Roll No.

: 2022MH00295

Name: Yugant S. Bhute

Objectives : Study a Physical pendulum and Torsional pendulum.

Part A - Study the Physical pendulum
Part B - Study the Torsional pendulum

Materials required :
1. a cylindrical plastic box (having a lid)
2. sand (or flour)
3. Cu wire of diameter 0.5mm
4. 30cm plastic scale
5. A stick like thing
6. A Cot/Khatiya

Procedure:
1. Designing and arranging apparatus:
A. Making of the bob of the pendulum and finding the centre of the
cap:
I. Since I had a bottle of medicine, I decided to take it as my
weight for the experiment.
II. For finding the centre of the cap, i devised a simple method, as
we know the perpendicular bisector of a cord of a circle passes
through the centre of the circle, So if we draw any two arcs and
find their perpendicular bisectors, The point of intersection of
both the bisectors will be the centre of the circle.
III. So I took the cap and drew an outline of the cap on a piece of
paper by tracing the cap. After drawing I followed the above
step-2 and got the centre of the cap. (Shown in Figure 1)
IV. After finding the centre of the cap, I pierced it with a sewing
needle.
V. Then I inserted the copper wire inside the hole and tied a safety
pin to it so that the wire should not come off. (Show in Figure 2)
VI. Finally, I started filling sand in the box using a homemade funnel
(top of a bottle).(shown in Figure 3)
VII. Finally the pendulum was ready.
B. Assembling the Setup:
I. First I decided to take a cooler stand as my setup, but I couldn't
take it because its height was just 40 cm and for the whole
experiment the maximum height required is around 60 cm to 70
cm.
II. So I decided to take a khatiya/cot as my setup. I just tied the
wire to the arm of the cot and the Setup was ready.(Shown in
Figure 4)
2. Measuring the Thickness of the Wire:
I. For measuring the thickness of the wire, I took a pencil and wrapped
the wire around it 15 times.
II. Then I compressed the wire and measured the length of this coil.
(Shown in Figure 5)
III. The length of the coil divided by the number of turns gave me the
thickness or diameter of the wire.

Thickness of the Wire = 0.53 mm

∴ The Radius of the Wire = 0.265 mm

3. Measuring Radius of the Cylindrical Box:

I. First a 30 cm scale was taken with a least count of 0.1 cm and the
radius of the box was measured.
The Radius of the Box = 2.4 cm
 4. Measuring the mass of Cylindrical Box:
I. For this I went to a nearby grocery store and measured the weight. The
least count of the weighing machine was 0.001 Kg.

Mass Observed = 0.245 Kg

Part A: Studying the Physical Pendulum

1. First the length of the wire was set to 5 cm and it was tied to the leg of the cot.
2. Then the box was pulled towards the left side for a short interval and then
released, starting the oscillation.
3. The total time required for 20 oscillations was measured. It was then divided
by 20 to get the time period.
4. The above procedure was repeated with different lengths with an interval of 1
cm till 30 cm.
5. The observations are given in the Observation Table 1 below.

Part B: Studying the Torsional Pendulum

1. First the length of the wire was set to 30 cm and it was tied to the leg of the
cot.
2. Then the box was rotated to a small angle towards the left side and then
released, starting the oscillations.
3. The total time required for 20 oscillations was measured. It was then divided
by 20 to get the time period.
 4. The above procedure was repeated with different lengths with an interval of 1
cm till 60 cm.
5. The observations are given in the Observation Table 2 below.

Observations:
Mass of the Cylindrical Box: 0.245 Kg
Radius of the Cylindrical Box: 2.4 cm
Diameter of Copper Wire: 0.53 mm
Radius of the Copper Wire:0.26 mm

Observation Table 1: Readings for the Physical Pendulum.

Length
Time Period
Sr. of the Length of the Mass of the Total Time
(T) (t/20) T2 (s2)
No. wire (L) Pendulum(d)(cm) Box(M) (t) (sec)
(sec)
(cm)

1 5 cm 8.7 cm 0.245 Kg 12.34 sec 0.617 sec 0.380689

2 6 cm 9.7 cm 0.245 Kg 12.92 sec 0.646 sec 0.417316

3 7 cm 10.7 cm 0.245 Kg 13.36 sec 0.668 sec 0.446224

4 8 cm 11.7 cm 0.245 Kg 13.84 sec 0.692 sec 0.478864

5 9 cm 12.7 cm 0.245 Kg 14.36 sec 0.718 sec 0.515524

6 10 cm 13.7 cm 0.245 Kg 14.68 sec 0.734 sec 0.538756

7 11 cm 14.7 cm 0.245 Kg 15.08 sec 0.754 sec 0.568516

8 12 cm 15.7 cm 0.245 Kg 15.48 sec 0.774 sec 0.599076

9 13 cm 16.7 cm 0.245 Kg 15.96 sec 0.798 sec 0.636804

10 14 cm 17.7 cm 0.245 Kg 16.34 sec 0.817 sec 0.667489

11 15 cm 18.7 cm 0.245 Kg 16.64 sec 0.832 sec 0.692224

12 16 cm 19.7 cm 0.245 Kg 17.32 sec 0.866 sec 0.749956

13 17 cm 20.7 cm 0.245 Kg 18.14 sec 0.907 sec 0.822649

14 18 cm 21.7 cm 0.245 Kg 19.26 sec 0.943 sec 0.887369

15 19 cm 22.7 cm 0.245 Kg 19.64 sec 0.982 sec 0.944324

16 20 cm 23.7 cm 0.245 Kg 20.06 sec 1.003 sec 1.006009

17 21 cm 24.7 cm 0.245 Kg 20.62 sec 1.031 sec 1.062961

 18 22 cm 25.7 cm 0.245 Kg 21.16 sec 1.058 sec 1.119364

19 23 cm 26.7 cm 0.245 Kg 21.54 sec 1.077 sec 1.159929

20 24 cm 27.7 cm 0.245 Kg 21.88 sec 1.094 sec 1.196836

21 25 cm 28.7 cm 0.245 Kg 22.36 sec 1.118 sec 1.249924

22 26 cm 29.7 cm 0.245 Kg 22.52 sec 1.126 sec 1.267876

23 27 cm 30.7 cm 0.245 Kg 22.82 sec 1.141 sec 1.301881

24 28 cm 31.7 cm 0.245 Kg 23.24 sec 1.162 sec 1.350244

25 29 cm 32.7 cm 0.245 Kg 23.76 sec 1.188 sec 1.411344

26 30 cm 33.7 cm 0.245 Kg 24.10 sec 1.205 sec 1.447209

Observation Table 2: Readings for the Torsional Pendulum.

Length
Sr. Time Period
of the Length of the Mass of the Total Time
No (T) (t/20) T2 (s2)
wire (L) Pendulum(d)(cm) Box(M) (t) (sec)
. (sec)
(cm)

1 30 33.7 cm 0.245 Kg 25.8 sec 1.2675 sec 1.60655625

2 31 34.7 cm 0.245 Kg 25.71 sec 1.2855 sec 1.65251025

3 32 35.7 cm 0.245 Kg 26.09 sec 1.3045 sec 1.70172025

4 33 36.7 cm 0.245 Kg 26.95 sec 1.3475 sec 1.81575625

5 34 37.7 cm 0.245 Kg 27.41 sec 1.3705 sec 1.87827025

6 35 38.7 cm 0.245 Kg 27.93 sec 1.3965 sec 1.95021225

7 36 39.7 cm 0.245 Kg 28.38 sec 1.419 sec 2.013561

8 37 40.7 cm 0.245 Kg 28.9 sec 1.445 sec 2.088025

9 38 41.7 cm 0.245 Kg 29.56 sec 1.478 sec 2.184484

10 39 42.7 cm 0.245 Kg 29.88 sec 1.494 sec 2.232036

11 40 43.7 cm 0.245 Kg 30.26 sec 1.513 sec 2.289169

12 41 44.7 cm 0.245 Kg 30.53 sec 1.5265 sec 2.33020225

13 42 45.7 cm 0.245 Kg 31.05 sec 1.5525 sec 2.41025625

14 43 46.7 cm 0.245 Kg 31.31 sec 1.5655 sec 2.45079025

15 44 47.7 cm 0.245 Kg 31.79 sec 1.5895 sec 2.52651025

16 45 48.7 cm 0.245 Kg 32.19 sec 1.6095 sec 2.59049025

17 46 49.7 cm 0.245 Kg 32.61 sec 1.6305 sec 2.65853025

18 47 50.7 cm 0.245 Kg 33.11 sec 1.6555 sec 2.74068025

19 48 51.7 cm 0.245 Kg 33.93 sec 1.6965 sec 2.87811225

20 49 52.7 cm 0.245 Kg 34.47 sec 1.7235 sec 2.97045225

21 50 53.7 cm 0.245 Kg 34.88 sec 1.744 sec 3.041536

22 51 54.7 cm 0.245 Kg 35.22 sec 1.761 sec 3.101121

23 52 55.7 cm 0.245 Kg 35.59 sec 1.7795 sec 3.16662025

24 53 56.7 cm 0.245 Kg 35.95 sec 1.7975 sec 3.23100625

25 54 57.7 cm 0.245 Kg 36.38 sec 1.819 sec 3.308761

26 55 58.7 cm 0.245 Kg 36.73 sec 1.8365 sec 3.37273225

27 56 59.7 cm 0.245 Kg 37.21 sec 1.8605 sec 3.46146025

28 57 60.7 cm 0.245 Kg 37.77 sec 1.8885 sec 3.56643225

29 58 61.7 cm 0.245 Kg 38.13 sec 1.9065 sec 3.63474225

30 59 62.7 cm 0.245 Kg 38.81 sec 1.9405 sec 3.76554025

31 60 63.7 cm 0.245 Kg 39.21 sec 1.9605 sec 3.84356025

Interpretation of Graph: (Graphs and Analysis)

Graph 1: T against L (Part A : Physical Pendulum)

Graph 2: T2 against L (Part A : Physical Pendulum)
Graph 3: T against L (Part B : Torsional Pendulum)
Graph 4: T2 against L (Part B : Torsional Pendulum)
Calculations :
Questions:
1. Identify the axis about which the moment of inertia is obtained.
Ans: z axis
2. Identify the axis about which the moment of inertia Io is obtained .
Ans: y axis
3. Question: Find the ratio between this value of moment of inertia IT and
the value of Io obtained in Part A.
Ans: 0.7/1 Approx.
4. Estimate the angle of twist given to the box by you ?
Ans: 90 - 100 degree Approx.

Conclusion:
From the above observations, Readings and Calculations I Conclude that the
Time Period of a Simple Pendulum Depends On the Length of the wire.

Extra Exploration:

I tried doing this experiment using a rubber band.

Sr. No Length Mass Time Period

1 6cm 150 g 0.601

2 7 cm 150 g 0.725

3 8 cm 150 g 0.836

4 9 cm 150 g 0.794

5 10 cm 150 g 0.893

With Rubber band I observed that due to its elasticity it doesnt oscillate
properly and gives variable readings.

Possible Errors:
1. The wire may slip down on a smooth surface.