English Literature Paper

2 Section C:

Unseen Poetry
Name:

One Art

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The art of losing isn’t hard to master;
so many things seem filled with the intent
to be lost that their loss is no disaster.

Lose something every day. Accept the fluster

of lost door keys, the hour badly spent.
The art of losing isn’t hard to master.

Then practice* losing farther, losing faster:

places, and names, and where it was you meant
to travel. None of these will bring disaster.

I lost my mother’s watch. And look! my last, or

next-to-last, of three loved houses went.
The art of losing isn’t hard to master.

I lost two cities, lovely ones. And, vaster,

some realms I owned, two rivers, a continent.
I miss them, but it wasn’t a disaster.

– Even losing you (the joking voice, a gesture

I love) I shan’t have lied. It’s evident
the art of losing’s not too hard to master
though it may look like (Write it!) like disaster.

Elizabeth Bishop

*practice – Please note the American spelling. English spelling: practise

2 7 . 1 In ‘One Art,’ how does the speaker convey their feelings about the subject of loss?

[24 marks]

Grief

Trying to remember you

is like carrying water

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in my hands a long distance

across sand. Somewhere people are waiting.

They have drunk nothing for days.

Your name was the food I lived on;

now my mouth is full of dirt and ash.

To say your name was to be surrounded

by feathers and silk; now, reaching out,

I touch glass and barbed wire.

Your name was the thread connecting my life;

now I am fragments on a tailor's floor.

I was dancing when I

learned of your death; may

my feet be severed from my body.

Stephen Dobyns

2 7 . 2 In both ‘One Art’ and ‘Grief’, the speakers describe the death of a loved one. What are the
similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present these feelings?

[8 marks]

The Wild Swans at Coole*

The trees are in their autumn beauty,

The woodland paths are dry,
Under the October twilight the water
Mirrors a still sky;
Upon the brimming water among the stones

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Are nine-and-fifty swans.

The nineteenth autumn has come upon me

Since I first made my count;
I saw, before I had well finished,
All suddenly mount
And scatter wheeling in great broken rings
Upon their clamorous* wings.

I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, 

And now my heart is sore.
All’s changed since I, hearing at twilight,
The first time on this shore,
The bell-beat of their wings above my head,
Trod with a lighter tread.

Unwearied still, lover by lover,

They paddle in the cold
Companionable streams or climb the air;
Their hearts have not grown old;
Passion or conquest, wander where they will,
Attend upon them still.

But now they drift on the still water,

Mysterious, beautiful;
Among what rushes will they build,
By what lake’s edge or pool
Delight men’s eyes when I awake some day
To find they have flown away?

W. B. Yeats

2 7 . 1 In ‘The Wild Swans at Coole,’ how does the poet present his feelings about the swans in this
poem?

[24 marks]

The Tyger

Tyger Tyger, burning bright,

In the forests of the night;
What immortal hand or eye,
Could frame thy fearful symmetry?

In what distant deeps or skies.

Burnt the fire of thine eyes?
On what wings dare he aspire?
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What the hand, dare seize the fire?

And what shoulder, & what art,

Could twist the sinews of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand? & what dread feet?

What the hammer? what the chain,

In what furnace was thy brain?
What the anvil? what dread grasp,
Dare its deadly terrors clasp!

When the stars threw down their spears

And water'd heaven with their tears:
Did he smile his work to see?
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?

Tyger Tyger burning bright,

In the forests of the night:
What immortal hand or eye,
Dare frame thy fearful symmetry?

William Blake

2 7 . 2 In both ‘The Wild Swans at Coole’ and ‘The Tyger’, the speakers describe an animal. What are
the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present these animals?

[8 marks]

The Rear-Guard
(Hindenburg Line, April 1917)

Groping along the tunnel, step by step,

He winked his prying torch with patching glare
From side to side, and sniffed the unwholesome air.

Tins, boxes, bottles, shapes too vague to know,

A mirror smashed, the mattress from a bed;
And he, exploring fifty feet below

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The rosy gloom of battle overhead.

Tripping, he grabbed the wall; saw someone lie

Humped at his feet, half-hidden by a rug,
And stooped to give the sleeper’s arm a tug.
‘I’m looking for headquarters.’ No reply.
‘God blast your neck!’ (For days he’d had no sleep.)
‘Get up and guide me through this stinking place.’

Savage, he kicked a soft, unanswering heap,

And flashed his beam across the livid* face
Terribly glaring up, whose eyes yet wore
Agony dying hard ten days before;
And fists of fingers clutched a blackening wound.

Alone he staggered on until he found

Dawn’s ghost that filtered down a shafted stair
To the dazed, muttering creatures underground
Who hear the boom of shells in muffled sound.

At last, with sweat of horror in his hair,

He climbed through darkness to the twilight air,
Unloading hell behind him step by step.

Siegfried Sassoon

*Livid = discoloured / furious

2 7 . 1 In ‘The Rear-Guard,’ how does the poet present his ideas about the soldier’s journey?

[24 marks]

The Solider

If I should die, think only this of me;

That there's some corner of a foreign field
That is for ever England. There shall be
In that rich earth a richer dust concealed;
A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, 5
Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam,
A body of England's breathing English air,
Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home.

And think, this heart, all evil shed away,

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 A pulse in the eternal mind, no less 10
Gives somewhere back the thoughts by England given;
Her sights and sounds; dreams happy as her day;
And laughter, learnt of friends; and gentleness,
In hearts at peace, under an English heaven.

Rupert Brooke

2 7 . 2 In both ‘The Rear Guard’ and ‘The Soldier’, the speakers describe the experience of a soldier.
What are the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present their ideas about being a
soldier?

[8 marks]

In Mrs Tilscher's class

You could travel up the Blue Nile

with your finger, tracing the route
while Mrs Tilscher chanted the scenery.
”Tana. Ethiopia. Khartoum. Aswan.”
That for an hour,
then a skittle of milk
and the chalky Pyramids rubbed into dust.
A window opened with a long pole.
The laugh of a bell swung by a running child.

This was better than home. Enthralling books.

The classroom glowed like a sweetshop.
Sugar paper. Coloured shapes. Brady and Hindley
faded, like the faint, uneasy smudge of a mistake.
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Mrs Tilscher loved you. Some mornings, you found
she'd left a gold star by your name.
The scent of a pencil slowly, carefully, shaved.
A xylophone's nonsense heard from another form.

Over the Easter term the inky tadpoles changed

from commas into exclamation marks. Three frogs
hopped in the playground, freed by a dunce
followed by a line of kids, jumping and croaking
away from the lunch queue. A rough boy
told you how you were born. You kicked him, but stared
at your parents, appalled, when you got back
home

That feverish July, the air tasted of electricity.

A tangible alarm made you always untidy, hot,
fractious under the heavy, sexy sky. You asked her
how you were born and Mrs Tilscher smiled
then turned away. Reports were handed out.
You ran through the gates, impatient to be grown
the sky split open into a thunderstorm.

Carol Anne Duffy

2 7 . 1 In ‘In Mrs Tilscher’s Class,’ how does the poet present ideas about childhood memories?
[24 marks]

Extract from The Cry of the Children

Do ye hear the children weeping, O my brothers,

Ere the sorrow comes with years?
They are leaning their young heads against their mothers---
And that cannot stop their tears.
The young lambs are bleating in the meadows;
The young birds are chirping in the nest;
The young fawns are playing with the shadows;
The young flowers are blowing toward the west---
But the young, young children, O my brothers,
They are weeping bitterly!---
They are weeping in the playtime of the others
In the country of the free.

Elizabeth Barrett Browning

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2 7 . 2 In both ‘In Mrs Tilscher’s Class’ and ‘The Cry of the Children’, the speakers describe childhood.
What are the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present childhood?

[8 marks]

Fantasy of an African Boy

Such a peculiar lot

we are, we people
without money, in daylong
yearlong sunlight, knowing
money is somewhere, somewhere.

Everybody says it’s big

bigger brain bother now,
money. Such millions and millions
of us don’t manage at all
without it, like war going on.

And we can’t eat it. Yet

without it our heads alone
stay big, as lots and lots do,
coming from nowhere joyful,
going nowhere happy.

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We can’t drink it up. Yet
without it we shrivel when small
and stop forever
where we stopped, as lots and lots do.

We can’t read money for books.

Yet without it we don’t
read, don’t write numbers,
don’t open gates in other countries,
as lots and lots never do.

We can’t use money to bandage

sores, can’t pound it
to powder for sick eyes
and sick bellies. Yet without
it, flesh melts from our bones.

Such walled-round gentlemen

overseas minding money! Such
bigtime gentlemen, body guarded
because of too much respect
and too many wishes on them:

too many wishes, everywhere,

wanting them to let go
magic of money, and let it fly
away, everywhere, day and night,
just like dropped leaves in wind!

James Berry

2 7 . 1 In ‘Fantasy of an African Boy,’ how does the poet present ideas about the significance of money?
[24 marks]

Extract from We Ain’t Got No Money, Honey, But We Got Rain

call it the greenhouse effect or whatever

but it just doesn't rain like it used to.
I particularly remember the rains of the
depression era.
there wasn't any money but there was
plenty of rain.
it wouldn't rain for just a night or
a day,
it would RAIN for 7 days and 7
nights
and in Los Angeles the storm drains
weren't built to carry off taht much
water
and the rain came down THICK and
MEAN and
STEADY
and you HEARD it banging against

10
the roofs and into the ground
waterfalls of it came down
from roofs
and there was HAIL
big ROCKS OF ICE
bombing
exploding smashing into things
and the rain
just wouldn't
STOP
and all the roofs leaked-
dishpans,
cooking pots
were placed all about; 
they dripped loudly
and had to be emptied
again and
again.

Charles Bukowski

2 7 . 2 In both ‘Fantasy of An African Boy’ and ‘We Ain’t Got No Money, Honey, But We Got Rain’,
the speakers describe finances. What are the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present
their feelings about money?

[8 marks]

The Road Not Taken

Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;

Then took the other, as just as fair,

And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,

And both that morning equally lay

In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.

I shall be telling this with a sigh

Somewhere ages and ages hence:
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Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.

Robert Frost

2 7 . 1 In ‘The Road Not Taken,’ how does the poet present ideas about the importance of making
decisions?
[24 marks]

I Travelled Among Unknown Men

I travelled among unknown men,

In lands beyond the sea;
Nor, England! did I know till then
What love I bore to thee.

'Tis past, that melancholy dream!

Nor will I quit thy shore
A second time; for still I seem
To love thee more and more.

Among thy mountains did I feel

The joy of my desire;
And she I cherished turned her wheel
Beside an English fire.

Thy mornings showed, thy nights concealed,

The bowers where Lucy played;
And thine too is the last green field
That Lucy's eyes surveyed.

William Wordsworth

12
2 7 . 2 In both ‘The Road Not Taken’ and ‘I Travelled Among Unknown Men’, the speakers describe
unknown paths and choices. What are the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present
their feelings about choices?

[8 marks]

Island Man

Morning
and island man wakes up
to the sound of blue surf
in his head
the steady breaking and wombing

wild seabirds
and fishermen pushing out to sea
the sun surfacing defiantly
from the east
of his small emerald island
he always comes back groggily groggily

Comes back to sands

of a grey metallic soar
to surge of wheels
to dull North Circular* roar

muffling muffling
his crumpled pillow waves
island man heaves himself

Another London day

Grace Nichols
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*North Circular = a road around London

2 7 . 1 In ‘Island Man,’ how does the poet present ideas about place?
[24 marks]

The Fringe of the Sea

We do not like to awaken

far from the fringe of the sea,
we who live upon small islands.

We like to rise up early,

quick in the agile mornings
and walk out only little distances
to look down at the water,
to know it is swaying near to us
with songs, arid tides, and endless boat ways,
and undulate patterns and moods.

We want to be able to saunter beside it

slow paced in burning sunlight,
bare-armed, barefoot, bareheaded,

and to stoop down by the shallows

sifting the random water
between assaying fingers
like farmers do with soil,

and to think of turquoise mackerel

turning with consummate grace,
sleek and decorous
and elegant in high blue chambers.

we want to be able to walk out into it,

to work in it
dive and play and swim in it,
to row and sail
and pilot over its sandless highways,
and to hear
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its call and murmurs wherever we may be.

All who have lived upon small islands

want to sleep and awaken
close to the fringe of the sea

A L Hendriks

2 7 . 2 In both ‘Island Man’ and ‘The Fringe of the Sea’, the speakers describe a place in the past. What
are the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present their feelings about this place?

[8 marks]

An Old Woman

An old woman grabs

hold of your sleeve
and tags along.

She wants a fifty paise coin.

She says she will take you
to the horseshoe shrine.

You’ve seen it already.

She hobbles along anyway
and tightens her grip on your shirt.

She won’t let you go.

You know how old women are.
They stick to you like a burr.

You turn around and face her

with an air of finality.
You want to end the farce.

When you hear her say,

‘What else can an old woman do
on hills as wretched as these?’

You look right at the sky.

Clear through the bullet holes
she has for her eyes.

And as you look on

the cracks that begin around her eyes
spread beyond her skin.

And the hills crack.

And the temples crack.
And the sky falls

With a plate-glass clatter

Around the shatterproof crone

15
who stands alone.

And you are reduced

to so much small change
in her hand.

Arun Kolatkar

2 7 . 1 In ‘An Old Woman,’ how does the poet create sympathy for the old woman?
[24 marks]

Holy Thursday: Is this a holy thing to see

Is this a holy thing to see,

In a rich and fruitful land,
Babes reduced to misery,
Fed with cold and usurious* hand?

Is that trembling cry a song?

Can it be a song of joy?
And so many children poor?
It is a land of poverty!

And their sun does never shine.

And their fields are bleak & bare.
And their ways are fill'd with thorns.
It is eternal winter there.

For where-e'er the sun does shine,

And where-e'er the rain does fall:
Babe can never hunger there,
Nor poverty the mind appall.

*Usurious = greedy for money

William Blake

2 7 . 2 In both ‘An Old Woman’ and ‘Holy Thursday’, the poets discuss charity. What are the
similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present their ideas about charity and suffering?

[8 marks]

16
Blessing

The skin cracks like a pod.

There never is enough water.

Imagine the drip of it,

the small splash, echo
in a tin mug,
the voice of a kindly god.

Sometimes, the sudden rush

of fortune. The municipal pipe bursts,
silver crashes to the ground
and the flow has found
a roar of tongues. From the huts,
a congregation : every man woman
child for streets around
butts in, with pots,
brass, copper, aluminium,
plastic buckets,
frantic hands,

and naked children

screaming in the liquid sun,
their highlights polished to perfection,
flashing light,
as the blessing sings
over their small bones.

Imtiaz Dharker

2 7 . 1 In ‘Blessing,’ how does the poet present ideas about poverty and wealth?
[24 marks]

17
Poverty

The only people I ever heard talk about my Lady Poverty

Were rich people, or people who imagined themselves rich.
Saint Francis himself was a rich and spoiled young man.

Being born among the working people

I know poverty is a hard old hag,
and a monster, when you’re pinched for actual necessities.
And whoever says she isn’t is a liar.

I don’t want to be poor, it means I’m pinched.

But neither do I want to be rich.
When I look at this pine-tree near the sea,
That grows out of rock, and it plumes forth, plumes forth,
I see it has a natural abundance.

With its roots it has a natural grip on its daily bread,

And its plumes look like a green cup held up to the sun and air
And full of wine.

I want to be like that, to have a natural abundance

And plume forth, and be splendid.

D. H. Lawrence

2 7 . 2 In both ‘Blessing’ and ‘Poverty’, the poets discuss inequality. What are the similarities and/or
differences between the ways the poets present their feelings about poverty?

[8 marks]

18
Still I Rise

You may write me down in history

With your bitter, twisted lies,
You may trod me in the very dirt
But still, like dust, I'll rise.

Does my sassiness upset you?

Why are you beset with gloom?
’Cause I walk like I've got oil wells
Pumping in my living room.

Just like moons and like suns,

With the certainty of tides,
Just like hopes springing high,
Still I'll rise.

Did you want to see me broken?

Bowed head and lowered eyes?
Shoulders falling down like teardrops,
Weakened by my soulful cries?

Does my haughtiness offend you?

Don't you take it awful hard
’Cause I laugh like I've got gold mines
Diggin’ in my own backyard.

You may shoot me with your words,

You may cut me with your eyes,
You may kill me with your hatefulness,
But still, like air, I’ll rise.

Does my sexiness upset you?

Does it come as a surprise
That I dance like I've got diamonds
At the meeting of my thighs?

Out of the huts of history’s shame

I rise
Up from a past that’s rooted in pain
I rise
I'm a black ocean, leaping and wide,
Welling and swelling I bear in the tide.

Leaving behind nights of terror and fear

I rise
Into a daybreak that’s wondrously clear
I rise
Bringing the gifts that my ancestors gave,
I am the dream and the hope of the slave.
I rise
I rise
I rise.

Maya Angelou

2 7 . 1 In ‘Still I Rise,’ how does the poet present ideas about determination and injustice?
[24 marks]

19
I, Too

I, too, sing America.

I am the darker brother.

They send me to eat in the kitchen
When company comes,
But I laugh,
And eat well,
And grow strong.

Tomorrow,
I’ll be at the table
When company comes.
Nobody’ll dare
Say to me,
“Eat in the kitchen,”
Then.

Besides,
They’ll see how beautiful I am
And be ashamed—

I, too, am America.

Langston Hughes

2 7 . 2 In both ‘Still I Rise’ and ‘I, Too’, the poets describe racism. What are the similarities and/or
differences between the ways the poets present their feelings about racism?

[8 marks]

O Captain! My Captain!
20
Captain! My Captain!
O Captain! my Captain! our fearful trip is done,
The ship has weather’d every rack, the prize we sought is won,
The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting,
While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring;
But O heart! heart! heart!
O the bleeding drops of red,
Where on the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.

O Captain! my Captain! rise up and hear the bells;

Rise up—for you the flag is flung—for you the bugle trills,
For you bouquets and ribbon’d wreaths—for you the shores a-crowding,
For you they call, the swaying mass, their eager faces turning;
Here Captain! dear father!
This arm beneath your head!
It is some dream that on the deck,
You’ve fallen cold and dead.

My Captain does not answer, his lips are pale and still,
My father does not feel my arm, he has no pulse nor will,
The ship is anchor’d safe and sound, its voyage closed and done,
From fearful trip the victor ship comes in with object won;
Exult O shores, and ring O bells!
But I with mournful tread,
Walk the deck my Captain lies,
Fallen cold and dead.

Walt Whitman

2 7 . 1 In ‘O Captain! My Captain!’ how does the poet present ideas about loyalty?
[24 marks]

Who’s For The Game?

Who’s for the game, the biggest that’s played,

The red crashing game of a fight?
21
Who’ll grip and tackle the job unafraid?
And who thinks he’d rather sit tight?
Who’ll toe the line for the signal to ‘Go!’?
Who’ll give his country a hand?
Who wants a turn to himself in the show?
And who wants a seat in the stand?
Who knows it won’t be a picnic – not much-
Yet eagerly shoulders a gun?
Who would much rather come back with a crutch
Than lie low and be out of the fun?
Come along, lads –
But you’ll come on all right –
For there’s only one course to pursue,
Your country is up to her neck in a fight,
And she’s looking and calling for you.

Jessie Pope

2 7 . 2 In both ‘O Captain! My Captain!’ and ‘Who’s For The Game?’ the poets describe devotion and
loyalty. What are the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present their feelings about
loyalty in warfare?

[8 marks]

Invictus

Out of the night that covers me,

Black as the pit from pole to pole,
I thank whatever gods may be

22
 For my unconquerable soul.

In the fell clutch of circumstance

I have not winced nor cried aloud.
Under the bludgeonings of chance
My head is bloody, but unbowed.

Beyond this place of wrath and tears

Looms but the Horror of the shade,
And yet the menace of the years
Finds and shall find me unafraid.

It matters not how strait the gate,

How charged with punishments the scroll,
I am the master of my fate,
I am the captain of my soul.

William Ernest Henley

2 7 . 1 In ‘Invictus,’ how does the poet present ideas about fate and determination?
[24 marks]

How Did You Die?

Did you tackle that trouble that came your way

With a resolute heart and cheerful?
Or hide your face from the light of day
With a craven soul and fearful?
Oh, a trouble's a ton, or a trouble's an ounce,
Or a trouble is what you make it,
23
And it isn't the fact that you're hurt that counts,
But only how did you take it?

You are beaten to earth? Well, well, what's that!

Come up with a smiling face.
It's nothing against you to fall down flat,
But to lie there-that's disgrace.
The harder you're thrown, why the higher you bounce
Be proud of your blackened eye!
It isn't the fact that you're licked that counts;
It's how did you fight-and why?

And though you be done to the death, what then?

If you battled the best you could,
If you played your part in the world of men,
Why, the Critic will call it good.
Death comes with a crawl, or comes with a pounce,
And whether he's slow or spry,
It isn't the fact that you're dead that counts,
But only how did you die?

Edmund Vance Cooke

2 7 . 2 In both ‘Invictus’ and ‘How Did You Die?’ the poets describe success and failure. What are the
similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present their feelings about success and failure?

[8 marks]

Alpine Letter

Love? If you’d asked me yesterday, I’d say

love is a saw that amputates the heart.
I’d call it my disease, I’d call it plague.
But yesterday, I hadn’t heard from you.

So call it the weight of light that holds one soul

connected to another. Or a tear
that falls in all gratitude, becoming sea.

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Call it the only word that comforts me.

The sight of your writing has me on the floor,

the curve of each letter looped about my heart.
And in this ink, the tenor of your voice.
And in this ink the movement of your hand.

The Alps, now, cut their teeth upon the sky,

and pressing on to set these granite jaws
between us, not a mile will do me harm.
Your letter, in my coat, will keep me warm.

Ros Barber

2 7 . 1 In ‘Alpine Letter,’ how does the poet present ideas about love?
[24 marks]

Miles Away

I want you and you are not here. I pause

in this garden, breathing the colour thought is
before language into still air. Even your name
is a pale ghost and, though I exhale it again
and again, it will not stay with me. Tonight
I make you up, imagine you, your movements clearer
than the words I have you say you said before.

Wherever you are now, inside my head you fix me

with a look, standing here whilst cool late light
dissolves into the earth. I have got your mouth wrong,
25
but still it smiles. I hold you closer, miles away,
inventing love, until the calls of nightjars
interrupt and turn what was to come, was certain,
into memory. The stars are filming us for no one.

Carol Ann Duffy

2 7 . 2 In both ‘Alpine Letter’ and ‘Miles Away,’ the poets discuss romantic love. What are the
similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present their ideas about love?

[8 marks]

Piano

Softly, in the dusk, a woman is singing to me;

Taking me back down the vista of years, till I see
A child sitting under the piano, in the boom of the tingling
strings
And pressing the small, poised feet of a mother who smiles as she
sings.

In spite of myself, the insidious mastery of song

Betrays me back, till the heart of me weeps to belong
To the old Sunday evenings at home, with winter outside
And hymns in the cozy parlour, the tinkling piano our guide.

26
So now it is vain for the singer to burst into clamour
With the great black piano appassionato. The glamour
Of childish days is upon me, my manhood is cast
Down in the flood of remembrance, I weep like a child for the
past.

D. H. Lawrence

2 7 . 1 In ‘Piano,’ how does the speaker present ideas about the significance of memories?
[24 marks]

With rue* my heart is laden*

With rue my heart is laden

For golden friends I had,

For many a rose-lipt maiden

And many a lightfoot lad.

By brooks too broad for leaping

The lightfoot boys are laid;

The rose-lipt girls are sleeping

In fields where roses fade.

27
A.E. Houseman

*Rue = sadness
*Laden = weighed down

2 7 . 2 In both ‘Piano’ and ‘With rue my heart is laden,’ the poets discuss regret and memory. What are
the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present their feelings about the past?

[8 marks]

Once Upon a Time

Once upon a time, son,

they used to laugh with their hearts
and laugh with their eyes;
but now they only laugh with their teeth,
while their ice-block-cold eyes
search behind my shadow.

There was a time indeed

they used to shake hands with their hearts;
but that’s gone, son.
Now they shake hands without hearts
while their left hands search
my empty pockets.

‘Feel at home’! ‘Come again’;

they say, and when I come
again and feel
at home, once, twice,
there will be no thrice –
for then I find doors shut on me.

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So I have learned many things, son.
I have learned to wear many faces
like dresses – homeface,
officeface, streetface, hostface,
cocktailface, with all their conforming smiles
like a fixed portrait smile.

And I have learned, too,

to laugh with only my teeth
and shake hands without my heart.
I have also learned to say, ‘Goodbye’,
when I mean ‘Good-riddance’;
to say ‘Glad to meet you’,
without being glad; and to say ‘It’s been
nice talking to you’, after being bored.

But believe me, son.

I want to be what I used to be
when I was like you. I want
to unlearn all these muting things.
Most of all, I want to relearn
how to laugh, for my laugh in the mirror
shows only my teeth like a snake’s bare fangs!

So show me, son,

how to laugh; show me how
I used to laugh and smile
once upon a time when I was like you.

Gabriel Okara

2 7 . 1 In ‘Once Upon a Time,’ how does the speaker present their feelings about the effects of age?
[24 marks]

Warning

When I am an old woman I shall wear purple

With a red hat which doesn't go, and doesn't suit me.
And I shall spend my pension on brandy and summer gloves
And satin sandals, and say we've no money for butter.
I shall sit down on the pavement when I'm tired
And gobble up samples in shops and press alarm bells
And run my stick along the public railings
And make up for the sobriety of my youth.
I shall go out in my slippers in the rain
And pick flowers in other people's gardens
And learn to spit.

You can wear terrible shirts and grow more fat

And eat three pounds of sausages at a go
Or only bread and pickle for a week
And hoard pens and pencils and beermats and things in boxes.

But now we must have clothes that keep us dry

And pay our rent and not swear in the street
And set a good example for the children.

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We must have friends to dinner and read the papers.

But maybe I ought to practise a little now?

So people who know me are not too shocked and surprised
When suddenly I am old, and start to wear purple.

Jenny Joseph

2 7 . 2 In both ‘Once Upon A Time’ and ‘Warning,’ the poets discuss old age. What are the similarities
and/or differences between the ways the poets present their attitudes to old age?

[8 marks]

A Mother in a Refugee Camp

No Madonna and Child could touch

Her tenderness for a son
She soon would have to forget. . . .
The air was heavy with odors of diarrhea,
Of unwashed children with washed-out ribs
And dried-up bottoms waddling in labored steps
Behind blown-empty bellies. Other mothers there
Had long ceased to care, but not this one:
She held a ghost smile between her teeth,
and in her eyes the memory
Of a mother’s pride. . . . She had bathed him
And rubbed him down with bare palms.
She took from their bundle of possessions
A broken comb and combed
The rust-colored hair left on his skull
And then – humming in her eyes – began carefully to part it.
In their former life this was perhaps
A little daily act of no consequence
Before his breakfast and school; now she did it
Like putting flowers on a tiny grave.

Chinua Achebe

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2 7 . 1 In ‘A Mother in a Refugee Camp,’ how does the poet present ideas about loss?
[24 marks]

Extract from Last Letter

What happened that night? Your final night.

Double, treble exposure
Over everything. Late afternoon, Friday,
My last sight of you alive.
Burning your letter to me, in the ashtray,
With that strange smile. Had I bungled your plan?
Had it surprised me sooner than you purposed?
Had I rushed it back to you too promptly?
One hour later—-you would have been gone
Where I could not have traced you.
I would have turned from your locked red door
That nobody would open
Still holding your letter,
A thunderbolt that could not earth itself.

Ted Hughes

2 7 . 2 In both ‘A Mother In A Refugee Camp’ and ‘Last Letter,’ the poets discuss death. What are the
similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present feelings about death?

[8 marks]

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First they came…

First they came for the Communists

And I did not speak out -
Because I was not a Communist.
Then they came for the Socialists
And I did not speak out -
Because I was not a Socialist.
Then they came for the trade unionists
And I did not speak out -
Because I was not a trade unionist.
Then they came for the Jews
And I did not speak out -
Because I was not a Jew.
Then they came for me
And there was no one left
To speak out for me.

Martin Niemöller

2 7 . 1 In ‘First they came,’ how does the poet present their ideas about speaking out against injustice?
[24 marks]

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Not My Business

They picked Akanni up one morning

Beat him soft like clay
And stuffed him down the belly
Of a waiting jeep.

What business of mine is it

So long they don’t take the yam
From my savouring mouth?

They came one night

Booted the whole house awake
And dragged Danladi out,
Then off to a lengthy absence.

What business of mine is it

So long they don’t take the yam
From my savouring mouth?

Chinwe went to work one day

Only to find her job was gone:
No query, no warning, no probe –
Just one neat sack for a stainless record.

What business of mine is it

So long they don’t take the yam
From my savouring mouth?

And then one evening

As I sat down to eat my yam
A knock on the door froze my hungry hand.

The jeep was waiting on my bewildered lawn

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Waiting, waiting in its usual silence.

Niyi Osundare

2 7 . 2 In both ‘First they came..’ and ‘Not my business,’ the poets describe selfishness and injustice.
What are the similarities and/or differences between the ways the poets present their ideas about selfishness
and injustice?

[8 marks]

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