MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST

MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 1:
Calculate the mean and median of the following data
Marks < 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
No. of 5 15 98 242 367 405 425 438 439
students

Solution:
To find the mean let’s consider
Assumed mean (a) = 45
Class width (c) = 10
Class Class Frequency fi Cumulative fiui
Interval matrix frequency
(xi)
0-10 5 5 5 -4 -20
10-20 15 10 15 -3 -30
20-30 25 83 98 -2 -166
30-40 35 144 242 -1 -144
40-50 45 125 367 0 0
50-60 55 38 405 1 38
60-70 65 20 425 2 40
70-80 75 13 438 3 39
80-90 85 1 439 4 4
N=

Measures of Central tendency Page 1 of 3

 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
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To calculate mean

Hence

To calculate median

Median class (l1 –l2) = (30-40)

Frequency of median class (f) = 144

Measures of Central tendency Page 2 of 3

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Cumulative frequency up to but not including the median class (F)

=98

 For given data

Mean = 39.56
Median = 38.43

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Measures of Central tendency Page 3 of 3

 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2:
Calculate the median of the following data
Marks 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100
No. of 5 8 15 16 6
students

Solution:
We prepare following table

Class Frequency fi Cumulative

Interval frequency
0-20 5 5
20-40 8 13
40-60 15 28
60-80 16 44
80-100 6 50
N= 50

To calculate median

Measures of Central tendency Page 1 of 2

 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Median class (l2 –l1) = (40-60)

Frequency of median class (f) = 15
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the median class (F)
=13

 For given data

Median = 56

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Measures of Central tendency Page 2 of 2

 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3:
Calculate the median of the following data
Marks 10-12 12-14 14-16 16-18 18-20 20-22 22-24
No. of 11 17 20 22 10 10 10
students

Solution:
We prepare following table

Class Frequency fi Cumulative

Interval frequency
10-12 11 11
12-14 17 28
14-16 20 48
16-18 22 70
18-20 10 80
20-22 10 90
22-24 10 100
N= 100

To calculate median

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MET Institute of Computer Science

Median class (l2 –l1) = (16-18)

Frequency of median class (f) = 22
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the median class (F) =
48

 For given data

Median = 16.1818

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Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4:
The following table shows the percentage of ash content in 280
wagons tests of a certain kind of coal. Find the mode of the
distribution.

% of ash 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12
content
Frequency 1 7 28 78 84 45 28 7 2

Solution:
We prepare following table

Class Frequency fi
Interval
3-4 1
4-5 7
5-6 28
6-7 78
7-8 84 Modal class
8-9 45
9-10 28
10-11 7
11-12 2

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Modal class (l2 –l1) =7-8

Frequency of modal class (f) = 84
Frequency of pre-modal class (f1) = 78
Frequency of post-modal class (f2) = 45
Difference between frequency of modal class and of previous class
d1 = (f- f1) = 84-78 = 6
Difference between frequency of modal class and of following class
d2 = (f- f2) = 84 -45 = 39

 For given data

Mode = 7.1333

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Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5:
The following frequency distribution of marks of students in an
examination, calculate the value of Karl Pearson’s coefficient of
skewness.
Marks less than 10 20 30 40 50
No. of students 5 12 32 44 50

Solution:
We prepare following table
Assumed mean (a) = 25
Class width (c) = 10

Class Class Freqn Cumu. fiui fiui2

Interval marks fi Freqn
(xi)
0-10 5 5 5 -2 -10 20
10-20 15 7 12 -1 -7 7
20-30 25 20 32 0 0 0
30-40 35 12 44 1 12 12
40-50 45 6 50 2 12 24
N=

Page 1 of 3
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To calculate mean

Hence

Standard deviation

where N = fi

To find mode

Page 2 of 3
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MET Institute of Computer Science

Modal class (l1 –l2) = (20-30)

Frequency of modal class (f) = 20
Frequency of pre-modal class (f1) = 7
Frequency of post-modal class (f2) = 12
Difference between frequency of modal class and of previous class
d1 = (f- f1) = 20 -7 = 13
Difference between frequency of modal class and of following class
d2 = (f- f2) = 20 – 12 = 8

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Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6:
A prospective buyer tested the bursting pressure of the sample of
polythene bags received from a manufacturer. The test gives the
following results
Bursting pressure 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35
No. of bags 2 10 30 50 6 2

Find Karl Pearson’s coefficient of skewness for bursting pressure

Solution:
We prepare following table
Assumed mean (a) = 17.5
Class width (c) = 5

Class Class Freqn Cumu. fiui fiui2

Interval pressu fi Freqn
re (xi)
5-10 7.5 2 2 -2 -4 8
10-15 12.5 10 12 -1 -10 10
15-20 17.5 30 42 0 0 0
20-25 22.5 50 92 1 50 50
25-30 27.5 6 98 2 12 24
30-35 32.5 2 100 3 6 18
N=

Page 1 of 3
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To calculate mean

Hence

Standard deviation

where N = fi

To find mode

Modal class (l1 –l2) = (20-25)

Page 2 of 3
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Frequency of modal class (f) = 50

Frequency of pre-modal class (f1) =30
Frequency of post-modal class (f2) =6
Difference between frequency of modal class and of previous class
d1 = (f- f1) = 50-30 = 20
Difference between frequency of modal class and of following class
d2 = (f- f2) =50 – 6 = 44

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Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 7:
From the following data on age of employee, calculate the Karl
Pearson’s coefficient of skewness
Age 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-55
(years)
No. of 8 12 20 25 15 12 8
employees

Solution:
We prepare following table
Assumed mean (a) = 37.5
Class width (c) = 5
Class Class Freqn Cumu. fiui fiui2
Interval age fi Freqn
(xi)
20-25 22.5 8 8 -3 -24 72
25-30 27.5 12 20 -2 -24 48
30-35 32.5 20 40 -1 -20 20
35-40 37.5 25 65 0 0 0
40-45 42.5 15 80 1 15 15
45-50 47.5 12 92 2 24 48
50-55 52.5 8 100 3 24 72
N=
100 -5

Page 1 of 3
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To calculate mean

Hence

Standard deviation

where N = fi

To find mode

Page 2 of 3
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MET Institute of Computer Science

Modal class (l1 –l2) = (35-40)

Frequency of modal class (f) = 25
Frequency of pre-modal class (f1) =20
Frequency of post-modal class (f2) =15
Difference between frequency of modal class and of previous class
d1 = (f- f1) = 25-20 =5
Difference between frequency of modal class and of following class
d2 = (f- f2) = 25-15 = 10

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Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 8:
For a moderately skewed frequency distribution of retail prices for
men’s shoes it is found that the mean price is Rs. 20 and median
price is Rs. 17. If the coefficient of variation is 20%, find the
Pearson’s coefficient of skewness.
Solution:
Given
Mean =20
Median = 17
Coefficient of variation = 20%

Standard Deviation = 4

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Page 1 of 1
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 9:
From the following frequency distribution of marks of students in
the examination calculate the Bowley’s coefficient of skewness

Marks less 10 20 30 40 50
than
No. of 5 12 32 44 50
students

Solution:
We prepare following table

Class Freqn Cumu.

Interval fi Freqn
0-10 5 5
10-20 7 12
20-30 20 32
30-40 12 44
40-50 6 50
N=
50

To calculate Q1, Q2, Q3

Page 1 of 4
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For first quartile (Q1)

Q1 class(l1 –l2) =(20-30)

Frequency of Q1 class (f) = 20
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the Q1 class (F) = 12

For second quartile Q2 (median)

To calculate median

Page 2 of 4
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Median/Q2 class(l1 –l2) = (20-30)

Frequency of median class (f) = 20
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the median class (F)
=12

For third quartile (Q3)

Q3 class(l1 –l2) = 30-40

Frequency of Q3 class (f) = 12
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the Q3 class (F) =32

Page 3 of 4
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MET Institute of Computer Science

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Page 4 of 4
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 10:
The following data gives the number of car accidents in the city
during a random time period. Calculate Bowley’s coefficient of
skewness for the following distribution

Class 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

Frequency 7 9 16 22 14 12 3

Solution:
We prepare following table

Class Freqn Cumu.

Interval fi Freqn
5-10 7 7
10-15 9 16
15-20 16 32
20-25 22 54
25-30 14 68
30-35 12 80
35-40 3 83
N=

To calculate Q1, Q2, Q3

Page 1 of 4
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MET Institute of Computer Science

For first quartile (Q1)

Q1 class(l1 –l2) =15-20

Frequency of Q1 class (f) = 16
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the Q1 class (F) =16

For second quartile Q2 (median)

To calculate median

Page 2 of 4
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Median/Q2 class(l1 –l2) = 20-25

Frequency of median class (f) = 22
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the median class (F)
=32

For third quartile (Q3)

Q3 class(l1 –l2) = 25-30

Frequency of Q3 class (f) = 14
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the Q3 class (F) =54

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Quartile devitation = (Q3 –Q1)/(Q3 +Q1)

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Page 4 of 4
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 11:
Calculate Bowley’s coefficient of skewness for the following
distribution

X 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50

f 2 5 7 13 21 16 8 3

Solution:
We prepare following table

Class Freqn Cumu.

Interval fi Freqn
10-15 2 2
15-20 5 7
20-25 7 14
25-30 13 27
30-35 21 48
35-40 16 64
40-45 8 72
45-50 3 75
N=

To calculate Q1, Q2, Q3

Page 1 of 4
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MET Institute of Computer Science

For first quartile (Q1)

Q1 class (l1 –l2) = 25-30

Frequency of Q1 class (f) = 13
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the Q1 class (F) =14

For second quartile Q2 (median)

To calculate median

Page 2 of 4
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MET Institute of Computer Science

Median/Q2 class (l1 –l2) = 30-35

Frequency of median class (f) = 21
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the median class (F)
=27

For third quartile (Q3)

Q3 class (l1 –l2) = 35-40

Frequency of Q3 class (f) = 16
Cumulative frequency up to but not including the Q3 class (F) =48

Page 3 of 4
MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

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Page 4 of 4
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.1:
Obtain the equation of regression line for the following values of x
and y
x 1 2 3 4 5
y 2 5 3 8 7
Find the value of corresponding regression coefficient.
If x = 2.45, find the value of y.

Solution:
We prepare following table
Here n = 5

x y x2 y2 xy
1 2 1 4 2
2 5 4 25 10
3 3 9 9 9
4 8 16 64 32
5 7 25 49 35
151

Page 1 of 3
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Regression of y on x is

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MET Institute of Computer Science

y-5 = 1.3 x -3.9

y=1.3 x + 1.1

Y = 4.285
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Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.2:
Obtain the equation of regression line for the following values of x
and y
x 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14
y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9
Find the value of corresponding regression coefficient.

Solution:
We prepare following table
Here n = 8

x y x2 y2 xy
1 1 1 1 1
3 2 9 4 6
4 4 16 16 16
6 4 36 16 24
8 5 64 25 40
9 7 81 49 63
11 8 121 64 88
14 9 196 81 126

Page 1 of 3
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MET Institute of Computer Science

Page 2 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Regression of y on x is

Regression of x on y is



Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.3:
The table given below is of production (in thousand tons) of a sugar
factory
Year 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975
Production 77 88 94 85 91 98 90
also find Karl pearson’s coefficient of correlation.

Solution:
We prepare following table
Here n = 7

year X= year- y x2 y2 xy
1969
1969 0 77 0 5929 0
1970 1 88 1 7744 88
1971 2 94 4 8836 188
1972 3 85 9 7225 255
1973 4 91 16 8281 364
1974 5 98 25 9604 490
1975 6 90 36 8100 540

Page 1 of 3
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MET Institute of Computer Science

Regression of y on x is

Karl pearson’s coefficient of correlation is given by

Page 2 of 3
MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science



Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.4:
Following data represents assets of a multinational company in
crores of rupees for the year 1995 to 2000.
Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
Asset 83 92 71 90 110 115
Find the regression of asset on year. Estimate the asset for the year
2002. Also find Karl pearson’s coefficient of correlation.

Solution:
We prepare following table
Here n = 6

year X= year- y x2 y2 xy
1995
1995 0 83 0 6889 0
1996 1 92 1 8464 92
1997 2 71 4 5041 142
1998 3 90 9 8100 270
1999 4 110 16 12100 440
2000 5 115 25 13225 575
561 55

Page 1 of 3
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MET Institute of Computer Science

Regression of y on x is

Page 2 of 3
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MET Institute of Computer Science

To estimate asset in the year 2002

X= 2002-1995
X=7
Hence y-93.5 = byx (7-2.5)
Y=123.4574
Karl pearson’s coefficient of correlation is given by

0.7536
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Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.5:
Find Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation for the following data.
X 1 2 3
Y 6 5 10

Solution:
We prepare following table
Here n = 3
X y x2 y2 xy
1 6 1 36 6
2 5 4 25 10
3 10 9 100 30

Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is given by

Page 1 of 2
MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

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Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.6:
The following data represents 10 students marks in statistics (x) and
probability (y). Find Karl pearson’s coefficient of correlation for the
following data.
X 56 55 58 58 57 56 60 54 59 57
Y 68 67 67 70 65 68 70 66 68 66

Solution:
We prepare following table
Here n = 10

X y x2 y2 xy
56 68 3136 4624 3808
55 67 3025 4489 3685
58 67 3364 4489 3886
58 70 3364 4900 4060
57 65 3249 4225 3705
56 68 3136 4624 3808
60 70 3600 4900 4200
54 66 2916 4356 3564
59 68 3481 4624 4012
57 66 3249 4356 3762

Page 1 of 2
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MET Institute of Computer Science

Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation is given by



Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.7:
The marks obtained by 9 students in OS and DS are given below
Marks in OS 35 47 23 6 17 10 43 9 28
Marks in DS 30 46 33 4 23 8 48 12 31

Compute the ranks in two subjects and the coefficient of correlation

of ranks.

Solution:
We prepare following table
Here n = 9
Marks in Marks in Rank in Rank in d = d2
OS DS OS (r1) DS (r2) |r1 – r2 |
35 30 3 5 2 4
47 46 1 2 1 1
23 33 5 3 2 4
6 4 9 9 0 0
17 23 6 6 0 0
10 8 7 8 1 1
43 48 2 1 1 1
9 12 8 7 1 1
28 31 4 4 0 0

Page 1 of 2
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MET Institute of Computer Science

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is given by



Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.8:
Find Spearman’s rank correlation for the following data
Marks in CPP 64 50 44 42 56 65 59
Marks in SEPM 80 60 37 51 30 75 44

Solution:
We prepare following table
Here n = 7
Marks in Marks in Rank in Rank in d = d2
CPP SEPM CPP (r1) SEPM (r2) |r1 – r2 |
64 80 2 1 1 1
50 60 5 3 2 4
44 37 6 6 0 0
42 51 7 4 3 9
56 30 4 7 3 9
65 75 1 2 1 1
59 44 3 5 2 4

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is given by

Page 1 of 2
MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science



Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.9:
In a sample of 12 fathers and their eldest sons gave the following
data about their heights in inches.
Father(x) 65 63 67 64 68 62 70 66 68 67 69 71
Son(y) 68 66 68 65 69 66 68 65 71 67 68 70
Calculate coefficient of rank correlation between x and y.
Solution:
We prepare following table, Here n = 12
Father Son (y) Rank in x Rank in y d = d2
(x) (r1) (r2) |r1 – r2 |
65 68 9 5.5 3.5 12.25
63 66 11 9.5 1.5 2.25
67 68 6.5 5.5 1 1
64 65 10 11.5 1.5 2.25
68 69 4.5 3 1.5 2.25
62 66 12 9.5 2.5 6.25
70 68 2 5.5 3.5 12.25
66 65 8 11.5 3.5 12.25
68 71 4.5 1 3.5 12.25
67 67 6.5 8 1.5 2.25
69 68 3 5.5 2.5 6.25
71 70 1 2 1 1

Page 1 of 3
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(i) Rank 4.5 repeated m = 2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

(ii) Rank 6.5 is repeated m=2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

(iii) Rank 5.5 is repeated m=4 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

(iv) Rank 9.5 is repeated m=2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

(v) Rank 11.5 is repeated m=2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

Corrected

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is given by

Page 2 of 3
MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science



Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.10:
Find Spearman’s rank correlation for the following data

Student A B C D E F G H
Marks in Test1 52 34 47 65 43 34 54 65
Marks in Test2 65 59 65 68 82 60 57 58

Solution:
We prepare following table, Here n = 8
Marks Marks Rank in Rank in d = d2
in Test1 in Test2 Test1 (r1) Test2 (r2) |r1 – r2 |
52 65 4 3.5 0.5 0.25
34 59 7.5 6 1.5 2.25
47 65 5 3.5 1.5 2.25
65 68 1.5 2 0.5 0.25
43 82 6 1 5 25
34 60 7.5 5 2.5 6.25
54 57 3 8 5 25
65 58 1.5 7 5.5 30.25
91.5

(i) Rank 1.5 repeated m = 2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

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(ii) Rank 7.5 is repeated m=2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

(iii) Rank 3.5 is repeated m=2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

Corrected

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is given by



Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.11:
Calculate the coefficient of rank correlation from the following data:

X 48 33 40 9 16 16 65 24 16 57
Y 13 13 24 6 15 4 20 9 6 19

Solution:
We prepare following table, Here n = 10
X Y Rank in X Rank in Y d = d2
(r1) (r2) |r1 – r2 |
48 13 3 5.5 2.5 6.25
33 13 5 5.5 0.5 0.25
40 24 4 1 3 9
9 6 10 8.5 1.5 2.25
16 15 8 4 4 16
16 4 8 10 2 4
65 20 1 2 1 1
24 9 6 7 1 1
16 6 8 8.5 0.5 0.25
57 19 2 3 1 1

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(i) Rank 5.5 repeated m = 2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

(ii) Rank 8.5 is repeated m=2 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

(iii) Rank 8 is repeated m=3 times

Hence the correlation coefficient

Corrected

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is given by


Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.12:
The ranking of ten students in two subjects A and B as follows:
Subject A 3 5 8 4 7 10 2 1 6 9
Subject B 6 4 9 8 1 2 3 10 5 7
Find Spearman’s Rank correlation coefficient.

Solution:
We prepare following table, Here n = 10
Rank in Rank in d = d2
subject A (r1) subject B (r2) |r1 – r2 |
3 6 3 9
5 4 1 1
8 9 1 1
4 8 4 16
7 1 6 36
10 2 8 64
2 3 1 1
1 10 9 81
6 5 1 1
9 7 2 4

Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient is given by

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.13:
Compute the quadratic regression equation of following data.
Check its best fitness.

x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

y 7.5 3 0.5 1 3 6 14

Solution:
We prepare following table, Here N=7

x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2 y
-3 7.5 9 -27 81 -22.5 67.5
-2 3 4 -8 16 -6 12
-1 0.5 1 -1 1 -0.5 0.5
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 1 1 1 3 3
2 6 4 8 16 12 24
3 14 9 27 81 42 126

0 35 28 28 233

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The equations are

Substituting values the equations are

7a0 + 0 + 28a2 = 35 -----eq1

0 + 28a1 + 0 = 28 ------eq2
28a0 + 0 + 196a2 = 233 -------eq3
Solving the simultaneous equations eq1 and eq3

7a0 + 28a2 = 35
28a0 + 196a2 = 233
Hence a2 = 1.107142 and a0 = 0.571429

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We get a1 = 1 using equation 2

Hence the quadratic equation is

y= 0.571429 + x + 1.107142 x2

y= 1.107142 x2 + x + 0.571429

The following plot is just for reference. If asked then only draw it.

Quadratic Regression
16

14
y= 0.571429 + x + 1.107142 x2

12

10

8
Series1
6

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.14:
Fit a least-squares parabola of the form Y = a0 + a1x + a2x2 to the set
of data in Table
X 1.2 1.8 3.1 4.9 5.7 7.1 8.6 9.8
y 4.5 5.9 7.0 7.8 7.2 6.8 4.5 2.7

Solution:
We prepare following table, Here N=8

x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2 y
1.2 4.5 1.44 1.728 2.0736 5.4 6.48
1.8 5.9 3.24 5.832 10.498 10.62 19.12
3.1 7 9.61 29.791 92.352 21.7 67.27
4.9 7.8 24.01 117.649 576.48 38.22 187.3
5.7 7.2 32.49 185.193 1055.6 41.04 233.9
7.1 6.8 50.41 357.911 2541.2 48.28 342.8
8.6 4.5 73.96 636.056 5470.1 38.7 332.8
9.8 2.7 96.04 941.192 9223.7 26.46 259.3

42.2 46.4 291.2 2275.35 18971.92 230.42 1449

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The equations are

Since N = 8, the normal equations becomes

https://onlinemschool.com/math/assistance/equation/gaus/
Solving the equations a0 =2.5887, a1 = 2.0644 and a2 = -0.2110;
hence the required least-squares parabola has the equation
Y=2.5887 + 2.0644X - 0.2110 X2

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The following plot is just for reference. If asked then only draw it.

Quadratic Regression
9

7
Y=2.588 + 2.065X - 0.2110 X2

4 Series1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
x

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.15:
The revenue generated by a company in $billions is provided in
following table, Find a quadratic least square fit for the data and
estimate 2006 revenue generated
year $billion
2000 236
2001 214
2002 207
2003 250
2004 300
2005 375
Solution:
We prepare following table, Here N=6
X=year-2000
year x y x2 x3 x4 xy x2 y
2000 0 236 0 0 0 0 0
2001 1 214 1 1 1 214 214
2002 2 207 4 8 16 414 828
2003 3 250 9 27 81 750 2250
2004 4 300 16 64 256 1200 4800
2005 5 375 25 125 625 1875 9375

15 1582 55 225 979 4453 17467

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The equations are

Hence we will get

6a0 + 15a1 + 55a2 = 1582
15a0 + 55a1 + 225a2 = 4453
55a0 + 225a1+ 979a2 = 17467
Solving the equations a0 =234.9643, a1 = -35.2036 and a2 =12.7321 ;
hence the required least-squares parabola has the equation
Y=234.9643 - 35.2036X + 12.7321 X2
The expenses of 2006 will be substituting x= 6
Y=482.0983
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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.16:
Find a cubic least square fit for the following data.
xi yi
-3 7.5
-2 3
-1 0.5
0 1
1 3
2 6
3 14
Solution:
We prepare following table, Here N=7
x y x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 xy x2 y X3 y
-3 7.5 9 -27 81 -243 729 -22.5 67.5 -202.5
-2 3 4 -8 16 -32 64 -6 12 -24
-1 0.5 1 -1 1 -1 1 -0.5 0.5 -0.5
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3
2 6 4 8 16 32 64 12 24 48
3 14 9 27 81 243 729 42 126 378

35 28 196 28

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The equations are (here N is number of data points given)

Solving the simultaneous equation obtain the values of coefficients a0 , a1, a2 and a3

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---eq1

---eq2

---eq3

--eq4

Solve eq1 and eq3

Solve eq2 and eq4

Solving the equations a0 =0.5714, a1 = 0.8056, a2 =1.1071 and a3 = 0.0278; hence the
required least-squares cubic curve is

Y = 0.5714+ 0.8056X + 1.1071 X2 + 0.0278 X3

Y = 0.0278 X3 + 1.1071 X2 + 0.8056X + 0.5714

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Cubic regression
16

14

12
Y = 0.0278 X3 + 1.1071 X2 + 0.8056X + 0.5714

10

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
X

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.17:
Find the cubic regression for the following data
X -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
y -27 -8 -1 0 1 8 27

Solution:
We prepare following table, Here N=7

x y x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 xy x2 y X3 y
-3 -27 9 -27 81 -243 729 81 -243 729
-2 -8 4 -8 16 -32 64 16 -32 64
-1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 8 4 8 16 32 64 16 32 64
3 27 9 27 81 243 729 81 243 729

1588
0 0 28 196 0

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The equations are (here N is number of data points given)

Solving the simultaneous equation obtain the values of coefficients a0 , a1, a2 and a3

----------eq1

--------eq2

---------eq3

----eq4

Solving eq1 and eq3 , solving eq2 and eq4 we get

a0 =0, a1 = 0 , a2 =0 and a3 = 1; hence the required least-squares cubic curve is

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Y = 1 X3 +0 X2 + 0 X + 0

i.e. y= x3

Cubic regression
30

20

10
Y = X3

0
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

-10

-20

-30
X

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 2.18:
Find the cubic regression for the following data
X -1 0 2 3
y 0 -12 0 0

Solution:
We prepare following table, Here N=4

x y x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 xy x2 y X3 y
-1 0 1 -1 1 -1 1 0 0 0
0 -12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 8 16 32 64 0 0 0
3 0 9 27 81 243 729 0 0 0

4 -12 14 34 98 274 794 0 0 0

The equations are (here N is number of data points given)

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Solving the simultaneous equation obtain the values of coefficients a0 , a1, a2 and a3

Solving the equations

a0= -12 , a1= -2 , a2= 8 , a3= -2

Hence the required least-squares cubic curve is

Y = -2X3 +8 X2 - 2 X -12

Cubic Regression
120

100
Y = -2X3 +8 X2 - 2 X -12

80

60

40

20

0
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
-20
X

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.1:
A bag contains 2 red, 5 white and 8 blue balls. Two balls are drawn
at random from it. What is the probability that one is white and
other is blue?

Solution:
Sample space = 2 + 5 + 8 = 15 balls

∴ n(S)= 15C2
n
Cr =

Event A = 1 ball is white and 1 ball is blue

5
C1 X 8C1

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.2:
Box A contains 5 red marbles and 3 blue marbles and the box B
contains 3 red and 2 blue marbles. A marble is drawn at random
from each box. Find the probability that
(i) Both marbles are red
(ii) One is red and one is blue

Solution:
Sample space (S) = (one marble is drawn from box A containing 8
marbles) and (one marble is drawn from box B
containing 5 marbles)

∴ n(S)= 8C1 X 5C1

n
Cr =

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(i) Event A = both marbles are red

5
C1 X 3C1

(ii) Event B = ( 1 red from box A and 1 blue from box B) or (1

red from box B and 1 blue from box A)

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5
C1 X 2C1 + 3C1 X 3C1



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.3:
A box contains 2 white socks and 2 blue socks. Two are drawn at
random. Find the probability, p, that they are a match.

Solution:
Sample space (S) = 2 socks are drawn from 4

∴ n(S)= 4C2
n
Cr =

Event A = both socks are white or both are blue

2
C2 + 2C2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.4:
A box contains 15 chips where 5 are defective. If the random
samples of 3 chips are drawn, what is the probability that exactly
two are defective?

Solution:
Sample space (S) = 3 chips are drawn randomly from a box
containing 15 chips

∴ n(S)= 15C3
n
Cr =

Event A = 3 chips are drawn and 2 are defective

5
C2 X 10C1
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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.5:
Five horses are in race. X person picks two of the horses at random
and bets on them. Find the probability that X picked the winner?

Solution:
Sample space (S) = picking 2 horses from a set of 5

∴ n(S)= 5C2
n
Cr =

Event A = 1 horse is winner and other is not

1
C1 X 4C1

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.6:
Two cards are drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards, find the
probability that both the cards are kings.

Solution:
Sample space (S) = 2 cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards

∴ n(S)= 52C2
n
Cr =

Event A = Both cards are king

4
C2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.7:
4 cards are drawn from a pack of 52 playing cards. Find the
probability that
(i) All are spade cards
(ii) There is 1 card of each suit
(iii) 2 spade and 2 diamonds.

Solution:
Sample space (S) = 4 cards are drawn from a pack of 52 cards

∴ n(S)= 52C4
n
Cr =

(i) Event A = all 4 cards are spade cards

13
C4
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(ii) Event B= there is 1 card of each suit

13
C1 X 13C1 X 13C1 X 13C1

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(iii) Event C = 2 spade and 2 diamonds

13
C2 X 13C2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.8:
A box contains 75 good ICs and 25 defective. If 12 ICs are selected
at random, find the probability that at least 1 chip is defective?

Solution:
Probability that at least 1 chip is defective = 1 – probability that no
chips are defective

∴ n(S)= 100C12
n
Cr =

Event A = no chips are defective

75
C12

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75 100
C12 / C12

1 – [ 75C12 / 100
C12 ]

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.9:
A bag contains 8 red and 5 white balls. Two successive drawings of 3
balls are made such that
Case I : balls are replaced before the second trial.
Case II: balls are not replaced before the second trial.
Find the probability that the first drawing will give 3 white balls and
2nd drawing will give 3 red balls for case I and case II

Solution:
Let A = three white balls are drawn
B= three red balls are drawn

Case I : balls are replaced before second trial

P(A  B) = P(A). P(B)

n
P(A) = 5C3 / 13C3 Cr =

P(A) = 10/286

P(B) = 8C3 / 13C3

P(B) = 56/286

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P(A  B) = P(A). P(B)

P(A  B) = 10/286 X 56/286

P(A  B) =0.0068

Case II : balls are not replaced before the second trial

P(A  B) = P(A). P(B|A)

P(A) = 5C3 / 13C3

P(A) = 10/286

P(B|A) = 8C3 / 10C3

P(B|A) = 56 / 120

P(A  B) = P(A). P(B|A)

P(A  B) = 10/286 X 56 / 120
P(A  B) = 0.016

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.10:
Among the digits 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 first digit is chosen and then second
digit is chosen from the remaining four. Find the probability that an
odd digit will be selected
(i) As first digit
(ii) As second digit
(iii) As both digits

Solution:
Sample space (S) = two digit number is selected where first digit
from 5 digit and second from remaining 4 digits.
∴ n(S)= 5C1 X 4C1

∴ n(S)= 5 X 4

∴ n(S)=20
(i) Event A = an odd digit will be selected as first digit and
second digit is selected from remaining digits
n(A) = 3C1 X 4C1

∴ n(A)= 3 X 4

∴ n(A)= 12
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(ii) Event B = an odd digit will be selected as second digit

= an even digit is selected as first digit and odd digit
is selected as second digit OR
an odd digit is selected as first digit and odd digit is
selected as second digit
n(B) = 2C1 X 3C1 + 3C1 X 2C1

i.e.

(iii) Event C= odd digits are selected as both digits

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n(C) = 3C1 X 2C1

n(C) =3 X 2

n(C) =6

i.e.

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.11:
Find the probability of constructing a two digit even number using
the digits 2,3,4,5,6 if
(i) You can use the same digit again
(ii) You cannot use a digit more than once

Solution:
Sample space (S) = two digit number with 5 digits with repetition
allowed
∴ n(S)= 5C1 X 5C1

∴ n(S)= 5 X 5

∴ n(S)=25
(i) Event A = two digit even number
at units place = {2,4,6 } = 3 ways
at tens place = {2,3,4,5,6} = 5 ways
n(A) = 5C1 X 3C1

∴ n(A)= 5 X 3

∴ n(A)= 15
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(ii) Event B = repetition of digits is not allowed and required

number is even number
5 4
n(S) = C1 X C1 = 20

n(B) = 4C1 X 3C1

i.e.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.12:
Find the probability of constructing a two digit even number using
the digits 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 if
(i) Repetition of digits is allowed
(ii) Repetition of digits is not allowed

Solution:
Sample space (S) = two digit number with 9 digits with repetition
allowed
∴ n(S)= 9C1 X 9C1

∴ n(S)= 9X 9

∴ n(S)=81
(i) Event A = repetition of digits is allowed
at units place = {2,4,6 ,8} = 4 ways
at tens place = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} = 9 ways

∴ n(A)= 9 X 4

∴ n(A)= 36

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(ii) Event B = repetition of digits is not allowed and required

number is even number
9 8
n(S) = C1 X C1 = 72

n(B) = 8C1 X 4C1

i.e.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.13:
Find the probability of constructing a two digit even number using
the digits 3,4,5,6, and 7
Assume first that you may use same digit again, then repeat the
question, assuming that you may not use a digit more than once

Solution:
Sample space (S) = two digit number with 5 digits with repetition
allowed
∴ n(S)= 5C1 X 5C1

∴ n(S)= 5X 5

∴ n(S)=25
(i) Event A = two digit even number , repetition of digits is
allowed
at units place = {4,6} = 2 ways
at tens place = {3,4,5,6,7} = 5 ways

∴ n(A)= 5 X 2

∴ n(A)= 10

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Event B = two digit even number, repetition of digits is not allowed

and required number is even number
5 4
n(S) = C1 X C1 = 20

n(B) = 4C1 X 2C1

i.e.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.14:
A sample survey was taken to check which newspaper (A,B, C)
people read. In a sample of 100 people the following results are
obtained, 60 read A, 40 read B, 70 read C, 45 read A and C, 32 read
A and B, 38 read B and C, 30 read A, B and C. If a person is selected
at random, find the probability that
(a) He reads only A newspaper.
(b) He reads at least two newspapers
(c) He reads at most 1 newspaper
(d) He doesn’t read any paper
Solution:

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(i) Event A = he reads only A newspaper

∴ n(A)= 60 – n(A B) – n(A C) + n(ABC)

∴ n(A)= 60-32-45+30

n(A) = 13

(ii) Event B = he reads at least two newspapers (means he

may read 2 or more newspapers)

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n(B) = (45-30) + (32-30) + (38-30) + 30

i.e.

(iii) Event C = he reads at most 1 newspaper (means 1 or less

than 1 newspaper)
n(C) = (60-45-32+30) + (40-32 -38+ 30) + (70-
45-38+30) + 15

n(C)= 13+0+17+15
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n(C)=45

i.e.

(iv) Event D = he doesn’t read any newspaper



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.15:
‘n’ persons are seated on ‘n’ chairs on a round table. Find the
probability that two specific persons are sitting next to each other.

Solution:

For a round table n persons and n chairs arrangements

Sample space S= total arrangements of sitting

∴ n(S)= (n-1) !

Event A = two specific persons are sitting next to each

other in arranegment

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∴ n(A)= (n-2)! X 2!

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.16:
What is the probability that 4 S’s come consecutively in the
arrangement of the letters in the word ‘MISSISSIPPI’

Solution:
Sample space S= total arrangements of letters in word ‘MISSISSIPI’

S= arrangement of 4 letters S, 4 letters I, 2 letters P, 1 letter M

Event A = 4 S’s come consecutively

= arrangement of (4S) in 1 group , 4 letters I, 2 letters P, 1
letter M


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.17:
What is the probability that 4 A’s come consecutively in the
arrangement of the letters in the word ‘MAHARASHTRA’

Solution:
Sample space S= total arrangements of letters in word
‘MAHARASHTRA’
S= arrangement of
M- 1
A-4
H-2
R-2
S-1
T-1

Event A = 4 A’s come consecutively

= arrangement of (4A) in 1 group , 2 letters H, 2 letters R, 1
letter M, 1 letter S, 1 letter T

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

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.18:
What is the probability that all vowels come consecutively in the
arrangement of the letters in the word ‘PROBABILITY’

Solution:
Sample space S= total arrangements of letters in word
‘PROBABILITY’
S= arrangement of
P- 1
R-1
O-1
B-2
A-1
L-1
I-2
T-1
Y-1

Event A = all vowels (O,A, I, I) come consecutively

P, R, [ O, A, I, I ], B , B, L, T, Y

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.19:
What is the probability that 4 A’s come consecutively in the
arrangement of the letters in the word ‘MAHANAGAR’

Solution:
Sample space S= total arrangements of letters in word
‘MAHANAGAR’
S= arrangement of
M- 1
A-4
H-1
N-1
G-1
R-1

Event A = 4A’s come consecutively

M, [A, A, A, A,] N, H, G, R

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.20:
What is the probability that all vowels come consecutively in the
arrangement of the letters in the word ‘COMMERCE’

Solution:
Sample space S= total arrangements of letters in word ‘COMMERCE’
S= arrangement of
C- 2
O-1
M-2
E-2
R-1

Event A = all vowels come consecutively

C, [O, E,E,] M, M, R,C

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.21:
Letters of the word ‘FAILURE’ are arranged at random. Find the
probability that the consonants may occupy only odd position.

Solution:
Sample space S= total arrangements of letters in word ‘FAILURE’
S= arrangement of
F- 1
A-1
I-1
L-1
U-1
R-1
E-1

Event A = all consonants may occupy only odd positions (there are
odd positions 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 3 consonants viz. F, L, R)
4P3 X 4!

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P(A) = [4P3 X 4!] / 7!

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.22:
What is the probability that all vowels come consecutively in the
arrangement of the letters in the word ‘MATHEMATICS’

Solution:
Sample space S= total arrangements of letters in word
‘MATHEMATICS’
S= arrangement of M= 2 , A= 2 , T= 2 ,H=1 , I =1 , E=1 ,C= 1 ,
S=1

Event A = all vowels (A,E,I) come consecutively

M, T, M,H, T, C, S, [A, A, E, I]

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.23:
What is the probability that all vowels come consecutively in the
arrangement of the letters in the word ‘AHMEDNAGAR’

Solution:
Sample space S= total arrangements of letters in word
‘AHMEDNAGAR’
S= arrangement of A= 3 , H= 1 , M= 1 ,E=1 , D =1 , N=1 ,G= 1
R=1

Event A = all vowels (A,A,A,E) come consecutively

H,M,D,N,G,R ,[A, A, A, E]

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.24:
Ten balls are distributed at random among 4 boxes. What is the
probability that first box contains 4 balls.

Solution:
Sample space S= 10 balls are distributed at random among 4 boxes
Every ball have 4 choices. hence 10 balls have

Event A = first box will contain 4 balls

For the first box 4 balls can be selected from 10 balls and from
remaining boxes remaining balls can be distributed in 36 ways
10C4 X 36

P(A) =(10C4 X 36 ) / 410

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.25:
Find the probability that randomly chosen 3-letter sequence will not
have any repeated letters.

Solution:
Sample space S= 3-letters are randomly chosen among 26
alphabets/letters

Event A = 3 letter sequence is chosen without any repetition letters.

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 3.26:
In a party of five persons, compute the probability that at least two
have the same birthday (month/day), assume a 365 day a year.

Solution:
Sample space S= A day is a birthday of 5 persons

Event A = at least two have same birthday.

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.1:
Consider an experiment “three coins are tossed”.
Let the random variable X= ‘number of heads’
a) Find the values of X
b) Find the probability of X
c) Find the probability mass function
d) Find the cumulative distribution function

Solution:
The sample space is
S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}

Event HHH HHT HTH HTT THH THT TTH TTT

X 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 0

X P(X) pmf P(X) cdf F(X)

0 1/8 1/8 1/8
1 3/8 3/8 4/8
2 3/8 3/8 7/8
3 1/8 1/8 8/8 i.e. 1

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.2:
A box of 6 ICs contains 2 defective. A computer center makes a
random purchase of 3 of the ICs. If X is the number of defective
chips purchased by the computer center, find the probability
distribution of X.

Solution:
There are only 2 defective ICs in a box
Therefore X can take values 0,1,2
P(x=r) = P(choosing exactly r defective chips)
=P(choosing r defective and (3-r) good chips)
= (2Cr . 4C3-r)/6C3 r=0,1,2

The probability distribution is represented in the following

table

X=r P(X=r)
0 1/5
1 3/5
2 1/5
Total= 1

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.3:
Two dice are rolled. Let X denote the random variable which counts
the total number of points on the upturned faces. Construct a table
giving the non-zero values of probability mass function?

Solution:

X=r P(X=r)
2 1/36
3 2/36
4 3/36
5 4/36
6 5/36
7 6/36
8 5/36
9 4/36
10 3/36
11 2/36
12 1/36

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.4:
A random variable X takes the values 1, 2, 3, and 4 such that
4P(X=1)=2P(X=2)=3P(X=3)=P(X=4)
Find the probability and cumulative distribution function of X

Solution:
Let 4P(X=1)=2P(X=2)=3P(X=3)=P(X=4)=k
Therefore
P(X=1) = k/4

P(X=2) = k/2

P(X=3) = k/3

P(X=4) = k

Since  P(xi) = 1

We get k/4 + k/2 + k/3 + k = 1

25k/12 = 1

k=12/25

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x PMF P(X) CDF F(X)

1 3/25 3/25
2 6/25 9/25
3 4/25 13/25
4 12/25 25/25 = 1

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.5:
The probability distribution P(X) and cumulative distribution F(X)
are given in the following table
X X=1 X=2 X=3 X=4 X=5
Pmf 1/15 2/15 3/15 4/15 5/15
Cdf 1/15 3/15 6/15 10/15 15/15 =1

Find (i)

(ii)
Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.6:
A random variable X has the following probability distribution
function
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 + k

(i) Find k
(ii) Evaluate P(x < 6), P(x >= 6), and P(0 < x < 5)
(iii) If P(x  C) > ½ , find minimum value of C, and
(iv) Determine the distribution function CDF of x

Solution:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
P(X) 0 k 2k 2k 3k k2 2k2 7k2 + k
F(X) 0 k 3k 5k 8k 8k+ k2 8k+ 3k2 9k+ 10k2

(i) Since we have

k + 2k + 2k + 3k + k2 +2k2 + 7k2 + k = 1

10k2 + 9k -1 = 0

10k2 + 10k – k - 1 = 0
10k(k+1) – 1(k+1) = 0
(10k -1)(k+1) = 0
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K = -1 or k = 1/10
But k is probability so it cannot be negative hence k = 1/10

(ii) P(x < 6) = P(x=0) + P(x=1) + P(x=2) + P(x=3) + P(x=4)

+ P(x=5)

P(X < 6) = 0 + 1/10 + 2/10 +2/10 +3/10 +1/100

P(x < 6) =81/100

P(X  6) = 1 – P(X < 6)

P(X  6) = 1 - 81/100

P(X  6) = 19/100

P(0 < x < 5) = P(x=1) + P(x=2) + P(x=3) + P(x=4)

P(0 < x < 5) = 8k

P(0 < x < 5) = 8/10

P(0 < x < 5) = 4/5

(iii) To find minimum value of C such that

P(x  C) > ½

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Consider P(x  0) = P(X=0) = 0

P(x  1) = P(X=0) + P(X=1)

=0+k

P(X 1) = k = 1/10

P(x  2) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2)

P(x  2) = 0 + k + 2k
P(x  2) = 3k = 3/10

P(x  3) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2) + P(X=3)

P(x  3) = 0 + k + 2k + 2k
P(x  3) = 5k = 5/10

P(x  4) = P(X=0) + P(X=1) + P(X=2) + P(X=3) + P(X=4)

P(x  4) = 0 + k + 2k + 2k + 3k
P(x  4) = 8k = 8/10
Hence minimum value of C such that P(x  C) > ½ is
equal to 4.

(iv) The cumulative distribution F(X) is given below

X Fx(X) = P(X  x )
0 0
1 k = 1/10
2 3k = 3/10
3 5k = 5/10

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4 8k = 8/10
5 8k + k2 = 81/100
6 8k + 3k2 = 83/100
7 9k + 10k2 = 1

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.7:
The probability mass function of a random variable X is zero except
at points x=0, 1, 2. At these points it has the values P(0) = 3C2 , P(1)
= 4C – 10C2 and P(2)= 5C – 1 , for some C > 0
(i) Determine the value of C
(ii) Compute the following probabilities P[x < 2] and P[1 <x  2]
(iii) Find the largest x such that F(x) < ½
(iv) Find the smallest x such that F(x)  1/3

Solution:
(i) Since we have

P(0) + P(1) + P(2)= 1

3C2 + 4C – 10C2 +5C – 1 =1
-7C2 +9C -2 = 0
7C2 - 9C + 2 = 0
7C2 - 7C – 2C + 2 = 0
7C (C -1) -2(C-1) = 0
(C-1)(7C-2) = 0
C= 1 or C= 2/7

But for C=1 gives P(0) = 3 which is impossible hence C= 2/7

(ii) P(X < 2) = P(X=0) + P(X=1)

P(X < 2) =3C2 + 4C – 10C2
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P(X < 2) = -7C2 + 4C

Substituting C= 2/7 we get
P(X < 2) =4/7

P(1 < x  2 ) = P(x=2)

P(1 < x  2 ) = 5C -1 = 3/7

(iii) To find largest X s.t. F(X) < ½

Note that P(0) =12/49
P(1) = 16/49
P(2) = 3/7

(iv) To find the smallest x s.t. F(X)  1/3

F(1) = 12/49 + 16/49
F(1) = 28/49  1/3
 x= 1
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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.8:
A continuous random variable has pdf

Find k and median of the distribution

Solution:

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Now F(0) = 0 and F(3) = 1

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a=3, b=-12, c=10

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.9:
Suppose that the error in the reaction temperature in 0C, for a
controlled experiment is a continuous random variable X having the
probability function.

(i) Verify

(ii) Find P(0 < x  1)

Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.10:
The life in hours (x) of a certain electronic component is a
continuous random variable with pdf

Determine the form of the distribution function of F(x). Also answer

the following questions
(i) What is the probability that a component would last for
(a) at most 250 hours (b) at least 200 hours (c) more than
200 hours but less than 500 hours.
(ii) If a certain device involves five such components in
parallel, find the probability that the device would be
functioning at the end of 500 hours assuming that five
components work independently.
Solution:
(i)

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a)
b)

c)

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(ii)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.11:
Suppose that life in hours of a certain type of radio tube is a
continuous random variable X with p.d.f given by

(i) What is the probability that all of the original three tubes
in a given set will have to be replaced in the first 150
hours of operations?
(ii) What is the probability that a tube will last less than 200
hours if it is known that the tube is still functioning after
150 hours of service?
Solution:
First find the CDF , F(X)
(i)

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a)

b)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.12:
The diameter of an electric cable say X, is assumed to be a
continuous random variable with pdf
f(x) = 6x(1-x) 0  x  1
(i) Check that above is p.d.f
(ii) Determine a number b s.t. P(x<b) = P(x >b)

Solution:

(i) For 0  x  1 f(x)  0

Hence

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f(x) is p.d.f. of random variable X.

(ii)
0 to 1 interval is split at b

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2b -1 = 0

Hence b = ½ real number between (0, 1)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.13:
A continuous random variable x has p.d.f.
f(x) = 3x2 0 x 1
Find a and b such that
(i) P(x a) = P(x >a)
(ii) P(x > b) = 0.05

Solution:

(i) Since P(x  a) = P(x >a) each must be ½ as total probability

is 1.

Hence

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(ii)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.14:
A continuous random variable x has p.d.f.

(i) Determine the constant k

(ii) Compute P(X  1.5)
(iii) Determine cumulative density function, F(x)

Solution:
(i) Constant ‘k’ is determined from consideration that total
probability is unity.

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(ii)

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(iii) Determine CDF

Substituting k

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i.e. 1 = 1
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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.15:
A continuous random variable x has p.d.f.

(i) Determine the constant a

(ii) Compute P(X < 1.5)
(iii) Find P(1.5 < X < 2.5)

Solution:
(i) Constant ‘a’ is determined from consideration that total
probability is unity.

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(ii)

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(iii) Determine P(1.5 < x <2.5)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.16:
Find the value of k so that

Is a proper density function of a continuous variable.

Solution:

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.17:
For the following what is bivariate probability distribution of X and Y
Find (i) P(X  1, y=2)
(ii) P(X  1)
(iii) P(Y=3)
(iv) P(Y3)
(v) P(X < 3, Y  4)

Y 1 2 3 4 5 6
X
0 0 0 1/32 2/32 2/32 3/32
1 1/16 1/16 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8
2 1/32 1/32 1/64 1/64 0 2/64

Solution:

Y 1 2 3 4 5 6 Px(X)
X
0 0 0 1/32 2/32 2/32 3/32 8/32
1 1/16 1/16 1/8 1/8 1/8 1/8 10/16
2 1/32 1/32 1/64 1/64 0 2/64 8/64
Py(Y) 3/32 3/32 11/64 13/64 6/32 16/64 1

(i) P(X  1, y=2) = P(X =0, y=2) + P(X = 1, y=2)

P(X  1, y=2) = 0 + 1/16
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P(X  1, y=2) = 1/16

(ii) P(X  1) = P(X=0) + P(X=1)

= 8/32 + 10/16
P(X  1) = 7/8

(iii) P(Y=3) = 11/64

(iv) P(Y3) = P(Y=1) + P(Y=2) + P(Y=3)

= 3/32 + 2/32 + 11/64
P(Y3) = 23/64

(v) P(X < 3, Y  4) = P(X =0, Y  4) + P(X =1, Y  4) + P(X =2, Y 4)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.18:
Given the following what is bivariate probability distribution of X
and Y obtain
(i) Marginal distribution of X and Y
(ii) The conditional distribution of X given Y = 2

X -1 0 1
Y
0 1/15 2/15 1/15
1 3/15 2/15 1/15
2 2/15 1/15 2/15

Solution:

X -1 0 1
Y
0 1/15 2/15 1/15 4/15
1 3/15 2/15 1/15 6/15
2 2/15 1/15 2/15 5/15
6/15 5/15 4/15 1

(i) Marginal distribution of X

P(X=-1) = 6/15 = 2/5
P(X=0) = 5/15 = 1/3
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P(X=1) = 4/15

Marginal distribution of Y
P(Y=0) = 4/15
P(Y=1) = 6/15 = 2/5
P(Y=2) = 5/15 = 1/3

(ii) Conditional distribution of X GIVEN Y=2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.19:
The joint probability distribution of two random variable X and Y is
given by P(X=0,Y=1) = 1/3 , P(X=1, Y=-1) = 1/3 , P(X=1,Y=1) = 1/3
Find
(i) The marginal distribution of X and Y
(ii) The conditional distribution of X given Y = 1

Solution:
(i) Following table is joint probability distribution of X and Y
and also marginal density function of X and Y.

X 0 1
Y
-1 0 1/3 1/3
1 1/3 1/3 2/3
1/3 2/3 1

(i) Conditional distribution of X given Y=1 is given by

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.20:
Two discrete random variable X and Y have joint pmf given by the
following table
Y 1 2 3
X
1 2/16 2/16 1/16
2 3/16 2/16 1/16
3 2/16 1/16 2/16

(i) Compute the probability of each of the following events

a. X  1½
b. X is odd
c. XY is even
(ii) Marginal distribution of X and Y
(iii) The conditional distribution of X given Y = 2

Solution:
Y 1 2 3 P(X)
X
1 2/16 2/16 1/16 5/16
2 3/16 2/16 1/16 6/16
3 2/16 1/16 2/16 5/16
P(Y) 7/16 5/16 4/16 1

(i) Compute the probability of each of the following events

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a. P(X  1½ ) = P(X=1) = 2/16 + 2/16 + 1/16 = 5/16

b. P(X is odd) = P(X=1) + P(X=3) = 5/16 + 5/16 = 10/16
c. P(XY is even) = P(X=1, Y=2) + P(X=2, Y=1) + P(X=2, Y=2) +
P(X=3, Y=2) + P(X=2, Y=3)
P(XY is even) = 2/16 + 3/16 + 2/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 = 9/16

(ii) Marginal distributions are given by

Y 1 2 3 P(X)
X
1 2/16 2/16 1/16 5/16
2 3/16 2/16 1/16 6/16
3 2/16 1/16 2/16 5/16
P(Y) 7/16 5/16 4/16 1

(iii) Conditional distribution of X given Y=2

We have P(X=x  Y=2) = P(Y=2) * P(X=x | Y=2)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.21:
X and Y are random variables having joint density function

Where x and y can assume only integer values 0,1, and 2. Find the
conditional distribution of Y for X=x.

Solution:
The joint probability function

Gives the following table of joint probability distribution of X and Y

Y 0 1 2 P(x) = fx(X)
X
0 0 1/27 2/27 3/27
1 2/27 3/27 4/27 9/27
2 4/27 5/27 6/27 15/27
P(Y) 6/27 9/27 12/27 1

The marginal distribution of X is given by

Is tabulated as last column in the above table.

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The Conditional distribution of Y for X=x is given by

Is given by following table

Y 0 1 2
X
0 0 1/3 2/3
1 2/9 3/9 4/9
2 4/15 5/15 6/15

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.22:
A candy company distributes boxes of chocolates with a mixture of
cream, toffees and nuts coated in both light and dark chocolate. For
a randomly selected box, Let X and Y, respectively be the proportion
of light and dark chocolate that are creams and suppose that the
joint density function is

(i) Verify
(ii) Find

Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.23:
The joint PDF of (x, y) is given by

Find k and also marginal and conditional density functions

Solution:
Given joint pdf

To find k let’s use the property

Total probability = 1

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The marginal density of x is given by

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Marginal density of y is given by

The conditional density function Y given X

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The conditional density function X given Y

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.24:
The joint PDF of a two dimensional random variable (x, y) is given by

(i) Find the marginal and conditional density functions of X and Y

(ii) Find the conditional density function of Y|X and X|Y
(iii) Check for independence of X and Y

Solution:
Evidently f(x,y)  0 and

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(i) The marginal pdf of X and Y are

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(ii) The conditional density function of Y given X

The conditional density function X given Y

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(iii) Since

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.25:
The joint PDF of a two dimensional random variable (x, y) is given by

Find the marginal densities of X and Y. Also find the cumulative

distribution functions of X and Y.

Solution:

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As given

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.26:
The joint PDF of a two dimensional random variable (x, y) is given by

(i) Find the marginal densities of X and Y.

(ii) Find the conditional density function of Y given X=x, and
the conditional density function of X given Y=y

Solution:
(i)

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(ii)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.27:
Consider an experiment “two coins are tossed”
Let the random variable X=’number of heads’
(i) Find the values of X.
(ii) Find the probability of X.
(iii) Find the probability mass function.
(iv) Find the cumulative density function.

Solution:
The sample space is S = { HH, HT , TH, TT }
Sample space (S) HH HT TH TT
Number of heads 2 1 1 0

X P(X) pmf P(X) CDF F(X)

0 1/4 1/4 1/4
1 2/4 2/4 3/4
2 1/4 1/4 4/4 = 1

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.28:
Given the following bivariate probability distribution obtain
(i) Marginal distribution of X and Y
(ii) The conditional distributions of X given Y=1
(iii) P(X +Y) <4
X 1 2 3
Y
1 0.1 0.1 0.2
2 0.2 0.3 0.1

Solution:
(i) Marginal distributions are given below
X 1 2 3
Y
1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4
2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6
0.3 0.4 0.3 1

(ii) The conditional distribution of X given Y=1

We have P(X=x  Y=1) = P(Y=1) P(X=x | Y=1)

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(iii)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.29:
If the random variable X takes the values 0!, 1!, 2!, ---- with
probability law then

Solution:

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Example 4.30:
Consider a random variable with pdf

Solution:

Let us consider 1+x2 = u

du = 2x dx

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E(X) does not exist.

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.31:
Let X be a continuous random variable with an exponential density
function given by

Then
Solution:

Let x = t  dx = dt

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Addition theorem of Expectation

Example 4.32:
If X and Y are random variables, then E(X+Y) = E(X) + E(Y) provided
all the expectations exist.

Solution:
Let X and Y be continuous random variable with joint pdf fxy(x,y)
and marginal pdf’s fx(x) and fy(y) respectively, then by definition

And

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Multiplication theorem of Expectation

Example 4.33:
If X and Y are random variables, then E(XY) = E(X).E(Y) provided all
the expectations exists.

Solution:
Let X and Y be continuous random variable with joint pdf fxy(x,y)
and marginal pdf’s fx(x) and fy(y) respectively, then by definition

provided X and Y are independent.

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.34:
If X is a random variable ‘a’ is a constant then,
(i) E[a g(x)] = a E[g(x)]
(ii) E[g(x) + a] = E[g(x)] + a
Where g(x) is a function of X, is a random variable and all the
expectations exists.

Solution:
i)

ii)

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Corollary 1
If g(x) = X then E[aX] = a E(X) and E[X+a] = E[X] + a

Corollary 2
If g(x) = 1 then E[a] = a

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Semester: I
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Example 4.35:

Theorem: If X is a discrete random variable with pmf P(X), then

prove that
(i) E(aX+b) = aE(X) + b and
V(aX+b) = a2 V(X) where a and b are constants.
(ii) E(aX-b) = aE(X) - b and
V(aX-b) = a2 V(X) where a and b are constants.

Theorem: If X is a continuous random variable with pmf f(X), then

prove that
(i) E(aX+b) = aE(X) + b and
V(aX+b) = a2 V(X) where a and b are constants.
(ii) E(aX-b) = aE(X) - b and
V(aX-b) = a2 V(X) where a and b are constants.

Proof:
By definition

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Corollary
If b = 0 then E[aX] = a E(X)

Corollary
If a = 1 , b = then

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.36:

Theorem: If X is a random variable then

V(aX+b) = a2 V(X) where a and b are constants.

Proof:
Let Y = aX + b

 E(Y) = E(aX + b)

E(Y) = a E(X) + b

 Y –E(Y) = (aX + b) – [ aE(X) + b ]

 Y –E(Y) = aX + b – aE(X) – b

 Y –E(Y) = aX – aE(X)

 Y –E(Y) = a [ X – E(X) ]

Squaring both sides

 [ Y –E(Y) ]2 = a2 [ X – E(X) ]2

Take expectation s of both sides

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 E[ Y –E(Y) ]2 = a2 E[ X – E(X) ]2

V(Y) = a2 V(X)

V(aX + b) = a2 V(X)

Case (i) If b = 0 then V(aX) = a2V(X)

i.e. variance is not independent of scale

Case (ii) If a = 0 then V(b) = 0

i.e. variance of constant = 0

Case (iii) If a = 1 then V(X+b) = V(X)

i.e. variance is independent of change of origin

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.37:
If the mean of the following frequency distribution is 4.876 find kk.

X 3.2 5.8 7.9 4.5

Frequency k k+2 k-3 k+6

Proof:
The mean i.e. expected value is given by
Mean = E(X) = ∑ x P(x)
4.876 = 3.2 k + 5.8 (k+2) + 7.9 (k
(k-3) +4.5 (k+6)
4.876 = 21.4 k + 14.9
∴ k =-10.024/21.4
∴ k = -0.4684

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.38:
Suppose a random variable X, takes values -3, -1, 2 & 5 with
probabilities (2k-3)/10 , (k-2)/10 , (k-1)/10, (k+1)/10
(i) Determine the distribution of X
(ii) Find the expected value E(X) of X
Proof:
Since  x P(x) = 1

(i) Distribution of X is given by

X F(X=x)= P(X  x)
-3 3/10
-1 4/10
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2 6/10
5 1

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(ii) The expected value is given by

E(X) =  x P(x)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.40:
A random variable X is defined as the sum of faces when a pair of
dice is thrown find the probability distribution of X and
(i) Expectation value of X
(ii) Probability that the sum is less than 4
(iii) Probability 6 < x < 10

Proof:
Random variable X = the sum of faces when a pair of dice is thrown
The probability distribution of X is

X 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
P(X) 1/36 2/36 3/36 4/36 5/36 6/36 5/36 4/36 3/36 2/36 1/36

(i) E(X) =  x P(x)

(ii) P(X < 4) = P(X=2) + P(X=3)

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(iii) P( 6 < X < 10) = P(X=7) + P(X=8) + P(X=9)



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.41:
The number of hardware failure system in a week of operation has
the following probability mass function
No. of failures 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 0.18 0.28 0.25 0.18 0.06 0.04 0.01

Find the expectation and variance of the number of failure

Proof:

E(X) =  x P(x)

Variance
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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.42:
Let X be random variable with following probability distribution

X -3 6 9
P(X=x) 1/6 1/2 1/3

Find E(X) and E(X2) and using the laws of expectation, evaluate
E(2X+1)2

Proof:

E(X) =  x P(x)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.43:
Let X be a discrete random variable with the following pdf

X 0 1 2 3
P(X=x) 1/3 1/2 1/24 1/8

Find E(Y) where Y = (X-1)2

Proof:

E(X) =  x P(x)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.44:
Let X be a random variable with probability distribution as follows

X 0 1 2 3
f(X) 1/3 1/2 0 1/6

Find E(Y) where Y = (X-1)2

Proof:

E(X) =  x P(x)

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.45:
Find the expectation of a number on a die when thrown. If two
unbiased dice are thrown, find the expectation value of the sum of
number of points on them. Also find the variance of the sum.

Proof:
Consider one dice is thrown
Let X be the number of points on it

E(X) = ∑ x P(x)

1 1 1 1 1 1

   1 ∗ 2 ∗ 3 ∗ 4 ∗ 5 ∗ 6 ∗
6 6 6 6 6 6

1

  1 2 3 4 5 6 ∗
6

21

  
6

7

  
2

Let Xi = number obtained on ith dice (i=1,2)

∴ S = X1 + X2

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E(S) = E(X1) + E(X2)

E(S) = 7/2 + 7/2

E(S) = 7

E(X2) = ∑ x2 P(x)

1

    1 4 9 16 25 36 ∗
6

91

   
6

Variance
V(X) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2

91 7 
      
6 2

91 49
    
6 4

35
   
12

V(S) = V( X1 + X2)

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V(S) = V(X1) + V(X2)

35 35
   
12 12

70
   
12

35
   
6

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.46:
A coin is tossed four times. Calculate the expectation value and
variance of the number of heads obtained.

Proof:
Srno Outcome Value of X
1 HHHH 4
2 HHHT 3
3 HHTH 3
4 HHTT 2
5 HTHH 3
6 HTHT 2
7 HTTH 2
8 HTTT 1
9 THHH 3
10 THHT 2
11 THTH 2
12 THTT 1
13 TTHH 2
14 TTHT 1
15 TTTH 1
16 TTTT 0

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Hence the probability table obtained is as follows

X 0 1 2 3 4
P(X) 1/16 4/16 6/16 4/16 1/16

E(X)2 =  x2 P(x)

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Variance
V(X) = E(X2) – [E(X)]2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.47:
A coin is tossed until a head appears. What is the expectation of
the number of tosses required?

Proof:
Let X be the number of tosses required to get the first head

Event X P(X)
1 H ½
2 TH ½*½=¼
3 THH ½ * ½ * ½ = 1/8
. . .
. . .
. . .

Let

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Divide both sides by 2

Eq 1 – Eq 2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.48:
Let variable X have the distribution
P(X=0) = P(X=2) = P
P(X=1) = 1 – 2P for 0  P  ½
For what P, is the var(X) a maximum?

Proof:
Here random variable X takes values 0,1,2 with respective
probabilities P, 1-2P , P for 0  P  ½

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.49:
Let X be a random variable for which E(X) = 10 and V(X) = 25. Find
the values of a and b such that Y=aX – b has expectation zero and
variance 1.

Proof:
Given E(X) = 10
V(X) = 25
but

Now Y = aX – b and E(Y) = 0

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Therefore using equation 1 and 2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.50:
Let X be a random variable for which E(X) = 24 and V(X) = 16. Find
the values of a and b such that Y=aX – b has expectation zero and
variance 2.

Proof:
Given E(X) = 24
V(X) = 16
but

Now Y = aX – b and E(Y) = 0

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Therefore using equation 1 and 2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.51:
Let X be a random variable for which E(X) = 24 and V(X) = 2. Find
the values of a and b such that Y=aX – b has expectation 20 and
variance 8.

Proof:
Given E(X) = 24
V(X) = 2
but

Now Y = aX – b and E(Y) =20

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Therefore using equation 1 and 2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.52:
Let X1 and X2 be two stochastic random variable having variance k
and 2 respectively. If variance of Y=3X1 – X2 is 25 find k.

Proof:
Given V(X1) = k
V(X2) = 2
V(Y) = 25
Y = 3X1 – X2

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.53:
The probability distribution of a bivariate random variable (X,Y) is
given below.

X 1 2 3 Total
Y
1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4
2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.6
Total 0.3 0.4 0.3 1

Find E(X+Y) and E(XY)

Proof:

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

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.54:
Consider discrete random variables X and Y with the joint pmf as
follows

Y -1 0 3
X
-2 1/16 1/16 1/16
-1 1/8 1/16 1/8
1 1/8 1/16 1/8
2 1/16 1/16 1/16

Are X and Y independent? Are they uncorrelated?

Proof:
Marginal pmf’s are calculated as follows
Y -1 0 3 PX
X
-2 1/16 1/16 1/16 3/16
-1 1/8 1/16 1/8 5/16
1 1/8 1/16 1/8 5/16
2 1/16 1/16 1/16 3/16
PY 6/16 4/16 6/16 1

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Marginal pmf
X -2 -1 1 2
PX 3/16 5/16 5/16 3/16

And
Y -1 0 1
PY 6/16 4/16 6/16

Computing the expectations

Similarly

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This implies that E(XY) = E(X).E(Y)

Hence X and Y are un-correlated.

However P(-2,-1) = 1/16

Px(-2) Py(-1) = 3/16 * 3/8

P(-2, -1)  Px(-2) Py(-1)

X and Y are not independent.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.55:
Two discrete random variables X and Y with the joint pmf as
follows

Y 1 2 3
X
1 2/16 2/16 1/16
2 3/16 2/16 1/16
3 2/16 1/16 2/16

Are X and Y independent? Are they uncorrelated?

Proof:
Marginal pmf’s are calculated as follows
Y 1 2 3 PX
X
1 2/16 2/16 1/16 5/16
2 3/16 2/16 1/16 6/16
3 2/16 1/16 2/16 5/16
PY 7/16 5/16 4/16 1

Marginal pmf
X 1 2 3
PX 5/16 6/16 5/16

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And
Y 1 2 3
PY 7/16 5/16 4/16

Computing the expectations

Similarly

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Hence X and Y are un-correlated.

However P(1,1) = 2/16

Px(1) Py(1) = 5/16 * 7/16

P(1,1)  Px(1) Py(1)

X and Y are not independent.


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.56:
Two discrete random variables X and Y with the joint pmf as
follows

Y 0 1 2
X
-1 1/27 2/27 3/27
0 2/27 3/27 4/27
1 3/27 4/27 5/27

Are X and Y independent? Are they uncorrelated?

Proof:
Marginal pmf’s are calculated as follows
Y 0 1 2 PX
X
-1 1/27 2/27 3/27 6/27
0 2/27 3/27 4/27 9/27
1 3/27 4/27 5/27 12/27
PY 6/27 9/27 12/27 1

Marginal pmf
X -1 0 1
PX 6/27 9/27 12/27

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And
Y 0 1 2
PY 6/27 9/27 12/27

Computing the expectations

Similarly

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Hence X and Y are un-correlated.

However P(-1,0) = 1/27

Px(-1) Py(0) = 6/27 * 6/27

P(-1,0)  Px(-1) Py(0)

X and Y are not independent.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.57:
Monthly demand for transistors is known to have the following
probability distribution
Demand 1 2 3 4 5 6
Probability 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.18 0.12

(i) Determine the expected demand of transistor

(ii) Obtain the variance
(iii) Suppose that the cost (C) of producing n transistors is given
by the rule C
Proof:
Computing the expectations

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Demand 1 2 3 4 5 6
Cost 10500 11000 11500 12000 12500 13000
Probability 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.18 0.12



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 4.58:
Two random variables X and Y have a joint pdf as

2 0    1 , 0    1

,  
0 

Find
(i) Marginal densities of X and Y
(ii) Conditional densities of X and Y
(iii) Variances of X and Y
(iv) Co-variance
variance between X and Y

Proof:
 
(i)
 


,    2    




  2    
2 

1

   2   
2

3

  2  
 01
0 


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  #
,   #2    

$ 




  2   
2 

1

  2   
2

3

   2  
 01
0 


(ii) Conditional densities of X and Y

,  2 2    
22

|   

  3 3  2
 
2

,  2 22
2    

|   

  3 3  2
2  

(iii) Variances of X and Y



% &    #  
 



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3
% &    #   '   + 
2



3 
 
% &  #    (
(

2



( )
% &     

2 4 

1 1
% &    
2 4

1
% &   
4


% &  # 
 




3
% &  #  '  +
+ 
2



3
% &  #     
2

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3   (
% &     
4 3 

3 1
% &   
4 3

5
% &  
12

,- &  % &    0%&1

,-


1 5
,- &    
4 12

1 25
 
,- &  
4 144

11
,- & 
144

Similarly
 2
,- .  ))
% .  

(iv) Covariance between X and Y

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% &.  # # 
,   
$ 6

 

% &.  # # 2     
 
$ 6

 

% &.  # # 2          
$ 6


 89: 8: 9: 89>
8
EXY  8 7   
 (
< d


 8: 8
EXY  8 7x   < d
 (


8: 8> 8:
EXY  7   <
 ? ? 

  
EXY  7  ?  ?<

1
EXY 
6

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AB,&, .  % &.  % &. % .

1 5 5
AB, &, .   .
6 12 12

1 25
AB, &, .  
6 144

1
AB,&, .  
144

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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.1:
A die is rolled 3 times. What is the probability of
(a) No fives turning up?
(b) 1 five?
(c) 3 fives?

Solution:
This is a binomial distribution because there are only 2
possible outcomes (we get a 5 or we don’t know, n=3 for
each part.)
Let X= number of fives appearing
(a) Here, X=0
n
Cx px qn-x
3
C0 (1/6)0 (5/6)3 = 125/216 = 0.5787

(b) Here , X=1

n
Cx px qn-x
3
C1 (1/6)1 (5/6)2 = 75/216 = 0.3472

(c) Here, X=3

n
Cx px qn-x
3
C3 (1/6)3 (5/6)0 = 1/216 = 0.0046


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.2:
Hospital records show that of patients suffering from a certain
disease, 75% die of it. What is the probability that of 6 randomly
selected patients, 4 will recover?

Solution:
This is a binomial distribution because there are only 2 possible
outcomes (The patient die or does not die)
Let X= number who recover
Here n=6, and x=4

Let p=25% (success, i.e. they live)

q=75% (failure, i.e. they die)

The probability that 4 will recover

n
Cx px qn-x
6
C4 (0.25)4 (0.75)2
15 * 0.0039 * 0.5625
0.0329



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.3:
In the old days, there was a probability of 0.8 of success in any
attempt to make a telephone call.
(This often depended on the importance of the person making the
call, or the operator's curiosity!)
Calculate the probability of having 7 successes in 10 attempts.

Solution:
The probability of success p =0.8 and q=0.2
n=10
X= success in getting through

The probability of 7 successes in 10 attempts

n
Cx px qn-x
10
C7 (0.8)7 (0.2)3
120 * 0.2098 * 0.008
0.2014



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.4:
A manufacturer of metal pistons finds that on the average, 12% of
his pistons are rejected because they are either oversize or
undersize. What is the probability that a batch of 10 pistons will
contain
(a) no more than 2 rejects?
(b) at least 2 rejects?

Solution:
Let X= number of rejected pistons

In this case, “success” means rejection!

Here n=10, p=0.12 , q=0.88

(a) No rejects
n
Cx px qn-x
10
C0 (0.12)0 (0.88)10
1 * 1 * 0.2785
0.2785

(b) One reject

n
Cx px qn-x
10
C1 (0.12)1 (0.88)9
10 * 0.12 * 0.3165
0.3798
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(c) Two rejects

n
Cx px qn-x
10
C2 (0.12)2 (0.88)8
45 * 0.0144 * 0.3596
0.2330

So the probability of getting no more than 2 rejects is

Probability = P(X  2)
=P(X=0) + P(X=1)+P(X=2)
=0.2785 + 0.3798 + 0.2330
P(X  2) = 0.8913

Probability of at least 2 rejects = 1 – P(X  1)

= 1 – [ P(X=0) +P(X=1)]
= 1 – (0.2785 + 0.3798)
= 1- 0.6583
Probability of at least 2 rejects = 0.3417



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.5:
A fair coin is tossed 7 times.
Find the probabilities of obtaining various numbers of heads.

Solution:
A fair coin is tossed 7 times.
p= probability of appearing head = ½
q= 1 – p = 1 – ½ = ½

Let X= number of heads

(a) No head
n
Cx px qn-x
7
C0 (1/2)0 (1/2)7
1 * 1 * 1/128

(b) One head

n
Cx px qn-x
7
C1 (1/2)1 (1/2)6
7 * 1/128

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(c) Two heads

n
Cx px qn-x
7
C2 (1/2)2 (1/2)5
21 * 1/128

(d) Three heads

n
Cx px qn-x
7
C3 (1/2)3 (1/2)4
35 * 1/128

(e) Four heads

n
Cx px qn-x
7
C4 (1/2)4 (1/2)3
35 * 1/128

(f) Five heads

n
Cx px qn-x
7
C5 (1/2)5 (1/2)2
21 * 1/128

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(g) Six heads

n
Cx px qn-x
7
C6 (1/2)6 (1/2)1
7 * 1/128

(h) Seven heads

n
Cx px qn-x
7
C7 (1/2)7 (1/2)0
1 * 1/128



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.6:
A quiz consists of 10 multiple-choice questions. Each question has 5
possible answers, only one of which is correct. Pratik plans to guess
the answer to each question. Find the probability that Pratik gets
(a) One answer correct
(b) All 10 answers correct

Solution:
n=10,
p=0.2
q=1-p =1 -0.2 = 0.8
Let X= number of correct answers

(a) One correct answer

n
Cx px qn-x
10
C1 (0.2)1 (0.8)9
10*0.2* 0.1342

(b) All correct answers

n
Cx px qn-x
10
C10 (0.2)10 (0.8)0
1*0.0000001*1


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.7:
The Probability that a baby is born a boy is 0.51 . A mid-wife delivers 10
babies. Find
(i) The Probability that exactly 4 are male
(ii) The Probability that at least 8 are male

Solution:
n=10,
p=0.51
q=1-p =1 -0.51 = 0.49
Let X= number of male babies

(i) Exactly 4 male babies

n
Cx px qn-x
10
C4 (0.51)4 (0.49)6

(ii) At least 8 male babies

10
C8(0.51)8 (0.49)2 +10C9(0.51)9 (0.49)1 +10C10 (0.51)10 (0.49)0



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.8:
In a college 20% of students are girls. In a random sample of 5
students, find the probability that there are at most 2 girls?

Solution:
n=5,
p=0.2
q=1-p =1 -0.2 = 0.8
Let X= number of girls

At most 2 girls = P(X <= 2)

5
C0 (0.2)0 (0.8)5 + 5C1 (0.2)1 (0.8)4 + 5C2 (0.2)2 (0.8)3



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.9:
Determine the binomial distribution for which mean is 4 and
variance is 3.

Solution:

Let X ~ B(n,p)
given mean=np = 4
And variance npq = 3
Consider

As np=4
n* ¼ = 4
We get n=16
The binomial distribution has parameters n=16 and p=1/4 . that is
the random variable X~B(16,1/4)
16
Cx (1/4)x (3/4)16-x x=0,1,2,----,16


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.10:
On a particular river, overflow floods occur once every 100 years
on average. Calculate the probability of k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6
overflow floods in a 100-year interval, assuming the Poisson model
is appropriate.

Solution:
Because the average event rate is one overflow flood per 100
years, λ = 1

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The table below gives the probability for 0 to 6 overflow floods in a

100-year period.
P(k overflow floods in
k
100 years)
0 0.3679
1 0.3679
2 0.1839
3 0.0613
4 0.0153
5 0.0031
6 0.0005



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.11:
James and colleagues report that the average number of goals in a
World Cup soccer match is approximately 2.5 and the Poisson
model is appropriate. Calculate the probability of k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7 goals in a world cup soccer match.

Solution:
Because the average event rate is 2.5 goals per match, λ = 2.5.

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The table below gives the probability for 0 to 7 goals in a match

k P(k goals in a match)
0 0.0821
1 0.2052
2 0.2565
3 0.2138
4 0.1336
5 0.0668
6 0.0278
7 0.0099

NOTE:


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.12:
The average number of homes sold by the Acme Realty company is
2 homes per day. What is the probability that exactly 3 homes will
be sold tomorrow?

Solution:
Because the average event rate is 2 homes are sold per day, λ = 2

thus, the probability of selling 3 homes tomorrow is 0.1804



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.13:
The mean and variance of Poisson distribution are given as E(X)=
and V(X)= ?

Solution:
We know by definition







 
] x =x-1

 
 ]

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 
 ]


 


 


x2 = x2 –x +x = x(x-1) + x

 
 





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Consider
 
  


 




 




 
 



  


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



 

  

Hence proved


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.14:
In a certain industrial facility, accidents occur infrequently. It is
known that the probability of an accident on any given day is 0.005,
and accidents are independent of each other.
(i) What is the probability that in any given period of 400 days,
there will be an accident on one day?
(ii) What is the probability that there are at most three days
with an accident?

Solution:
Let the probability of an accident on any given day be p=0.005
Given number of days n= 400
Since n is large and p is small, we can approximate this to a Poisson
distribution with mean  = np = 400 X 0.005 = 2

Now if X is a random variable that number of accidents, then X

follows a Poisson distribution with mean  =2


 , x=0,1,2,----

(i) Probability that there is an accident on a given day

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(ii) Probability that there are at most 3 days with an accident is

given day






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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.15:
If X is Poisson variate with parameter  such that P(X=2) =
9P(X=4)+90P(X=6), then find variance of X.

Solution:
Given that
P(X=2) = 9P(X=4) + 90P(X=6)
  
  

  
  

  
 ]

  
 ]

  



 ]

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
 ]




 

 

    

Factorization method

Hence factors are ( -1) =0 and (+1)=0

Then  = -1 or 1
But we know that  > 0 hence  = 1

OR

 
  
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  

 


Then  = -1 or 1


 is imaginary number, hence not valid.

We know that  > 0 hence  = 1

Since in Poisson distribution mean and variance = 

Variance = 1



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.16:
It is know that 5% of the books bound at a bindery have defective
bindings. Find the probability that 2 out of 100 books bound by this
bindery will have defective bindings.

Solution:
Let the probability of defective bindings p=5% = 0.05
Number of books bound n= 100
Since n is large and p is small , we can approximate this to a Poisson
distribution as mean  = np = 100*0.05 = 5

If X is a random variable that number of books are defective then X

follows a Poisson distribution with mean =5





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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.17:
Calculate the probability density function of normal distribution using
the following data. x = 3, μ = 4 and σ = 2.

Solution:
Given, variable, x = 3
Mean () = 4 and
Standard deviation () = 2
By the formula of the probability density of normal distribution, we
can write;

Hence, f(3,4,2) = 0.1760.


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.18:
Suppose scores X on a test follow a normal distribution with mean
430 and standard deviation 100.
Find 90th percentile of the scores, that is find score X such that
P(X<= x)=0.9

Solution:
Since we start with normal but not standard normal distribution we
have to standardize at some point.
 = 430 ,  = 100

Standard normal distribution Z=(x-)/


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.19:
X is a normally distributed variable with mean μ = 30 and standard
deviation σ = 4. Find
a) P(x < 40)
b) P(x > 21)
c) P(30 < x < 35)

Solution:
Given
mean μ = 30 and standard deviation σ = 4.
Standard normal curve.
Z=(x-)/

a) For x = 40, the z-value z = (40 - 30) / 4 = 2.5

Hence P(x < 40) = P(z < 2.5)
P(x<40) = [area to the left of 2.5] = 0.9938
P(x < 40) =0.9938

b) For x = 21, z = (21 - 30) / 4 = -2.25

Hence P(x > 21) = P(z > -2.25)
P(x > 21) = [total area] - [area to the left of -2.25]
P(x>21) = 1 - 0.0122
P(x > 21) =0.9879

c) For x = 30 , z = (30 - 30) / 4 = 0 and

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for x = 35, z = (35 - 30) / 4 = 1.25

Hence P(30 < x < 35) = P(0 < z < 1.25)

P(30 < x < 35) = [area to the left of z = 1.25] - [area to the left of 0]
P(30 < x < 35) = 0.8944 - 0.5
P(30 < x < 35) =0.3944



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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.20:
A radar unit is used to measure speeds of cars on a motorway. The
speeds are normally distributed with a mean of 90 km/hr and a
standard deviation of 10 km/hr. What is the probability that a car
picked at random is travelling at more than 100 km/hr?

Solution:
Given
Let x be the random variable that represents the speed of cars.
x has μ = 90 and σ = 10.

We have to find the probability that x is higher than 100 or P(x > 100)

For x = 100 , z = (100 - 90) / 10 = 1

P(x > 100) = P(z > 1)

P(x > 100) = [total area] - [area to the left of z = 1]
P(x > 100) = 1 - 0.8413
P(x > 100) = 0.1587

The probability that a car selected at a random has a speed greater

than 100 km/hr is equal to 0.1587



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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.21:
For a certain type of computers, the length of time between charges
of the battery is normally distributed with a mean of 50 hours and a
standard deviation of 15 hours. John owns one of these computers
and wants to know the probability that the length of time will be
between 50 and 70 hours.

Solution:
Let x be the random variable that represents the length of time.
It has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 15.
We have to find the probability that x is between 50 and 70 or
P( 50< x < 70)

For x = 50 , z = (50 - 50) / 15 = 0

For x = 70 , z = (70 - 50) / 15 = 1.33 (rounded to 2 decimal places)

P( 50< x < 70) = P( 0< z < 1.33)

P( 50< x < 70) = [area to the left of z = 1.33] - [area to the left of z = 0]
P( 50< x < 70) = 0.9082 - 0.5
P( 50< x < 70) = 0.4082

The probability that John's computer has a length of time between

50 and 70 hours is equal to 0.4082.


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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 5.22



Page 1 of 1
 Chi-Square Distribution Table

0 χ2

The shaded area is equal to α for χ2 = χ2α .

df χ2.995 χ2.990 χ2.975 χ2.950 χ2.900 χ2.100 χ2.050 χ2.025 χ2.010 χ2.005
1 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.016 2.706 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 0.010 0.020 0.051 0.103 0.211 4.605 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 0.072 0.115 0.216 0.352 0.584 6.251 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 0.207 0.297 0.484 0.711 1.064 7.779 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 0.412 0.554 0.831 1.145 1.610 9.236 11.070 12.833 15.086 16.750
6 0.676 0.872 1.237 1.635 2.204 10.645 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548
7 0.989 1.239 1.690 2.167 2.833 12.017 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 3.490 13.362 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 4.168 14.684 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 4.865 15.987 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188
11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 5.578 17.275 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757
12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 6.304 18.549 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 7.042 19.812 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 7.790 21.064 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 8.547 22.307 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801
16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 9.312 23.542 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267
17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 10.085 24.769 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 10.865 25.989 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.844 7.633 8.907 10.117 11.651 27.204 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 12.443 28.412 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997
21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 13.240 29.615 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401
22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 14.041 30.813 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 14.848 32.007 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 15.659 33.196 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.559
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 16.473 34.382 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928
26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 17.292 35.563 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290
27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 18.114 36.741 40.113 43.195 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 18.939 37.916 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 19.768 39.087 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 20.599 40.256 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672
40 20.707 22.164 24.433 26.509 29.051 51.805 55.758 59.342 63.691 66.766
50 27.991 29.707 32.357 34.764 37.689 63.167 67.505 71.420 76.154 79.490
60 35.534 37.485 40.482 43.188 46.459 74.397 79.082 83.298 88.379 91.952
70 43.275 45.442 48.758 51.739 55.329 85.527 90.531 95.023 100.425 104.215
80 51.172 53.540 57.153 60.391 64.278 96.578 101.879 106.629 112.329 116.321
90 59.196 61.754 65.647 69.126 73.291 107.565 113.145 118.136 124.116 128.299
100 67.328 70.065 74.222 77.929 82.358 118.498 124.342 129.561 135.807 140.169
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.1:
The specified diameter of a cylindrical part of a machine is 3cm. A
sample of 900 such parts shows an average diameter of 2.99 cm
with standard deviation of 0.01cm. Does the product differ the
specification?
Given: 1% level of significance Z = 2.58

Solution:
Population mean (  ) = 3 cm

Sample size ( n ) = 900

Sample mean ( ) = 2.99 cm

Sample standard deviation ( S ) = 0.01 cm

H0 :  = 3 cm

H1 :   3 cm

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Since |Z| > Z hence reject null hypothesis



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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.2:
Random sample of 100 students gave mean weight of 58 kg with
standard deviation of 4 kg. Test the hypothesis that the mean
weight in the population is 60 kg. Use 1% level of significance.
Given: 1% level of significance Z = 2.58

Solution:
Population mean (  ) = 60 kg
Sample size ( n ) = 100
Sample mean ( ) = 58 kg
Sample standard deviation ( S ) = 4 kg

H0 :  = 60 kg

H1 :   60 kg

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Since calculated value of Z statistic is more than 2.58, it is

significant at 1% level of significance.
Therefore, H0 is rejected at all levels of significance which
implies that mean weight of population is not 60 kg.



Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.3:
A random sample of 100 students gave a mean weight of 64 kg
with a standard deviation of 16 kg. Test the hypothesis that the
mean weight in the population is 60 kg.
Given: 5% level of significance Z = 1.96

Solution:
Population mean (  ) = 60 kg
Sample size ( n ) = 100
Sample mean ( ) = 64 kg
Sample standard deviation ( S ) = 16 kg

H0:  = 60 kg. , i.e. the mean weight in the population is 60 kg.

H1:   60 kg

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Since calculated value of Z statistic is more than 1.96, it is

significant at 5% level of significance.
Therefore, H0 is rejected at all levels of significance which
implies that mean weight of population is not 60 kg.


Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.4:
A sample of 50 cows in a herd has average lactation yield 1290
litres. Test whether the sample has been drawn from the
population having herd average lactation yield of 1350 litres with a
standard deviation of 65 litres.

Solution:
Population mean (  ) = 1350 litres
Sample size ( n ) = 50
Sample mean ( ) = 1290 litres
Sample standard deviation ( S ) = 65 litres

H0:  = 1350

H1:   1350

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|Z| =8.48
Since calculated value of Z statistic is more than 3, it is significant at
all levels of significance.
Therefore, H0 is rejected at all levels of significance which implies
that the sample has not been drawn from the population having
mean lactation milk yield as 1350 litres or there is a significant
difference between sample mean and population mean.



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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.5:
The heights of college students in Chennai are normally distributed
with standard deviation 6 cm and sample of 100 students had their
mean height 158 cm. test the Hypothesis that the mean height of
college students in Chennai is 160 cm at 1% level of significance.

Solution:
Population mean (  ) = 160 cm
Sample size ( n ) = 100
Sample mean ( ) = 158 cm
Sample standard deviation ( S ) = 6 cm

H0:  = 160 i.e., there is no difference between sample mean

and hypothetical population mean.
H1:   160

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|Z| =3.33

at 1% level of significance the value for Z = 2.58

since |Z| > Z Therefore, H0 is rejected.



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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.6:
A manufacturer of chocolates claims that the mean weight of a
certain box of chocolates is 368 grams. The standard deviation of
the box’s weight is known to be σ = 10 grams. If a sample of 49
boxes has sample mean x = 364 grams, test the hypothesis that the
mean weight of the boxes is less than 368 grams. Use α = 0.05 level
of significance.

Solution:
Population mean (  ) = 368 grams
Sample size ( n ) = 49
Sample mean ( ) = 364 grams
Sample standard deviation (σ) = 10 grams

H0:  = 368

H1:  < 368

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We find the rejection region. Here we use significance level

α = 0.05, therefore the rejection region is when z < −1.645.

Since |Z| > Z reject H0



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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.7:
A clinical trial with 400 subjects was conducted to test whether the
average weight loss using a new diet pill is significant. You know
that the standard deviation of the test subject’s weight loss was 5
lbs. Give an example of sample mean weight loss which would
result in rejecting the null hypothesis at the 5% level (1.64)but not
rejecting it at the 1% level(2.34).
Hint: We only care if the subjects lost weight and not gained it,
think about what tails are appropriate and start by writing the
appropriate hypotheses.

Solution:
Population mean (  ) = 0
Sample size ( n ) = 400
Sample mean ( ) = ?
Sample standard deviation ( S ) = 5

H0: diff = 0
H1: diff > 0
In order to reject the hypothesis at the 5% significance level
we would need a T-score of 1.65 or higher. Using the following
we can calculate the minimum required to reject H0 at 5%
significance level.

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Next, we need to figure out the required T-score for significance at

1% level. Using the following we can calculate the minimum
required to reject H0 at 5% significance level.

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So average weight loss between 0.4125 pounds and 0.585 pounds

will result in rejecting H0 at 5% significance level but not at 1%
significance level.



Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.8:
A coin is tossed 130 times. Heads occurred 72 times. Is that coin
unbiased? [The value of Z at 5% level of significance is 1.96]

Solution:
Hypothesis, the coin is unbiased i.e. P=0.5
H0: P=0.5 coin is unbiased

H1: P0.5 coin is biased

Given n=130

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Since |Z|  Zcritical , the hypothesis that coin is unbiased is accepted.

i.e. 1.2269 < 1.96. accept null hypothesis


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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.9:
In a certain manufacturing process it’s known from previous
experience that the defectives are 25%. In a lot of 500, 165 are
observed to be defective. Is it necessary to revise the hypothesis?
The value of Z at 5% level of significance is 1.96

Solution:
Hypothesis, the defectives are 25% i.e. P=0.25
H0: P=0.25
H1: P0.25
Given n=500

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Since |Z| > Zcritical , the null hypothesis is rejected.

i.e. 4.132 > 1.96.


Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.10:
A manufacturer claims that 20% of the public preferred her
product. A sample of 100 persons is taken to check her claim. It is
found that 8 of these 100 persons preferred her product.
a. Find the p-value of the test (use a two-tailed test).
b. Using the 0.05 level of significance test her claim

Solution:
We test the following hypothesis:
H0 : p = 0.20
Ha : p  0.20
We compute the test statistic z:
Given n=100

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Therefore the p−value is:

p − value = 2*P(p’ < 0.08) = 2*P(Z < −3.0) = 2*(0.0013) = 0.0026.
We reject H0 because p−value= 0.0026 < 0.05.



Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.11:
Principal at school claims that students in his school are above
average intelligence and a random sample of 30 students IQ scores
have a mean score of 112.5 and mean population IQ is 100 with a
standard deviation of 15. Is there sufficient evidence to support the
principal claim?

Solution:
Given
Sample size (n) =30
Sample mean ( ) = 112.5
Population mean (  ) = 100
Population standard deviation (  ) = 15

We test the following hypothesis:

H0 :  = 100
Ha :  > 100
We compute the test statistic z:
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Lets consider  level 0.05 hence Z =1.64

|Z| > 1.64 hence reject null hypothesis


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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.12:
Suppose an investor looking to analyze the average daily return of
the stock of one the company is greater than 1% or not? So
investors picked up a random sample of 50 and return is calculated
and has a mean of 0.02 and investors considered standard
deviation of mean is 0.025.

Solution:
Given
Sample size (n) =50
Sample mean ( ) = 0.02
Population mean (  ) = 1% = 0.01
Population standard deviation (  ) = 0.025

We test the following hypothesis:

H0 :  = 0.01 , the average daily return of the stock is 1%.
Ha :  > 0.01 , the average daily return of the stock is more than 1%.

We compute the test statistic z:

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Lets consider  level 0.05 hence Z =1.64

|Z| > 1.64 hence reject null hypothesis


Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.13:
An insurance company is currently reviewing its current policy rates
when originally settings the rate they believe that the average
claim amount will be a maximum of Rs 180000. The company is
concern about that true mean actually higher than this. The
company randomly selects 40 sample claims and calculate sample
mean of Rs 195000 assuming a standard deviation of Claim is Rs
50000 and set alpha as 0.05. Perform z test to see insurance
company should be concerned or not.

Solution:
Given
Sample size (n) =40
Sample mean ( ) = 195000
Population mean (  ) = 180000
Population standard deviation (  ) = 50000

We test the following hypothesis:

H0 :  = 180000
Ha :  > 180000, company should be concerned

We compute the test statistic z:

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Lets consider  level 0.05 hence Z =1.64

|Z| > 1.64 hence reject null hypothesis
Hence the insurance company should be concerned about their
current policies.


Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.14:
It is claimed that the mean mileage of a certain type of vehicle is 35
miles per gallon of gasoline with population standard deviation σ =
5 miles. What can be concluded using α = 0.01 about the claim if a
random sample of 49 such vehicles has sample mean x = 36 miles?

Solution:
Given
Sample size (n) =49
Sample mean ( ) = 36
Population mean (  ) = 35
Population standard deviation (  ) = 5

We test the following hypothesis:

H0 :  = 35
Ha :   35

We compute the test statistic z:

Page 1 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Lets consider  level 0.05 hence Z =1.64

|Z| < 1.64 hence accept the null hypothesis


Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.15:
A sample of 100 electric fuses produced by a manufacturer A
showed mean life time of 1290 days and standard deviation 9 days.
A sample of 85 electric fuses produced by a manufacturer B
showed life time of 1295 days and standard deviation 15 days.
Is there any difference between mean life time of the two brands
at 5% level of significance?
[value of Z at 5% level of significance is 1.96]

Solution:
Given

We test the following hypothesis:

H0 : There is no difference between the average life time of two
brands of electric fuses i.e. m1 = m2

We compute the test statistic z:

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Since |Z| > Z

i.e.|Z| > 1.96 hence reject the null hypothesis at 5% level of

significance.
Hence the difference between the average life time of two brands
of electric fuses is significant


Page 2 of 2
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.16:
The lengths in cm of 10 nails produced by a certain machine are as :
5.10, 4.98, 5.03, 4.99, 5.00, 5.07, 5.04, 5.03, 4.91, 4.97
Can it be concluded that average length of a nail produce by the
machine is 5 cm? [the value of t at 5% level of significance for 9
degrees of freedom is 1.833]

Solution:
Population mean  = 5 cm
Sample size n = 10

X X2
5.10 26.0100
4.98 24.8004
5.03 25.3009
4.99 24.9001
5.00 25.0000
5.07 25.7049
5.04 25.4016
5.03 25.3009
4.91 24.1081
4.97 24.7009
x = 50.12 x2 = 251.2278

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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
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We test the following hypothesis:

H0 : Average length of nail produced = 5 cm
Ha: Average length of nail produced  5 cm

We compute the test statistic t (as n < 30)

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Level of significance  = 0.05

The critical value at 5% level of significance for 9 degrees of
freedom is t = 1.833

If |t|  t then null hypothesis is accepted otherwise rejected.

Since calculated value of |t| = 0.7013 < 1.833

Accept the null hypothesis

 the average length of nail is 5 cm



Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.17:
A certain injection administrated to 12 patients resulted in the
following changes of blood pressure 5,2,8,-1,3,0,6,-2, 1, 5, 0, 4
Can it be concluded that the injection will be in general
accompanied by an increase in blood pressure ?
[the value of t at 5% level of significance for 11 degrees of
freedom is 2.201]

Solution:
Population mean  = 0
Sample size n = 12
X X2
5 25
2 4
8 64
-1 1
3 9
0 0
6 36
-2 4
1 1
5 25
0 0
4 16
x = 31 x2 = 185
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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

We test the following hypothesis:

H0 : Change in blood pressure = 0
Ha: Change in blood pressure  0

We compute the test statistic t (as n < 30)

Page 2 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Level of significance  = 0.05

The critical value at 5% level of significance for 11 degrees of
freedom is t = 2.201

If |t|  t then null hypothesis is accepted otherwise rejected.

Since calculated value of |t| =2.89 > 2.201

Reject the null hypothesis

 the change is blood pressure  0

Since



Page 3 of 3
 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
MET Institute of Computer Science

Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.18:
A random sample of 1000 farms in a year gives an average yield of
wheat of 2500 kg per hector with a standard deviation 200 kg. A
random sample of 1000 farms in the following year gives an
average yield of wheat 2700 kg per hector with standard deviation
250 kg. Can it be inferred that there is a significant increase in the
mean yield?
(Given the value of Z at 1% level of significance is 2.58)

Solution:
Given

We test the following hypothesis:

H0 : There is no difference between the average yields in the two
years i.e. m1 = m2

We compute the test statistic z:

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Since |Z| > Z

i.e.|Z| > 2.58 hence reject the null hypothesis at 1% level of

significance.
Hence there is a significant increase in the mean yield.


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.19:
A random sample of 400 members is found to have mean of 4.45
cm. Can it be reasonably regarded as a sample from a large
population where mean is 5 cm and whose variance is 4? Use 5%
level of significance, which is 1.96.

Solution:
Sample size ( n ) = 400
Sample mean ( ) = 4.45
Population mean (  ) = 5
Population variance
 = 2

H0:  = 5

H1:   5
Numbers of samples are large and population standard
deviation is given, therefore apply z test

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|Z| > 1.96 i.e. 5.5 > 1.96

Since calculated value of Z statistic is more than 1.96, it is
significant at 5% level of significance.
Therefore, Null hypothesis is rejected.


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.20:
The following table gives the number of accidents in a city during
10 days of time. Find whether the accidents are uniformly
distributed over that period.
Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of 8 8 10 9 12 8 10 14 10 11
accidents
(given for 9 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, the
table value of 2 is 16.9)

Solution:
Computation for Chi-square test E=N/n =100/10 = 10
Day Oi Ei Oi – Ei (Oi – Ei)2 (Oi – Ei)2/Ei
1 8 10 -2 4 0.4
2 8 10 -2 4 0.4
3 10 10 0 0 0
4 9 10 -1 1 0.1
5 12 10 2 4 0.4
6 8 10 -2 4 0.4
7 10 10 0 0 0
8 14 10 4 16 1.6
9 10 10 0 0 0
10 11 10 1 1 0.1
 = 100  = 3.4
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Calculate

 



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.21:
The following table gives the number of accidents in a city during a
week. Find whether the accidents are uniformly distributed over a
week.
Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of 13 15 9 11 12 10 14
accidents
(given for 6 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, the
table value of 2 is 12.59)

Solution:
Computation for Chi-square test (Ei =N/n = 84/7 = 12)
Day Oi Ei Oi – Ei (Oi – Ei)2
Sun 13 12 1 1
Mon 15 12 -3 9
Tue 9 12 -3 9
Wed 11 12 -1 1
Thu 12 12 0 0
Fri 10 12 -2 4
Sat 14 12 2 4
N=Oi = 84  = 28

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 



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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.22:
The following table gives the number of accidents in a city during a
week. Find whether the accidents are uniformly distributed over a
week.
Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of 10 8 11 9 12 10 10
accidents
(given for 6 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, the
table value of 2 is 12.59)

Solution:
Computation for Chi-square test Ei = N/n = 70/7=10
Day Oi Ei |Oi – Ei| (Oi – Ei)2
Sun 10 10 0 0
Mon 8 10 -2 4
Tue 11 10 1 1
Wed 9 10 -1 1
Thu 12 10 2 4
Fri 10 10 0 0
Sat 10 10 0 0
 = 70  = 10

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 



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 MUMBAI EDUCATIONAL TRUST
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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.23:
The following table gives the number of car accidents in a city
during a week. Find whether the accidents are uniformly
distributed over a week.
Day Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of 10 17 11 13 17 14 16
accidents
(given for 6 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, the
table value of 2 is 12.59)

Solution:
Computation for Chi-square test
Day Oi Ei |Oi – Ei| (Oi – Ei)2
Sun 10 14 4 16
Mon 17 14 3 9
Tue 11 14 3 9
Wed 13 14 1 1
Thu 17 14 3 9
Fri 14 14 0 0
Sat 16 14 2 4
 = 98  = 48

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 



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.24:
The following table gives the number of aircraft accidents that
occurred during various days of the week. Find whether the
accidents are uniformly distributed over a week.
Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of accidents 15 19 13 12 16 15
Test if the accidents are uniformly distributed over the week.
(given for 5 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, the
table value of 2 is 11.07)

Solution:
Computation for Chi-square test
Day Oi Ei |Oi – Ei| (Oi – Ei)2 (Oi – Ei)2/Ei
Mon 15 15 0 0 0
Tue 19 15 4 16 16/15
Wed 13 15 2 4 4/15
Thu 12 15 3 9 9/15
Fri 16 15 1 1 1/15
Sat 15 15 0 0 0
 = 90  = 30 =2

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 

 Null hypothesis is accepted.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.25:
The following figure shows the distribution of digits in numbers
chosen at random from telephone directory.
Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 1026 1107 997 966 1075 933 1107 972 964 853
Test whether the digits may be taken to occur equally frequently in
the directory. (given for 9 degrees of freedom at 5% level of
significance, the table value of 2 is 16.92)

Solution:
Computation for Chi-square test Ei= N/n = 10000/10=1000
Digit Oi Ei |Oi – Ei| (Oi – Ei)2
0 1026 1000 26 676
1 1107 1000 107 11449
2 997 1000 3 9
3 966 1000 34 1156
4 1075 1000 75 5625
5 933 1000 67 4489
6 1107 1000 107 11449
7 972 1000 28 784
8 964 1000 36 1296
9 853 1000 147 21609
 = 10000  = 58542

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Null hypothesis (H0): Given data is uniformly distributed

Alternate hypothesis (Ha): Given data is not uniformly distributed

 

 Null hypothesis is rejected.


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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.26:
The observed and expected frequencies in tossing a die 120 times
are given below. Test the hypothesis that the die is fair
(Given level of significance =0.01 , 5 degrees of freedom is 15.086)

No. observed 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 17 14 20 17 17 15

At 0.01 level of significance determine whether the die is true (or

uniform)

Solution:
Null hypothesis (H0): The die is uniform
Alternate hypothesis (H1): the die is not uniform
Total number of trials (N)=100
Number of categories (n)=6
Number Oi Ei |Oi – Ei| (Oi – Ei)2
1 17 16.67 0.33 0.1089
2 14 16.67 2.67 7.1289
3 20 16.67 3.33 11.0889
4 17 16.67 0.33 0.1089
5 17 16.67 0.33 0.1089
6 15 16.67 1.67 2.7889
 = 100  = 21.3334

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 Null hypothesis is accepted.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.27:
Calculate the chi-square value for the following data:

Male (M) Female (F)

Full Stop (FS) 6(observed) 6 (observed)

6.24 (expected) 5.76 (expected)

Rolling Stop 16 (observed) 15 (observed)

(RS) 16.12 (expected) 14.88 (expected)

No Stop (NS) 4 (observed) 3 (observed)

3.64 (expected) 3.36 (expected)

Solution:

data Observed= Expected Oi –Ei (Oi –Ei)2 (Oi –Ei)2/Ei

Oi = Ei
M/FS 6 6.24 -0.24 0.0576 0.009231
F/FS 6 5.76 0.24 0.0576 0.01
M/RS 16 16.12 -0.12 0.0144 0.000893
F/RS 15 14.88 0.12 0.0144 0.000968
M/NS 4 3.64 0.36 0.1296 0.035604
F/NS 3 3.26 -0.26 0.0676 0.020736
= 50 = 0.077432

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Chi-square test formula



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.28:
Suppose we wish to determine if there is a relationship between a
voter’s opinion concerning a new tax reform bill and their level of
income. Conduct a chi-square test to determine association. (5%
level of significance at 2 degrees of freedom is given, the table value
of 2 is 5.99)

Solution:

data Observed= Expected Oi –Ei (Oi –Ei)2 (Oi –Ei)2/Ei

Oi = Ei
F/L 213 209.9 3.1 9.61 0.045784
F/M 203 187.2 15.8 249.64 1.333547
F/H 182 200.9 -18.9 357.21 1.778049
A/L 138 141.1 -3.1 9.61 0.068108
A/M 110 125.8 -15.8 249.64 1.98442
A/H 154 135.1 18.9 357.21 2.644041
= 1000 = 7.853948
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Null hypothesis (H0) : voter’s opinion concerning a new tax reform

bill and their level of income are dependent.

Alternative hypothesis(H a) : voter’s opinion concerning a new tax

reform bill and their level of income are independent.

Chi-square test formula

 

 Null hypothesis is rejected.

Hence we conclude voter’s opinion concerning a new tax reform bill
and their level of income are independent.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Example 6.29:
Chi-Square is one way to show the relationship between two
categorical variables. Which pet will you prefer?
Cat Dog
Men 207 282
Women 231 242
(1 degree of freedom at 5% level of significance is 3.84)
Solution:
Cat Dog Row Total
Men 207 282 489
Women 231 242 473
Col. total 438 524 N=962

data Observed= Expected Oi –Ei (Oi –Ei)2 (Oi –Ei)2/Ei

Oi = Ei
M/C 207 222.64 -15.64 244.6096 1.098678
M/D 282 266.36 15.64 244.6096 0.918342
W/C 231 215.36 15.64 244.6096 1.135817
W/D 242 257.64 -15.64 244.6096 0.949424
= 962 = 4.102261

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Null hypothesis (H0): gender and pet are dependent

Alternate hypothesis (Ha): gender and pet are independent

Chi-square test formula

 Null hypothesis is rejected.

Hence we conclude Gender and pet are independent.



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Semester: I
MCA11: Mathematical Foundation for Computer Science 1

Q.1 The average height of 16 students is 170cm with a standard deviation

of 10cm. Test at  = 5% whether the average height of the population
is 172 cm. (The value of t at 5% level of significance for 15 degrees of
freedom is 2.131)

Q.2 A soap manufacturing company was distributing a particular brand of

soap through a large number of retail shops. Before a heavy
advertising campaign the mean sales per week per shop was 140
dozens. After the campaign a sample of 26 shops was taken and the
mean sale was found to be 147 dozens with standard deviation of 16.
Can you consider the advertising is effective?
(The value of t at 5% level of significance for 25 degrees of freedom is
2.06)

Q.3 The mean weekly sales of soap bars in independent departmental

stores were 146.3 bars per store. After an advertising campaign the
mean weekly sales in 22 stores for a typical week increased to 153.7
and showed a standard deviation of 17.2. Was the advertising
campaign successful?
(The value of t at 1% level of significance for 21 degrees of freedom is
1.721)

Q.4 A random sample of size 16 from a normal population showed a mean

of 103.75 cm and sum of squares of deviations from the mean 843.75
cm2. Can we say that the population has mean of 108.75 cm?
(The value of t at 5% level of significance for 15 degrees of freedom is
1.753)

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Q.5 The machine is designed to produce insulation washers for electric

devices of average thickness of 0.020 cm. A random sample of 10
washers was found to have an average thickness of 0.024 cm with
standard deviation of 0.002 cm. Test the significance of the deviation.
(The value of t for 9 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance is
2.262)

Q.6 The average marks scored by 32 boys are 72 with a standard deviation
of 8 while for 36 girls is 70 with a standard deviation of 6. Did the boys
perform better than the girls?
(Z value for right tailed test and 1% level of significance is 2.33)

Q.7 The random sample of 900 items is found to have mean of 63.3 cm.
Can it be regarded as a sample from a large population whose mean is
66.2 cm and standard deviation of 5.6 cm? Use 5% level of
significance.

Q.8 In the population, the average IQ is 100 with a standard deviation of

15. A team of scientists want to test a new medication to see if it has
either a positive or negative effect on intelligence or not effect at all.
A sample of 30 participants who have taken the medication has a
mean of 140. Did the medication affect intelligence?

Q.9 A professor wants to know if her introductory statistics class has a

good grasp of basic math. Six students are chosen at random form the
call and given a math proficiency test. The professor wants the class to
be able to score above 70 on the test. The six students get the
following scores: 62, 92, 75, 68, 83, 95.
Can the professor have 90% confidence that the mean score for the
class on the test would be above 70.

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Q.10 What will be the z value when the given parameters are sample mean
= 600, population mean = 585, the standard deviation is 100 and the
sample size is 150?

Q.11 Jane has just begun her new job as on the sales force of a very
competitive company. In a sample of 16 sales calls it was found that
she closed the contract for an average value of 108 dollars with a
standard deviation of 12 dollars. Test at 5% significance that the
population mean is at least 100 dollars against the alternative that it is
less than 100 dollars. Company policy requires that new members of
the sales force must exceed an average of $100 per contract during
the trial employment period. Can we conclude that Jane has met this
requirement at the significance level of 95%?

Q.12 The following table gives the number of bike accidents that occurred
during various days of the week. Find whether the accidents are
uniformly distributed over a week.
Day Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
No. of 15 17 10 15 16 14
accidents
Test if the bike accidents are uniformly distributed over the week.
(Given 5 degrees of freedom at 5% level of significance, 2 is 11.07)

Q.13 Which car will you prefer?

Audi BMW Range Rover

Men 55 34 51
Women 67 50 43
(2 degree of freedom at 5% level of significance, 2 is 5.99)


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Integre Technical Publishing Co., Inc. Moore/McCabe November 16, 2007 1:29 p.m. moore page T-11

Tables T-11
•

Table entry for p and C is Probability p

the critical value t ∗ with
probability p lying to its
right and probability C lying
between −t ∗ and t ∗ . t*

TABLE D
t distribution critical values
Upper-tail probability p

df .25 .20 .15 .10 .05 .025 .02 .01 .005 .0025 .001 .0005

1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.71 15.89 31.82 63.66 127.3 318.3 636.6
2 0.816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 4.849 6.965 9.925 14.09 22.33 31.60
3 0.765 0.978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 3.482 4.541 5.841 7.453 10.21 12.92
4 0.741 0.941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 2.999 3.747 4.604 5.598 7.173 8.610
5 0.727 0.920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 2.757 3.365 4.032 4.773 5.893 6.869
6 0.718 0.906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 2.612 3.143 3.707 4.317 5.208 5.959
7 0.711 0.896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.517 2.998 3.499 4.029 4.785 5.408
8 0.706 0.889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.449 2.896 3.355 3.833 4.501 5.041
9 0.703 0.883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.398 2.821 3.250 3.690 4.297 4.781
10 0.700 0.879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.359 2.764 3.169 3.581 4.144 4.587
11 0.697 0.876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.328 2.718 3.106 3.497 4.025 4.437
12 0.695 0.873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.303 2.681 3.055 3.428 3.930 4.318
13 0.694 0.870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.282 2.650 3.012 3.372 3.852 4.221
14 0.692 0.868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.264 2.624 2.977 3.326 3.787 4.140
15 0.691 0.866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.249 2.602 2.947 3.286 3.733 4.073
16 0.690 0.865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.235 2.583 2.921 3.252 3.686 4.015
17 0.689 0.863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.224 2.567 2.898 3.222 3.646 3.965
18 0.688 0.862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.214 2.552 2.878 3.197 3.611 3.922
19 0.688 0.861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.205 2.539 2.861 3.174 3.579 3.883
20 0.687 0.860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.197 2.528 2.845 3.153 3.552 3.850
21 0.686 0.859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.189 2.518 2.831 3.135 3.527 3.819
22 0.686 0.858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.183 2.508 2.819 3.119 3.505 3.792
23 0.685 0.858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.177 2.500 2.807 3.104 3.485 3.768
24 0.685 0.857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.172 2.492 2.797 3.091 3.467 3.745
25 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.167 2.485 2.787 3.078 3.450 3.725
26 0.684 0.856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.162 2.479 2.779 3.067 3.435 3.707
27 0.684 0.855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.158 2.473 2.771 3.057 3.421 3.690
28 0.683 0.855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.154 2.467 2.763 3.047 3.408 3.674
29 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.150 2.462 2.756 3.038 3.396 3.659
30 0.683 0.854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.147 2.457 2.750 3.030 3.385 3.646
40 0.681 0.851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.123 2.423 2.704 2.971 3.307 3.551
50 0.679 0.849 1.047 1.299 1.676 2.009 2.109 2.403 2.678 2.937 3.261 3.496
60 0.679 0.848 1.045 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.099 2.390 2.660 2.915 3.232 3.460
80 0.678 0.846 1.043 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.088 2.374 2.639 2.887 3.195 3.416
100 0.677 0.845 1.042 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.081 2.364 2.626 2.871 3.174 3.390
1000 0.675 0.842 1.037 1.282 1.646 1.962 2.056 2.330 2.581 2.813 3.098 3.300
z∗ 0.674 0.841 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.054 2.326 2.576 2.807 3.091 3.291

50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 96% 98% 99% 99.5% 99.8% 99.9%

Confidence level C
 Z Score Table- chart value corresponds to area below z score.
z 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
–3.4 0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003
–3.3 0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005
–3.2 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007
–3.1 0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010
–3.0 0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013
–2.9 0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019
–2.8 0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026
–2.7 0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035
–2.6 0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045 0.0047
–2.5 0.0048 0.0049 0.0051 0.0052 0.0054 0.0055 0.0057 0.0059 0.0060 0.0062
–2.4 0.0064 0.0066 0.0068 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0075 0.0078 0.0080 0.0082
–2.3 0.0084 0.0087 0.0089 0.0091 0.0094 0.0096 0.0099 0.0102 0.0104 0.0107
–2.2 0.0110 0.0113 0.0116 0.0119 0.0122 0.0125 0.0129 0.0132 0.0136 0.0139
–2.1 0.0143 0.0146 0.0150 0.0154 0.0158 0.0162 0.0166 0.0170 0.0174 0.0179
–2.0 0.0183 0.0188 0.0192 0.0197 0.0202 0.0207 0.0212 0.0217 0.0222 0.0228
–1.9 0.0233 0.0239 0.0244 0.0250 0.0256 0.0262 0.0268 0.0274 0.0281 0.0287
–1.8 0.0294 0.0301 0.0307 0.0314 0.0322 0.0329 0.0336 0.0344 0.0351 0.0359
–1.7 0.0367 0.0375 0.0384 0.0392 0.0401 0.0409 0.0418 0.0427 0.0436 0.0446
–1.6 0.0455 0.0465 0.0475 0.0485 0.0495 0.0505 0.0516 0.0526 0.0537 0.0548
–1.5 0.0559 0.0571 0.0582 0.0594 0.0606 0.0618 0.0630 0.0643 0.0655 0.0668
–1.4 0.0681 0.0694 0.0708 0.0721 0.0735 0.0749 0.0764 0.0778 0.0793 0.0808
–1.3 0.0823 0.0838 0.0853 0.0869 0.0885 0.0901 0.0918 0.0934 0.0951 0.0968
–1.2 0.0985 0.1003 0.1020 0.1038 0.1056 0.1075 0.1093 0.1112 0.1131 0.1151
–1.1 0.1170 0.1190 0.1210 0.1230 0.1251 0.1271 0.1292 0.1314 0.1335 0.1357
–1.0 0.1379 0.1401 0.1423 0.1446 0.1469 0.1492 0.1515 0.1539 0.1562 0.1587
–0.9 0.1611 0.1635 0.1660 0.1685 0.1711 0.1736 0.1762 0.1788 0.1814 0.1841
–0.8 0.1867 0.1894 0.1922 0.1949 0.1977 0.2005 0.2033 0.2061 0.2090 0.2119
–0.7 0.2148 0.2177 0.2206 0.2236 0.2266 0.2296 0.2327 0.2358 0.2389 0.2420
–0.6 0.2451 0.2483 0.2514 0.2546 0.2578 0.2611 0.2643 0.2676 0.2709 0.2743
–0.5 0.2776 0.2810 0.2843 0.2877 0.2912 0.2946 0.2981 0.3015 0.3050 0.3085
–0.4 0.3121 0.3156 0.3192 0.3228 0.3264 0.3300 0.3336 0.3372 0.3409 0.3446
–0.3 0.3483 0.3520 0.3557 0.3594 0.3632 0.3669 0.3707 0.3745 0.3783 0.3821
–0.2 0.3859 0.3897 0.3936 0.3974 0.4013 0.4052 0.4090 0.4129 0.4168 0.4207
–0.1 0.4247 0.4286 0.4325 0.4364 0.4404 0.4443 0.4483 0.4522 0.4562 0.4602
–0.0 0.4641 0.4681 0.4721 0.4761 0.4801 0.4840 0.4880 0.4920 0.4960 0.5000
 z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998