define

1) dangerous flying = No person shall fly any aircraft in such circumstances as, by reason of low altitude or proximity to persons or dwellings or for other reason, to cause unnecessary
danger to any person or property

2) Prohibited area = An airspace of defined dimensions above the land areas or territorial waters of a State within which flight of aircraft is prohibited

3) QNE = it is the altitude indicated on an altimeter when the sub scale is set to 1013.25 hpa the altitude is known as QNE Value. normally QNE is used for high altitude airfields

4) elevation = the vertical distance of a point or a level, on or affixed to the surface of the earth measured from the sea level

5) aerodrome reference point (arp) = the geographical location of the aerodrome and the centre of its traffic zone where an ATC is established .it is defined as the designated
geographical (Lat or long) location of the aerodrome reported in degrees minutes and second

6) Movement Area = That part of an aerodrome to be used for the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, consisting of the manoeuvring area and the apron(s).

7) jet blast =et Blast is defined as the force or wind generated behind a jet engine, particularly on or before take-off when high/full power is set, but also when the aircraft is taxiing.

8) threshold identification light = Used at the threshold of a non-precision runway when additional threshold conspicuity is necessary or where the threshold is permanently displaced.
They are flashing white lights unidirectional in the direction of the approach to the runway.

9) stop way light = Stop way lights are provided for a stop way intended for use at night with the lights placed along the full length of the stop way. Stop way lights shall be fixed,
variable intensity, unidirectional lights showing red in the direction of the runway

10) apron = The apron is a legally defined portion of the aerodrome where passengers, mail and cargo are loaded on to an aeroplane.

11) rapid taxiway =

Extra Q

Q1) position report

Ans) Position Reports. Unless advised to cease position reporting (this usually happens when under radar control), a controlled flight is to make reports at specified positions as

soon as possible after reaching the position. The report is to contain:

• The aircraft RTF identification call sign

• The position for the report

• The time the aircraft was over the position (usually the minutes will suffice unless there is a possibility of confusion)

• The level of the aircraft when passing the point

• The next en route reporting position

• ETA for the next specified point

• (According to ICAO) the name of the next ensuing point.

Note: If SSR mode “C” has been verified as accurate, altitude/FL may be omitted from the position report. If a speed has been assigned by ATC, this is to be included in the position
report. This is an example of a full ICAO position report:

“London Airways this is GABCD, Pole Hill at 35, FL170, Dean Cross at 46, Glasgow next

Q2) air report (airep)

Ans) AIREP. Where required, operational and meteorological information can be transmitted in the form of an air-report (AIREP). AIREPs consist of routine and special reports. A
routine report has three sections:

• Section 1 - Position report

• Section 2 - Operational information (ETA and endurance)

• Section 3 - Meteorological information

Section 1 is mandatory and section 2 is transmitted when requested by the operator or considered necessary by the pilot. Section 3 is transmitted when the aircraft has been
requested to make routine met reports at specific en route points.

AIREP SPECIAL. Special air-reports (AIREP SPECIAL) are reported by all aircraft which encounter any of the following hazards:

• Severe turbulence;

• Severe icing;

• Severe mountain wave;

• Thunderstorms without hail that are obscured, embedded, widespread or in line-squalls; • Heavy dust or sand storms;

• Volcanic ash cloud.

Q&A

Q1) mention rule made under carriage of cabin crew?

i) For an aeroplane having a seating capacity of not less than 10 and not more than 50 passengers. one cabin crew

(ii) For a helicopter having a seating capacity of not less than 20 and not more than 50 passengers === one cabin crew

(iii) For an aeroplane or a helicopter having a seating capacity of more than 50 passengers = two cabin crew plus one cabin crew for each unit ( or a part of unit) of 50 passengers seats
above a seating capacity of 99 passengers

Q2) PAPI lights?

Ans ) Precision Approach Path Indicators (PAPI). As an additional aid to a precision approach, glide path guidance is provided during the visual phase (after DH) by the PAPI lighting
system.

This consists of 4 light units showing either red or white light through precision defined angles. Each light unit is set to a different mid angle and below that angle shows red and above
shows white. The overall effect is to give a reference to the median angle which is set to the required glide path (e.g., 3°).

ICAO define PAPI as “A wing bar of 4 lights uniformly spaced”.

21.19 PAPI Indications. The possible combinations of the 4 light sets give 5 different indications relating to the aircraft position (correctly, the pilot’s eye) with respect to the defined
glide Path.

Q3) certificate of airworthiness (what is it)

(Ans) Certificate of airworthiness-

(1) The owner or operator of an aircraft may apply to the Director- General for the issue or renewal of a certificate of airworthiness in respect of the aircraft or for the validation of a
certificate of airworthiness issued elsewhere in respect of the aircraft.

(2) The Director-General may issue or renew a certificate of airworthiness in respect of an aircraft when

(a) the applicant furnishes such documents or other evidence relating to the airworthiness of the aircraft as may be specified and as the Director-General may require by special or
general order, and

(b) the Director-General is satisfied that it is airworthy.

(3) The Director-General may validate a certificate of airworthiness in respect of any aircraft that may be imported:

Provided that

(a) the airworthiness authority of the country in which the aircraft is manufactured, has issued a certificate of airworthiness or such equivalent document;

(b) the airworthiness requirements as may be laid down by the Director-General are complied with; and

(c) the applicant furnishes necessary documents and technical data relating to the aircraft as may be specified and as the Director-General may require.

(4) The Director-General may issue, renew or render valid a certificate of airworthiness in one or more of the categories of aircraft as may be specified. The operations of the aircraft
shall be restricted in those categories authorised in the certificate of airworthiness.

(5) Subject to these rules, a certificate of airworthiness shall remain in force for such period as may be specified in the certificate and may from time to time be renewed by the
Director-General. In addition, the Director-General may require the aircraft to be inspected by a person authorised in this behalf by the Director-General or tested in flight, or to be so
inspected and so tested and the owner or operator of the aircraft shall give all necessary facilities for such inspection and tests.

Q4) transition altitude – what it means? \

Ans) Transition Altitude. This is the altitude (with QNH set) above the aerodrome at which the altimeter subscale is reset to SPS and vertical position above that is then reported as a
flight level. The transition altitude is specified for every aerodrome by the Authority of the State in which the aerodrome is located. The transition altitude shall be as low as possible
but normally not less than 3000 ft.

Transition altitudes are published in the AIP and shown on charts and instrument plates. A state may specify a general transition altitude (as in the USA, 18 000 ft).

(Diagram Pg no 223 of oxford air law)

Q5) mandatory location and information signs

Ans) Mandatory Instruction Signs. A mandatory instruction sign is provided to identify the location beyond which an aircraft taxiing or vehicle shall not proceed unless authorized by
the aerodrome control tower.

Mandatory instruction signs include runway designation signs, category I, II and III holding position signs, taxi-holding position signs, road-holding position signs and NO ENTRY signs.

A pattern “A” taxi- holding position marking shall be supplemented at a taxiway/runway intersection or a runway/taxiway intersection with a runway designation sign.

A pattern “B” taxi-holding position marking shall be supplemented with a category I, II or III holding position sign. A runway designation sign at a taxiway/runway intersection should
be supplemented with a location sign in the outboard (farthest from the taxiway) position as appropriate.

A NO ENTRY sign shall be provided when entry into an area is prohibited.

Q6) what does operational manual mean Ans) operational manual =

1) any operational manual in the form approved by the director-general shall be maintained by the Corporation 2) the operations manual in addition to any other relevant information
contain the following that is to say: -

a) Instructions outlining the responsibilities of operations personnel pertaining to conduct of flight operations

b) The flight crew for each stage of all routes to be flown including the designation to the conduct of flight operation s
c) In-flight procedure

d) Emergency flight procedure

e) The minimum safe flight altitude for each route to be flown

f) The circumstances in which a radio listening watch is to be maintained

G) A list of the navigational equipment’s to be carried

3) A copy of the operations manual or such part of the manual as may be prescribed by the director – general shall be carried in all aircraft engaged in scheduled air transport services

Q8) mention the rule made under the carriage of arms, ammunitions, explosives

Ans) 8. Carriage of arms, ammunition, explosives, military stores, etc. –

(1) No person shall carry or cause or permit to be carried in any aircraft to, from, within or over India, any arms, ammunitions, munitions of war, implements of war, explosives and
military stores, except with the written permission of the Central Government and subject to the terms and conditions of such permission.

(2) Where the carriage of any goods is permitted under sub-rule (1), it shall be the duty of the pilot, the consignor and every person concerned with the booking, handling or carriage
of such goods, to take all precautions to avoid danger to the aircraft or to the persons on board or to any other person or property and in particular, to ensure that -

(a) the goods are so packed, protected and secured as to avoid any possibility of them being a source of danger;

(b) the goods are so carried as not be accessible to the passengers on board the aircraft; and

(c) the nature of the goods is clearly and conspicuously marked on the package containing them.

(3) The consignor of such goods shall give the operator a written notice specifying the nature, weight and quantity of the goods and the name and full address of the consignee; and
the operator shall inform the pilot-in-command of the aircraft of all such particulars before the goods are placed on board the aircraft.

(4) Where any officer, authorised in this behalf by the Central Government, has reasons to believe that the provisions of this rule are, or are about to be, contravened, he may cause
such goods to be placed under his custody pending detailed examination of the nature of the goods or pending a decision regarding the action, if any, to be taken in the matter.

Q10) mention the rule for the carriage of prisoners, animals, birds on aircraft

Ans) Carriage of prisoners in aircraft- No prisoner shall be taken aboard or carried on an aircraft

except under and in accordance with a permit in writing issued by the Director-General, a Deputy Director-General, the Director of Regulations and Information or any other officer of
the Civil Aviation Department authorized by the Central Government in this behalf and subject to such conditions, if any, as he may specify in the permit.

Explanation - The term "prisoner" means a person who is confined in any prison and includes a person who is arrested under any law for the time being in force.

Carriage of animals, birds and reptiles in aircraft- No animal, bird or reptile shall be taken aboard or carried on any aircraft to, from and within India, except under and in accordance
with a general or special permit inn writing issued by the Director-General in this behalf, and subject to such conditions, if any, as may be specified therein.

Q11) mention the rule made under for dropping articles and descent via parachute

Ans) Dropping of articles and descent by parachutes- (1) No person shall drop or project or cause or permit to be dropped or projected from an aircraft in motion anything except
ballast in the form of fine sand or water:

Provided that nothing in this rule shall be construed as preventing

(a) in an emergency, the dropping of liquid fuel;

(b) in an emergency, the dropping of cargo over areas where hazard to persons or property outside the aircraft is not thereby created;

(c) the dropping of message bags, smoke producing or other apparatus or materials dropped for the purpose of navigating an aircraft or communicating messages from an aircraft
subject to the observance of such precautions as to the nature of the articles dropped and the place of dropping as will avoid risk of injuring persons or damaging property on the
ground or water;

(d) the dropping of separate sheets of paper containing printed matter or separate petals of flowers in any place if: -

i. the prior written permission of the District Magistrate or the Commissioner of Police is obtained in each case;

ii. the aircraft is suitable for dropping these articles;

iii. the minimum safe heights specified in these rules are observed; and

iv. necessary precautions are taken to avoid injury or damage to persons or property.

(e) the dropping of ropes used for towing aircraft.

(2) No person shall, except in an emergency, descend by means of a parachute from an aircraft and no person shall drop or cause or permit to be dropped from an aircraft in flight any
article, whether attached to a parachute or not, unless the descent is made or the article is dropped in accordance with the subject to any conditions or limitations contained in
general or special order of the Central Government in writing in that behalf.

Q12) Rule made for smoking in aircraft

Ans) Smoking in aircraft-

(1) The owner or the operator and the pilot-in-command of every aircraft registered in India, shall exhibit or cause to be exhibited in prominent place(s) in the aircraft notice(s) stating
where and to what extent smoking is prohibited or permitted therein.

(2) A notice permitting smoking in such aircraft may be exhibited therein only if smoking in the aircraft is permitted by the certificate of airworthiness of the aircraft or by the direction
of the Central Government and only in accordance with the conditions relating to smoking contained in such certificate or direction.

(3) No person shall smoke:

(b) anywhere in an aircraft during take-off, landing or refuelling or during a period in which a notice is temporarily displayed indicating that smoking is prohibited.

Q13) rule made for aerial work and public transport aircraft

Ans) Aerial work and public transport reserved for certain aircraft - No aircraft registered in accordance with Part IV in Category B shall be used as an aerial work aircraft or as a public
transport aircraft:

Provided that the Central Government may, from time to time, permit and impose restrictions on the performance of aerial work or public transport by aircraft other than those
registered in accordance with Part IV in Category A, and such restrictions shall be deemed to have been effectively imposed if they have been notified in writing to the owner or
operator of such aircraft or by notification in the Official Gazette.

q14) what are prohibited area

Ans) Prohibited areas -

(1) No person shall fly or assist in flying an aircraft over any of the areas specified in Schedule I save in accordance with the conditions specified in that schedule.

(2) Every pilot who, when flying an aircraft, finds himself above a prohibited area in contravention of sub-rule (1), shall, as soon as he is aware of the fact, give the signal of distress
specified in paragraph 1.1 of Appendix A to Schedule IV 2[the Rules of the Air referred to in rule 16] and shall land the aircraft as soon as possible outside the prohibited area at one of
the nearest aerodromes in India:

Provided that he shall not, unless compelled by stress of weather or other unavoidable cause, fly further into the prohibited area nor commence to descend while still above the
prohibited area.

(3) When the signals prescribed in paragraph 2 of Appendix A to Schedule IV 2[the Rules of the Air referred to in rule 16 to warn an aircraft that it is flying in the vicinity of restricted,
prohibited or danger area] are given, the pilot of the aircraft shall immediately change his course and fly away from the prohibited area.

(4) When the signals prescribed in paragraph 3.1 of Appendix A to Schedule IV 2[light signals from aerodrome control tower, as prescribed in the rules of the Air referred in rule 16]
are given, the pilot shall immediately give the signal referred to in sub-rule (2) of this rule and land the aircraft in accordance with that sub-rule.

Q15) rule made for photography at an aerodrome or from an aircraft in flight

Ans) Photograph at aerodromes or from aircraft in flight - No person shall take, or cause or permit to be taken, at a Government aerodrome or from an aircraft in flight, any
photograph except in accordance with and subject to the terms and conditions of a permission in writing granted by the Director-General, a Joint Director General, a Deputy Director-
General or the Director of Regulations and Information of the Civil Aviation Department:

Provided that the Director-General from time to time, may, by notification in the official Gazette, direct that these restrictions shall not apply to photography at any Government
aerodrome, or within such limits of any Government aerodrome as may be specified in the order

Q16) rule made under/by DGCA for the cancellation and suspension of license issued

Ans) Cancellation, suspension or endorsement of licences, certificates, authorisation and approval -

(1) Where any person is convicted of a contravention of, or failure to comply with,

these rules or any direction issued under rule 133A in respect of any aircraft, the Central Government may cancel or suspend any certificate of registration granted under these rules
relating to that aircraft.

(2) The Central Government may cancel or suspend any certificate granted under these rules relating to airworthiness of an aircraft or a Type Certificate of an aircraft component, or
item of equipment, if the Central Government is satisfied that a reasonable doubt exists as to the -

(a) safety of the aircraft or the type of aircraft; or

(b) the airworthiness of the aircraft component or item of equipment in respect of which a Type Certificate exists, and may vary any condition attached to any such certificate if the
Central Government is satisfied that reasonable doubt exists as to whether such conditions afford a sufficient margin of safety.

(2A) Where the licensing authority is satisfied, after giving him an opportunity of being heard, that any person has contravened or failed to comply with these rules or any direction
issued

under rule 133A, it may, for reasons to be recorded in writing, suspend or cancel or vary any particulars entered in any licence, certificate, authorization or approval granted by it, and
may require the holder of the licence, certificate, authorization or approval to surrender the same for cancellation, suspension, endorsement or variation.

(3) If the Central Government is satisfied that there is sufficient ground for doing so or, in the case of suspension during investigation that suspension is necessary in the public
interest, it may, for reasons to be recorded in writing-

(a) suspend any certificate, rating or licence, authorisation and approval or any or all of the privileges of any certificate, rating or licence, authorisation and approval, for any specified
period;

(b) suspend any certificate, rating or licence, authorisation and approval during the investigation of any matter;

(c) cancel any certificate, rating or licence, authorisation and approval; or

(d) endorse any adverse remarks on any certificate, rating or licence, authorisation and approval,

(3A) Where any person contravenes or fails to comply with these rules or any direction issued under rule 133A relating to the operation of Microlight aircraft, the Central Government
may cancel the certificate, rating or licence, authorisation and approval granted, issued, authorised or approved, as the case may be, under these rules.

(4) The Central Government may cancel or vary any particulars entered by it or under its authority in any licence or certificate, authorisation and approval granted or in any journey log
book issued under these rules.

(5) The Central Government may require the holder of any licence, certificate, authorisation and approval or other document granted or issued under these rules, or any person having

possession or custody of such licence, certificate, authorisation and approval or document, to surrender the same to it for cancellation, suspension, endorsement or variation and any
person failing to comply with any such requirement within a reasonable time shall be deemed to
have acted in contravention of these rules.

NOTE- The decision of the Central Government as to whether any ground constitutes sufficient ground for suspension of any certificate, rating, licence, authorisation or approval in the
public interest under the foregoing sub-rule shall be final and binding.