Integrals

Summary of Integral Theorems
Line Integrals:
Definition 1. A parametrized curve is a vector-valued function c(t) : I ⊆ R →

Rn .
-its image should be the curve that you want to integrate over
Common Parametrizations
1. A circle of radius r in the xy-plane centered around the origin, c(t) =

(r cos t, r sin t, 0), t ∈ [0, 2π]
2. A line segment joining the points (a, b, c) to (p, q, r), c(t) = (a, b, c) + t(p −
a, q − b, r − c), t ∈ [0, 1]
Types of line integrals

F · ds where F is a vector field and ds = c0 (t)dt
R
1. Vector line integrals:
R
2. Scalar line integrals: f ds where f is a scalar function and ds = ||ds|| =
||c0 (t)||dt
How to set up a line integral

1. Find a parametrization for your curve: c(t).
2. Calculate c0 (t).
3. Are you doing a vector line integral or a scalar line integral?
(a) If vector line integral, plug in c(t) into F and integrate F(c(t))·c0 (t)dt.
(b) If scalar line integral, plug in c(t) into f and integrate f (c(t))||c0 (t)||dt.
1
Surface Integrals:
Definition 2. A parametrized surface is a vector-valued function r(u, v) : D ⊆
R2 → Rn .
-its image should be the surface that you want to integrate over
Common Parametrizations
1. A sphere of radius r centered around the origin: r(φ, θ) = (r cos θ sin φ, r sin θ sin φ, r cos φ),
φ ∈ [0, π], θ ∈ [0, 2π].
2. A cylinder of radius r centered around the z-axis: r(θ, z) = (r cos θ, r sin θ, z),
θ ∈ [0, 2π], z ∈ [0, h] where h is the height of the cylinder.
3. A plane with normal vector (a, b, c), r(u, v) = (u, v, −1
c (au + bv + d))
u ∈ (−∞, ∞), v ∈ (−∞, ∞).
Types of surface integrals
R
1. Vector surface integrals: F · dS where F is a vector field and dS =
N(u, v)dudv = n̂(u, v)dS where n̂ = N/||N|| and dS = ||N(u, v)||dudv.
You can use either definition of dS, as they are equal.
R
2. Scalar surface integral: f dS where f is a scalar function and dS =
||dS|| = ||N(u, v)||dudv.
How to set up a surface integral

1. Find a parametrization for your surface: r(u, v)
∂r ∂r
2. Calculate the tangent vectors, Tu = ∂u and Tv = ∂v
3. Calculate N(u, v) = Tu × Tv
4. Are you doing a vector surface integral or a scalar surface integral?
(a) If vector surface integral, plug in r(u, v) into F and integrate F(r(u, v))·
N(u, v)dudv
(b) If scalar surface integral, plug in r(u, v) into f and integrate f (r(u, v))||N(u, v)||dudv
Triple integrals
-In rectangular coordinates (x, y, z), dV = dxdydz.
-In cylindrical coordinates (r, θ, z), dV = rdrdθdz.
-To switch from rectangular coordinates to cylindrical coordinates, x = r cos θ, y =
r sin θ, z = z.
-In spherical coordinates, (r, θ, φ), dV = r2 sin φdrdθdφ.
-To switch from rectangular coordinates to spherical coordinates, x = r cos θ sin φ, y =
r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos φ.
2
Stoke’s Theorem:
RR
Theorem
R 1. If F is a vector field defined on a surface S, then S
(∇×F)·dS =
c=∂S
F · ds if S and c are oriented positively.
-Look at what this is saying: The vector surface integral of the curl of a vector
field F is equal to the vector line integral of F around the boundary curve of
the surface.
-You can only apply this theorem when you have a curl involved.
-This theorem is generally not applied when the surface is closed (when it has
no boundary curve, like a sphere for example).
Divergence Theorem:
Theorem 2. If F is a vector field defined
R R on a 3-dimensional
R R R region W which is
bounded by a closed surface S, then S=∂W
F · dS = W
∇ · FdV assuming
that the normal vector for S is pointing outwards.
-This theorem is saying: The vector surface integral of F on the boundary of W
is equal to the triple integral of the scalar function ∇ · F over W .
-This theorem can be applied to any vector surface integral over a closed surface.
- This theorem can only be applied when the surface is closed.
Green’s Theorem:
R
Theorem 3. If P (x, y) and Q(x, y) are differentiable, then c=∂D
P dx + Qdy =
R R ∂Q ∂P
(
D ∂x
− ∂y )dxdy if c is oriented positively.
- This theorem says: The line integral around the curve c is equal to an integral
over the interior of c as long as c and the region D lie in R2 .
- This theorem can only be applied to regions that lie in the xy-plane.
-R If F(x, y) = (P (x, y), Q(x, y)), then the left hand side of the theorem is just
c=∂D
F · ds.
Which integral theorem can I apply? Ask yourself these 3 questions:

1. Are the regions involved lying in the xy-plane? If yes, apply Green’s
Theorem. If no, go to next question.
2. Am I integrating over a closed surface (this means that the surface has
a definite inside and outside, like a sphere, or a cylinder with top and
bottom attached, or a cube)? If yes, apply Divergence theorem. If no, go
to the next question.
3. Am I integrating a curl over a surface? If yes, apply Stoke’s theorem. If
you answered no to this question and the previous 2 questions, you can
not apply any of the classical integration theorems.

Integrals

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Summary of Integral Theorems

Definition 1. A parametrized curve is a vector-valued function c(t) : I ⊆ R →

1. A circle of radius r in the xy-plane centered around the origin, c(t) =

Types of line integrals

How to set up a line integral

How to set up a surface integral

Which integral theorem can I apply? Ask yourself these 3 questions:

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