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    What Does Extended Service Set Mean

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    IT Hub SL
    An extended service set (ESS) connects multiple basic service sets and their local area networks. Each basic service set contains an access point and connected wireless clients. To the logical link control layer, the ESS appears as a single basic service set. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum transmission switches the carrier frequency during radio transmission to reduce interference, avoid interception, and allow multiple access communications. It also minimizes unintentional interference. The main differences between WiFi standards 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n are their operating frequencies and maximum data transfer speeds, ranging from 11 Mbps to 600 Mbps.

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    What Does Extended Service Set Mean

    Uploaded by

    IT Hub SL
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    An extended service set (ESS) connects multiple basic service sets and their local area networks. Each basic service set contains an access point and connected wireless clients. To the logical link control layer, the ESS appears as a single basic service set. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum transmission switches the carrier frequency during radio transmission to reduce interference, avoid interception, and allow multiple access communications. It also minimizes unintentional interference. The main differences between WiFi standards 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n are their operating frequencies and maximum data transfer speeds, ranging from 11 Mbps to 600 Mbps.

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    An extended service set (ESS) connects multiple basic service sets and their local area networks. Each basic service set contains an access point and connected wireless clients. To the logical link control layer, the ESS appears as a single basic service set. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum transmission switches the carrier frequency during radio transmission to reduce interference, avoid interception, and allow multiple access communications. It also minimizes unintentional interference. The main differences between WiFi standards 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n are their operating frequencies and maximum data transfer speeds, ranging from 11 Mbps to 600 Mbps.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views7 pages

    What Does Extended Service Set Mean

    Uploaded by

    IT Hub SL
    An extended service set (ESS) connects multiple basic service sets and their local area networks. Each basic service set contains an access point and connected wireless clients. To the logical link control layer, the ESS appears as a single basic service set. Frequency-hopping spread spectrum transmission switches the carrier frequency during radio transmission to reduce interference, avoid interception, and allow multiple access communications. It also minimizes unintentional interference. The main differences between WiFi standards 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n are their operating frequencies and maximum data transfer speeds, ranging from 11 Mbps to 600 Mbps.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    What Does Extended Service Set Mean?

    ess
    An extended service set (ESS) is one or more interconnected basic service
    sets (BSSs) and their associated LANs. Each BSS consists of a single access
    point (AP) together with all wireless client devices (stations, also called
    STAs) creating a local or enterprise 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN). To the
    logical link control layer (part of layer 2 of the 7-layer OSI Reference Model)
    the ESS appears as a solitary BSS at any one of the STAs.

    What is frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)?


    Frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) transmission is the repeated
    switching of the carrier frequency during radio transmission to reduce
    interference and avoid interception.

    FHSS is useful to counter eaves roping, as well as to obstruct the frequency


    jamming of telecommunications and to enable code-division multiple
    access communications. It can also minimize the effects of unintentional
    interference.

    What's-the-difference-between-WiFi-802.11-a-b-g-n
    WiFi is a wireless technology that enables devices to connect to the internet
    or communicate with each other wirelessly using radio waves. The different
    types of WiFi standards are defined by the IEEE 802.11 standard.

    The main difference between the different WiFi standards (802.11a,


    802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n) is the speed and frequency of the wireless
    signals they use.

    802.11a: This was one of the earliest WiFi standards and it operates on a
    frequency of 5 GHz. It supports maximum data transfer rates of up to 54
    Mbps.
    802.11b: This standard operates on a frequency of 2.4 GHz and supports
    maximum data transfer rates of up to 11 Mbps.

    802.11g: This standard operates on a frequency of 2.4 GHz and supports


    maximum data transfer rates of up to 54 Mbps.

    802.11n: This standard operates on both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies
    and supports maximum data transfer rates of up to 600 Mbps.

    Attenuation is the loss of signal strength in networking cables or connections. This


    typically is measured in decibels (dB) or voltage and can occur due to a variety of
    factors. It may cause signals to become distorted or indiscernible

    Reflection .- This phenomenon usually occurs in mirrors. It can be defined as the


    bounce of light when it hits the medium in a plane. The light entering the medium returns to
    the same medium.

    Refraction- usually occurs in lens .it can be defined as the process of the shift of light
    when it passes through a medium leading to the bending of light. The light entering the
    medium travels from one medium to another.

    Point to Point wireless is a data connection between two points (known as “end points”). The
    connection is delivered wirelessly through either radio waves or optical laser, and so does not
    require the use of poles or cables. Point to point wireless is most commonly used to connect:
    Buildings, CCTV Cameras, Sensors, Devices or anything else that needs a data connection.
    They can be used to provide a direct link for both short and long range connections where line
    of sight is available and delivers data at a comparable speed to a physical fiber line.

    Point-to-multipoint wireless is defined by the fact that one of the devices in the network
    (the “point”) can communicate over radio waves with several other devices at the same
    time (hence “multipoint”). Devices in the former class are usually dedicated to serving as
    communication nodes and are called base stations.

    Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) Mean?


    A low-noise amplifier (LNA) is an electronic amplifier that is used to amplify
    signals of very low strength, usually from an antenna where signals are
    barely recognizable and should be amplified without adding any noise,
    otherwise important information might be lost. LNAs are one of the most
    important circuit components present in radio and other signal receivers.
    Directional Antenna vs Omnidirectional
    Antenna
    Every antenna has a specialized application. We have two commonly used types of
    antennas, namely, the directional antenna and the omnidirectional antenna. To discern
    whether a directional or an omnidirectional antenna is to be used, you must first
    understand the essential functions of both types.

    Directional Antenna
    Directional antennas focus the RF energy in one direction. As a result, a directional
    antenna has a higher antenna gain as compared with its omni-directional counterparts.
    Directional antennas are usually used in elongated interior spaces, such as rooms along
    a long corridor or warehouse lanes. For outdoor uses, a directional antenna can be
    used in between distant buildings or on areas out away from a building.

    Omnidirectional Antenna
    Omnidirectional antennas or omni antennas are often formed in the shape of a thin
    cylinder. It sends the signal away from the cylinder in all directions except along the
    cylinder’s length. Omni-directional antennas provide wide-area coverage since they
    distribute the RF energy throughout a broad area. However, it also results in a relatively
    low gain.

    Coverage: Omnidirectional antenna = 360-degree coverage; Directional antenna =


    focused coverage in a specific direction

    Range: Directional antenna > Omnidirectional antenna

    Signal Strength: Directional antenna > Omnidirectional antenna

    Interference: Directional antenna < Omnidirectional antenna

    Size: Directional antenna > Omnidirectional antenna

    Cost: Directional antenna > Omnidirectional antenna

    A RADIUS Server

    is a background process that runs on a UNIX or Windows server and allows


    businesses to maintain user profiles in a central database. When a user tries
    to connect to a RADIUS Client, they must authenticate and authorize the
    user, which depends on the RADIUS ecosystem. RADIUS Servers offer
    businesses the ability to preserve the privacy and security of their system
    and users, helping in security management and creating policies for server
    administration.

    How Does 802.1X Work?


    802.1X is a network authentication protocol that opens ports for network access when an
    organization authenticates a user's identity and authorizes them for access to the
    network. The user's identity is determined based on their credentials or certificate, which
    is confirmed by the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server is able to do this by
    communicating with the organization's directory, typically over the LDAP or SAML
    protocol.

    • 802.1x is a network authentication protocall.


    • 802.1X is used for secure network authentication.
    • 802.1X is used so devices can communicate securely with access points.
    • It was used for large organizations hospitals universittys.

    Shared key authentication better than open key authentication do you


    agree? yes or no? why

    Yes

    • Shared key authentication is more secure than open authentication.


    • In open key authentication client can access the network by using
    SSID without any authentication or encryption.
    • it means any person within in range of the network area that person
    can access without owner’s permission.
    • if the person need to connect to shared key authentication that
    person need privet key for the enter for Shared Key authentication.
    • this helps to enter only authorized clients can access network .and its
    helps to prevent unauthorized access.
    • Then the shared key authentication more secure than open key
    authentication .
    a) CISCO Air-2021 access point can operate on both 802.11ac (5GHz) and

    802.11ad (55GHz) protocols.

    1. Calculate the size of the antenna for this AP.

    2. Calculate the center frequency of channel 1 in 802.11ad (Channel 1 highest frequency is


    58.90 GHz and lowest frequency is 56.59 GHz)

    3. By using the answer for section b) calculate the bandwidth percentage of channel 1 in
    802.11ad

    a) To calculate the size of the antenna, we need to use the formula:

    antenna size = (speed of light) / (frequency * 2)

    where the speed of light is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second.

    For the 802.11ac protocol, the frequency is 5 GHz, so the antenna size
    would be:
    antenna size = (299,792,458 m/s) / (5 GHz * 2)

    = 29.9792458 / 10^9 / (5 * 10^9 * 2)

    = 2.998 meters or approximately 9.84 feet

    For the 802.11ad protocol, the frequency range for channel 1 is between
    56.59 GHz and 58.90 GHz. To calculate the center frequency, we need to
    add the highest and lowest frequencies and divide by two:

    center frequency = (56.59 GHz + 58.90 GHz) / 2

    = 57.745 GHz

    Therefore, the center frequency of channel 1 in 802.11ad is 57.745 GHz.

    b) The bandwidth percentage of channel 1 in 802.11ad can be calculated


    using the formula:

    bandwidth percentage = (highest frequency - lowest frequency) / center


    frequency * 100%

    For channel 1 in 802.11ad, the highest frequency is 58.90 GHz and the
    lowest frequency is 56.59 GHz, and the center frequency is 57.745 GHz, as
    calculated in part a). Substituting these values into the formula, we get:

    bandwidth percentage = (58.90 GHz - 56.59 GHz) / 57.745 GHz * 100%

    = 4.0%
    Therefore, the bandwidth percentage of channel 1 in 802.11ad is 4.0%.

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