IoT Solutions for Automobiles: A Case Study

Rashmi Dhongade, Shraddha Dhaybar, Divya Kamalskar, Pratik Dixit,

Pratik Fating

Department of Mechanical Engineering


into many very small segments that nonetheless
remain thriving.
Abstract — The vision of ‘connected cars’ New technical expansions are recognized to be the
leverages the worth generated by IoT technology key to successful competition. Research and
in the automotive sector, creating exciting development engineers and scientists are being
opportunities for smart mobility. Imagine a car employed by all automobile manufacturers and
which connected and can communicate with its suppliers in order to improve the body, chassis,
surroundings and drive all on its own. A engine, control systems, safety systems, and
Connected Car is a vehicle that can emission-control systems.
intercommunicate bi-directionally with other
systems outside the car. Today cars are becoming The term 'automotive IoT' refers to ingraining the
a greater part of the Internet of Things and; the IoT technologies into automotive designs to create
upcoming technologies just accelerates the new applications and solutions which can make
imagination of any individual; of what can be vehicles smarter and more intelligent, fostering
done, what is being worked on, as we continue to safe, efficient and comfortable driving. Connected
discover the power of IoT in automobiles. This cars have benefits in being potentially safer and
paper discusses the IoT solutions in the less harmful for the environment. They also offer
Automobile Industry. the car industry an opportunity to innovate and
Keywords — IoT, Automobile, V2V build stronger relationships with its clients than
ever before. 5G connectivity is the future of the
automobile industry and is about to redefine
I. INTRODUCTION mobility as we know it. Increasing funding in
The modern automobile industry is a complicated R&D of connected vehicles and autonomous
technical system employing subsystems with their vehicles, the launch of semi-autonomous cars in
detailed design functions. Some of these even recent years and the growing integration of IoT in
consist of thousands of parts that have developed automobiles validates the forenamed fact.
from breakthroughs in existing technology or new Connected vehicle technology refers to a
technologies such as electronic computers, and collection of data and communication by an
new alloys of steel, high strength plastics and automobile with its surroundings. United States
nonferrous metals. Passenger cars have arisen as Department of Transportation is developing
the primary means of family transportation, with connected vehicle safety applications and
an estimated 1.4 billion in operation worldwide. In European Commission is planning to deploy
recent years, people have been offered hundreds of Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems for
different models, about half of them from foreign implementing connected vehicle technology
manufacturers. To capitalize on their proprietary throughout the US and EU, respectively. The
technical advances, manufactories introduce new average microcontroller per vehicle rate has
designs ever more frequently. With some 70 witnessed a rise in expansion and the rate is
million new units built each year worldwide, foretold to shoot up in the next few decades in the
manufacturers have been able to split the market wake of inflating demand for connected features
such as internet connectivity in vehicles, V2V

communication and rollout of 5G in the coming Mosquitto and Eclipse Paho, an implementation of
years. MQTT. This paper also presented a high-level
architecture of how Connected car use can be
II. LITERATURE REVIEW implemented, using Eclipse Paho and Eclipse
Krasniqi, et al analyzed [1] and looked at the IoT Mosquitto. A simulation of a ‘connected car’
technology as a driver for Autonomous Cars with sending sensor data to the cloud is also discussed.
the focus on market trends of this technology and Finally, a cost-saving of a predictive car
the trends of Autonomous Vehicles ecosystem. It maintenance system over a traditional periodic car
was pointed out that the potential of this maintenance system is shown. This paper
ecosystem is huge and that this will convert the concluded by sharing of some of the challenges in
automotive industry immensely. From the implementing predictive maintenance of
adoption view of this ecosystem, 2020 is seen as connected cars.
the target timeframe by which time we will start
seeing autonomous cars on our roads. On the radio In [4] Sousa et al mentioned his paper described
technology side, technologies with low latency, the development and test of a smart IoT system
such as DSRC and 5G, used for communication that allows the users to monitor and control
between the cars themselves and between the cars parameters of their electric vehicles using a mobile
and infrastructure, were recognized as the most app. Inside of an electric vehicle, the app may
suitable and promising given the essential safety communicate directly with the sensors nodes
applications communication in this industry. In through an intra vehicular WSN. Outside of the
particular, 5G is seen as the main technology vehicle, the user may access the data through an
showing that the adoption of 5G overlaps well online database. The experimental results achieved
with the adoption of Autonomous Cars both for this system validated its overall
scheduled for 2020. implementation. In the future we intend to
increase the functionalities of the IVWSN with the
Vasamsetti et al discussed [2] that IoT is a development of new sensors and the integration
revolutionary technology for new generation cars with other vehicles. We also intend to explore new
and there is lot of scope for IOT in Automobile possibilities for the BLE-based residential WSN,
Engineering. There is no suspicion Internet of with the deployment of more sensor nodes and
Vehicles provides more safety and security to the evaluation of the performance using the emerging
passengers and pedestrians. Moreover, the IoT Bluetooth mesh networking specifications.
offers much driving delight to the driver and
pleasure and ease to the passengers. There is a lot Urooj et al mentioned [5] In this article the
of scopes for app developers and for sensor monitoring technology of electric vehicles using
manufacturers. At present luxury car IoT technology has been discussed. All-important
manufactories such as Audi, Jaguar, and Tesla parameters like distance covered, cost and
deployed their connected cars. But their costs are capacity of about battery which are related to
more. Other manufactories are also preparing to smooth function of electric vehicles have also
establish their connected cars soon. In the future, been monitored. For real-time monitoring and for
with mass production, and with new inventions the predicting accurate values an online monitoring
costs will be brought down. system has been used This will permit all users to
predict the battery and its capacity with distance
Dhall et al mentioned [3] that there are numerous and correct speed for extended life at their remote
advantages of the ‘Connected Car’ ecosystem, and locations. For more rapid monitoring and for
one such benefit is Predictive Car Maintenance. improving accuracy a boosting algorithm (EGBA)
This paper discussed what predictive car has been incorporated and all values are visualized
maintenance is all about, which problems it could in MATLAB in offline mode. In addition, the
solve. MQTT, a popular protocol for IoT is also location of the charging station and the number of
discussed, followed by an introduction to Eclipse vehicles currently charging in nearby stations can
also be displayed. Finally, the data aggregation technique is enforced during this paper and
process will be much more effective because of therefore the calculable SoC in conjunction with
the incorporated boosting algorithm and all data measured parameters square measure created
will be processed correctly to all respective users. offered in real time to the user on an overseas
In the future, this technology can be extended by basis in style of electronic communication. more
using a cryptographic method where a car battery AN improvement model for maximizing the trade
will be saved using 8-bit encrypted codes. revenue for individual of EVs is bestowed geared
toward facilitating sensible charging to scale back
In [5] S. Irfan et al mentioned in this paper about the impact of increased penetration of EVs on
the survey they conducted in various ways to find grid.
out the solution to one problem faced during
parking the cars. They proposed to develop a Arce-Plevnik et al mentioned [7] the advantages
virtual circuit-based vehicle which could be used compressed into some driving characteristics
by the people to improve their driving experience. which can be taken into consideration with our
The proposed system is simple to use because the proposal which may be achieved with the
mobile operator is known to everyone. So, one can following recommendations:
easily communicate with the vehicle through
mobile phones using on-screen buttons, mobile 1. quality management: this can be improved the
tilting and voice recognition through google coordination system of the autonomous driving
assistant. The proposed system is going to assist computer code, can permit drivers to achieve
physically impaired people by meeting their needs destination in
using their voice as input in various aspects. The a quicker approach, avoiding traffic jams as an
perfection in the proposed system is high with the example, with help} of traffic assistance and
use of mobile phones. The issues faced in long- automobile parking space or garage info systems.
time driving can be reduced by the mobile tilting 2. Vehicle management: The connected
feature. Button control system is highly accurate automotive can build all the vehicle processes
in response compared with voice recognized from even easier for the motive force. Vehicle service
google assistant. reminders, condition info, remote operation,
Mohammad et al mentioned [6] web of Things expiration date of insurances. All the info may be
(IoT) refers to the networked interconnection of translated, with the assistance of AN application,
everyday objects. IoT incorporates a major role to a private laptop and might be checked from a
within the fast development of sensible grid. The comfort couch.
implementation of sensible Grid devices within 3. Entertainment: Connected automotive can have
the utility grid can influence large modification in all the applications associated with amusement,
grid management and usage of electrical power in once the autonomous driving computer code is
coming years. the combination of distributed functioning on the road. the trail may be displayed
generation necessitates the preparation of energy and connected into mobile devices. creating the
storage system. thanks to higher electrical driving, even doable from an itinerant screen.
characteristics, the dynamic energy storage system 4. Safety: the thought of implementing sensors
i.e., electrical Vehicles (EVS) could be a sensible being capable of enabling AN autonomous
prospect though the likelihood of injury to battery driving, ought to be secure and will offer a way of
pack just in case of overcharging or deep characteristic. Applications will avoid crashes or
discharging things is there and uncontrolled minimize harm once it can't be avoided.
charging will severely impact the grid functioning. 5. Well-being: Comfort and applied science
To mitigate the danger of injury, AN correct driving. as an example, a fatigue detection system
period capability determination of A battery pack which will disclose AN alarm, once there's a
is desired to extend their life and to guard the determined variety of hours of continual manual
instrumentation they power. A less complicated driving. constitutional needs medical help.
and simple to implement rule i.e., coulomb tally
6. Home integration: A connected automotive can as a result of it gave the operator and users of this
gift a higher thanks to be connected with home, application live knowledge to observe serious
creating automotive AN extension of the house. as vehicles and take actions against any risk. So, this
an example, turning off alarms once approaching application should be offered around the clock and
home, turning on or should be responsive enough to require action,
turning off lights of home, adjusting thermostat therefore the implementation of cloud computing
then forth. to not mention that a connected is finished up here. the safety side of the appliance
automotive within the approach we tend to square is additionally taken care of here. In future, the
measure proposing this model, can have a helpful info obtained from IoT devices for prognostic
impact on energy potency, since autonomous analytics are worked on. Auto-machine learning
driving will drive down fuel consumption thanks from azure
to the very fact that's virtually a “perfect” driving, services are used which can build the appliance a
shorting distance and selecting the optimum lot of prognostic and take choices on
thanks to destination. Moreover, a lot of connected watching a lot of automotive elements. a lot of
cars we'd have, a lot of optimum traffic conditions sensors will be enclosed associated with fuel
we have a tendency to square measure getting to consumption and engine performance measures of
wear roads. Advanced control systems would alter the automotive. the appliance is scaled up in order
the reduction of traffic jams and afterward, fuel that the dashboard and therefore the deciding a
consumption. feature of the appliance are offered across multiple
hand-held computing devices.
F. Saffih projected [8] the strategy that uses L. Mitchell et al [11] discusses the benefits and the
simplifying assumptions ANd geometrical potential of what adding sensors and systems to
projection to yield an correct answer to the matter. our traffic’s infrastructure has to offer.
The projected technique has been tested and Specifically in high-volume automobile traffic
enforced with success with recommendations areas, we are seeing a bottleneck, in theory we’re
arranged out for future approaches victimisation approaching a tangent in the technological world
the intelligent web of Things (I2oT). where we can integrate our ideas to test whether
we can reduce this everyday dilemma. The
SABRI et al mentioned [9] we tend to propose to proposed solution is a concept that uses a network
develop a system, we have a tendency to square of sensors connected with computer devices, while
measure planning and deploying a system that not simultaneously communicating with the
solely avoids accidents however conjointly to automobiles on the road through the internet.
require action consequently. This analysis aims at
addressing the problems that cause fatal crashes
and conjointly integrates measures to make sure III. DISCUSSIONS AND SOLUTIONS
safety. Life while not transportation is not possible According to [1] IoT market forecast for
to imagine; it makes remote places straightforward connected vehicles is that as the main driver for
to achieve and greatly reduces the period. Autonomous vehicle industry, the IoT market has
however, the issues that surface thanks to the ever- seen a steady growth since 2014 and as
increasing variety of vehicles on the road can't be demonstrated in the figure below, this growth is
unnoticed. The project aims to eradicate a couple expected to continue.
of the foremost reasons of automotive crashes and
conjointly aims to integrate post-crash measures.

A.K. Shaw et al [10] gift that the cloud services

for developing our answer as a result of
measurability in an exceedingly centralized
network. Our application was substantially crucial
in terms of functioning in any reasonably situation
 This era saw the introduction of information and
entertainment applications in vehicles, as well as a
shift in the industry's power dynamic, with new
actors such as software suppliers and third-party
content and app providers joining the ecosystem.
iv. V2X era
Communication of vehicle to any vehicle or
infrastructure. This is the era of embedded
technology and services, with many sensors in
vehicles, smart devices, smart home gadgets, and
infrastructure as major elements and components
which work together in a V2X integration to
Fig. 1. World market forecast for registered
communicate and share data
vehicles with IoT applications (Source: ABI
v. The new mobility era
Research)
era in 2020, the autonomous car age is projected to
begin. Some prototype self-driving vehicles are
During transformation of connected to fully already on the road This is also an era that
autonomous cars evolution the evolution of carmakers and software providers compete for
connected cars went through a number of phases dominance, and which may trigger a further shift
that were categorized depending on who defined away from vehicles as owned assets.
this categorization. Regardless matter where these Morgan Stanley Research made another evolution
categories came from, different technology and projection, this time based on technological
advancements were included, as well as new adoption and subsequent developments beginning
participants and business models (Ninan,2015). in 2012. A sharp increase of this penetration i5
The diagram below depicts phases that began in expected to happen upon the completion of third
the 1960s and continue through 2020. era, around 2022 timeframe, as shown in the
figure below.

Fig. 2. Car evolution (Source: Deloitte University)

The five big phases are: Fig. 3. Connected to autonomous car evolution
i. Research and development era (Source: Morgan Stanley Research)
This was the longest era, lasting nearly 30 years,
in which outstanding ideas were suggested but 1. Market Trends of Automated Cars
never executed due to a lack of technology. As discussed in earlier sections of this paper, the
ii. Embedded era market for self-driving vehicles has enormous
This is the era of embedded modules in cars, such potential, with immediate implications in a variety
as mobile phones, which are used to wirelessly of industries. As seen in the graph below, BI
communicate information to a telematics service Intelligence estimates that 10 million self-driving
provider. cars will be on the road by 2020.
iii. Infotainment era Market research businesses examine market and
technical trends for self-driving vehicles from
various angles and views, and their predictions 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated
and projections can be summarized as follows Cars:
(Bertoncello & Wee, 2015): The benefits of automatic cars (Greenough,
Self-driving vehicles could deliver up to S507 2016) exceed the drawbacks, as follows:
billion in annual productivity gains. i. Improvements of safety on the roads: There will
be fewer car collisions if there is no driver error.
. i. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems market There were 1713 deaths in UK roads in 2013
will increase to $23.6 billion by 2022, compared where 80% of accidents were due to human error.
to approximately S15.0 billion at present According to KPMG, self-driving cars would save
ii. More than 250 million vehicles will be 2,500 lives in the UK between 2014 and 2030.
connected globally by 2020, which will be an ii. Better mobility for young, elderly, and disabled:
increase of 67% Provide independent mobility for non-drivers.
iii. By the same period, 2020, it is estimated that Reduces the need for chauffeurs and other
consumer spending on in-vehicle connectivity will expensive modes of transportation for non-drivers.
double iii. Improvement of road congestions: Congestion
could be reduced, and traffic flow could be
improved. The average British motorist spends 30
hours a year stuck in traffic, with 82 hours in
London. Drivers may be doing something more
productive with their time. Every day, traffic jams
clog 7500 kilometers of European highways.
iv. Improvement of fuel efficiency and parking
spaces:
Less congestion means less fuel consumption and
less pollution. Less urban parking will be needed.
Studies in the UK show that urban space released
Fig. 4. Global installed base of cars with self- from the parking will increase for 15- 20%, where
driving features (Source: BI Intelligence) in London alone, 16% of urban space is allocated
to parking.
Next-generation drivers are expected to want their These benefits would be beneficial to emerging
automobiles to function like smartphones on and poorer countries, especially in terms of
wheels, i.e. to have their cars connected while on reducing accidents, which are a bigger problem in
the go and they are ready to spend quite a bit of developing and poorer countries than in developed
money countries, but lack of road infrastructure in these
countries will delay any early implementation.
On the disadvantages side, main disadvantages
are:
i. Potential impacts on businesses and economies
based on public transit, automobile insurance and
Se services: Insurance Companies Association in
US has warned that autonomous cars could disrupt
their business model
ii. Cost reduction of driving may result in traffic
Fig. 5. Wireless technologies suitable for congestion increase
Autonomous Vehicles (Source: NXP)
iii. Increase of car costs for users: Enhancements
and maintenance cost and road infrastructure
3. Self-Driven Vehicles iii. Insurance issues increase in complexity due to
the need to share the responsibility between driver
I. Lack of good software and manufacturer.

ii. Fail-proof software is needed to make sure no iv. Need to know who should be liable: the owner
problems will happen of the car, the car manufacturer, the maker of the
specific piece of equipment that failed or the
ii. Tesla accident in May 2016 where Tesla’s car software company
failed to distinguish a white tractor-trailer crossing
the motorway against a bright sky. v. The liability issue is even a bigger problem in
developing countries due to the lack of proper
iv. Potential software problems as we have in legal infrastructure in place and also due to the
today’s systems could be fatal for car users corruption in countries in transition

vi. Need to have consistent regulations across the

v. Lack of good maps
countries or states increases the complexity as
well.
vi. Better maps with some additional details
known as Street View on steroids that can vii. Again, the responsibility falls on
recognize the surrounding objects and create some manufacturers to address different regulations and
virtual-world maps of the streets policies.

vii. This helps the self-driving cars to find the way viii. Some of these regulations and policies are
and only look at dynamic obstacles, such as cars more flexible and it is easier to adapt them in
and pedestrians developing and poorer countries than it is in
developed countries due to the lack of these
viii. So far, only a fraction of roads in USA are policies and regulations in poorer countries.
covered by these enhanced maps.
ix. Need for application of different taxes to share
ix. When it comes to developing countries, this is the advantages between the stakeholders.
even a bigger issue since it will take some time, Subsidies or taxes may be necessary to share the
probably years to have enhanced maps in those public and private costs and benefits
poorer countries
5. What Radio Technologies are used in
x. Lack of good sensors. Autonomous Vehicles

A number of wireless technologies can be used for

xi. Sensors to sense different unpredicted
autonomous cars, such as 4G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
situations and to be able to differentiate between
etc., but two most suitable ones with lowest
very dangerous situations from those less
latency are (Forbes, 2016): DSRC (Dedicated
dangerous are needed.
short-range communications) and 5G, the next
generation of cellular communication technology.
xii. Currently sensors are not capable of these
features and can’t process quickly these situations 5.1 DSRC - Dedicated Short-range
Communications
4. Insurance Implications Of Autonomous
Vehicles DSRC is a wireless communication technology
that enables two-way high-speed data
I. Liability changes when it comes to insurance. transmission, which is crucial for safety
applications. This technique uses 75 MHz of
ii. Increase of liability on manufacturers of self-
driving vehicles and decrease of personal liability.
spectrum in the 5.9 GHz band, which was set aside being undertaken, and to jointly define priorities.
for car safety and mobility systems. When possible, existing standards should be used
rather than reinventing the wheel. The European
DSRC is being eyed as a viable technology for Automobile Manufacturers' Association, the
intelligent transportation systems like smarter European Association of Automotive Suppliers,
infrastructure, driver-assisted vehicles, and the European Competitive Telecommunications
autonomous driving. There is some concern that Association, the European Telecommunications
DSRC will compete with 5G, however redundancy Network Operators' Association, and the global
is essential in autonomous vehicles, thus DSRC mobile operator’s association GSMA all echoed
can act as a backup technology to 5G. DSRC and and supported this collaboration and agreement
5G can coexist. In the same way that DSRC has (Out-law, 2016).
low latency, 5G is predicted to have very low
latency and will be able to compete with DSRC in In addition, European Union’s transport ministers
terms of latency. Unlike DSRC, which is only agreed in April 2016 to support the introduction of
designed for vehicle-to-vehicle communication common traffic rules, communications standards
and critical safety applications, 5G technology has and actions vehicles makers should take to enable
a broader capability scope and can be used for self-driving cars to be able to operate across
vehicle-to-vehicle communication, infotainment Europe by 2019.
(instead of 4G), radio modules and spectrum
(instead of Wi-Fi and Bluetooth), reporting car 7. Major Players in Autonomous Vehicles
technical problems to manufacturers and enabling Ecosystem
them to update vehicle firmware, among other The market for autonomous vehicles is
things. The advantage of 5G over DSRC is that it becoming increasingly congested, with the number
can use current infrastructure while still requiring of players expanding all the time. The carmakers,
cellular station improvements, whereas DSRC will who regard themselves as market incumbents, are
require new roadside stations and equipment. 5G not the only players in this industry. Software
could be one unifying connection standard developers, sellers of self-driving features, and
technology that avoids market and technical IoT providers are among the others who have
fragmentation while also lowering costs for joined the fray.
automakers. Intel is eager to be one of the early movers in
this market, having learned from its failures in the
6. Standard Activities to Ensure Safety
smartphone business. They are hopeful that the
Driverless automobiles may need to interact autonomous industry will improve their IoT
directly with one another to improve safety by product range (Intel, 2016).
communicating location, speed, and direction to GM, Tesla, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Nissan,
other vehicles. This will allow for the avoidance of Uber, and others are among the other players.
accidents as well as the provision of information 8. Use Cases and Investment Plans
regarding roadside circumstances. To do so, the Some autonomous automobile features already
industry needs to agree on a technical standard for exist, as mentioned earlier in this paper, and cars
vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Technical with these features have begun to appear on the
standards have long been used in the roads. Although autonomous vehicle deployment
telecommunications industry to ensure that is a question of 'when,' not 'if,' full autonomous
devices communicate with one another and that vehicle implementation takes time and is projected
various products are compatible. Both the telecom based on the pattern of prior vehicle technologies,
and auto sectors might support and promote a such as cruise control, airbags, navigation systems,
similar technique to make autonomous and so on, which took a long time to deploy.
automobiles talk to each other to improve safety.
The following are some examples of specific
In this regard, these two industries, have agreed to
use cases and investment plans:
map all relevant standardization activities that are
 i. A man with a blood clot was driven to the [2] Vasamsetti, Subrahmanyam. (2017). Future
hospital by Tesla Autopilot. Tesla Autopilot Automobile an Introduction of IOT.
reportedly saved a motorist's life when the driver 10.13140/RG.2.2.15587.40484.
in Missouri/USA, began experiencing tightness in [3] Dhall, Rohit & Solanki, Vijender. (2017). An
his chest and understood he needed to get to the IoT Based Predictive Connected Car Maintenance
hospital. Approach. International Journal of Interactive
ii. Toyota Motor Corp and Japan Federation of Multimedia and Artificial Inteligence. 4. 16-22.
Taxi association have agreed to develop an 10.9781/ijimai.2017.433.
autonomous driving technology to address needs [4] Sousa, Ruben & Monteiro, Vitor & Ferreira,
of taxis by 2017 João & Melendez, Andres & Afonso, J.L. &
Afonso, José. (2018). Development of an IoT
iii. Enhancements to Toyota Prius by Google
System with Smart Charging Current Control for
with driverless technology have been extended to
Electric Vehicles. 4662-4667.
Google’s designed prototype without steering and 10.1109/IECON.2018.8591174.
pedals. The sensors in Google's automobile can [5] Urooj, S.; Alrowais, F.; Teekaraman, Y.;
identify things and steer around them. Manoharan, H.; Kuppusamy, R. IoT Based
Other examples and investment strategies for Electric
self-driving automobiles are included below: Vehicle Application Using Boosting Algorithm
i. GM announced the plans to invest $500 for Smart Cities. Energies 2021, 14, 1072.
million to build first fully autonomous car, which https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041072
will be electric and which will be used as self- [6] S. Irfan, C. Rupa, K. Vinay, M. K. Veni and R.
driving taxi. Rachana, "Smart Virtual Circuit based Secure
ii. BMW plans to have a self-driving car in the Vehicle Operating System," 2020 2nd
market within 5 years International Conference on Innovative
iii. Ford seems to have similar plans, to have Mechanisms for Industry Applications (ICIMIA),
fully autonomous Fords by 2021 2020, pp. 386-390, doi:
iv. Self-driving to be extended to other transport 10.1109/ICIMIA48430.2020.9074940.
means, e.g., trains. German Railways has indicated [7] Mohammad, Asaad & Ahmad, Furkan &
that by 2021/22/23, a portion of German railway Alam, Mohammad & Rafat, Yasser. (2017). IoT
operations will be autonomous, and trains will be enabled Electric Vehicle’s Battery Monitoring
driverless. System. 10.4108/eai.7-8-2017.152984.
IV. CONCLUSION [8] Arce-Plevnik, Luis & Cohen, Avital & Shor,
Tamara. (2016). IoT IN AUTOMOTIVE
Here we have discussed the different IoT solutions
INDUSTRY: CONNECTING CARS.
in Automobile industry considering various factors
10.13140/RG.2.1.2116.6489.
including the Advantages and Disadvantages of
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