙ ΠΡΥΤΑΝΕΩΣ ΤΙΒ . ΚΛ . ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ .
ΜΗΝΟΣ ..
*Εδοξε τῇ βουλῇ φιλοσεβάστῳ περὶ ὧν ἐνεφάνισαν Τιβ - Κλαν -
Τιβ . Κλ - ᾿Αλεξάνδρου - υἱ - Κυρ'- ' Ἰουλιανὸς φιλόπατρις καὶ φιλο
45 σέβαστος ἁγνὸς εὐσεβὴς , γραμματεὺς τοῦ δήμου τὸ β . καὶ οἱ
στρατηγοὶ τῆς πόλεως φιλοσέβαστοι. ὅπως ἐξῇ τοῖς χρυσο
φοροῦσιν φέρειν εἰς τὰς ἐκκλησίας καὶ τοὺς ἀγῶνας
τὰ ἀπεικονίσματα καὶ εἰκόνας τὰ καθιερωμένα ὑπὸ Γαΐου
Οὐειβίου Σαλουταρίου ἐκ τοῦ προνάου τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος
50 επιμελουμένων καὶ τῶν νεοποιῶν συνπαραλαμβανόντων καὶ τῶν
ἐφήβων ἀπὸ τῆς Μαγνητικῆς πύλης καὶ συνπροπενπόντων
μέχρι τῆς Κορησσικῆς πύλης, Δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ φιλοσε
βάστῳ καθότι προγέγραπται - Τιβ . Κλαυ . Πρῳρέσιος
Φρητωριανὸς φιλοσέβαστος δεδογματογράφηκα - Μάρκος
55 Καισέλλιος Μαρκιανὺς φιλοσέβαστος δεδογματογράφηκα .
Τιβ . Κλαν . Ιουλιανὸς φιλόπατρις καὶ φιλοσέβαστος ἁγνὸς εὐσεβὴς
ὁ γραμματεὺς τοῦ δημοῦ το β . ἐχάραξα
1 Perhaps Καρ. ; vide note, p. 34.

333
GREAT THEATRE.
In the Presidency of Tiberius Claudius Antipater Julianus.
In the month of .
It seemed good to the Council in its respect for the Imperial
authority, with regard to the subjects explained to it by Tiberius
Claudius Julianus, son of Tib. Claudius Alexander, of the Cyrenean
(Carenaean?) tribe, lover of his country and friend of Augustus,

virtuous and devout, scribe (secretary) of the public assembly for
the second time, and the praetors of the city, friends of Augustus.—
In order that it be permitted to the gold- bearers to carry into
the public assemblies and the games the effigies and statues
which have been dedicated by Gaius Vibius Salutarius out of the
Pronaos of the Temple of Artemis, the custodians of the Temple
likewise taking charge, and the young men also joining in taking
them from the Magnesian Gate, and accompanying them in the
procession as far as the Coressian Gate ; it is hereby decreed by
the Council in its respect for the Imperial authority, as has been
specified above.
I , Tiberius Claudius Proresius Fratorianus, the friend of
Augustus , have drawn up (or put in writing) this decree. I , Marcus
Caesellius Marcianus, friend of Augustus, have drawn up this decree.
And I , Tiberius Claudius Julianus , lover of my country, and friend of
Augustus, virtuous and devout, Recorder to the popular assembly
for the second time, have engraved it on the stone.

᾿ΕΠΙ ΠΡΥΤΑΝΕΩΣ . ΤΙΒ . ΚΛ . ᾿ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ
ΜΗΝΟΣ ΠΟΣΕΙΔΕΩΝΟΣ
¦
60 ῎Εδοξε τῇ βουλῇ φιλοσεβάστῳ περὶ ὧν ἐνεφάνισαν Τιβ .

1
Κλ . Τιβ . Κλ . ᾿Αλεξάνδρου υἱ . Κυρ. Ἰουλιανὸς φιλόπατρις
καὶ φιλοσέβαστος ἁγνὸς εὐσεβὴς , γραμματεὺς τοῦ δήμου τὸ β .
καὶ οἱ στρατηγοὶ τῆς πόλεως φιλοσέβαστοι
᾿Επεὶ οἱ χρυσοφοροῦντες τῇ θεῷ ἱερεῖς καὶ ἱερονεῖκαι ὑπέσ
65 χοντο φέρειν καὶ αὖ φέρειν τὰ ἀπεικονίσματα τὰ καθιερω
θέντα ὑπὸ Οὐειβίου Σαλουταρίου ητησδηποτετοπον ( ?)
ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ τὴν πρώτην σελίδα ὅπου ἡ εἰκὼν τῆς ῾Ομονοίας ,
Δεδόχθαι ἔχειν αὐτοὺς τὸν τόπον καθίζειν δὲ πρὸς τὴν Εὐ
-
σέβειαν αὐτοὺς λευχεϊμονοῦντας – Δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ
το φιλοσεβάστῳ γενέσθαι καθότι προγέγραπται .
Γ . Αὐφίδιος Σιλούανος φιλοσέβαστος δεδογματογράφηκα
Λ . Μουνάτιος Βάσσος φιλοσέβαστος δεδογματογράφηκα
Νηρεὺς Θεοφίλου φιλοσέβαστος δεδογματογράφηκα
¹ KYP. is certainly on the stone ; perhaps the Y is an error of the stone- cutter's
for A.
GREAT THEATRE. 35
In the presidency of Tiberius Claudius Antipater Julianus.
In the month of Poseideon .
It seemed good to the Council in its respect for the Imperial
authority, with regard to the subjects explained to it by Tiberius
Claudius Julianus, son of Tiberius Claudius Alexander, of the
Cyrenean (Carenaean ? ) tribe, lover of his country, and friend of
Augustus, virtuous and devout, Recorder of the popular assembly
for the second time, and the praetors of the city, friends of Augustus :
Whereas the priests who wear golden ornaments in honour
of the goddess and the victors in the sacred games undertake to
carry and carry back the effigies which have been dedicated by
Vibius Salutarius , . place in the theatre, viz . the first
seat (row of seats ) where the statue of Concord is placed ; it is

(
hereby decreed that they shall have that place, and that they shall
sit there facing the statue of Piety,' attired in white. It is hereby
(likewise) decreed by the Council in its devotion to Augustus that
it shall be as has been before specified.
I , Gaius Aufidius Silvanus, friend of Augustus, have drawn up
(or put in writing) this decree. I , Lucius Munatius Bassus , friend
of Augustus, have drawn up this decree. I, Nereus the son of
Theophilus, friend of Augustus, have drawn up this decree.

T
IONS FROM THE
36 INSCRIPT
ΣΕΣΤΩ ΑΤΤΙΩ ΣΟΥΒΟΥΡΑΝΩ Τ. Β. ΜΑΡΚΩ ΑΣΙ
75 ΝΙΩ ΜΑΡΚΕΛΛΩ ΥΠΑΤΟΙΣ ΠΡΟ Η ΚΑΛΑΝΔΩΝ ΜΑΡΤΙΩΝ
ΕΠΙ ΠΡΥΤΑΝΕΩΣ ΤΙΒ . ΚΛΑΥΔΙΟΥ ΑΝΤΙΠΑΤΡΟΥ ΙΟΥΛΙΑΝΟΥ
ΜΗΝΟΣ ΑΝΘΕΣΤΗΡΙΩΝΟΣ Β. ΣΕΒΑΣΤΕ
Γάιος Οὐείβιος Γ . υἱ. Οὐωφεντείνα Σαλουτάριος φιλάρ
τεμις καὶ φιλόκαισαρ διάταξιν εἰσφέρει κατὰ τὸ προγε
80
γονὸς ψήφισμα περὶ ὧν προσκαθιέρωκε τῇ μεγίστῃ θεᾷ Ἐφε
σίᾳ ᾿Αρτέμιδι, καὶ τῇ φιλοσεβάστῳ ᾽Εφεσίων βουλῇ
καὶ τῇ φιλοσεβάστῳ ᾿Εφεσίων γερουσίᾳ καὶ τοῖς χρυ
σοφοροῦσι τῇ θεῷ καὶ τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν καὶ ἱερονείκαις πρὸ
πόλεως . • καὶ τοῖς • Εφεσίων παισὶ καὶ θεσ
85 μῳδοῖς ναοῦ τῶν Σεβαστῶν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ κοινοῦ τῆς ᾿Ασίας καὶ
ἀκροβάταις τῆς θεοῦ • · τοῖς δικαίοις καὶ προστεί
μοις ὡς ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ διατάξει ἠσφάλισται— Εἰκό
νων ἀργυρέων δύο . . . . σιων ὥστε αὐτὰς εἶναι σὺν τοῖς
ἀπεικονίσμασιν τῆς θεοῦ ἀριθμῷ τριάκοντα καὶ μίαν
90 καὶ ἀργυρίου ἄλλων δη- χειλίων πεντακοσίων ὥστε εἶναι
αὐτὰ σὺν τοῖς προκαθιερωμένοις δη . μυρίοις χιλίοις

1
τακοσίοις ἐφ᾽ ᾧ εἰκὼν ἀργυρέα᾿Αθηνᾶς παμμούσου ὁλκῆς
σὺν τῷ ἐπαργύρῳ τῆς βάσεως αὐτῆς λειτρῶν ἑπτὰ ἡμιουν ·

GREAT THEATRE. 37
In the consulship of Sextus Attius Suburanus for the second
time, and of Marcus Asinius Marcellus , on the eighth day of the
Calends of March , in the presidency of Tiberius Claudius
Antipater Julianus, on the second of the month Anthesterion , a

solemn day (?).
Gaius Vibius Salutarius, son of Gaius, of the Vofentine tribe ,
devoted to the service of Artemis, and a friend of Cæsar, proposes
a disposition in accordance with the decree already passed , with
respect to the property which he has before dedicated to the mighty
goddess Artemis of Ephesus , and friend of Augustus, and to the
Council of the Ephesians, devoted to the service of Augustus
and to the Council of Elders, devoted to the service of the
Emperor, and to the gold bearers to the goddess, and to the
priests and the victors in the sacred games, in honour of . . .

• without the city, and to the children of the Ephesians , and
the deliverers of oracles belonging to the Temple [ of the Augusti
at Ephesus ] which is the common possession of all Asia, and to
the acrobat-performers [ ?] of the goddess , under the pains and penal

ties which have been in the former settlement secured . Of the
silver images of . . . . two . . . so that they shall be placed with
the effigies of the goddess in number thirty-one, and in money
other fifteen hundred denarii, so that they shall be taken with
the eleven thousand five hundred denarii already dedicated to the
Temple, on condition that a silver statue of Athena, the patroness
of general literature, of the weight, together with the silver

S
PT ION
CRI OM E
38 INS FR TH
κίου , γραμμάτων ὀκτώ , ἡ καθιερωμένη τῇ τε ᾿Αρτέμιδι καὶ
95 τοῖς αἰεὶ ἐσομένοις ᾿Εφεσίων παισὶ , τίθηται κατὰ πᾶσαν νό
μιμον ἐκκλησίαν ἐπάνω τῆς σελίδος οὗ οἱ παῖδες καθέζονται .
¦
COLUMN 7 .
!
(A lacuna ofprobably 20 lines.)
ἑξήκοντα
ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος γε
νομένων κατὰ ἀν .
᾿Εὰν δέ τινες τῶν λαχόντων
5. τὰς θυσίας μὴ θύωσιν ἢ μὴ εἰσφέρωσιν
ἱερῷ ὡς διατέτακται, ἀποδότωσαν εἰς τὸ
κόσμημα τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος δη
῾Ομοίως δώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ προγεγραμμένου τόκου
καὶ τοῖς θεσμωδοῖς εἰς διανομὴν δη - ζ.
10. ὥστε λαμβάνειν αὐτοὺς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τῆς ᾿Αρτέ
μιδος τῇ γενεσίῳ τῆς θεοῦ ἀνὰ ἀσσάρια θ '

GREAT THEATRE. 39
plating of the base of it, of seven pounds, and half an ounce, and
eight grammes, which ( statue) has been dedicated to Artemis and

to the youth of the Ephesian citizens which shall at any time
.
succeed, and which shall be set at every regular assembly over
the row of seats where the boys sit.
COLUMN 7.
A lacuna ofprobably 20 lines.
(Too fragmentary for translation. )
And if any of those who have been appointed shall fail to offer
the sacrifices, or to contribute to the Temple as has been appointed ,
let them pay towards the adorning of Artemis denarii.
Likewise he (?) shall give from the aforesaid interest to the
priests also who deliver the oracles, for distribution among them ,
seven denarii , so that they shall receive them in the Temple of
Artemis on the birthday of the goddess at the rate of nine asses
apiece.
7
῾Ομοίως δώσει ἀπὸ τοῦ προγεγραμμένου τόκου
καὶ τοῖς ἀκροβάταις τῆς θεοῦ εἰς διανομὴν
δη . ιε . ὥστε λαμβάνειν αὐτοὺς τῇ γενεσίῳ
15 τῆς θεοῦ ἀνὰ ἀσσάρια δεκάτρια ἥμισυ
Πρὸς δὲ τὸ μένειν τὰ ἀπεικονίσματα πάντα
καθαρὰ ἐξέστω ὁσάκις ἂν ἐνδέχηται
ἐκμάσσεσθαι μετ ' ἀργυρωματικῇ ὑπὸ τοῦ
αἰεὶ ἐσομένου ἐπὶ τῶν παραθηκῶν παρόν
20 των δύο νεοποιῶν καὶ σκηπτούχου
ἑτέρᾳ δὲ ὕλῃ μηδεμιᾷ ἐκμάσσεσθαι καὶ
τὰ λοιπὰ δη -ὀκτὼ δοθήσεται καθ᾿ ἕκαστον
ἐνιαυτὸν τῷ ἐπὶ τῶν παραθηκῶν εἰς τὴν
ἐπιμέλειαν τῶν ἀπεικονισμάτων καὶ τὸν
25 ἀγορασμὸν τῆς ἀργυρωματικῆς γῆς
Ὑπέσχετο δὲ Σαλουτάριος δώσειν καὶ δη
ἑκατὸν τριάκοντα πέντε— ὥστε ἄρξεσθαι
τὴν φιλοτειμίαν αὐτοῦ τῷ ἐνεστῶτι ἔτει
τῇ γενεσίῳ τῆς θεοῦ ἡμέρᾳ .

GREAT THEATRE. 41
Likewise he shall give from the aforesaid interest to the
acrobat-performers ( ?) of the goddess , for distribution among them ,
fifteen denarii , so that they shall receive them on the birthday of
the goddess at the rate of thirteen asses and a half apiece.
And that all the effigies may remain clean, let it be
lawful, whenever required, to have them wiped with plate
powder ( ?) by the person who shall at any time be custodian of the
sacred deposits , in the presence of two curators of the Temple
and a staff-bearer (verger ?) , but not to have them wiped with
any other material ; and the remaining eight denarii shall be given
annually to the custodian of the sacred deposits for the care of the
effigies and the purchase of the earth used for plate- powder.
Salutarius, moreover, engaged to give one hundred and thirty
five denarii , so that his public-spirited liberality shall commence in
the present year with the birthday of the goddess.

30 Τὰς δὲ προγεγραμμένας εἰκόνας καὶ τὰς
προκαθιερωμένας ἐν τῇ πρὸ ταύτης δια
τάξει καὶ τὰ ἀπεικονίσματα πάντα τῆς θεοῦ
φερέτωσαν ἐκ τοῦ προνάου κατὰ πᾶσαν ἐκκλη
σίαν εἰς τὸ θέατρον καὶ τοὺς γυμνικοὺς ἀγῶ
35 νας καὶ εἴτινες ἕτεραι ὑπὸ τῆς βουλῆς καὶ τοῦ
δήμου ὁρισθήσονται ἡμέραι ἐκ τῶν νεοποι
ῶν δύο καὶ οἱ ἱερονεῖκαι καὶ σκηπτοῦχος καὶ
φύλακοι , καὶ πάλιν ἀποφερέτωσαν εἰς τὸ
ἱερὸν καὶ κατατιθέσθωσαν συνπαραλαμβα
40 νόντων καὶ τῶν ἐφήβων ἀπὸ τῆς Μαγνη ·
τικῆς πύλης καὶ μετὰ τὰς ἐκκλησίας
συνπροπενπόντων ἕως τῆς Κορησσικῆς
πύλης, καθὼς καὶ ἐν τοῖς προγεγονόσι
ψηφίσμασι ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆμος ὥρισαν .

GREAT THEATRE. 43
And let the aforesaid statues, and those which were before
consecrated (named) in the provision preceding this , and all
the effigies of the goddess, be brought out from the Pronaos
(of the Temple) , on each day of public assembly, into the theatre
and the gymnastic performances, and on any other days that
shall be determined by the Council and the People in assembly, by
two curators of the Temple, and the conquerors in the games, and
a staff- bearer (verger) , and guards ; and let them be taken back
into the Temple and deposited there, the young men also joining
in taking them from the Magnesian Gate, and after the assemblies
accompanying them as far as the Coressian Gate ; according as,
in the foregoing decrees, the Council and the People in assembly
determined.
END OF THE INSCRIPTION.

No. 2 .
DIANAE EPHESIAE
ET PHYLE CARENAEON,
C. Vibius, C. f. Vofentina Salutaris promagister portuum
provinciae Siciliae, item promagister frumenti mancipalis ,
praefectus cohortis Asturum et Gallaecorum, tribunus militum
legionis XXII . primigeniae piae fidelis, subprocurator provinciae,
Mauretaniae Tingitanae, item provinciae Belgicae,
• argenteam , item imagines argenteas duas, unam
Dianae et alteram phyles, sua pecunia fecit, ita ut omni
cum apparatu supra bases ponerentur, ob quam Deae
et phyles dedicationem sex phylais consecravit H. S.
XXXIIICCCXXXIIIS .
᾿Αρτέμιδι Εφεσίᾳ καὶ τῇ φυλῇ τῶν Καρηναίων Γ. Οὐείβιος Γ . υἱὸς
Οὐωφεντείνᾳ
Σαλουτάριος · τῆς ἐπαρχείας Σικελίας.

GREAT THEATRE. 45
No. 2 .
In honour of Diana of Ephesus
and of the Carenaean Tribe .
Gaius Vibius Salutaris , son of Gaius, of the Vofentine Tribe,
deputy master of the harbours of the province of Sicily, also
deputy overseer of the public corn¹ (?) , praefect of the cohort of
the Astures and the Gallaeci, military tribune of the 22nd Legion
entitled Primigenia Pia Fidelis, subprocurator of the province of
Mauretania Tingitana, also of the province of Belgica, has erected
at his own cost a silver · ." also two silver images, one
of Diana, the other of the aforesaid Tribe, providing for their being
set upon their pedestals with all their furniture : for which offering
in honour of the Goddess and the Tribe he has set apart and made
over to the six Tribes ( of Ephesus) thirty-three thousand three
hundred thirty-three sesterces and a half.
1 Manceps has been shown by Godefroi to mean a public baker.

S
ION
CR IPT M
46 INS FRO THE
No. 3.
Η πρώτη καὶ μεγίστη μη
τρόπολις τῆς ᾿Ασίας καὶ δὶς
νεώκορος τῶν Σεβαστῶν
τὸν πέτασον τοῦ θεάτρου
καὶ τὸν προσκήνιον καὶ τὸ πόδωμα
καὶ τοὺς σειφάρους καὶ τὴν λοιπὴν
ξυλικὴν παρασκευὴν τῶν θεατρι
κῶν καὶ τὰς λειπούσας θύρας καὶ τὰ
ἐν τῷ θεάτρῳ λευκολίθα , ἃ μὲν ἐπεσκεύ
ασεν , τὰ δὲ καὶ κατεσκεύασεν , ἐκ τῶν ἰδί
ων, γραμματεύοντος Ποπλίου Οὐηδίου
᾿Αντονείνου ᾿Ασιάρχου, ἐργεπιστατούν
των
Ποπλίου ᾿Ατιλίου Μηνοδότου Βερενικιανοῦ
καὶ Γαίου ᾿Αττάλου τοῦ ᾿Αττάλου φιλοσεβάστων

GREAT THEATRE, 47
No. 3.
The first and greatest metropolis of Asia and twice temple
guardian of the Augusti gave the awning of the theatre , together
with the proscenium , and the floor, and the curtains, and all
other wooden furniture of the stage, and the remaining doors, and
the white marble-work in the theatre, partly restored , partly new,
at its own expense. Publius Vedius Antoninus the Asiarch was
Recorder, P. Atilius Menodotus Berenicianus and Gaius Attalus
son of Attalus, friends of the Emperors, being superintendents of
the works.
NS
TIO
CR
C RIP OM E
48 INS FR TH
No. 4.
ἱεροκηρυκεύοντος
Σατορνείνου, πρεσβυτερων ( ? )
᾿Αγαθῇ Τύχῃ ·
Αὖρ . ᾿Αγαθόπους εὐχαριστῶ
τῷ θεῷ καὶ τῇ κυρίᾳ Σωτεί
ρα καὶ τῇ τύχῃ τῆς γερου
σίας ὅτι τὴν πίστιν ἐτή
ρησα τῇ γερουσίᾳ σὺν καὶ
τοῖς ἐμοῖς πᾶσιν,
ὁ αὐτὸς γραμματεὺς
καὶ γυμνασίαρχος
εὐτυχῶς.
Line r : On the office of ἱεροκήρυξ see C. F. Hermann -Stark , Gottesd . Alt . 36. 9 ;
55. 23 ; and at Ephesus in particular, Guhl, Ephesiaca, 107. Line 2 : Officers of
finance , called πρεσβεύτεροι, occur in the great inscription , p . 24 , 1. 72. Line 6 :
It is not quite clear what deities are intended. Artemis was sometimes called
GREAT THEATRE. 49
No. 4.
Saturninus being sacred herald . . . . . [being]
of the elders (?) . . .
'With Good Fortune. I , Aurelius Agathopus , render thanks
giving to the god and to the Lady Saviour [goddess ] and to the
Fortune of the senate because I have kept my faith to the senate
together with all my family, I being at once recorder and gymnasi
arch, with success .'
Zwreipa (Guhl, 125 ) ; but not apparently under circumstances that suggest the
Ephesian goddess. Some deity at Ephesus is twice called Zwτεpa in one
of the inscriptions published by C. Curtius (Hermes, iv. 198 f. ) . At Athens the
last day of the year was celebrated by sacrifices to Zeus Soter and Athene
Soteira (Stark in Gottesd. Alt. 61. 21 ) ; and the designation Soteira, though applied
to various goddesses, seems to have specially belonged to Athene (Hesych. s.v.: cf.
Aristoph. Ran. 378 ; Lobeck, Agl. 980). The Athenian custom may have migrated
to Ephesus with Androclus, and this conjecture is confirmed by the subject of the
present inscription. Line 11 : On the office of recorder (ypappareve), mentioned.
Acts xix. 35 , see Guhl, 73 , and especially an inscription in C. I. G. 2953 b. Line
12 : On the office of gymnasiarch see Krause, Gymn. u. Agon. d. Hell. 181--201 , and
Guhl, 74, who quotes an inscription ( C. I. G. 2986. 3 ) in which the same person
appears as both prytanis and gymnasiarch.
The inscription apparently records a thanksgiving by the recorder of the city for
the successful completion of his audit, or some similar act of rendering account of
documents (or other public property) in his keeping at the expiration of his year of
office. Only a small fragment of the dating remains.
1
IONS FROM THE

50 INSCRIPT
No. 5 .
ὁ δῆμος ἐτείμησεν Γάϊον Ιούλιον, βασιλέως ᾿Αλεξάνδρου υἱὸν ,
᾿Αγρίππαν, ταμίαν καὶ ἀντιστράτηγον τῆς ᾿Ασίας, διά τε τὴν ἄλλην
ἀρετὴν καὶ τὴν εἰς τὴν πόλιν εὔνοιαν .
1 This C. Julius Agrippa, son of King Alexander , is perhaps not mentioned else
where. Alexander, son of Aristobulus, murdered by Scipio at the instigation of
Pompey, B.C. 49, is doubtless the king intended . He struck, as is now believed ,
money with the title AAEZANA. BACIAEON ( Madden's Jewish Coinage, p. 75).
It was quite natural that his son should be cailed Caius Julius, as Julius Caesar
was his father's friend (Joseph. Ant . xiv. 7 ) . Agrippa is a name occurring more
than once among the Jewish princes, the person after whom they were called
¦
No. 6.
· . καὶ δὶς νεωκόρος τῶν Σε
βαστῶν κατὰ τὰ δόγματα τῆς
συνκλήτου καὶ νεωκόρος
1
᾿Αρτέμιδος καὶ φιλοσέβασ
I
τος Εφεσίων πόλις τὸν πέτα
σον τοῦ θεάτρου διαφορηθέν
τα ὅλον ἐπεσκεύασεν καὶ ἀπήρ

GREAT THEATRE. 51
No. 5.
The people honoured Caius Julius, son of King Alexander,
(surnamed) Agrippa, quaestor and propraetor of Asia, both on
account of his other virtues and for his goodwill to the city.
being M. Vipsanius Agrippa, who wrote to the Archons of Ephesus (temp. Augusti)
in favour of the Jews , and was a friend of Herod the Great (Joseph, Ant . xvi. 6 ) .
This inscription cannot well be later than 21 B.C. , when Augustus surrendered
the province of Asia to the Senate, and then placed it under an årðúñɑroç instead of
an avτioτpárnyos ( Merivale, Romans under the Empire, c. xxxiv. ; Conybeare and
Howson's Life of St. Paul, c. viii . )
No. 6.
The city of the Ephesians ·
and twice temple-warden of the Augusti, according to the
decrees of the Senate, and temple-warden of Artemis, and friend
of Augustus , entirely repaired and made good the awning of the
theatre after it had been torn to pieces, both from other sources
and [ from the liberality of]
Tineius Sacerdos , Proconsul . Farewell .

1222
τισεν ἔκ τε ἄλλων πόρων καὶ ὃν
ἀνθύπατος
Τινέϊος Σακέρδως .
εὐτυχείτε .
No. 7
Αὐτοκράτορα Καίσαρα
Τίτον Αἴλιον ῾Αδριανὸν
' Αντωνεῖνον Σεβαστὸν
Εὐσεβῆ
τῆς πρώτης καὶ μεγίστης
μητροπόλεως τῆς ᾿Ασίας
καὶ δὶς νεωκόρου τῶν Σεβασ
τῶν ᾿Εφεσίων ἡ πόλις καὶ ἡ βουλὴ
καὶ ὁ δῆμος ἐπὶ Πεδ . Πρεισκείνου
ἀνθυπάτου , ψήφισμα προβου
λευθέντος Πο . Γεμελλίνου Φλα
βιανοῦ γραμματέως τοῦ δήμου
φυλῆς ῾Αδριανῆς.
GREAT THEATRE. 53
The inscription is interesting (among other reasons) because it applies the

word reшkópos to Ephesus in its capacity of temple-warden both to Artemis and to
the Emperors, as do also certain coins of Caracalla, reading EECION TPIC
NEOKOPON KAI THC APTEMIAOC . (Rev. Numism. 1859 , p. 305 , &c.)
Q. Tineius Sacerdos was consul A.D. 219. The petasus may probably designate
the awnings above the heads of the spectators (see Lucret. iv. 75 ). If these were
supported in the middle by a pole they would somewhat resemble a petasus.
Rost and Palm cite the Corp. Insc. ii. p . 802 , for miraros as the ' roof ' ( Bach ,
? awning) of the Odeum.
No. 7.
The city and senate and people of the Ephesians, the first and
greatest metropolis of Asia and twice temple-warden of the
Augusti, consecrate an image of the Emperor Titus Ælius.
Hadrianus Antoninus Augustus Pius, in the time of Ped.
Priscinus ,¹ proconsul , Publius Gemellinus Flavianus, town-clerk of
the people, of the Hadrianean tribe, having proposed the decree.
1 Peducaeus Priscinus, whose name can scarcely be read , was consul 141 A.D.;
and is mentioned in connection with Ephesus in an inscription, Böckh, n. 2966.
With this inscription compare n. 2968.
No. 8 .
Λαοδικεὺς καὶ Ἐφέσιος νεικήσας μεγ
άλα Ἐφέσηα ἱερὰ ἰσελαστικὰ ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
Διδύμεια ἐν Μειλήτῳ ἀγενείων πυγμήν ·
5 Δεῖα Σεβαστὰ οἰκουμενικὰ ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ ἀγενείων πυγμήν ·

!
κοινὰ ᾿Ασίας ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἀγενείων πυγμήν ·
κοινὰ ᾿Ασίας ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ ἀγενείων πυγμήν ·
ἐπινείκια ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἀγενείων πυγμήν ·
Τραϊάνεια Δελφίνεια ἐν Περγάμῳ ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
10 Εφέσηα τὰ μεγάλα Ἐφεσηίδι1 φιζ ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
Δεῖα Σεβαστὰ οἰκουμενικὰ ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
Εὐσέβεια ἐν Ποτιόλοις ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
Σεβαστὰ ἐν Νεαπόλει ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
τὴν ἐξ Ἄργους ἀσπίδα ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
15 ᾿Αρτεμείσια ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
καὶ ταλαντιαίους καὶ θεματικοὺς ἀνδρῶν πυγμήν ·
ἀγωνοθετοῦντος Τ .
Ἰουλίου Ῥηγείνου ἀρχι
ερέως β ναῶν τῶν ἐν ᾽Εφ .
1 Perhaps a mistake of repetition for πενταετηρίδι .

GREAT THEATRE. -55
No. 8.
(A or B) a citizen of Laodicea and Ephesus, who was the

victor in the following contests :
in the great sacred Ephesia with triumphal entry for boxing

against men,
in the Didymea in Miletus for boxing against youths,
in the Augustan ecumenical Dia (games in honour of Zeus) in

Laodicea for boxing against youths ,
in the Commune Asiae held in Ephesus for boxing against youths,
in the Commune Asiae held in Laodicea for boxing against youths,
in the Epinicia in Ephesus for boxing against youths,
in the Trajanean Delphinia at Pergamus for boxing against men,
in the great Ephesia in the 517th Epheseid for boxing against men,
in the Augustan ecumenical Dia in Laodicea for boxing against

men,
in the Eusebea at Puteoli for boxing against men,
in the Augustan at Neapolis ( Naples) for boxing against men ,
in the Shield from Argos for boxing against men,
in the Artemisia at Ephesus for boxing against men,
and for the contests in which a talent or other money-prize was
given for boxing against men.
Titus Julius Rheginus being the director of the games, being also
high-priest for the second time of the temples in Ephesus .
8
NS
IPTIO
56 INSCR FROM THE
No. 9 .
ἀγωνοθετοῦντος δι᾿ αἰῶνος
Τιβερίου Ιουλίου Ρηγείνου
ἀρχιερέως ναῶν τῶν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ .
No. 10 .
Φλ Τιτιανὸς ἔπαρχος Αἰγύπτου |
No. II.
Μάρκος Αὐρήλιος ῾Ρουφεῖνος
᾿Αλεξανδρεὺς καὶ 'Εφέσιος καὶ
῾Ρόδιος βουλει.
1 Sic on stone .
No. 12 .
Νερουᾳ Τραϊανῷ Καίσαρι Σεβαστῷ Γερμανικᾷ ,
τὸ δ΄. ἀγομένων ἀγώνων Σεβαστῶν Βαλβιλλήων · ἀγωνοθετοῦντος
Φλαουίου ᾿Ανδρᾶ , γραμματεύοντος τῆς συνόδου Κόρακος.
The inscription is of the reign of Trajan, but probably nothing more definite
can be said. The Barbillean games in Ephesus are mentioned in an inscription of
Aphrodisias in Caria, not earlier than Hadrian ( Böckh, 2810), but not in any
inscription of Ephesus contained in Böckh, nor on any coin of the place. Barbillus
was an astronomer, in honour of whom these games were instituted by Vespasian.
Dion . Cass. lxvi . 9. The stone has 4 ΒΑΛΒΙΛΛΗΩΝ.
GREAT THEATRE. 57
(Notes to Inscription No. 8.)

This stone like many others interchanges and ε (in the words eineλariká,
Meiλýtų,, kπiveikia), and has ŋ for ειε (in ' Epéona) .
Μειλήτῳ For the double accusative with
Vεɩkýσas see Böckh, n. 2999 .
This would seem either to be an inscription on the base of a statue of the
victorious athlete, or a tablet commemorating his name and achievements. An
Ephesian inscription commemorates one who increased the prizes ( 0éµara ) of the
competitors and raised statues to the victors (Böckh , n . 2954, B ) . This inscription
is quite a lapis classicus for the names of the contests in which the victor engaged.
His name has perished, though we still know the cities of which he was a joint
citizen. The greater part of these contests are named elsewhere : see Böckh, n . 2810
(Aphrodisias), for Tv " Apyovç ȧozida , n. 1720 (Delphi), for the Evoißeia iv
Ποτιόλοις, and those ἐν Νεαπόλει, and the Athenian inscriptions relating to the
victories in the gymnastic contests, particularly nos. 232 , 234, 247 , in which last the
àyшveç taλavriatoi and Oɛμarikoì are (as here) named together. They are in contrast
with the στεφανῖται ἀγῶνες, in which the prize was a wreath. Several of them are
also mentioned on coins, as the Kοινὰ᾿Ασίας ( in more places than one ), the Σεβαστὰ ,
the Διδύμεια , the ᾿Εφέσια , the Ἐπινίκια , the Iselastica (on various Latin coins of
Syria), and the Oikovμevikά , for which see Eckhel , Doct. Num. Vet. vol. iv. c. xxi.
The EvoBea at Puteoli were instituted by Antoninus Pius in honour of Hadrian :
consequently this inscription must be at least as late as his reign.
Can the stone-cutter have inscribed 'Epɛoŋídɩ in error for εvτæтηpidi ? See
Inscr. No. 18.
For ἀγένειοι , in contrast with ἄνδρες and παῖδες in later Greek times , see
Böckh on n. 232.
A high-priest of Asia of the temples in Ephesus is mentioned in Böckh, n. 2987 ,
and many others.
No. 12 .
To . Nerva Trajanus Caesar Augustus Germanicus, the
Augustan Balbillean games being celebrated for the fourth time ;
Flavius Andreas being the president of the games, and Corax
[the son of .. • · .] being the clerk of the assembly

NS
IPTIO
SCR OM E
58 IN FR TH
No. 13.
Splendidissimae
civitatis Ephesiorum :
τῆς πρώτης καὶ μεγίστης
μητροπόλεως τῆς ᾿Ασίας
5 καὶ β νεωκόρου τῶν Σεβαστῶν :
Aulum Iunium Publii filium Fabia
Pastorem, Lucium Caesennium
Sospitem Legatum Pro Praetore provinciae
Asiae, Praetorem designatum, Tribunum
10 plebis , Quaestorem Augusti, Tribunum
militum legionis XIII Geminae, Trium
virum aere, argento, auro flando
feriundo Seviro Turmae equitum
Romanorum, rarissimo viro,
15 Sextus Iunius Philetus
et Marcus Antonius Carpus
honoris causa.
нсс
GREAT THEATRE.
59
No. 13.
Of the most illustrious city of the Ephesians : Of the first and
greatest metropolis of Asia and twice Neocorus of the Augusti :
Aulus Iunius Pastor of the Fabian tribe, the son of Publius, and
Lucius Caesennius Sospes, Propraetorian Legate of the Province
of Asia, Praetor designatus , Tribune of the Commons, Quaestor of
Augustus, Military Tribune of the 13th Legion , named Gemina,
Triumvir of the Mint, Commander (?) of one of the six troops of
Roman knights , a most eminent man , have had this monument
erected in their honour by Sextus Iunius Philetus and Marcus
Antoninus Carpus .
There is apparently something wanting at the beginning, to connect these

genitives with the two men honoured, A. Iunius, Pastor of the Fabian tribe, and L.
Caesennius Sospes. But then there is some strange hiatus in the sense between
feriundo and Seviro, unless we suppose that the Greek scribe has had his eye caught
by the preceding datives, and has written Seviro and rarissimo viro, instead of
Sevirum, etc.; so that it is this same Sospes who is sevir of one of the six troops of
Roman Knights, and an incomparable man as well as Master of the Mint, etc. etc.
No. 14 .
῾Η βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆμος τῆς
Εφεσίων πολέως
ἐτείμησεν
νεικήσαντα
5 Εφεσηα τὰ μεγάλα στάδιον ,
Αὐγούστεια ἐν Περγάμῳ στάδιον ,
Ισθμια στάδιον,
Ολύμπια ἐν᾿Αθήναις στάδιον ,
τὴν ἐξ ῎Αργους ᾿Ασπίδα στάδιον,
10 Νέμεια ἐν ῎Αργει στάδιον ,

ļ
Πανελλήνια ἐν ᾿Αθήναις στάδιον,
῾Ολύμπια ἐν Τράλλεσι στάδιον ,
Ισθμια στάδιον ,
Διδύμεια ἐν Μειλήτῳ στάδιον ,
15 Κοινὸν ᾿Ασίας ἐν Κυζίκῳ στάδιον,
This inscription was evidently set up, probably by the civic authorities, in
honour of an Ephesian athlete, who had been a winner at various games, chiefly in
footraces. The form of the lost beginning is easily restored by analogy. Similar
inscriptions are not uncommon, as C. I. G. 234, 1068, 1515 , 2810, 3208 ; the
various agonistic inscriptions of Attica, Peloponnesus, and Boeotia are collected
together in C. I. G. 232-250, 1416-1432 , 1579-1591 . On the records of Ephesian
GREAT THEATRE. 61
No. 14.
"
[The Council and the People of the . city of the
Ephesians honoured . . . . . for having won ]
in the great Ephesian games a race,
in the Augustan games at Pergamus a race,
in the Isthmian games a race,
in the Olympian games at Athens a race,
in [ the games of] the Shield of Argos a race,
in the Nemean games at Argos a race,
in the Panhellenian games at Athens a race,
in the Olympian games at Tralles a race,
in the Isthmian games a race,
in the Didymean games at Miletus a race,
in [the games of] the Community of Asia at Cyzicus a race,
athletes, in inscriptions and elsewhere, see Krause, Gymnastik u. Agonik d.

Hellenen, 772.
Line 5 : By the ' Great Ephesian ' games [named above No. 8, lines 2, 10] are
doubtless meant the Olympian games at Ephesus, also called ῾Αδριάνεια ( Αδριανὰ
Ολύμπια , C. I. G. 2810), in one inscription (2987 b ) τὰ Μεγάλα῾Αδριάνεια , and in
another (2999) rà Mɛyáλa ' Oλúµria : see Krause, Gymn. 138, 172 ; Olympia, 206 f.;
᾿Ασκλήπεια ἐν Περγάμῳ στάδιον ,
Ολύμπια ἐν Ταρσῷ στάδιον ,
᾿Ανάζαρβον ἀνδρῶν πένταθλον ·
ἀγωνοθετοῦντος δι᾽ αἰ
20 ῶνος Τιβ . Ιουλ . ῾Ρηγείνου,
ἀρχιερέως β '. ναῶν τῶν
ἐν ᾿Εφέσῳ ,
ὑπὸ ἀλειποτην ( -είπτην ) Γ. Κοσίνιον
cf. 323 f.; Guhl, Ephesiaca, 124. The double accusative in this and the following
lines is in conformity with usage. Line 6 : Augustan games at intervals of five years
were largely celebrated in the provinces (Suet. Oct. 59 ) ; but Pergamus happens to
be one of the few localities already known (Krause in Pauly, R. E. s. v. Augustales).
The earliest known temple of Augustan worship in Asia was at Pergamus ( Eckhel,
D. N. V. vi. 100 f. , cited by M. Waddington, Voy. Arch. iii. 245 ). Line 7 : pro
bably the Isthmian games proper are meant : local Isthmian games seem to have
been very rare, two localities only in Asia Minor being known, Ancyra in Galatia
and Nicæa in Bithynia (Krause, Pythien Nemeen u. Isthmien, 207 f.). Line 8 : for
Olympian games at Athens, early and late, see Krause, Olymp. 210 ff.; Gymn . 192 f.,
764. Line 9 : on the games of the Shield of Argos in honour of Hera, referred to
in several inscriptions, see Boeckh on Pind. Ol. vii. 77 ; C. F. Hermann - Stark,
Gottesd. Alt. 52, 2. Line 10 in late times the Nemean games proper were cele
brated at Argos : see Boeckh on C. I. G. 1124 (cf. 234, 1068 ), Krause, Pyth. 110 f.;
Gymn. 701. Line 11 : Panhellenian games were not celebrated at Athens till the
time of Hadrian ( K. O. Müller, Aeginetica, 157 f. , cited by Boeckh l. c. ; see Krause,
Gymn. 764). Line 12 : Tralles is known to have had Olympian games (Krause,
Olymp. 232 ff.; Gymn. 776). Line 13 on line 4 ; it seems more likely that the
Isthmian games proper are intended in both lines than that secondary Isthmian
games were celebrated at both Pergamus and Tralles. Line 14 : the Didymean
games were celebrated at the oracle of the Branchidae at Didyma near Miletus : see
333
GREAT THEATRE. 63
in the Asclepian games at Pergamus a race,
in the Olympian games at Tarsus a race,
in [ the games of] Anazarbus a pentathlon of adults :
Tiberius Julius Rheginus, for the second time High Priest of the
Temples at Ephesus, being perpetual President of Games : he
[having been trained ] under Caius Cosinius as Anointer.'
C. I. G. 2881, 72 , −3 , −4, −8 ; Krause, Gymn. 13, 773. Line 15 : Cyzicus is known

to have possessed a temple of the Community of Asia ( C. I. G. 3662, cited by M.
Waddington, 1. c.) ; the games are mentioned in inscriptions (C. I. G. 3674 ff. ) ;
various local games of the Community of Asia are referred to here and there, but
they have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Line 16 : on the worship of
Asclepius at Pergamus see the authorities cited by C. F. Hermann- Stark, 41.18 : this
is apparently the only record of the games ; but Asclepian games were celebrated
at another more famous Asiatic sanctuary of Asclepius, that of Epidaurus (Krause,
Gymn. 702, 736). Lines 17 , 18 : for Olympian games at Tarsus and Anazarbus, see
Krause, Olymp. 206 f. , 227 f.; Gymn. 706 , 796. Line 18 : on the pentathlon, see
Krause, Gymn. 476-497 ; a winner of many footraces, such as the subject of this
inscription, would naturally possess the supple activity which was more necessary
than sheer strength for success in the group of five athletic contests (ib . 548 f.) .
Line 19 the designation ȧywvolέrns for presidents or umpires of games is common
in Greek literature ; but little seems to be known about the tenure of the office.
The agonothetes of the Olympian or Hadrianian games is probably here intended :
another Ephesian is called ἀρχιερέα᾿Ασίας ναῶν τῶν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ καὶ ἀγωνοθέτην τῶν
μεγάλων ῾Αδριανείων (C. I. G. 2987 b ) , and another τοῦ ἀγωνοθέτου τῶν τοῦ Σεβαστοῦ
ȧywvwv kai ypaµµaréws τov čýµov (2961 ). Line 20 : Rheginus appears as an Asiatic
name in inscriptions and on a coin. Line 21 on the high priesthood of the
Augustan temples of Asia see on inscription No. 4, line 23. Line 19 evidently refers
to the original training, which redounded to the credit of the public anointer ; this
"
functionary came at last almost to hold the place of a dietetic physician ' (Krause,
Gymn. 240 ; also 230-243 ; cf. Wyttenbach on Plut. Mor. 133 B). A Caianus
Cosinnius is mentioned in an Ephesian inscription ( C. I. G. 2983 ), and Boeckh
remarks that the name Cusinnius occurs on Ephesian coins.
64 INSCR FROM THE
IPTIO
NS
No. 15.
τῆς πρώτης καὶ
μεγίστης
μητροπόλεως
τῆς ᾿Ασίας καὶ β . νεωκόρου
5 τῶν σεβαστῶν ᾿Εφεσίων πόλεως
ἡ βουλὴ καὶ ὁ δῆμος
ἐτίμησαν
Γ. Ἰούλιον Λοῦπον,
Τ. Οὐείβιον Οὐᾶρον Λάμ
10
βιλλον ταμίαν καὶ ἀντιστρά
τηγον τριῶν ἀνθυπάτων ,
τὴν τιμὴν ἀναστησάντων
Μ.᾿Αντωνίου
Επιτυγχάνου
15 σὺν Κάρπῳ καὶ᾿Επιτυγχανω
τοῖς τέκνοις
τὸν ἑαυτῶν εὐεργετήν .

GREAT THEATRE. 65
No. 15.
The Council and the People of the city of the Ephesians, the
chief and greatest metropolis of Asia, and twice Temple-Warden
of the Augusti ,
(thus) honoured Gaius Julius Lupus, Titus Vibius Varus Lambillus,
steward and propraetor to three proconsuls :
the (statue) being erected by Marcus Antonius Epitynchanus
together with his children Carpus and Epitynchanus in honour of
their benefactor.
No. 16.
S. TI . CLAV •
• • CIVITATIS . EPH ·
.. RAVIT . V. K • •
ILVNTVR. EA. FIDE . ET. C ..
· . QVALIS . ET. PERPETVA. I ..
VIGENTIS . SIM . ·
· · NIFIC . •
No. 17.
Αὐτοκράτωρ Καῖσαρ , θεοῦ Τραϊανοῦ Παρθικοῦ υἱός ,
θεοῦ Νερούα υἱωνός, Τραϊανὸς ᾿Αδριανὸς Σεβαστός ,
ἀρχιερεὺς μέγιστος , δημαρχικῆς ἐξουσίας τὸ δ',
ὕπατος τὸ γ' , Εφεσίων τῇ γερουσίᾳ χαίρειν .
5 Μέττιος Μόδεστος ὁ κράτιστος εὖ ἐποίησεν τὰ δίκ
αια κατανείμας ἐν τῇ κρίσει . Ἐπεὶ δὲ πολλοὺς ἐδηλώσατε
σφετερίζεσθαι χρήματα ὑμέτερα οὐσίας τῶν δεδανεισμέ
νων κατέχοντας , οὐ φάσκοντας δὲ κληρονομεῖν , τοὺς δὲ
καὶ αὐτοὺς χρεώστας ὄντας , πέπομφα ὑμῶν τὸ ἀντίγραφον
10 τοῦ ψηφίσματος Κορνηλίῳ Πρείσκῳ τῷ κρατίστῳ
ἀνθυπάτῳ ἵνα εἴ τι τοιοῦτον εἴη , ἐπιλέξηταί τινα,
ὃς κρινεῖ τε τἀμφισβητούμενα καὶ εἰσπράξει πάντα ,
ὅσα ἂν ὀφείληται τῇ γερουσίᾳ . ῾Ο πρεσβεύων ἦν
Κασκέλλιος ᾿Αττικὸς ᾧ τὸ ἐφόδιον δοθήτω εἴγε μὴ
15 προῖκα ὑπέσχετο πρεσβεύσειν . Εὐτυχεῖτε. Πρὸ έ Κ . Οκτωβρίων .
Γραμματεύοντος Ποπλίου Ρουτειλίου Βάσσου .

GREAT THEATRE. 67
No. 17.
The Emperor Caesar, son of the deified Trajan, conqueror of
Parthia and grandson of the deified Nerva, Trajanus Adrianus
Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, Tribune of the people for the fourth
time, Consul for the third, to the Senate of the Ephesians, greeting :
The most worthy man Mettius Modestus did well in apportion
ing the proper shares in his judgment. And whereas ye have
shewn that many persons are appropriating your moneys by retain
ing the property of some who have borrowed, not claiming to be
the inheritors, and others who are themselves in the position of
debtors, I have sent your copy of the decree to the right excellent
Cornelius Priscus, Proconsul , in order that, if anything of the
kind should exist, he may select some person who shall decide on
the matters in dispute, and shall enforce payment of all moneys,
whatever may be due to the Senate . The Commissioner appointed
was Cascellius Atticus, to whom the expenses of the journey must
be paid, unless indeed he undertook to be Commissioner gratis.
Farewell. On the fifth before the Calends of October (Sept.
27), in the year when Publius Rutilius Bassus was clerk of the
senate.
No. 18 .
τοῦ ὑμνῳδοῦ ἱεροκήρυξ , γραμ
ματεὺς᾿Αδριανείων, ὑμνῳδὸς νεμητὴς
βουλῆς γερουσίας χρυσοφόρων
ἠγωνίσατο ἀγῶνας τρεῖς , ἐστέφθη δύω ,
ἀγωνοθετοῦντος δι ' αἰῶνος Τιβ . Ιουλ .
Ρηγείνου ᾿Ασίαρχου β΄. ναῶν τῶν ἐν Ἐφέσῳ
τῆς φιζ . Πενταετηρίδος .
No. 19 .
γραμματευόντων τοῦ ἱερωτάτου συνεδρίου τοῦ μισθωτῃρίου ,
Μ. Αὖρ . Διονυσικλέους Κορβούλωνος καὶ Αὖρ . Διονυσίου Δίστου
Θέωνος συνεπιμελησαμένων τῆς δειπνοφοριακῆς πομπῆς . Γ Ἰουλίου
Ιππάρχου ( ? ) 1 καὶ Αὖρ . Αλκινόου καὶ ᾿Αστατίου Εὐτύχους Νουνεχίου
καὶ Τιβ . Κλ . •
The stone has ΙΠΠΕΑΧΡΥ .

GREAT THEATRE. 69
No. 18.
The herald attending on the sacrifices of the Composer to the
Theatre, clerk of the Adrianea , himself a composer, comptroller to
the Senate, the Council of Elders , and the gold bearers,¹ engaged
in three contests, and was crowned victor in two ; Tiberius Julius
Rheginus for the second time Asiarch of the temples in Ephesus
in the 517th lustrum, being life- President of the games.
¹ Wearers of golden ornaments or gold- embroidered robes on high occasions in

the προεδρία .
No. 19.
Marcus Aurelius Dionysicles [ son of ?] Corbulo, and Aurelius
Dionysius Distus, son of Theo, being secretaries of the most
sacred assembly of the Misthoterium ; Caius Julius Hipparchus,
and Aurelius Alcinöus, and Astatius Eutyches, son of Nunechius,
and Tiberius Claudius .. · having joint care of the
procession of Deipnophori.¹
¹ Like the Daphnephoria, solemn convoys of meat offerings to the temples.

No. 20 .
κατὰ τὸ ἑξῆς ῾Ρόδον
῎Αλεια παίδων ἀνδρῶν
ἐν Εφέσῳ παίδων Ολύμπια
ἐν Εφέσῳ παίδων Βαλβίλληα
5 ᾿Αθήνας παίδων Πανελλήνια
ἐν Τράλλεσιν παίδων ἀνδρῶν
Ολύμπια , Ῥώμην Καπιτώλια
ἀγενείων , Νεάπολιν Σεβαστὰ
ἀγενείων , ἐν Νεικοπόλει ἀγενείων
10 ῎Ακτια , ἐν ῎Αργει ἀγενείων Νέμεια ,
ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἀγενείων᾿Αρτεμείσια ,
ἐν ῾Ιεραπόλει ἀγενείων ᾿Απολλώνεια .

1
ἐποίησα δὲ καὶ᾿Ολύμπια τὰ ἐν Πείσῃ ἱερὰν
ἐν Λαοδικείᾳ ἀνδρῶν Δεῖα , ἐν Σάρδεσιν
15 ἀνδρῶν χρυσάνθινα , Ζμύρναν
κατὰ τὸ ἑξῆς ᾿Ολύμπια , τῆς συνόδου
᾿Αδριανὰ ᾿Ολύμπια ἀνδρῶν πυγμὴν ,
τὸ δεύτερον ᾿Αναβων ° ἐν Πείσῃ
ἐτειμήθην ἀνδρίαντι καὶ βουλῇ .
1 ἱερὰν is on the stone, but would seem to be an error for ἱερά .

2 Error , it would seem , for ἀνδρῶν .
GREAT THEATRE. 71
No. 20 .
in the regular order at Rhodes
in the Alean games with boys and men ;
at Ephesus , the Olympian with boys ;
at Ephesus, the Balbillean with boys ;
at Athens, the Panhellenic with boys ;
at Tralles, the Olympian with boys and men ;
at Rome, the Capitoline games with striplings ;
at Neapolis, the Augustan with striplings ;
at Nicopolis , the Actian with striplings ;
at Argos, the Nemean with striplings ;
at Ephesus, the Artemisia with striplings ;
at Hierapolis, the Apollonia with striplings ;
I performed also in the Olympian sacred contests at Pisa ;
at Laodicea, the games in honour of Zeus with men ;
at Sardis, the Chrysanthine with men ;
at Smyrna, in the regular order at the Olympia of the [athletic]
guild, and the Hadrianean Olympia with men in boxing.
for the second time with men ( ?). At Pisa ;
I was honoured with a statue, and a seat in the Council.
9
2212
No. 21.
VENDO . CON .
PLACET.EX . CONSTITVTIONE. VEDI . POLLIONIS.CON ·
INVICEM . DANDI. AVT. ACCIPIENDI . ESSE. NON. PLACET
ET. INPENSA . SVPERVACVA. REM. PVBLICAM. ONERANT ..
ITEM . SERVOS. PVBLICOS . QVI . DICVNTVR. INFANTES. EXIG ..

IPSORVM . ALANTVR. VICARIS . SVIS. PLACET. IP ..
DIANAE. INPORTIONE. OPSONI . DICVNTVR. ESSE. DIV ..
TVM. VEDI . POLLIONIS . CONSTITVTIONE. CON ..
IAPI . •
ᎪᏙᎢ . .
ONTIA. ET. VETVS .
OPIBVS . NEC . SVF.
I. EXPEDIRE. QVOTIENS .
VOCANT. AVT. AVCTI
NON. AGVNT. DILEC
NT. QVANTVM
.M. COMPENDIVM.
S. FAC
Letters dotted under are doubtful.
The relative positions ofthese ten fragments is uncertain.

GREAT THEATRE . 73
No. 22.
πρυτανεύσασαν ,
ἣ καὶ διεδέξατο τὴν πρυτανεί
αν παρὰ τοῦ ἑαυτῆς υἱοῦ,
Μ . Κοιλίου Σεκούνδου Δομιανοῦ
τὴν ἀνάστασιν ποιησαμένου ,
Κο . Λολλίου Κο .· ὑοῦ, Διοσκόρου
τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτῆς πρωτο
κούρητος καὶ γραμματέως
τῆς βουλῆς.
No. 22 .
having held the office of President, who also re
ceived in succession the presidency from her own son, Marcus
Coelius Secundus Domianus having caused the restoration to be
made, Quintus Lollius Dioscurus, son of Quintus , her father , being
chief of the Curetes and secretary to the Council.

74 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE GREAT THEATRE.
No. 23 .
Μενάνδρου ( ?) Πασσάλα τὸ β ·
Μεταγειτνιῶνος ιβ .
Κορνούτου ( ? ) Σωπάτρου Σιμωνηος ( ? )
γραμματεὺς ( ? ) τοῦ δήμου ὁ καὶ αὐτὸς βασιλεὺς
· ς καὶ οἱ στρατηγοὶ τῆς πόλεως
υσιν · · • τὰς περὶ τῶν ὑδάτων
· • περὶ αὐτῶν ἔνγραφα

• ψηφίσματα ὑπὸ τοῦ δι
κατὰ τὰς προϋπαρχούσας
ἔνγραφα
ἀπομερισμὸν τῶν
στε
No. 24.
ρειθ
ἐπικληθεὶς Γραῦς δολιχο
δρόμος νεικήσας ·
τὴν περίοδον καὶ τρὶς
Ολύμπια τὰ ἐν Πείσῃ
κατὰ τὸ ἑξῆς καὶ τοὺς
ἑτέρους ἀγῶνας
πάντας .
The text of these two inscriptions ( Nos . 23 and 24 ) is uncertain .

INSCRIPTIONS
FROM
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI , & c.
ΟΒΩΜΟΣΚΑΙΗΚΑΘΑΥΤΟΥΕΠΙΚΕΙΜΕΝΗΣΟΡΟΣΕΣΤΙΝΑΥΡ ΦΑΥΡΟΥΣΕ ΒΒ·ΑΠΕΛΕΥΘΕΡ

ΔΕΚΑΔΑΡΧΟΥ ΚΑΙ ΑΥΡΗΛΙΑΣΑΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΑΣΓΥΝΑΙΚΟΣΑΥΤΟΥ ΚΑΙΤΕΚΝΩΝ
ΑΥΤΩΝ , · ΖΩΣΙΝ
POY
ΦΑΥ O
AYTHHCOPOCECTΙΝΑΛΥ ΠΟΙ ΚΑΙΤΕΚΝΩΝ ΑΥΤΟΥ
10
2 INSCRIPTIONS FROM
No. I.
(From a tomb near the Magnesian Gate.)
ἑπτάπους ὁ τάφος παιδὸς
πατρός τε σὺν αὐτῷ ·
Μαρκελλεῖνος ἔην ἀμφοτέρου
ὄνομα ·
ἄλλοι μὲν στεφάνοισι χοαῖς
δακύροις τε καὶ ᾠδαῖς
τειμῶσιν τὸν σόν , Μαρκελλεῖνε ,
τάφον ,
᾿Αντίχθων δ᾽ ὁ πατὴρ ψυχὴν
ἰδίαν ἐπέδωκεν
κοινὸν ἔχειν ἐθέλων οὔνομα
καὶ θάνατον.1
Hanc aram si quis temptaverit transferre aut in terram excidere,
aut alias amoveri curam fecerit, dabet2 fisco poenam nominatim
HS . X. MM. HS. Haec ara defenditur ab ieis qui sunt in
Tabulario Ephesi.
Φιλουμένη ἀνδρὶ ἰδίῳ καὶ τέκνοις ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων .

TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. 3
No. I.
Seven feet [long] is the tomb, of son and father together,
Marcellinus was the name of both.
Others with garlands, libations, with tears and hymns,
Pay honour to thy tomb, Marcellinus ;
But thy father, Antichthon , offered his own life,
Wishing to share both name and death.
If anyone shall attempt to move away this altar or throw it
down on the ground , or shall cause it to be removed elsewhere,
he shall pay a penalty to the imperial treasury , viz. 12,000
sesterces. This altar is under the protection of those who are
(mentioned ?) in the Record Office of Ephesus .
Philumena (erected this) to her own husband and children at
her own cost.
¹ This epitaph is in elegiac verse with metrical peculiarities ; see έrátove and
Μαρκελλεῖνε .
• Dabet is perhaps an error for dabit ; or we might read debet.
A2
4 INSCRIPTIONS FROM
No. 2 .
(Inscription on marble sarcophagus andpier under west side ofroad to Magnesia

ad Maeandrum .)
DIS MANIBVS
T. VALERIO . T. F. SECVNDO. MILITIS . COH I
OR TIS VII
PRAETORIAE . CENTVRIAE . SEVERI
T. VALERIVS . T. F. SECVNDVS. MILES .
COHORTIS . VII . PRAETORIAE . CEN
TVRIAE . SEVERI. DOMO . LIGVRIAE
MILITAVIT. ANNIS . VIII . STATI
ONARIVS . EPHESI . VIXIT
ANNOS . XXVI . MENSES VI .

10
No. 3.
(From a cippus on the road to Magnesia ad Maeandrum.)

1
M. HELVIO. L. F. FAL.
GEMINO . III. VIR. A. A. A.
F. F. SALIO . PALATINO. TRIB.
MILIT. LEG. XVI . GERMANIAE
Q. CAESARIS. PRAET . LEG . MACED.
PRO. PR. LEG. ASIAE . PRO . PRAET.
ADLECTO. INTER PATRICIOS. A.
DIVO CLAVDIO.
No. 4.
(From a handsome marble monument on the road to Magnesia ad Maeandrum.)
M. CALPVRNIO . M. F. COL. RVFO .
PRAEF . FRVMENTI
EX . S. C.
LEG. PRO . CYPRO PR. PR.
ET. PONTO ET. BITHYNIAE
ET. PRO. ASIAE .

6 INSCRIPTIONS FROM
No. 5
1
¦
A. Atinnius Noember Novilliae Pyrallidi
Coiugi suae carissimae fecit sibi familiaeque (?)
Κλαυδία Μάγνα Τιβερίου Κλαυδίου Διογνήτου γυνὴ μάμμῃ ἰδίᾳ .
ὃς ἂν ταῦτα τὰ γράμματα ἐκκόψῃ , ἢ
ἀλλότρια ὀστᾶ βάλῃ , ὑπεύθυνος ἔστω τῇ γερουσίᾳ * CN .
καὶ τοῖς ταμίαις τῆς πόλεως * CN.
ἔζησεν ἔτη λη , μῆνες β, ὥρας δ.
No. 6 .
(From a tomb on the road to Magnesia. )
1
Εἴ τις τοῦτον τὸν βῶμον ἢ τὸ μνημεῖον ἢ ἀφανίσει ἢ
καταστρέψει ἢ γράμμα ἐκκόψει, δώσει εἰς τὸν φίσκον * Μ . Β . Φ .
Ὃς ἂν ἐπάνω ' τοῦ ἡρῴου τούτου ἢ σορὸν ἐπιθῇ ἢ βῶμον, δώσει
εἰς Εφέσιον φίσκον τὸ προγεγραμμένον πρόστιμον .
1 Or ὑπεράνω . The transcript has απεριανω,

TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC 7
No. 5.
Aulus Atinnius Noember to Novilla Pyrallis
His dearly beloved wife , had this made for himself and for his family.
Claudia Magna, wife of Tiberius Claudius Diognetus,
to her own mother.
whosoever this inscription shall erase, or throw in the bones of
another, be he responsible to the Senate for the sum of 250
denarii ' and to the treasurers of the city for the sum of 250 denarii.¹
She lived 38 years, 2 months , 4 hours.
The numbers meant, both here and in the next inscription, cannot be deter
mined with certainty.
No. 6.
If anyone shall either destroy or throw down this altar or tomb,
or shall erase a letter, he shall pay to the exchequer 2,500 denarii.¹
Whosoever shall place either a sarcophagus or an altar upon
this sanctuary shall pay the afore-mentioned penalty to the Ephe
sian exchequer.
8 INSCRIPTIONS FROM
Νο . 7 .
(From a sarcophagus nearjunction of roads between the Coressian Gate and the Temple.)
αὕτη ἡ σορός ἐστιν καὶ ὁ ὑποκείμενος βωμὸς Μ. Πομ . Βόρωνος Ιατροῦ
φιλοσεβάστου . ζῇ .
καὶ Οὐλπίας Νείκης γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ . ζῇ
εἰς τὴν ἑτέρῳ οὐδενὶ ἔξεσται βληθῆναι , ἐὰν δέ τις ἕτερον βάλῃ πτῶμα
ἢ γράμμα ἐκκόψῃ ἢ πωλήσῃ , μὴ ἐνπλήσθοιτο μήτε βίου μήτε τέκ
νων μήτε σώματος , μήτε ὁ πωλήσας μήτε ὁ ἀγοράσας .
Τῆς σοροῦ κήδονται τὸ συνέδριον , οἱ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ ἀπὸ τοῦ Μουσείου ἰατροί ,
οἷς καθιερωσάτην εἰς κλῆρον Μ. Δ . Κ . Χ Χ.

1
Perhaps the stone was intended to have εἰς τὴν σορόν.
No. 8 .
ἐὰν δέ τις παρὰ τοὺς γεγραμμένους δεσπτας 1
ἢ γράμμα ἐκκόψῃ ἢ πωλήσαι θελήσῃ τὸ
μνημεῖον , δώσει τῷ ταμείῳ * _Β Φ
καὶ εἰς τὴν πόλιν * Β Φ .
1 Sic. Perhaps for δεσπότας, meaning “ besides the owners whose names are in
scribed. ’
6
TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC.
No. 7.
This sarcophagus with the altar beneath is the property of
Marcus Pomponius Boro the physician, the friend of Augustus (he
yet lives) ; and also of Ulpia Nika his wife ( she too is alive).
It shall not be lawful for anyone else to be laid in it ; and if
anyone lays in it any other corpse, or erases the inscription, or
sells the tomb, may he have no enjoyment either in his life, or in
his children , or in his own body ; and this applies to either seller
or buyer.
This sarcophagus is under the care of the Board of Physicians
of the Museum in Ephesus, for whom they consecrated it¹ as an
hereditary possession.
The concluding letters specify a sum of money in drachmae or denarii.
No. 8.
But if anyone contrary to the written [ ? ] shall either erase a
letter or desire to sell the tomb, he shall give to the treasury
2,500 denarii and to the city 2,500 denarii.

10 INSCRIPTIONS FROM
No. 9 .
(From a tomb near the Magnesian Gate.)
Αὕτη ἡ σορός ἐστιν Αὐρηλίου
‘Ηρώδου τοῦ καὶ Ζευξανεμίου
καὶ Αὐρηλίας ᾿Απφίας καὶ τέκνων αὐτῶν.
Ζῶσιν.
No. 10 .
( From a tablet over door of tomb. )
V. P. TERENTIVS . OLYMPVS . SIBI
ET. OCTAVIAE . PAVLAE. V. VXORI
SVAE . SVISQVE .
ΖΗ. Π. ΤΕΡΕΝΤΙΟΣ ΟΛΥΜΠΟΣ
ΕΑΥΤΩ ΚΑΙ ΟΚΤΑΒΙΑ ΠΑΥΛΑ ΖΗ
ΤΗ ΓΥΝΑΙΚΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΙΣ ΙΔΙΟΙΣ .

TOMBS, SARCOPHAGI, ETC. II
No. 9.
This sarcophagus belongs to Aurelius Herodes, also called
Zeuxanemius, and Aurelia Apphia, and their children . In their
lifetime.
(The following inscriptions, from Nos. 11 to 21 , are from tombs or sarcophagi in the
Via Sacra, the roadfrom the Magnesian Gate to the Temple of Diana.)
No. II.
L. MEMMIVS. T. E
OVE
TARRICHINENSIS . HEIC. SITVS
EST .
No. 12 .
(From a small marble sarcophagus in the Via Sacra.)
P. CORNELI . NICEPHORI . NOMENCLATORIS .
Π. ΚΟΡΝΗΛΙΟΥ . ΝΕΙΚΗΦΟΡΟΥ . ΝΟΜΕΝΚΛΑΤΟΡΟΣ .

No. 13 .
Τι . Κλα. Εὔτυχος ζῶν τὸ μνημεῖον κατεσκεύασεν
ἑαυτῷ καὶ Κλαυδίᾳ Μούσῃ τῇ γυναικὶ καὶ Κλαυ . Βενούστῃ
τῇ θυγατρὶ καὶ Τ. Μαρίῳ Μαρκέλλῳ τῷ γανβρῷ καὶ Τι . Κλαυ . Βενούστῳ
τῷ υἱῷ καὶ τοῖς τούτων ἐκγόνοις καὶ τοῖς ἀπελευθέροις .
No. 14.
Τοῦτο τὸ ἡρᾷον σὺν τῷ σωλαρίῳ καὶ τοῖς ἐπικειμένοις ὀστοθη
καρίοις δύο ἐστὶν Αὖρ . Εὐτύχους Εὐόδου βουλευτοῦ καὶ Αὖρ . Τατίας
τῆς γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ καὶ τέκνων αὐτῶν. Εἰ δέ τις τολμήσει ἕτερον
πτῶμα θάψαι ἢ γράμμα ἐκκόψαι, δώσει τῷ ταμείῳ * Β Φ . Ζῶσιν .

No. 13.
Ti. Claudius Eutychus in his lifetime erected the tomb for
himself and Claudia Musa his wife, and Claudia Venusta his
daughter, and T. Marius Marcellus his son- in-law, and Ti. Claudius
Venustus his son, and their descendants, and to his freedmen .
No. 14.
This sanctuary with the terrace and the two ossuaries that are
thereupon belongs to Aurelius Eutyches Euhodus, a councillor,
and to Aurelia Tatia his wife, and to their children. But if any
one shall dare to bury another body herein or to erase a letter, he
shall pay to the treasury 2,500 denarii. In their lifetime.

No. 15 .
Τοῦτο τὸ ἡρῷον καὶ ὁ ἄνετος τόπος ἐστὶν
Πονπωνίας Φαυστείνης κοσμητείρης τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος
ἀπὸ προγόνων καὶ Μενάνδρου ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς . Τοῦ
ἡρῴου κήδονται Αὖρ . . . καὶ Νείκων καὶ οἱ λιποὶ ἀν
ἀπελεύθεροι Μενάνδρου τούτου σιενετος ὁ θαυπ . ... μα .
Ζῆι .
No. 16.
I
Αὕτη ἡ σορὸς καὶ ὁ βωμὸς ὁ λίθινος καὶ ὁ περίβολος
ὁ περὶ αὐτόν ἐστιν Πομπείας Διογενίας
καὶ Μάρκου Σερβιλίου ᾿Αλεξάνδρου καὶ τέκν . αὐτῶν . Ζῶσιν.
No. 17 .
Τοῦτο τὸ ἡρᾷόν ἐστιν καὶ ἡ κατ᾿ αὐτὸν σορὸς σὺν τῷ
περιβόλῳ Αὖρ . Χρυσέρωτος Σεβ . ἀπελευθέρου δεκαδάρχου καὶ
τέκνων αὐτοῦ καὶ Οὐεννίας Καπετωλείνης γυναικὸς αὐτοῦ . Ζῶσιν .

No. 15.
This shrine and the dedicated spot belong to Pomponia
Faustina, priestess of Artemis, an hereditary office, and to Menan
dros her husband. The shrine is under the care of Aur . . . .
and Neikon and the rest of the freedmen of Menandros.
[Remainder unintelligible.]
No. 16.
This sarcophagus and the stone altar and the enclosure which
is around it belong to Pompeia Diogenia and Marcus Servilius
Alexander, and their children. In their lifetime.
No. 17.
This sanctuary and the sarcophagus which is along it,
with the enclosure, belong to Aurelius Chryseros, a freedman of
Augustus, a decurio, and to his children, and to Vennia Capitolina
his wife. In their lifetime.

No. 18 .
Λ . Καλπουρνίῳ Καλπουρνιανῷ
Τ . Καλπούρνιος Κυιντιανὸς ᾿Αφρικανός
κατεσκεύασεν σὺν τῇ ἐκβασμειδώσει
τὸν βωμόν .
῾Ρηνῷ πὰρ ποταμῷ γενόμην , Πόλλιττα δὲ μήτηρ ,
Κυιντιανὸς δὲ πατὴρ, Προυσιάδος δὲ πάτρης,
Καλπουρνιανὸς δ᾽ οὔνομα . ἔτη δ ' ἐπὶ πέντε λόγοισιν
Εἰν Εφέσῳ σχολάσας εἰκοσετὴς ἔθανον .
Ο ἐνοχλήσας τούτῳ τῷ βωμῷ ἢ τῷ τόπῳ καταβαλεῖ εἰς τὸν φισκὸν
* μύρια .
No. 19 .
* Αιδης νυμφιδίων κραδίην πεπληθότα λέκτρων
Ζωίλον αἰακτῷ τῷδ᾽ ὑπένασσε τάφῳ,
καλή τε γνωτή τε παναιδοίῃ Στρατονίκῃ
γείνατ᾽ ᾿Αλέξανδρον κοῦρον ὁμηγενέα ,
ἀστοῖς καὶ ξείνοισι προσηνέας ἐσθλὰ μὲν εἰπεῖν ,

1
ἐσθλὰ δὲ καὶ ῥέξαι πάντας ἐπισταμένους .
Λητογειὲς , σὺ δὲ παῖδας ἐν ἡρῴεσσι φυλάσσοις,
κεκλιμένων αἰεὶ χῶρον ἐπερχόμενος .

No. 18.
To Lucius Calpurnius Calpurnianus
Titus Calpurnius Quintianus Africanus
set up and furnished with its plinth
this altar.
I was born by the river Rhenus , Pollitta was my mother,
Quintianus my father, Prusias my country, Calpurnianus my name,
and after studying for five years philosophy at Ephesus, I died

at the age of twenty years .
Any person molesting this altar or place shall pay ten thousand
denarii into the imperial treasury.
No. 19.
'Hades (Death) laid beneath this much-lamented tomb [ Zoilus]
satisfied in heart with his first marriage-bed, and fair as she was
and beloved by him, she bore a boy Alexander at the same birth
with the much-revered Stratonice . Kind they were in speaking
good words to citizens and strangers, and well too they knew how
to do good deeds to all. Son of Latona ! may'st thou keep these
children among the heroes (below) , ever visiting the spot where
they lie buried.'
In the first and second lines the names are conjectural, the termination only of
the latter being legible. In line 3 TEINOTHTE is quite certain, and the letter pre
ceding seems to have been H. The verse allows only of two or three syllables
supplied . Hesychius has : γνωτή · ἀδελφὴ, ἢ ἐρωμένη .
I1
TIONS
18 INSCRIP FROM
No. 20 .
Dis Manibus :
Aciliae Lamyrae coniugi
carissimae Apollonius I
Augusti nostri verna, arcarius Pro
vinciae Asiae, hoc monumentum
cum sarcophago fecit et sibi et su
is. Quorum curam agunt collegia
libertorum et servorum domini nostri Augusti
infra scripta, Magnum et Minervium tabulari
orum et Faustinianum commen
tarensium et decurionum et ta
bellariorum .
Hoc monumentum heredem non sequitur.

No. 20 .
Sacred to the gods Manes. ' In honour of his beloved wife
Acilia Lamyra, Apollonius born slave of our Lord Augustus,
cashier of the Province of Asia, erected this monument together
with a sarcophagus for himself and his family. The custody of
these (the monument and the sarcophagus) is given to the colleges,
enumerated below,2 of the freedmen and the slaves of our Lord
Augustus, to wit the Great college and the Minervian college of
accountants and the Faustinian college of registrars and overseers
and keepers of the archives. This monument does not fall to the
heir.
1 Or holy spirits of the dead.

2 It is clearly AVG. I. S. on the stone. The Faustinian was a college in honour
of Faustina.
20 INSCRIPTIONS FROM TOMBS , SARCOPHAGI, ETC.
No. 21 .
(From the cover of a marble sarcophagus.)
ω
A & w
ΑΥΤΗ Ηtopoτ ΕΟΠΙΔΙΑ ΝΟΥ
ΟΙΚΟΔΟ ΜΟΥ
A& W
N
ΚΑΙ ΣΥΝΕΚΟΕΑΥΤΟΥ
CUPPONIAL
INSCRIPTIONS
FROM
THE CITY AND SUBURBS
[2
2
No
.1 .
c
(
a
in
nearauseway
ound
River
the
Fbout
,a
Cajster
Ayasalouk
north
miles
two
.)of
δικασταί
ἐ
ἀ.—
μὴ ξεῖναι
δικασταῖς
τοῖς
δὲ
αὐτοῖς
ἐὰν
φαίνηται
δικαστικὸν
εἶναι
πρᾶγμα
,τὸ
μ
ὁ οἱλλ᾽
ὲν
τετιμῆσθαι
πλέονος
τοκιστὴς
,γεωργὸς
ἐλάττονος
ἐδ
,ὁ
ἂν ὲ
ξεῖναι
τιμῆσαι
αὐτοῖς
ὅσου
καλῶς
δοκῆι
τ
ἔχειν
μὴ
μ
ἡ
δὲοῦ
χρέους
ἀντιτίμησιν
εἶναι
ἐ
— ὰν
τίμησις
ὲν
συνομολόγη
δὲ ται
δάνειον
διαμφισβητ
δάνεον
δτ
μὲν
ὸ
συνομολογῆ
τίμησις
,ἡ
ἢὲ
ἀντιλέγηται
π ερὶ
ἀμφι
τοῦ ῆται
ται
σ
κρίσιν
εἶναι
ἂν
δτὴγ
ἃ
—5᾽βητουμένου
δικασταὶ
οἱ
δικάζωσιν
ἀναγράψαντ
λεύκωμα
εἰς
εἰσ ες
αγωγεῖς
ἐπικρίσεις
καὶ
τὰς
διαιτητῶν
τῶν
,ἃς
ἐπὶ
ἂν
δικαστηρίο
τοῦ
συνομολογ
παραδότω υ
ήσωσιν
αν
τοῖς
σαν
ἡιρημένοις
ὅ
—
δὲταν
παραλάβωσ
ἐπὶ
οἱ
πολέμου
κοινοῦ
τοῦ
ἡιρημέ ιν
κρίσεις
νοι
διαιτὰς
τὰς
καὶ
κληρούτωσ
τριακόντα
τῶν
ἐκ
ἡιρημένων
τοῦ
ὑπὸ
ἑκάστην
καθ᾿
δήμου αν
INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE
πενθήμερον
ἄνδρας
διαιρετὰς
πέντε
κτημάτων
κ
,τῶν
τοὺς
καὶ
δὲ
ἀναγραψάμ
τόπους
ληρούτωσαεν
10 λαχόντες
διαιρείτωσαν
δὲ
οἱ
καθ
ἕκαστοι
'ο
ἂν
λάχωσιν
τόπους
διασπῶντες
,μὓς
ὴ
τοκιστοῦ
τὰ
μήτε
τοῦ
,νοι
γεωργοῦ
τοῦ
ἀ
,μήτε
μέρη
τὰ λλὰ
τέμνοντες
συνεχῆ
ἀλλήλοις
ἀποδιδότωσαν
,καὶ
γῆς
τῆς
τοκισταῖς
τοῖς
τοῖς
γεωργοῖς
καὶ
κατὰ
λόγον
ἑκατέροις
τῶν
ἐνόντων
χρημάτων
συλλογισάμενοι
τό
δάνειον
τε
τίμη
τὴν
καὶ
No.
I.
IThe
.—
shall
lawful
be
jurors
the
,ifor
ft
matter
appear
them
unfit
be
to
for
a
suit
a
the
to
have
the
t nd
farmer
fixed
too
v high
alue
nd
money
l-a
, ender
,too
low
fix o
value
at
t such
shall
s
asum
appear
to
right
:them
noahere
counter
be
-v
of
thealuation
debt
and
the
valuation
be
agreed
,b
to
the
be
s
a ut
amount
loan
ifubject
dispute
of
between
them
the
,o
ofr
amount
loan
agreed
b ut
valuation
objected
t
,be
to he
judgment
shall
on
be
point
dispute
in
:w
jury
tthehatever
decision
come
officers
,tohe
bring
s
tawho
the
court
into
on
ashall
record
,suit
itablet
well
decisions
arbitrators
the
,of
which
they
have
shall
agreed
when
aon
sitting
court
,in
nd
hand
over
them
to
officers
the
A2
appointed
during
common
:the
war
a
sond
soon
officers
as
appointed
during
common
the
shall
war
have
received
decisions
arbitration
and
t
,the
hey
shall
select
by
out
lot
the
of
thirty s
elected
by
people
the
to
men
every
act
five
days
commissio
as
distributio
the
for ners
n
CITY AND SUBURBS.
property
aTthe
:of
shall
hey
further
registered
have
allot
districts
:and
they
are
who nd
allotted
this
to
office
shall
divide
the
districts
to
which
each
may
be
assigned
,n
by ot
sever
ance
the
of
parts
claimed
money
l enders
-by
or
cultivator
respectivel
b y
,the
by ut
assigning
allotments
the
contiguous
to
other
:each
shall
they
a nd
assign
allotments
the
of
land
both
the
l to
-money
and
toenders
cultivators
,t o
each
proportion
in
to
amount
the
property
of
therein
vested
calculating
,after
amount
both
and
loans
the
valuation
of
3
ἐπαύ
τὰς
καὶ
πρὸς
ὕδατα
τὰ
κ
ἱερὰ
,τε
πρός
ὁδοὺς
χώρας
τῆς
διαιρέσει
δτῆι
ἐν
δὲιαιρείτωσαν
. αὶ
σιν
τοῖς
,ἐπαγγειλάτω
διαιρέσει
γεγενημένη
τὴι
τινες
διαμφισβη
—
δέὰν
τάφους
περὶ
καὶ
λιας σαν
ιτήσωσιν
ἐπὶ
δ
ὁ
—ὲ
ἀποδεδειγμ
τεταγμένωι
τοῦ
τῶι
καὶ
ἡιρημένοις
πολέμου
κοινοῦ
ἐπὶ
15 ένος
υ
ἀνισού
διηιρῆσθαι
δικαίως
μὴ
αὐτοῖς
δοκῆι
τι
ἐάν
δικασταὶ
δὲ
·ο ἱ
τόπον
τὸν
ἐπὶ
ἐξαγέτω
τοῦ υ
τῶν
ὑπὸ
γενομένους
δὲ
τ οὺς
τιμήσεως
,τῆς
καὶ
δανείου
τοῦ
προσνέμοντ
ἑκάστοις
λόγον
κατὰ
τωσαν ες
καὶ
οἱ
διαιτηταὶ
ἀνενεγκάτω
μερισμοὺς
τ
δικαστῶν
ἢῶν
διαιτητῶν σαν
ὀνό
τε
ἀναγράψαντες
τά
πολέμου
τοῦ
κοινοῦ
ἡιρημένους
ἐπὶ
τοὺς
δικασταὶ
ηἱρημέ
δὲ
οἱ
μερισμῶν
τῶμ
ὅρους
τοὺς
καὶ
τόπους
ἀνδρῶν
τῶν
ματα
20
ἔδεθλον
τὸ
ἐπὶ
θεῖναι
νεωποίαις
τοῖς
παραδότωσ
λευκώματα
εἰς
γράψαντες
νοι αν
πο
τῶμ
βουλομένωι
τῶι
ἔξηι
ἵν᾽
ἀντίγραφα
τούτων
ἀντιγραφεῖ
καὶ
δὲ
παραδότωσ αν
διαίρεσιν
μὲν
κοινὴμ
,κ
ἐγγαίων
τῶναὶ
μερισμοὺς
γεγενημένο
τοὺς
ἐφορᾶν
λιτῶν υς
·ὑπὲρ
διαιρέσε
τῆς
αὑτοὺς
ὁμολογήσω
πρὸς
ἄλλως
πως
ἂν
—
εἶναι
δέ
ταύτην σιν
ὁμο
ἄν
ὡς
εἶναι
αὐτοῖς
ο ὕτως
πολέμου
κοινοῦ
,τοῦ
ἐπὶ
τοὺς
πρὸς
ἀπογράψων
καὶ
ως
25 ται
τοκιστοῦ
τοῦ
τῶν
γεωργὸν
τὸν
λαμβάνειν
δὲ
ἀ
· ντίγραφα
ἀλλήλους
πρὸς
λογήσωσι
of
in
the
to nd
division
shall
they
land
roads
out
set
.And
,a
temples
,aA
water
-c nd
homesteads
the
.to
sepulture
of
places
about
if
and
dourses
ispute
officers
elected
the
to
notice
give
made
,t
shall
hey
assignment
on
persons
any
between
arise
that
appointed
is
president
:h
court
the
of
toe
during
,and
war
common
,and
spot
jury
conduct
shall
court
the
of
president
them
to
appear
it
if
there
that
,they
assignment
unfair
any
been
has
the
proportion
in
each
to
assigning
by
it
equalise
shall
O
: f
land
the
of
valuation
and
loan
of
amount
arbitrators
by
made
partitions
the
and
arbitrators
jury
by
or
the
return
a
make
shall
to
during
chosen
officers
a
bound
the
nd
men
ground
of
plots
common
,both
registering
war
names
several
of
a
:aries
divisions
nd
so
officers
the
writing
after
elected
on
out
them
notice
hand
over
them
w
-boards
temple
upardens
set
to
ground
the
in
also
:T
shall
hey
these
of
copies
deliver
checking
the
to
citizen
,that
clerk
any
may
pleases
who
see
able
be
CITY AND SUBURBS.
; nd
place
taken
have
property
landed
of
partitions
what
this
that
a
be
may
assignment
their
agreement
:and
one
public
other
any
to
come
have
shall
they
if
respecting
themselves
among
registered
,and
land
of
assignment
agreement
this
have
the
during
appointed
those
before
.T
other
each
with
agreed
have
they
as he
common
,this
war
them
for
valid
be
and
stand
shall
receive
shall
cultivator
the
c
a
of opy
furnished
statement
the
by
him
to
with
-l
money
ender
сл
6
προσ
,καὶ
προσκοινωνοῦντος
τούτου
αὐτῶι
γεωργοῦ
τοῦ
τῶν
τοκιστὴν
τὸν
συνορφα
τοὺς
δανείων
,κ
καὶ
ὀρφάνου
ὑπὲρ
ἐπίτροπον
αὶ
κοινωνοῦντος
τιμημάτων
λαμβάνειν
τοὺς
μηδὲ
τούτων
μηθένα
δὲ
παραλαμβάνωσιν
·ἐ κτὸς
νιστὰς
ἂν
οὓς
εἶναι
,ἐ
μὴ
λαμβάνειν
δὲ
ἰξωλῆ
αὐτοὺς
·εδιδόναι
μηδὲ
τεταγμένους
30 τούτων
ἐπὶ
εἶναι
ὑπόδικον
καὶ
,κ
δῶι
ἑτέρωι
ἂν
ὃς
αὶ
καὶ
λαβόντα
τὸν
αὐτὸν
ὅσοι
ἐπὶ
δὲ
τὸν
—
πόλεως
τῆς
συφέρουσι
τοῖς
ἐπιβουλεύοντα
καὶ
ἀπειθοῦντα
ὡς
δόντα
τῶι
περιόντος
μέρους
τοῦ
ἐκ
κομιδὴν
αὐτοῖς
,εἶναι
τὴγ
δεδανείκασιν
ὑπερέχουσι
τοῖς
κἂμὸν
ἐπεξῆς
τοῖς
,ἄλλοις
τκαὶ
πρώτοις
οῖς
·δὲ
ὦσι
πλείους
εἷς
κἂν
γεωργῶι
τινες
δέἰ
εδανείσασιν
τοῖς
·πρώτοις
καὶ
καθάπερ
τούτοις
εἶναι
35
νόμον
ἐλευθέροις
ὡς
ἐπ᾽
παρ᾽
ἑτέρων
εἰσὶμ
δεδανεισμένοι
ἄλλοις
κτήματα
ἐγγυῶντες
ὑστέροις
ἐ
τοῖς
ξεῖναι
δανειστὰς
ὑστέρους
,τοὺς
ἐξαπατήσαντες
κτήμασιν
τοῖς
πο
κοινοῦ
τοῦ
συλλογισμὸν
τὸν
κατὰ
δανειστὰς
πρότερον
τοὺς
ἐξαλλάξασι
δανεισταῖς
τοῖς
αὐτοῖς
,ε
ἔτι
κομιδὴμ
τὴν
ἐὰν
τι
ἐνοφείληταί
δὲ
λέμου
ἔἶναι
κτήματα
τὰχειν
τῆς
ἐκ
40
χρειστοῦ
τοῦ
οὐσίας
ἄλλης
τρόπωι
πάσης
ἀζημίοις
δύνωνται
ἂν
ὧι
δαυότ
πρ ατο
ερον
ZEvetorats τοὺ
ίξ ςι
ασ
Sa **** CA
、.
po ********
he
whom
dealings
has
valuations
made
and
sums
of
advanced
by
money
the
,-l ender
money
l
the
in
,a the
-and
doender
shall
same
case
cultivators
g:of
toouardians
those
nd
choose
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as
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act
-to
couardians
behalf
on
orphans
of
beside
;b ut
these
other
no
person
shall
creceive
:aopy
nd
even
not
officers
the
appointed
charge
take
to
these
of
matters
shall
give
themselves
take
u
,or
one
nder
penalty
utter
of
ruin
both
the
person
to
himself
who
receives
whoever
gives
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b
:it
itoth
giver
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receiver
the
shall
liable
be
to
prosecutio
vp
a iolator
,as
law
the
nd
against
lotter
interests
State
the
of
who
.A ll n
money
lent
securities
upon
are
which
reach
,beyond
law
s
the
have
ofhall
right
recovery
cultivator
hands
in
remains
property
the
of
part
whatever
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these
,be
one
t
more
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lender
,first
order
in
others
or
a he
the
the
be nd
shall
law
while
pledging
if
as
them
for
same
original
the
for
real
.But
lenders
property
to
one
party
any
have
raised
money
upon
from
others
though
were
unincumbe
it
property
deceiving
,b
asy red
CITY AND SUBURBS.
tlatter
the
hen
second
the
lenders
shall
allowed
a fter
getting
,be
quit
original
the
of
creditors
according
money
r
allowed
-to
ate
during
common
a,t
war
the
keep
:property
ond
anything
be
there
if
further
due
them
to
property
on
creditors
,t he
shall
the
have
of
right
property
other
all
from
the
of
,i
debtor
any
be
may
he
way
being
w
able
nithout
liable
recovery
penalty
,tany
to
;a
if
be
toond
this
right
of
thehe
recovery
mortgaged
from
pro
7
I
*N
OST
Ο
·
ζημίας
ἁπάσης
ἦιν
ἔγγυος
καὶ
δὲ
ἐγγύου
ἂἶναι
,ε
τοῦ
τὴν
καθάπερ
κομιδὴν
τῶν
ἐκ
ὑπὲρ
—
ἐγγυωμένων
μετέωρα
πρὸς
ἐγγυωμένων
ἐγγύων
τῶν
τ
ειμὴ
—
κτήματα
τὰ
αὐτὰ
ἡ
ἦι
ἴση
μὲν
ὃ ἂμ
πρὸς
δανείωι
τῶι
κτήματος
τοῦ
τῆι
τιμήσει
ἔγγυος
ἦι
ἂν
γεγενημένηι
πολέμου
τοῦ
πρὸ
ἔγ
τὸν
ἀπηλλάχθαι
·ἐὸ
ἐγγύης
γυον
15
,τ
κτήματος
τοῦ
τιμῆς
τῆς
ὀφείλημα
τὸ
ἦι
δὲ
πλέον
ὰν
ὀφεί INSCRIPTIONS
ἔ
ὁγγυος
τιμῆς
τῆς
λημα
λόγον
κατὰ
ἀποτινέτω
ἄλλοι
οἱ
ὥσπερ
ἐγγυῶ
μέτεωρα
τὰ
ἐπιτετοκισμένον
,ἐὰμ
ντες
μὴ
πλείω
εἰς
ἦι
ἐν
τῆς
χρόνον
γεγεημένης
πράξει
τῆι
ἐπιτετοκικὼς
—
ἐγγύης
δὲ
δ
ὁ
ἦιὰν
ἐανειστὴς
πρᾶξιν
τῆμ
παρὰ
τὸν
καὶ
FROM
πλεῖον
ἀποτίνειν
ὧι
ἔγγυον
τὸν
ὡμολογημένον
μὴ
πράξει
τῆι
ἐν
χρόνον
τὸν
ἐπιτετοκισμένον
50
ἐπεσχηκὼς
μὴ
ἐὰμ
ἦι
τ
εἰσπρᾶξιν
τὴν
ὁ οκιστὴς
συμβου THE
λομένου
τοῦ
π
ἐγγύου
ερὶ
ἀμφισβήτωσιγ
τούτου
ἂν
κ
- ρίσιν
,δὲ
γίνεσθαι
αὐτοῖς
ξενικοῦ
τοῦ
ἐπὶ
δικαστηρίου
μή
,ἂ
ὑπὸ
τιμ
διαιτητῶν
συμπεισθῆι
·τῶν
ἄρχειν
δίκης
δὲ
τῆς
τοκιστὴν
τὸν
ε
—
δέἰ
ἐπίτροπος
τις
ἐπιτρόπηι
τῆι
ἐν
λαβὼν
αὐτὸς
χρήματα
ἔχει
τῶν
ὀρφάνου
ὀτωιοῦν
τρόπωι
τ
μὴούτωι
,τοῦ
the
in
as
same
be
shall
perty
land
mortgage
who
those
of
case
T
bouching
a
.with
title
ad
are
those
men
for
surety
borrow
who
security
upon
landed
property
of
only
:-
the
If
value
of
estate
the
equal
be
amount
to
which
for
loan
man
the
surety
is
according
to
valuation
the
before
made
t
, he
war
shall
released
surety
be
responsibility
his
from
;b
ifut
estate
of
value
exceed
debt
the
which
,the
by
sum
pay
shall
surety
exceeds
the
the
in
value
b
a
with
lands
mortgage
who
others
as
way
same
,u
title
additional
nless
ad
period
longer
a
for
charged
been
has
interest
contract
in
created
liability
the
than
.I
lasts
f
however
the
charged
has
lender
additional
interest
beyond
contract
and
time
agreed
therein
upon
,the
surety
charged
been
has
who
additional
interest
shall
bound
be
not
pay
to
unless
money
the
l
shall
- ender
have
postponed
proceeding
his
recovery
for
with
consent
the
of
CITY AND SUBURBS.
have
,t
point
this
on
disagree
they
if
and
surety
the
shall
a hey
hearing
international
before
court
u
t nless
they
persuaded
be
by
arbitrators
the
come
some
compromise
:to
he
,money
lender
shall
commence
the
suit
guardian
any
If
:
virtue
by
office
his
of
possession
taken
has
still
and
of
property
holds
belonging
ward
his
to
manner
any
in
whatsoever
shall
,he
be
not
6
10
ὀφείλουσι
ἀ
ἢ
θυγατρίοις
πόλεμον
ὅ
—
φερνὰς
δὲ
55σοι
τὸμ
κοινὸν
εἶναι
ἐ
ἢπίτροποι
πατρωίας
οὐσίας
ἐκ
τῆς
μεμερικότες
ταῖς
αὐτῶν
δελφαῖς
ὀρφάναις
ταῖς
ἡιρημένοι
δήμου
ὑ
,ἢπὸ
καταλελειμμένοι
ὑπὸ
πατρὸς
τὰς
οἱ
ἃς
φερνὰς
ἀποδεδώκασι
μὴ
ἐπιτροπευομέναις
ταῖς
αὐτοῦ
ὑπ᾽
ἀποδεδώκα
μὴ
διαλυθέντες
καὶ
γ
,ἢήμαντες
ἔταξαν
πατέρες
ἀποδιδόναι
τ ούτους
νόμον
ἀποδότους
τὸν
κατὰ
φερνὰς
,οὖσας
60
τὰς
σι
ὑπολο
αὐτοῖς
εἶναι
πράξεις
μὴ
κατὰ
καὶ
τόκους
τοὺς
τὰς
φερνὰς
ἀναπλη
γενόμενον
διάπτωμα
τὸ λλὰ
κοινὸμ
,ἀ
πόλεμον
γίζεσθαι
τὸν
οἴκου
τοῦ
ἄλλου
ἐκ
ἐπίτροποι
οἱ
ὀρφάναις
ταῖς
φερνὴν
τὴν
εἰς
ρούτωσαν
ἂν
ἐπιτροπεύωσι
.οὗ
allowed
daughters
dowries
owe
who
too
All
own
their
or
plead
to
the
war
common
.as
1
chosen
or
will
by
f
,oather's
been
left
having
estate
who
of
d
a r
paternal
the
ivision
sisters
on
,
appointed
their
fathers
which
dowries
orphans
to
paid
have
not
guardians
people
by
the
law
w
,by
thehich
dowries
repaid
not
have
divorced
then
being
them
and
marrying
or
after
tarrange
settled
the
interest
to
according
and
dowries
the
repay
hey
should
,shall
repaid
be
as
c
bedeficient
is
;w
war
common
the
up hat
plea
ounter
set
to
allowed
ments
,a
not
shall
nd
the
of
part
other
whatever
from
shall
orphans
to
good
make
in
guardians
dowry
the
.
of
manageme
the
have
they
may
property nt
CITY AND SUBURBS.
II
12
Πρυτάνεως
Ποσιδεῶ
μηνὸς
καὶ
ὅσοι
Δημαγόρου
ἀπὸ
εἰσὶν
δεδανεισμένοι
κτήμασιν
ἐπὶ
δὲ
τ
εἶναι
τιμήσεις
δὲ ὰς
πόλεμον
ἄλλοις
τοῖς
καὶ
ὥσπερ
νος
.τὸμ
, ούτοις
κοινὸμ
μὲν
- κεκαρμένοις
,ὅπως
γεγόνασιν
πράξεις
αἱ
καὶ
δάνεα
τὰ
χρόνοις
οἷς
ἐν
κτημάτων
τῶν
τινες
εἴ
ο
αὐτῶν
τιμήσεις
αἱ
τοῖς
τὕτως
ἢ
,κτήμασιν
συνηλλάχασιν
καθηρημένων
ἐπαυλίων
ῶν
᾿Απολλάδος
πρὸ
— σοι
τοῖς
κτήμασιν
συνήλλαξαν
διακειμένοις
ὡς
γ
ὅίνωνται
5δὲ
τὰς
εἶναι
πολέμωι
μὴ
κοινῶι
τῶι
ἐναντίας
πεπράγασιν
πράξεις
Ληναιῶνος
καὶ
μηνὸς
ὅ
ἀπὸ
δὲσοι
κοινῶι
—
πολέμωι
τούτοις
τῶι
ἐν
ὀφείλοντας
ἀλλ᾽
τοὺς
εἶναι
πράξεις
·
κυρίας
εἶναι
δ᾽
,τούτοις
τοῖς
κτήμασιν
ἐπὶ
πεπράγασιν
πράξεις
᾿Απολλὰ
καὶ
Ληναιῶνος
μηνὸς
διαπι
τῶι
πολέμωι
πόλεμον
ἐν
ἐπειδὴ
κοινὸν
τὸμ
εἶναι
αὐτοῖς
κυρίας
,κ
μὴ
τὰςαὶ
πράξεις
δωδεκάτων
ὑ
—
τ πὲρ
εἶναι
πλείους
μὴ
αὐτοῖς
δὲ
εἰσευπόρησαν
· όκους
στεύσαντες
10
Ποσιδεῶνος
μηνὸς
πρὸ
κτήματα
ὅ
—
μὲμ
σοι
εἰς
ἐμβεβηκότων
δανειστῶν
τῶν
κατὰ
νέμον
καὶ
τὰ
ἔχουσιν
πράξεις
τοῦ
κτήματα
εἰς
ἐμβάντες
Δημαγόρου
ἐπὶ
ὡμολογήκασιν
,ε
ται
αὐτοὺς
πρὸς
ἑκόντες
ἄλλο
τι
μή
εἰ
ἐμβάσεις
τὰς
κυρίας
αὑτοῖς
πἶναι
· ερὶ
νόμους
κατὰ
τοὺς
εἶναι
κρίσιν
αὐτοῖς
ἀμφισβήτωσιν
τινες
ἄν
παγκτησίας
δὲ
τῆς
of
the
presidency
after
property
landed
mortgage
upon
money
borrowed
have
who
All
,the
rest
like
war
common
plead
to
entitled
be
shall
Posideon
of
month
the
and
Demagora s
contracted
were
loans
the
which
at
times
to
relate
shall
property
of
valuation
the
but
agreement
made
property
the
when
have
if
that
,in
order
completed s
transaction
the
and
any
repre
may
them
of
valuations
,the
destroyed
homestead
the
and
waste
laid
been
had s
All
agreement
.made
their
they
when
time
at
property
the
of
condition
sent s
Apollas
of
]b
o
[ efore
presidency
the
payments
r
exacted
transaction
concluded
have
who s
heir
transac
t
war
common
,the
of
interest
to
contrary
Lenaeon
month
and
the
plead
to
allowed
be
shall
debtors
their
b ut
valid
,not
s or
]exactions
[hall
tions
exacted
[o r
estates
landed
respecting
transaction
concluded
have
who
A
-
. ll
war
common s
andhe
trans
t
Apollas
,of
presidency
the
Lenaeon
month
a fter
property
]on
payments
the
during
s ince
war
common
plead
,to
entitled
abe
not
shall
nd
they
valid
actions
CITY AND SUBURBS.
not
shall
them
by
received
be
to
interest
t he
:income
ga ood
made
and
credit
gave
they
war
who
—
:property
upon
l
T All
entered
have
enders
-the
money
cent
83 ouching
.per
exceed
and
of
office
y ear
'in
Demagora
Posideon
month
the
before
property
upon
entered
have s
valid
be
shall
entries
t
ithese
enjoy
,and
transaction
with
accordance
in
property
the
hold s
dis
any
a
ifnd
otherwise
another
,one
with
covenante d
voluntarily
have
parties
the
unless
.All
laws
have
the
to
according
h earing
awho
have
shall
they
possession
full
the
pute
13
14
ἐμβεβήκασι
δὲ
ὅσοι
15
ὕστερον
μηνὸς
Δημαγόρα
ἐπὶ
τοῦ
νεμομένων
δα
τῶν ν
νεισαμένων
ψήφισμα
κατὰ
κτήματα
κατηγμένων
καὶ
τὸ
δήμου
τοῦ
ὑπὸ
κτήμα
μὲν
τὰ
τα
δανεισαμέν
,εἶναι
νεμομένων
καὶ
,τ
δανειστῶν
τῶν
δάνεια
δὲ
ὰ
οῦ ων
μερισμοῦ
δανεί
γενομένου
—
ἄλλοις
τοῖς
καὶ
καθάπερ
διαμφισβη
δὲ
οἱ
ἐὰν τήσωσιν
ὀφείλοντας
τοὺς
πρὸς
σαντες
ἐμβεβηκένα
φάμενοι
Δημαγόρου
πρότερον
Πρυτάνεως
μη
καὶ ι
αὐτοῖς
,κρίσιν
νὸς
20
τοῖς
καὶ
καθάπερ
γινέσθαι
πολέμωι
κοινῶι
τῶι
ἐν
ἄλλοις
έβλαμ
νεμόμενοι
εἰ
-
μένοις
αὐτοὶ
δανειστῶν
τῶν
ἐμβάντων
μὴ
τινες
δέ
τι
ἑκόντες
κτήματα
τὰ
δανειστὰς
τοὺς
πρὸς
αὐτοῖς
εἶναι
βιασθέντες
μὴ
.συνωμολόγηνται
κύρια
ὡμολογημένα
τὰ
μ
δὲ
ἐὰν
βεβίασθαι
φῆι
δ
,ὁ
μὴὲὲμ
αὐτοῖς
εἶναι
κρίσιν
τούτων
περὶ
ξενικῶν
τῶι
ἐν
δικαστηριῶι
,π ρο
διαιτᾶσθαι
αὐτοὺς
δὲ
διαιτητῶν
τῶν
ἐπὶ
κατὰ
νόμονὅσοι
τὸν
τίνδε
ἐγκαταλιπόντες
τὰ
τοκιστῶν
25
.τὰ
,οἱἶναι
εἰσὶν
ἀπηλλαγμένοι
,ε
γεγεωργήκασιν
τοκισταὶ
δὲ
τῶν
κτήματα
εαν τόκους
καὶ
τοκισταῖς
τοῖς
ἀνηλωμένα
τὰ
ἀποδόντες
ὀφείλοντες
οἱ
βούλωνται
δὲ
ἐὰν
ἐπὶ
,καὶ
δεκάτους
καὶ
τέσσερες
ἢ
γὴν
εἰς
ἀνήλωται
αὐτοῖς
εἴ
τι
ἀ
γεωργίαν
τὴγ
διὰ
πόλωλέ
κτήματα
ἀπο
αὐτοῖς
ἐξεῖναι
γεγενημένων
τὰ
παραλαβεῖν
προσόδωμ
ὑπολογισθεισῶν
τῶν
μετέχειν
Δανάου
ἐπὶ
τωῖ
ἐνιαύτωι
ἐν
δοῦσιν
ταὐτὰ
κατὰ
πολέμου
κοινοῦ
τοῦ
αὐτοὺς
borrowers
still
are
while
y
office
ofear
Demagoras
Posideon
'in
the
month
entered
after
the
by
it
to
restored
after
being
decree
,a
of nd
according
property
the
enjoyment
in
amount
of
b
the
it
of
inut
enjoyment
,now
borrowers
to
belong
shall
tproperty
pecple
, he
creditors
other
of
case
the
made
in
as
being
partition
: he
,t
creditors
to
go
shall
the
loan
the
before
entered
had
that
they
a lleging
debtors
of
,case
dispute
creditors
the
and
if
way
as
same
the
in
heard
be
t
shall
hey
Posideon
,of
month
the
and
Demagoras
presidency
yet
not
have
creditors
the
w
If
anyhen
others
who
suffered
have
injury
,common
the
war
.in
without
compul
and
voluntarily
property
,h
b ave
the
of
enjoyment
themselves
ineing
entered
the
if
;b ut
valid
be
case
their
in
shall
agreement
,t he
creditors
with
the
an
to
sion
come
this
in
point
on
heard
t
be
shall
ithey
other
deny
and
,the
used
been
that
has
force
one
allege
arbitrators
the
before
arbitration
for
case
their
submit
first
they
shall
court
;but
international
the
their
left
have
who
A ll
law
this
.to
according l
money
and
-the
and
CITY AND SUBURBS.
gone
,enders
away
property
are
willing
the
debtors
l
:b
if enders
ut
money
belong
the
to
property
-shall
,t
it
he
cultivated
have
to
repay 7
at
,w er
interest
land
ith
expended
the
on
they
lhave
what
enders
money
-cent
pthe
income
per
the
contra
r eckoning
cultivation
have
,incurred
in
which
they
and
loss
any
derived
it
from
t
land
the
back
take
to
terms
on
,p
may
these
hey
rovided
nd
apayments
same
terms
on
war
of
common
the
benefits
,s
office
'yhare
beDanaus
ear
during
made
15
16
τη
,κ
ἀναλωμάτων
ἐν
ἀπολωλότων
τῶν
30
ὑαὶ
—
ἄλλοις
τοῖς
τῶν
δὲπὲρ
τῶν
προσόδων
τῶμ
καὶ
γεωργίαι
ἀλλήλους
,ἐὰμ
πρὸς
τι
μέν
συμφωνή
τοῦ
ἐπὶ
αὐτοῖς
σωσιν
,τ ρίσιν
κἰαύτ᾽
σ
ἢδιαιτητῶν
τῶν
·εὑπὸ
,εἶναι
μη
δὲ
υμπεισθῶσιν
•
·τῆς
ἄλλοις
τοῖς
καὶ
καθάπερ
δικαστηρίου
ξενικοῦ
δὲ
ἐγκαταλιπόντα
τὸν
ἄρχειν
δίκης
μηνὸς
᾿
ἢ
τὸ
,δέ Απολλάδος
Μἰαντικράτους
·εἕως
κτῆμα
Δημαγόρου
ἐπὶ
τινες
as
.Tnd
others
,a
been
have
which
expenses
cul
in
incurred
loss
the
ouching
tivation
a nd
income
which
w
accrued
has
, hether
parties
the
to
come
agreement
some
follow
one
:i
results
these
of
neither
persuade
them
all
be
shall
tf
together
,or
arbitrators
the
cases
:t
shall
suit
,j he
international
court
other
the
in
as
they
hust
a
have
before
earing
but
land
the
left
has
who
him
by
commenced
be
d
any
ifuring
,the
Demagoras
of
presidency
Posideon
or
,to
orp
Manticrates
u
Apollas
of
month
the
the
The
(
of
remainder
not
was
inscription
.)
found
13
We
;but
Ephesus
history
with
connection
inscriptions
above
named
men
of
nothing
know
the
in
referred
above
to
well
.with
that
corresponds
which
Minor
Asia
in
existed
state
things
of
year
a
B.C.
409
The
uanded
Athenians
'l
Thrasyllus
b
a
,troops
villages
burnt
Colophon
of
neighbourhood
the
in nder
nd
ody
Ephesus
manner
,to
of
neighbourhood
the
proceeded
same
in
thence
2a
country
nd
destroyed
crops
ravaged
directions
against
.it
opposite
from
divisions
two
in
intending
,advancing
city
the
attack
to
CITY AND SUBURBS.
Athenians
beaten
were
the
,'a
goddess
the
country
toff
defend
ond
.population
of
Tissaphernes
raised
of
reverses
and
successes
alternate
by
influenced
much
be
would
Minor
Asia
of
states
the
in
time
that
at
Parties
Athenian
, oɩòs
arms
Lacedæmonian
and
k
a
called
Greeks
what
in
population
whole
the
unite
to
difficult
was
itnd
‫ܕ‬ ;3bout
tTóλεμoc
call
'w
goddess
of
defence
,a
such
essentially
this
make
prominence
the
for
account
nd
ould
term
.the
to
given
H.1
X chenoph
,12.ellenica
:2Cf.
κ- 4
line
εκαρμένοις
κτήμασιν
ἐπαυλίων
καθηρημένων
τ ῶν
.τοῖς
Xenoph
H iero
,23C.f.
.8
17
"
No. 2 .
(Found at thejunction ofthe roads near the Coressian gate, three or four stadiafrom the
Peribolus ; but not in situ . )
· ἐστήσαμεν πεντεκαιδεκάτην στή
λην πρὸς τῇ ἱερᾷ χώρᾳ , καὶ ἑκκαιδεκάτην στήλην πρὸς τοῖς ἱεροῖς , ὡς ἡ
αἱμασιά , ἀντ
ίζυγον τῆς σταθείσης · προελθόντες δὲ ἐστήσαμεν ἑπτακαιδεκάτην στήλην
...... καὶ προελθόντες ὁμοίως ἐστήσαμεν ὀ

πρὸς τοῖς ὁρίοις τοῖς ...
κτωκαιδεκάτην στήλην .. · ὁμοίως δὲ προελθόντες ἐστήσαμεν
ἐννεακαιδεκάτην στήλην ·ὁμοίωςδὲ ἐστήσαμεν εἰκοστὴν στήληνα .
. ισ • τοις · ταῦτα δὲ εσ
τῆς δεκάτης στήλης
κατὰ τὸ γένειον τοῦ
τῆς ἐνάτης στήλης κ •·
τῆς ὀγδόης στήλης .
ὁμοίως δὲ ἐστήσαμεν .
CITY AND SUBURBS. 19
No. 2 .
[we set up a fif]teenth [ stele] against the sacred
domain , [and a sixteenth ] against the temples, at (or where) the
stone-fence is, [ opposite to ] that which had been set up : [ and
going on] we set up a seventeenth stelé against the boundaries that
. : and going on we in like manner set up an eighteenth
stele . • and in like manner going on we set up a nine
teenth [stele ; and in like manner] we set up a twentieth stelé . ...
and these .
of [the ] tenth [stelé] . .
down the chin (or beard)¹ .
of the ninth stelé
of the eighth stelé •
and [ in like manner ] we set up .
1 Or opposite.
I
Part of an inscription recording the means taken to mark the boundaries of the
sacred domain of a temple, doubtless the Temple of Artemis. An inscription at
the angle of the Artemisian Peribolus (No. 1. ) states that Augustus caused the
temple of the goddess ' (so Gr. : Dianae, Lat. ) and the Augusteum to be walled
round (rxiora , muro muniendum), and two others (2. 3. ), likewise attached to
the Peribolus a few feet off, state that Augustus restored the sacred stelae of the
roads and watercourses (peiðpwr ) for Artemis.' One adds that the watercourse has a
6
width of 15 cubits, and the other that the road has with the watercourse of the river '
a width of 30 cubits ; thereby implying that the road and river (? Selinus) ran side by
side, and were of the same width . It seems to follow that the restoration of the stelae
was distinct from the building of the Peribolus, while both took place by order of
Augustus. We learn from Strabo (xiv. 1. 23 , p. 641 , Cas. ) that Antony having ex
tended the boundary of the sanctuary to double the distance allowed by Mithradates,
the concession was annulled by Augustus. When therefore Augustus is said in the
inscriptions to have restored ' the stelae of the roads and watercourses, the language
has special force if they together formed the extreme boundary of Artemisian
territory. It is indeed difficult to reconcile the distances given, though vaguely, by
Strabo with the supposition that the Peribolus marked only an inner enclosure
within the extreme Augustan limits ; for Mithradates is said to have exceeded but
slightly the stadium ' from the corner of the roof, ' which had formed the interval in
an earlier determination by Alexander ; and the Peribolus is a little more than a
stadium distant from the site of the Temple. But on the other hand a statement of
Strabo that the Antonian sanctuary included ' a certain part of the city ' cannot be
strictly true, unless the Antonian boundary was much more than twice as far from
the temple as the Peribolus ; though it may be justified by the supposition that it
refers to the inclusion of outlying suburbs. In any case the inscriptions render it
"
impossible to identify the line marked by the stelae with the line of the Peribolus. It
seems probable, therefore, either that Strabo confused the distance of the Peribolus
with that of the outer line, or that the limits restored by Augustus were not really
Mithradatic, but intermediate in range and date between those of Mithradates and
those of Antony, for on many occasions (auréẞŋ woλλákıç), says Strabo, the bound
aries of asylum were changed. Old lines of demarcation were not likely to be
always entirely obliterated at these successive enlargements ; and thus what had
once been the entire domain might easily remain in later days as an inner enclosure,
a τέμενος within a χῶρες ἱερός. Nor is it perhaps accidental that we hear of a three
fold sanctuary (τέμενός τε καὶ ἱερὸν καὶ ναόν ) as dedicated to the Ephesian Artemis
by Xenophon, at a much earlier time, at Scillus in Elis (Paus. v. 6). So also an

Ephesian inscription in C. I. G. (2954 A) states où pórov v Ty hμeréρg wiλei åλλà
καὶ παρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις Έλλησι (?) πανταχοῦ ἀνεῖσθαι αὐτῆς ἱερά τε καὶ τεμένη καὶ αὐτῇ
[? ναούς ] τε εἱδρῦσθαι καὶ βωμοὺς ἀνακεῖσθαι, where ἀνεῖσθαι followed by τε καί shews
that two kinds of sacred lands (not buildings) are meant, whether Boeckh's supple
ments are exactly right or not : for vaous he is not responsible. Upon this supposi
tion the present inscription may be assumed to refer to the Augustan restoration
recorded in the other inscriptions, and to be a statement of details bythe horistae, to
whom the religious function of limitation belonged. On the other hand, it would.
naturally be referred to the Antonian enlargement by those who take the Peribolus
as the true Augustan boundary. It is tolerably clear from lines 2 and 3 that the
course followed by the horistae did not, at least at that point, intersect the boundary,
but coincided with it ; since otherwise one alone of a pair of stelae would not have
been described as set against the sacred domain.'
Fragment A records the placing of stelae, the fifteenth to the twentieth ; fragment
B apparently relates to some acts, probably of consecration , performed at or near
the several stɛlae (the tenth to the eighth) in inverse order, doubtless as the horistae
retraced their steps. Fragment A consists of two detached portions, which evidently
belong to opposite ends of the same lines, the intermediate words being lost. In
fragment B, the letters of which are a shade larger and more distant, the greater part
of each line is lost.
A , line 2 : τῇ ἱερᾷ χώρᾳ : cf. C. I. G. 1926, ἱερὸς ¿
ὁ χῶρος τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος κ. τ. λ. ;
2919, χωρὸς ἱερὸς ἄσυλος Διονύσου Βάκχου . Ib . τοῖς ἱεροῖς . What these temples were
does not appear. The boundary may have been drawn with especial care at this
point that neither sanctuary might encroach on the other. The obscure but perfectly
legible phrases ǹ aiµaσiá may indicate either the point where a stone-fence met the
road, or the boundary line formed by a stone- fence between the road and the
enclosure (réueros) of ' the temples ' : likewise occurs in a somewhat similar
inscription at Priene ( C. I. G. 2905 , D, 10 f. ) , àñò dè toúτov ¿c napapépei tapà tòν
βουνὸν εἰς τὸ ἀπολῆγον αὐτοῦ ὅρους ἐπεκολάψαμεν . ᾿Αντίζυγον is not certain ; but it
gives the right sense, and is of the required length : ȧrrioroxov is too long. One
stele was fixed just within the conjoined road and river, the other opposite to it on
the other side of the road and river, touching the boundary of the temples.'
In line 4 after rois ópios rois about fourteen letters are wanting before kaí, and in line 5
about ten letters between στήλην and ὁμοίως.
B, line 2 , τὸ γένειον , which is quite distinct , is probably the bearded chin of

some statue, on which oil or libations may have been poured by way of consecration
(cf. C. F. Hermann, Gottesdienstl. Alterth. 106 ff. ).
The Priene inscription quoted above contains a record of the marking of political
boundaries, partly by stelae (ἐθήκαμεν ὅρον ), partly by inscriptions on rocks [ἄλλον ]
No. 3 ·
(On a loose stonefound in the village ofAyasalouk, apparently part of a column. )
-ανης, ἱερατεύοντος
διὰ βίου τῶν πρὸ πόλε
ως Δημητριαστῶν
καὶ Διονύσου Φλέω μυ
στῶν Τίτου Αὐρηλίου
Πλουτάρχου , ἱεροφαν
τοῦντος Πο . Κλαυδίου
᾿Αριστοφάνους, ἐπιμε
λητοῦ δὲ τῶν μυστη
ρίων Σατορνείλου
0
στους · " νος
por TEKOλápaper). The Ephesian inscription is slightly noticed by E. Curtius.

(Beiträge zur Gesch. u. Topog. Kleinasiens in Proc. of Berlin Academy, 1872 ,
pp. 28 f. ). Tacitus describes briefly an investigation of the claims of asylum urged
by various Asiatic temples, including that of Ephesus, which was made by the senate
under Tiberius (Ann. iii. 60 ff. ).
No. 3.
. . . . Titus Aurelius Plutarchus being priest for life of the
Demetriasts and mystae of Dionysus Phleôs without the city,
Publius Claudius Aristophanes being hierophant, and Saturneilus
• .. being commissioner of the mysteries
The subject of the inscription does not appear. What remains of it refers to
certain persons holding office in connection with religious mysteries. Line 2 dia
βίου occurs similarly in other inscriptions, e.g. at Aphrodisias , ἱερέα διὰ βίου θεᾶς
'Appodirns ( C. I. G. 2782 , 15 ). On the phrase pò Tóλɛwę prefixed to the names of
deities see Boeckh in C. 1. G. 2963 c, and Waddington, Voy. Arch. iii. n. 1601 :
these writers give references to Artemis at Ephesus ( 2963 c), Demeter at Smyrna
as here (3194, 3211 ), Hecate at Aphrodisias ( 2796 ), Dionysus apparently at Thera
as here ( 2462 , iɛpéa dià yérovs toũ πрò ñóλews Acorúrov), and a local deity, Tirymnus,
at Thyatira (3493 : cf. 3500) ; also " Oykа pò Tóλews (Athene) at Thebes in Aesch.
Theb. 162. Temples so described evidently stood at the entrance of cities, without
the gates. Line 3 : Anunτpaths is a new word, denoting those who had charge of
the festivals or rites in honour of Demeter : many similar titles, as Atorvaiarraí,
' Aσkληiασrαί, occur in inscriptions (C. F. Hermann- Stark, Göttesd. Alt. 7 n. 10 : for,
67 n. 9). A súrodos of mystae of Demeter is mentioned in inscriptions of Smyrna
( C. I. G. 3194, 3199 , 3200 ) . Line 4 contains an obscure name of Dionysus, which
appears in several forms, Φλέως (Φλέων ) , Φλεύς, Φλιοῦς or Φλῖος (Φλεῖος ), and Φλοῖος .
Aelian , V. H. iii . 41 , ὅτι τὸ πολυκαρπεῖν οἱ ἀρχαῖοι ὠνόμαζον φλύειν , ὅθεν τὸν Διόνυσον
Φλεῶνα ἐκάλουν ; Hesych . , Φλέως, Διονύσου ἱερόν ; Herodian , π. μον . λεξ. p. 6 : τὸ
Φεύς ( Φλεύς ) ἐπὶ τοῦ Διονύσου κείμενον, ὡς ἐν ταῖς ἐπικλήσεσιν εὕρομεν , καθ᾽ ἱστορίαν
ἐστὶν εἰρημένον , and so in other gramm . cited by Lobeck ( Aglaoph . 402 ) and others.
Etym . Mag . (s. v. φλῶ ) Φλεύς , ὁ Διόνυσος ἐν Χίῳ , παρὰ τὸ εὐκαρπεῖν. Schol. Apol.
Rhod . i. 115 , καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ Διόνυσος Φλιοῦς ὠνομάζετο , ἀπὸ τοῦ φλεῖν· τὸν οἶνον , ὅ ἐστιν
εὐθηνεῖν . Etym . Mag . (s. v. Κρῖος ), τὸ δὲ Φλῖος, σημαίνει δὲ τὸν Διόνυσον, κ. τ . λ .
Plut. Symp. Probl. v. 8, p. 683 E, εἶναι δὲ καὶ τῶν ῾Ελλήνων τινάς , οἳ Φλοίῳ Διονύσῳ
θύουσιν ; and again he has τὸ Φλοῖον twice in a corrupt passage of his Quaest . Graec .
( 56 , p . 303 D ), on the pursuit of the Amazons by Dionysus from Ephesus to Samos :
cf. Φλοιοῦς for Φλιούς, as an ancient home of the mysteries, three times in Hipp.
Haer. v. 20. The absence of an article after kai seems to shew that a single college
of ministrants discharged both offices. In like manner the term рò wóλɛwç is
No. 4 .
(From a pedestal found in a building near the Odeum. )
Πο . Οὐήδιον
᾿Αντωνῖνον,
τὸν κτιστὴν
τῆς Ἐφεσίων
5 πόλεως,
ἡ συνεργασία
τῶν λαναρίων .
apparently common to both seats of worship, though it might belong to the

Demetriasts alone. Hitherto there has been hardly more than constructive evidence
for Ephesian worship of either Demeter or Dionysus (Guhl, Ephesiaca, 123, 127 f.).
It seems probable that the worship of Demeter came from Eleusis to Ephesus with
the Athenian immigration under Androclus ( Guhl) ; and there is evidence that, like
Persephone, whom Hesychius states to have been herself called oía by the
Laconians, Dionysus was often associated with the Demeter of the mysteries in early
times cf. Preller, Dem. u. Pers. 53 f. , 135 , 209 ff.; Gerhard, Mythol. i. 139 f. , 453 ,
473 ff. On the names of offices relating to the mysteries see C. F. Hermann-Stark,
ubi sup. 32 , 55. Line 10 : The forms Zaropvεiλog and Earopreiros both occur in
inscriptions as they do in literature . In line II Ἰούστου Ὀνασίωνος would fulfil the
requirements of space, but cannot be confidently accepted. The transcript doubt
fully indicates as the last word ' Oμnowroc.
No. 4.
[To ] Publius Vedius Antoninus, the founder of the city of the
Ephesians, [erected by] the guild of the woolcarders.
P. Vedius Antoninus was apparently a favourite of Antoninus Pius, employed

by him in the erection of public buildings at Ephesus : see inscriptions from Odeum.
This emperor, like Augustus and apparently Hadrian, is called a founder by the
Ephesians in another inscription (C. Curtius, 184 ff. ) ; and here the title is extended
to his local representative .
The word our pyasía, ' guild,' occurs in many Asiatic inscriptions : cf. Boeckh
on No. 3480. The woolcarders are properly called povpyoi : the common Latin
term in a Greek dress is known only from the scholia on Apollonius Rhodius, iv.
177 (ὅθεν καὶ λανάριοι καλοῦνται οἱ κτενισταί) .
No. 5 .
(From a pedestalfound in excavation on the high ground nearly opposite the Odeum.)
• λίαν ( ? ) • • ""
θυγατέρα Τιβ . Κλ. ῾Ερμεία
τοῦ λαμπροτάτου ὑπατικοῦ
καὶ Αἰλίας Πειθιάδος τῆς

1
5 i
κρατίστης ὑπατικῆς,
Η
H
ἀδελφὴν Τιβ . Κλ . Δράκοντος
Σωσιπάτρας Θεωνίδος
τῶν κρατίστων ,
ἀνεψιὰν καὶ ἀπόγονον
10 πολλῶν ὑπατικῶν ,
Φλ . Ζώτικος τὴν ἰδίαν
πατρώνισαν .
No. 6.
(From a gate in street near the Great Theatre.)
Χριστιανῶν βασιλέων
πρασίνων
πολλὰ τὰ ἔτη
Εὐσεβέων βασιλέων
πολλὰ τὰ ἔτη
No. 5.
[ To ] Aelia ( ?) .. .. daughter of Tiberius Claudius Hermeias ,
the right illustrious consular, and of Ælia Peithias, the right
excellent consular, sister of Tiberius Claudius Dracon, of
Sosipatra [and] Theonis the right excellent, kinswoman and
descendant of many consular persons, [erected by] Flavius
Zoticus, [she being] his own patroness.
A sepulchral inscription to a lady by a dependent, probably a freedman.

Line 1 : Only the bases of four letters remain, taken (perhaps rightly) as belong
ing to Klavdiav by C. Curtius, who has published this inscription in Hermes, iv.
193 f. Line 3 : C. Curtius takes ou as the last syllable of ' Epuɛiov ; but the analogy
of line 4 suggests the article. Line 12 : The word warpovina has been previously
known only (in the form -ooa) from the later Greek law-books, cited by Ducange ,
p. 1137.
C. Curtius points out that the name Flavius indicates a date not earlier than
that of the Flavian emperors.
No. 6.
Of the Christian emperors
of the green faction
years be
may the many !
Of the pious emperors

may the years be many !
No. 7.
(From a basilica near the Odeum.)
Tiberio Claudio Secundo , viatori tribunicio, accenso velato ,
lictori curiato , gerusia honori(s ) caussa sua pecunia .
ἡ γερουσία ἐτείμησεν Τιβέριον Κλαύδιον Σεκοῦνδον , οὐιάτορα τρι
βουνίκιον , ἀκκῆνσον οὐηλᾶτον , λείκτορα κουριᾶτον ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων.
1
No. 8.
(From a marble step at the east end ofthe double church in the Forum.)
μης ᾿Αριστοβούλου Λιορόθεος Ἱππίου
ης • • θόγενος Αἰσχρίων ᾿Απολλωνίου
Πέργωνος ᾿Αρτέμων ᾿Αρτέμωνος
᾿Αριστοβούλου Διοπείθης Κλήτου
5 ᾿Αριστοβούλου Πλάτως Πλάτωνος
Πρύτανις Ιπποκλείου
᾿Αρτεμιδώρου ᾿Εγκαίριος ᾿Εγκαιρίου
· γόρου Χαιρεφῶν Χαιρεφῶνος

i
῾Ηρακλείδης ᾿Αντιγένου
10 . νιου Μητρᾶς Μητρᾶ

No. 7.
The Senate erected (this statue ?) at their own expense in
honour of Tiberius Claudius Secundus, a tribunician viator, one
of the accensi velati, and a lictor curiatus.
᾿Αριστάρχου Σωτᾶς ᾿Αρισταγόρου
Ποσειδώνιος Ποσειδωνίου
ντος Νικόμαχος Νίκωνος
• τηρεῶνος ᾿Αρτεμίδωρος Διονυσικλέου
15 • · λίωνος Εκκλησόρα Ὑμήδου
• μένοντος Ζηνόδοτος ᾿Ακρισίου
ουθυκράτου Τηλέστρατος ᾿Ανδροφόρβου
ου Δίων Κυάννου
μηνιου Ζηνόδοτος Κυνι . . .
20 αρχέλας Σωτᾶς Θεύδα .

Ζηνοδότου Μηνόφιλος Μηνοφίλου
Δημοκλ . Ποσειδώνιος Κυδ .
ώνοντος Ζωίλος Πρυτάνιδος
᾿Απολλωνίδου ᾿Αναξίβιος Ἡραγόρου
25 Πυθίων ᾿Αρτεμιδώρου
ορος
Θράσωνος Παιώνιος Χαρισιένου
αρίωνος Τιμοκλῆς Καϋστρίου
οκράτου Τιμόθεος Ερμίππου ·
᾿Αριστοδήμου ᾿Αθηναγόρας ᾿Ανδροπόμπου
30 . Θεοφίλλου Πειθαγόρας Χαρματίωνος
᾿Αλεξάνδρου ᾿Επαίνετος Μάνδρωνος
Θεόφιλος ᾿Αμύντου
τίου Δημοκράτης Δημητρίου
ρωτίου ῾Ερμογένης Χαιρέου
35 · · • κράτου Φιλέας Φιλέου
καταίου ᾿Απολλόθεμις ᾿Αστέου
Κουράνου Εὐήνως Θεοδώρου
• ς Κλέωνος Ποσειδώνιος Διοκλείου
ίδης Μενάνδρου Δημήτριος Δημητρίου
40 ος ᾿Αρτεμιδώρου ᾿Απολλόδωρος Ζωίλου

Ζώπυρος ῾Ερμίου Δημήτριος Πολυκλείτου
᾿Απολλώνιος Μαιανδρίου ᾿Απολλᾶς Μητρᾶ
• τωλέων Πύρρου ᾿Αναξαγόρας ᾿Αγελέωνος
ων Καϋστρίου ᾿Αριστοκράτης Αἰσχρίωνος
45 . KOS Τεισαμένου ᾿Αριστόνικος ᾿Αριστάρχου
᾿Αρτεμίδωρος ᾿Αρτεμιδώρου ᾿Αντιφῶν Κωμαίου
Ζώπυρος Ζωπύρου Κόρωνος Βέργωνος
πος ῾Ηρακλείδου Ζηνόδοτος Ζηνοδότου
λων ᾿Απολλωνίου
Περιγένης Σιμωνίδου
50 ᾿Απολλᾶς Κλέωνος
No. 9.
( From a pedestal in the Wool-factor's Hall. )
Πόπλιον Οὐήδιον Παπιανὸν ᾿Αντωνεῖνον τὸν κράτιστον κληρονόμῳ
χρησάμενον τῇ ἁγιωτάτῃ θεῷ ᾽Εφεσίᾳ ᾿Αρτέμιδι ἡ πατρὶς ἀνενεώσατο .
No. 9.
Publius Vedius Papianus Antoninus the most excellent, after
he had made the most holy Ephesian goddess Artemis his heir,
his country commemorated .

No. 10 .
(Found in a pier of the Coressian Gate, to which it did not originally belong.)
1
ὡς ἀγαθὸν καὶ παῖδα καταφθιμένοιο λιπέσθαι,
εἶπε μελιγλώσσων ἴδρις ὁ Πιερίδων ·
τοῦτ᾽ ἐτύμως ἐπ᾿ ἐμοὶ, φίλε, κέκριται· ἂν γὰρ ἀνεῖλεν
μνάμαν ὁ κακία, παῖς πάλιν εἰργάσατο .
καλὰν δ᾽ ἐξσώζων* γενέτᾳ χάριν , οὐ βιότου φῶς
δεύτερον , ἀλλὰ κλέους ἧψ᾽ ἱερὸν βίοτον .
αἰνῶ Μουσάων σεμνὸν γένος , εἰς ἀρετὰν γὰρ
δῶκαν ἐμοὶ τέκνου ζῶσαν ἐϋφροσύναν .
r Hom. Od . iii . 196. 2 Sic on stone.
No. II.
( Found near the Magnesian Gate .)
τὸ ὕδωρ
ἐκ τοῦ καινοῦ Μάρναντος
τοῦ εἰσαχθέντος ὑπὸ
Κλαυδίου Διογένους
Επιμελητοῦ .
333
CITY AND SUBURBS.
No. 10.
' How good a thing it is to leave behind a son when one is
dead ! ' said the poet well versed in the sweet-tongued Muses.
This, my friend, is judged to be true in my case ; for the memory
which malice had destroyed, a son again revived . And to show
by a good act his lasting gratitude for his parent, he kindled for
me, not indeed a second light of life, but an immortal life of fame.
All praise to the revered race of the Muses ! for they have given
me a living delight in my child for his virtue.
An epigram to commemorate the victory of a son in some musical or poetical

cortest, and supposed to express the sentiments of a deceased father, whose memory
had been traduced . The son had vindicated in his prize-poem the character of his
father, and so given him, not a second lease of life, but a glorious restoration or
repute. The contest was under the patronage of the Muses, who accordingly receive
the grateful thanks of the father.
The inscription is in Doric.
No. II .
The water from the new (River) Marnas, ' brought into
[the city] by Claudius Diogenes , Superintendent.
1 The river Marnas is known from coins struck in the time of Domitian and
Antoninus Pius.
14
No. 12 .
(From a small column found near the City Port.)
καταυ ῳ
῾Αδριανῷ ᾿Αντωνείνῳ
Καίσαρι Σεβαστῷ Εὐσεβεῖ
καὶ τῇ πρώτῃ καὶ μεγίστῃ
μητροπόλει τῆς ᾿Ασίας
καὶ δὶς νεωκόρου τῶν Σεβαστῶν
Εφεσίων πόλει καὶ τοῖς ἐπὶ
τὸ τελώνιον τῆς ἰχθυϊκῆς
πραγματευομένοις
Κομινία ᾿Ιουνία
σὺν τῷ βωμῷ τὴν Εἶσιν
ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων ἀνέθηκεν ,
πρυτανεύοντος . · · · ημ ατος .
1 Should perhaps be νεωκόρῳ .

No. 12 .
to Hadrianus Antoninus Caesar Augustus called
Pius, ' and to the first and greatest metropolis of Asia, twice temple
warden of the Augusti, the city of the Ephesians, and to those
who are engaged in the toll -office of the fish-market, Cominia
Junia dedicates out of her own property this statue of Isis
with the altar, holding the office of President of the
Senate
1 The Emperor Antoninus Pius.
No. 13.
(Found in a building on the road to Magnesia ad Maeandrum.)
PAVLLVS. FABIVS . PERSICVS . PONTIFEX .
SODALIS . AVGVSTALIS . FRATER. ARVALIS .
Paullus Fabius Persicus was consul A.D. 34.

NS
36 INSCRIPTIO FROM THE
No. 14 .
(Found in a bone-worker's shop near the Odeum. )
τοῦτο τὸ ἡρῷον καὶ
ὁ ἀνετὸς τόπος ἐστὶν
Πομπωνίας Φαυστινῆς
κοσμητείρης τῆς ᾿Αρτέμιδος
ἀπὸ προγόνων , καὶ Μενάν
δρου ἀνδρὸς αὐτῆς . Τοῦ ἡ
ρῴου κήδονται Αὐρέλιος
καὶ Νείκων καὶ οἱ λοιποὶ ἀπ
ελεύθεροι Μενάνδρου
ουτου . . οὐενετοῦ .
ζῇ .
No. 15 .
•
ιον Αραβικὸν ᾿Αδιαβηνικὸν Παρθικὸν Βρεταννικὸν Μέγιστον τὸν
γῆς καὶ θαλάσσης δεσπότην , καὶ τὸν κτιστὴν τῆς πρώτης καὶ
μεγίστης μητροπόλεως τῆς ᾿Ασίας δὶς νεωκόρου Εφεσίων πόλεως . .
ἐν Ἰονίᾳ ( ? ) · · ΤΕ
No. 14.
This sanctuary and this consecrated space is that of Pomponia
Faustina, hereditary adorner of Artemis, and of her husband
Menander. The sanctuary is under the care of Aur[ elius ] and
Neikon and the other freedmen of Menander of . . . . . She lives.
¹ Or ' tire-woman. ' Perhaps one who dressed or decked the statue of the
goddess.
No. 15.
L. Septimius Severus Pius ( ? ) Arabicus Adiabenicus Parthicus
Britannicus Maximus , lord of land and sea, and the founder ofthe
first and greatest metropolis of Asia, the city of the Ephesians,
which has been twice temple-warden ' in Ionia ( ?) . . .
1 This inscription certainly belongs to the Emperor Septimius Severus, in the

last year of his reign, 210-1 , when alone he bore the title Britannicus. See Höfner,
Zur Geschichte d. Sept. Sev. p. 318. After deσórny rai we must certainly read
something ending in -rn , probably TOP KTLTY. Ephesus received great additions
to its buildings from the Sophist Damianus (Philost. , V. Soph. ii. 23 ) , who stood
high in favour with Sept. Severus (Suidas : cf. Guhl, p . 157 f. ).
NS
TIO
C RIP M
38 INS FRO THE
No. 16.
(Found in an excavation near the site ofthe Temple.)
Εδοξεν τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ ·
Ξενόκριτος ᾿Αρίστεως εἶπεν · Ἐπειδὴ
Φίλων, Διονύσιος, ῾Ιερακλῆς , Μένιππος ,
᾿Εράμιοι ' διατρίβοντες ἐν ‘Ρόδῳ, πᾶσαν
εὔνοιαν καὶ χρείαν παρεχόμενοι δια
τελοῦσιν καὶ κοινῇ τῷ δήμῳ καὶ ἰδίᾳ
τοῖς ἐντυγχάνουσι τῶμ πολιτῶν καὶ
ὅταν αὐτοὺς ἕκαστος παρακαλῇ ·
Δεδόχθαι τῇ βουλῇ καὶ τῷ δήμῳ
ἐπαινέσαι τε αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τῇ εὐνοίᾳ
ἣν ἔχουσι πρὸς τὴν πόλιν, καὶ δεδόσθαι
αὐτοῖς καὶ ἐκγόνοις αὐτῶν πολιτείαν ἐφ᾽ ἴσῃ
καὶ ὁμοίᾳ καθάπερ τοῖς ἄλλοις εὐεργέταις
ὅπως πᾶσι φανερὸν . · σίων
ιος αποτθιαν δια
ἐπικληρῶσαι δὲ αὐτοὺς εἰς φυλὴν καὶ χιλιασ
τὺν τοὺς Εσσῆνας, ἀναγράψαι δὲ τόδε

No. 16.
Xenocritus the son of Aristeus moved : That whereas Philo,
Dionysius, Hieracles, and Menippus, the Eramians, living in
Rhodes, continue to manifest all good will and service both to the
people collectively and individually to those citizens who have
intercourse with them, and whensoever anyone seeks their assist
ance : It has been resolved by the Council and the People to
commend them for the good will which they entertain towards
the city and to grant to them and their descendants the rights
of citizenship on terms of perfect equality like as to its other
benefactors ; that it may be plain to all that .
also that the Essenes, allot them
a place in a tribe and a thousand, and that the temple-wardens
inscribe this decree on a pillar of stone and set it up in the
temple of Artemis, where also they dedicate the other grants of
citizenship .
Admitted into a tribe as Epheseans, and into a thousand as
The word is so written, but it does not appear to occur elsewhere. ιοι
' Epávviou
however is found.
τὸ ψήφισμα τοὺς νεωποίας εἰς στήλην
λιθίνην καὶ στῆσαι εἰς τὸ ἱερὸν τῆς
᾿Αρτέμιδος οὗ καὶ τὰς ἄλλας πολιτείας
ἀνατιθέασιν · ἔλαχον φυλὴν ᾿Εφεσεῖς ,
χιλιαστὺν
No. 17.
(Found near the Magnesian Gate.)
Earinus
Aug. Lib . Tabular.
Provinc. Asiae
.D.D .
κατευχὴν᾿Εάρινος
Σεβαστοῦ ἀπελεύθε
ρος ταβλάριος ἐπαι
χείας ᾿Ασίας
ἀνέθηκεν .
No. 18 .
... S. Procuratori Augg. nostrorum, item Praesidi Alpium
Cottiarum et Maritimarum, Praefecto vehiculationis Pannoniae
utriusque et Moesiae Superioris et Norici, Praefecto alae primae
Asturum [?] Tribuno legionis XI . Claudiae, Advocato Fisci ,
adfinis Dominorum nostrorum Augustorum, cus, August
orum Libertus [?], Adiutor tabularii Provinciae.

. . . . OR. ARK . MAGistrorum O.
No. 18.
In honour of ➖➖➖➖ › Procurator of our Lords the Augusti, and

1
also Governor of the Cottian and the Maritime Alps, Prefect of
2
the transport [ posting ] service of both the Pannonias and of
Upper Moesia and Noricum, Prefect of the First Troop of the

3 4
Astures (?) , Tribune of the 11th (the Claudian) legion , legal ad
viser of the Privy Purse, [ friend of Publius Fulvius Plautianus , ]
connexion by marriage of our Lords the Augusti : this was erected
by -cus, Freedman of the Augusti, Assistant Registrar of the
Province of . "2 Master of ·
1 ' Praeses Alpium ' occurs often as a title in inscriptions .

2 6 Praefectus vehiculorum ' is also a common title.
3 ' Claudia ' is a very common title of the 11th Legion.
4 6 Advocatus fisci ' too is not unfrequent.
5 Mommsen is undoubtedly right in saying that the name erased is that of
P. Fulvius Plautanus, the notorious Praefectus Praetorii of Septimius Severus, and
father-in-law of Caracalla, who married his daughter, Fulvia Plautilla , which made
him adfinis Augustorum.' For after his disgrace and death, A.D. 203 , his name is
often found thus erased in inscriptions. The Augusti ' therefore here spoken of
are Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla.
42 INSCRIPTIONS FROM THE CITY AND SUBURBS.
No. 19 .
ἐγ μὲν τῆς
δεξιῆς εἰς τὴν ἀριστερὴν
πετόμενος , ἢμ μὲν ἀποκρύψειρ
δεξιὸς , ἦν δὲ ἐπαρεῖ τὴν ευ . . .
1
εὐώνυμον πτέρυγα , κἂν ey
εγ .
ἐπαρεῖ κἂν ἀποκρύψει , ια •
εὐώνυμος , ἐν δὲ τῆς ἀρισ- ι:μ ..
τερῆς ἐς τὴν δεξιὴν πετο ι : μη
μενος , ἢμ μὲν ἰθὺς ἀποκρ οντ
ύψει, εὐώνυμος , ἦν δὲ τὴν ο :αν

H
δεξιὴν πτέρυγα ἐπάρας ναι
No. 19 .
In flying ( ?) from right to left if the bird shall get out of sight ( ?) ,
it is lucky, but if it shall raise its left wing, and whether it raises
it or hides, it is unlucky ; and if, in flying from left to right , it
should get out of sight in a straight line, it is unlucky ; but if raising
the right wing . ·
This inscription appears to have been cut on the stone in columns. A few
letters of the adjoining column to the right exist on the stone, but they are only suffi
cient to show that the same subject is continued .
POSTSCRIPT. 43
POSTSCRIPT .
Additional note on Inscription from the site of the Temple of Diana, No. 7 .
The subject of this inscription must be Annius Verus, the father of the Emperor
Marcus Aurelius ; and the marriage referred to must be that of his daughter Annia
Cornificia, younger and only sister of Marcus Aurelius (J. Capit. M. Ant. 1), to a
man of great wealth whose name is on good grounds assumed to have been Ummi
dius Quadratus (Haakh in Pauly, Real- encyc. v. 744), as that of their son undoubtedly
was (Capit. 7 ). From the time that M. Aurelius was adopted as heir to the empire
by Antoninus Pius in accordance with Hadrian's wishes, that is, from 139 , such a
marriage would be fitly called Buriλɛios : and the name Verus is preserved in the
fifth verse, the end of which may be ἀνέθηκε σε Ουῆρον as legitimately as ἀνέθηκε
Zεovйpor. In the fourth verse Verus is called ' father ' of Quadratus, whereas he was
in fact only father-in-law : but there is reason to think that the true relationship was
described in the now mutilated prose heading. Harépa kŋdɛ . . . . may be read as
Taτéρa kηdeστý , which can only mean ' father by marriage ; ' kndεorns, usually a son
in-law, denotes sometimes other relations by marriage, and once is employed where
a step-father is the subject (Demosth . Phorm. p. 954) ; so that its combination with
Tarp would exclude ambiguity in either word. The father of Annius Verus was a
distinguished man, twice consul, and city prefect ( Capit. M. Ant. 1 ; cf. Dio Cass.
lxix. 21 ) . Annius Verus himself died in the praetorship (Capit. ib .), and at an early
age. He must have been alive in 129, when M. Aurelius at the age of eight was
received among the Salii (Capit. 4 ), for a fatherless son was not admissible (Borghesi,
Œuvres, iv. 511 ) ; but he cannot have lived much longer, for M. Aurelius admits
debts of virtue to him only indirectly through the ' reputation and memory ' which
he left behind him, not directly, as in the case of his grandfather and mother ( i. 1 ,
as rightly understood by Casaubon and others) . The two surviving epithets in the
inscription, a consular, a pontifex,' are such honorary titles as might naturally be
bestowed under the empire on a person standing near the court. Of Annia Corni
ficia, who seems to have borne a third name Faustina, hardly anything is known :
she is mentioned in two inscriptions (Orelli-Henzen , 5475 , 5476 : cf. Borghesi, iii.
44 POSTSCRIPT.
241 ), and her name Cornificia passed to her niece, a daughter of M. Aurelius
(Borghesi). On her marriage M. Aurelius gave up to her the whole of his father's
fortune (retaining only his grandfather's ) upon his mother's request that he would
divide it ; and further suggested to his mother that she might, if she pleased , bestow
her own patrimony on his sister, that she might not be inferior in fortune to her
husband (Capit. 4 ). At the time of the marriage M. Aurelius was apparently
between fifteen and eighteen (Capit. ), so that the date must be 136-139. At a
later time, after his sister's death, M. Aurelius gave a share of his own mother's
property (Capit. 7 ) to his sister's son Ummidius Quadratus. Spartianus (Hadr. 15)
mentions an Ummidius Quadratus as persecuted by Hadrian ; and Haakh points
out that the wealthy husband of Annia Cornificia may easily have attracted the
emperor's jealousy in his last years as a possible aspirant to the throne and rival of
the successors chosen by Hadrian himself. For other Ummidii Quadrati, earlier
and later, Haakh's article may be consulted.
As the marriage took place some two or three years before the adoption of
M. Aurelius in 139 , and the death of Annius Verus earlier still, the use of the term
Baricior shows that the statue cannot have been erected immediately after either
event. The poet Hadrianus, who erected it, must have been a freedman or other
dependent of Annius Verus.
CHE F. J. A. HORT.
て
XXX
Fr.bollnsteiner
It.k.HofBuchbinder
SWIEN

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This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized

by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the

SITE AND REMAINS OF THE GREAT TEMPLE OF DIANA

FELLOW OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTE OF BRITISH ARCHITECTS

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS

FROM ORIGINAL DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS

LONGMANS , GREEN, AND CO .

All rights reserved

WITH THE GRACIOUS PERMISSION OF

HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN

This Book is Dedicated

WITH THE GREATEST RESPECT

HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS PRINCE ARTHUR

DUKE OF CONNAUGHT AND STRATHEARNE

IN REMEMBRANCE OF THE VISIT OF HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS TO EPHESUS

AND THE PLEASURE OF ACCOMPANYING HIS ROYAL HIGHNESS TO

MITYLENE, PERGAMOS, AND ASSOS

IN THE YEAR 1865

THE OBJECT of the work which I now offer to the public is to

lay before it a narrative of the discoveries at Ephesus, and

nearly eleven years , under the auspices of the Trustees of the

My chief purpose in undertaking the excavations, which

were commenced in 1863 , was to find the remains of the

Great Temple of Diana which had been buried for so many

many even doubted whether such a building ever existed .

Odeum and the Great Theatre were therefore first of all

explored. The results of these explorations were so satisfac

tory that I was permitted, in the year 1867, to devote a small

portion of a fresh grant to my search for the Temple. Further

discoveries of interest were then made, which justified the

six years of toil, and at a time when the Trustees considered

that there was little or no hope of success, I most fortunately

hit upon the corner of the peribolus wall, containing inscrip

mate site of the Temple was at last discovered. Sufficient

sums of money were then granted by the Trustees to complete

the discovery, and this was accomplished before the expiration

plorations on the site of the Temple were continued from season

to season, until it was cleared for a considerable distance beyond

12,000l. , comprised the discovery of a large number of

valuable blocks of sculpture and architecture , and of other

Temple. A small number only of these can at present be

In addition to the narrative of my work at Ephesus, I

have appended a selection from the numerous Greek and

Latin inscriptions which were discovered in the excavations.

I could not have published these without the kind assistance

which I have had from many scholars, especially as I have

ventured to print translations of the majority of them. They

must, however, be considered in a manner as tentative, especi

ally as the text contains many novelties and a great number

adopt a new mode of indicating the restored portions of the

inscriptions : considering that brackets displace the letters

of the text, disjoint the words, and create confusion. Every

carefully underlined : by this means there is no displace

could have been if intercepted by brackets.

I have to thank Mr. NEWTON, keeper of the Greek and

Roman antiquities in the British Museum, for allowing me,

to the room in the basement where the inscriptions are now

placed, and also for his occasional assistance in reading the