Week 1

Introduction to Air
Transportation

ATRN 121
Week 2 (2023)

Understanding of Air
Transportation
WHAT IS AIR TRANSPORTATION?
ü means service or carriage of persons, property or mail, in
whole or in part, by aircraft. (RA 776, Chapter 2, Section 3 (h))
ü means interstate, overseas, or foreign air transportation or
the transportation of mail by aircraft. (FAR 1.1)
 TERMS TO REMEMBER
1. Aerodynamics - The science of the action of air on an object, and with the motion of
air on other gases. Aerodynamics deals with the production of lift by the aircraft, the
relative wind, and the atmosphere.

2. Atmosphere - A blanket of air made up of a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth
and reaches almost 350 miles from the surface of the Earth .
3. Aircraft - means any contrivance now known or hereafter invented, used, or designed
for navigation of, or flight in the air. (RA 776 Chapter 2 Section 3 (i))
- means a device that is used or intended to be used for flight in the air. (FAR 1.1)

Aircraft Category - As used with respect to the certification, ratings, privileges, and
limitations of airmen, means a broad classification of aircraft.
- As used with respect to the certification of aircraft, means a grouping
of aircraft based upon intended use or operating limitations.
 AIRCRAFT CATEGORY
1. Airplane
Ø An engine-driven fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, that is supported in flight by the dynamic
reaction of the air against its wings.
Classes:
a) Single-Engine Land
b) Single-Engine Sea
c) Multi-Engine Land
d) Multi-Engine Sea

2. Rotorcraft
Ø A heavier-than-air aircraft that depends principally for its support in flight on the lift generated
by one or more rotors.
Classes:
ü Helicopter
§ A rotorcraft that, for its horizontal motion, depends principally on its engine-driven rotors
ü Gyro – plane
§ A rotorcraft whose rotors are not engine-driven, except for Initial starting, but are made to
rotate by action of the air when the rotorcraft Is moving; and whose means of propulsion,
consisting usually of conventional propellers, is Independent of the rotor system
3. Glider
Ø A heavier-than-air aircraft, that is supported in flight by the dynamic reaction of the air
against its lifting surfaces and whose free flight does not depend principally on an engine.

4. Lighter than air

Ø An aircraft that can rise and remain suspended by using contained gas weighing less than
the air that is displaced by the gas.
Classes:
ü Airship
§ An engine-driven lighter-than-air aircraft that can be steered.
ü Free Balloon
§ A lighter-than-air aircraft that is not engine driven, and that sustains flight through the
use of either gas buoyancy or an airborne heater.
5. Powered Lift
Ø A heavier-than-air aircraft capable of vertical takeoff, vertical landing, and low speed flight
that depends principally on engine-driven lift devices or engine thrust for lift during these
flight regimes and on non-rotating airfoil(s) for lift during horizontal flight.

6. Powered Parachute
Ø A powered aircraft comprised of a flexible or semi-rigid wing connected to a fuselage so that
the wing is not in position for flight until the aircraft is in motion.
Ø The fuselage of a powered parachute contains the aircraft engine, a seat for each occupant
and Is attached to the aircraft's landing gear.
Classes:
§ Powered parachute land
§ Powered parachute sea
7. Rocket
Ø An aircraft propelled by ejected expanding gases generated in the engine from
self-contained propellants and not dependent on the intake of outside substances.
Ø It includes any part which becomes separated during the operation.
Terms to REMEMBER:

1. Airfoil - Any surface, such as a wing, propeller, rudder, or even a trim tab, which
provides aerodynamic force when it interacts with a moving stream of air.

2. Airline - A company that provides air transport services for travelling passengers and
freight. Airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued
by a governmental aviation body.

3. Airport – means an area of land or water that is used or intended to be used for the
landing and take-off of aircraft, and includes its buildings and facilities. (FAR 1.1)
Classes:
a. Airport
b. Seaport
c. Heliport
d. Military Airport
Thank you!
Prepared by:
BS Air Transportation Department
PATTS College of Aeronautics

ATRN 121 (INTRODUCTION TO AIR TRANSPORTATION)

 Week 2

Introduction to Air Transportation

ATRN 121
Week 3 (2023)

The Origins of Aviation

Like the BIRDS….

The Dream
• Humans have yearned to fly for as long as recorded history can be found:
1. Icarus
Ø 30 BCE, Greek Mythology
2. Mozi (Mo Di) and Lu Ban (Gongshu Ban)
Ø 5th Century BC, Chines Philosopher (Kites)
3. Leornardo Da Vinci
Ø 1400s, Sketches of flying machines (Ornithopter and Helical Aerial Screw)
The Path to get to this POINT…..

1. Hot Air Balloon – Joseph – Michel and Jacques – Etienne designed and invented it in November 21, 1783.

2. Glider – Sir George Cayley is the Father of Aeronautics and he invented the glider in 1804-1853.

3. Otto Lilienthal – A German aviation pioneer named as a “Glider King” . He was the first to make well
documented, repeated, successful gliding flights. He died in 1896 when his glider stalled at a height of about 50ft.
The Path to get to this POINT…..

4. Clement Ader – A French inventor who focused much of his life on heavier-than-air powered flight in 1841. His
invention, The Eole, was a bat-like run on a lightweight steam engine. The Eole successfully hopped 50m at a
height of 8 inches.

5. Zeppelin – (1900) Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin is an inventor of rigid airships, airships or dirigible balloon a type
of lighter-than-air aircraft that can navigate thru the air under its own power (lifting gas used was hydrogen and
flammable) since 1960s airships used helium, almost the same lifting capacity but not flammable.

6. Karl Jatho – (November 1903) A German aviation pioneer, who attempted flight using tri-planes and bi-planes. He
eventually gave up, noting “In spite of many efforts, I cannot make longer or higher flights. Motor weak.”
The Path to get to this POINT…..

7. Samuel Pierpont Langley – An American pioneer in aviation. He successfully made heavier than air flight, but was
not able o control it. After two failed attempts in the Potomac River (October 7, 1903), the Wright Flew before he
could succeed. (Manned Aerodrome)

8. Wright Brothers – Wilbur and Orville Wright are the First humans to have a powered, controlled, heavier-than-air
flight, 17 December 1903 at Near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Four flights were made. The first for 12 seconds and
last for 59 seconds.
Other inventions to REMEMBER:
• Archimedes Rotating Screw - 234 BC Archimedes introduced the rotating screw to
Greece.

• Robert Hooke - He is a mathematician, physicist, and inventor. In 1655, he concluded

that the human body does not possess the strength to power artificial wings.

• Progress in Flying Machines - A railroad and bridge engineer Octave Chanute

published this book in 1890. He published all of the aeronautical knowledge known to
date.
Other inventions to REMEMBER:
• Louis Bleriot - In 1909, he built an aircraft with notable design. He invented a mono-wing aircraft.

• Hugo Junkers - In 1910, he invented all metal aircraft named J-1 and eliminated all the wood.

• Louis Charles Breguet - In 1917, he invented the Breguet-14 to used as bomber and reconnaissance plane
for WWI.

• Curtiss HS-2L - In 1920, Curtiss Airplane Company build a single-engine patrol flying boat during World
War I. It used to carry out anti-submarine patrols and converted into passenger aircraft after WW1.
Other inventions to REMEMBER:
• Charles Lindbergh
Ø May 21, 1927, he is the first pilot to win the Orteig Prize for making a nonstop flight from
New York City to Paris.
Ø His total flight time from New York to Paris was 33 hours, 30minutes and 29.8 seconds.
Ø It is the first solo transatlantic flight.
Ø The Spirit of St. Louis.
Other inventions to REMEMBER:
• Geoffrey De Havilland
Ø In 1930, he invented the DH-Mosquito fighter aircraft for WWII and its frame was
constructed mostly of wood and with fiber glass radome.
Other inventions to REMEMBER:
• Amelia Earhart
Ø The first woman pilot.
Ø In 1928, she became the first woman to fly across the atlantic as a passenger .
Ø May 21, 1932, she became the first woman to pilot an airplane solo across the atlantic.
Ø In 1935, she completed the first woman’s solo nonstop transcontinental flight which
covered 2,448 miles from Los Angeles to Newark.
Ø July 2, 1937, she attempted to fly around the world but she failed.
Other inventions to REMEMBER:
• Robert Stanley
Ø October 1, 1942, the first turbojet aircraft is invented named Bell XP-59A and it was piloted by
Robert Stanley.
Other inventions to REMEMBER:
• Capt. Charles Yeager
Ø October 14, 1947, Capt. Charles Yeager piloted the air launched experimental Bell X-1
rocket propelled.
Ø He become the first man to fly an aircraft beyond the speed of sound.
Thank you!
Prepared by:
BS Air Transportation Department
PATTS College of Aeronautics

ATRN 121 (INTRODUCTION TO AIR TRANSPORTATION)

 Week 3

Introduction to Air
Transportation

ATRN 121
Week 4 (2023)

Highlights of Philippine
Aviation
FIRST FLYING OBJECT ALOFT PHILIPPINE SKIES
• APRIL 4, 1909

• C.F. MARQUEZ, A Portuguese acrobat, became the first man to take to the air in the Philippines in a hot air
balloon during a carnival exhibition. It was an airship called the messenger that was supposed to be
demonstrated by Capt. James W. Price of Sprinfgfield, Illinois in that carnival

• FIRST POWERED FLIGHT

• FEBRUARY 21, 1911

• JAMES”BUD” MARS made the first airplane flight over manila in a Schriever Skylark Biplane. Eleventh pilot
licensed in the US.
1911 MANILA CARNIVAL EXHIBITION FLIGHTS

FEBRUARY 27, 1911

THOMAS BALDWIN made the first cross country flight by going ten miles out of manila in his red devil biplane.
THOMAS BALDWIN is an associate of the first airplane manufacturer Glenn Curtiss., Balloon pilot certificate #1,
Airship pilot certifcate#9 and Airplane pilot certficate #7
FEBRUARY 12,1912

The Igorot chieftain Gagaban became the first Filipino to fly as a passenger on a flight with Lee Hammond in a
red devil biplane over the Luneta park.

MARCH 16,1912

Lt. FRANK P. LAHM JR made the first military flight out of Fort Mc kinley (now Fort Bonifacio) on a Wright type
b aircraft.
On June 15, 1960, Lt. FRANK P. LAHM JR was recognized by the Air Force and the Early Birds of Aviation as "the
father of Air Force flight training" in ceremonies at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, with 600 Air Force
Academy cadets in attendance. In May 1962, the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, Gen. Curtis E.
LeMay, honored Lahm with a special citation recognizing him as the nation's first military aviation.
NOVEMBER 14, 1913

Lt. PERRY RICH of the Philippine scouts became the first aviation fatality in the crash of a Wright type c aircraft
in Manila bay.

APRIL 11, 1914

MISS CORA WONG, A nurse of the Chinese general hospital become the first woman in the Philippines to fly as
passenger on a flight with Tom Gunn in a Curtiss seaplane off Pasay beach.

Tom Tak Gunn was the first Chinese-American pilot in the United States graduating from the Curtiss School of
Aviation class of 1911 and earned pilot's license no. 131 on June 19, 1912. He popularized passenger flight in
Hawaii and became the head of the Chinese air force.
APRIL 12,1914

MISS ROSARIO REYES became the first Filipino woman to fly as an international passenger in flight to Guam
also flown by Tom Gunn.

APRIL 4-5, 1919

MISS RUTH LAW made exhibition flights over the Luneta and delivered the first airmail on the roof of the
Manila hotel in a Curtiss biplane. She became the first aviatrix to fly in the Philippines. She had the honor of
carrying the first official air mail to the Philippine Islands in 1919.
NOVEMBER 1919

MAJ. JOSEPHUS STEVENOT AND ALFRED CROFT formed the first airline ever in the history of the Philippine
aviation, the Philippine Airways Service Inc.(Pasi). Josephus Stevenot served as Director of the Philippine Trust
Company, President and General Manager of the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company, Director of
the Bank of the Philippine Islands, Director of Philippine Milling Company, Director of Philippine Realty
Corporation, and Director of Fidelity & Surety Company. An American entrepreneur and U.S. Army officer in
the Philippines with many accomplishments, but today mostly remembered in the Boy Scouts of the
Philippines as its founder.
JANUARY 9, 1920

ALFREDO CARMELO made the first solo flight by a Filipino in the Philippines flying a HSIL Sea Gull of the
Curtiss Aviation school over the Manila bay. A well-known aviator and known as the Dean of Filipino pilot.
APRIL 26, 1920

LT. LEONCIO MALINAO An officer of the Philippine National Guard flew the first solo flight in Philippine aviation
using a Curtiss JN-4D Jenny. On this day, Philippine aviation history was made. He became the very first Filipino
military pilot and his solo flight was the first by any Filipino who had not had any flight training outside the
Islands.
JUNE 24, 1920

FIVE CHINESE NAVAL CADET Arrived in the Philippines to become the first foreigners to train in aviation in the
country at Curtiss Aviation School.

JULY 7, 1920

THE COUNCIL OF STATE approved the establishment of the Philippine Air Service (PAS) (first government
airline) to fly passengers and mail in the country in accordance with a statute passed by the commonwealth
government.
DECEMBER 29,1920

THE FIRST 25 FILIPINO MILITARY PILOTS received their wings from Governor General Francis B. Harrison upon
graduation from the Curtiss Aviation School.

FIRST FILIPINO AVIATION SCHOOL

1924

JOSE VALERIANO AND BRICCIO SANCHEZ opened the Valeriano School of Aviation in Pasig, Rizal.
 FIRST EUROPEAN AVIATORS ON WORLD TOUR TO LAND IN THE PHILIPPINES

AUGUST 27, 1925

ITALIAN MAJ. FRANCESCO DE PINEDO AND ERNESTO CAMPANELLI arrived in Manila in a Savoia SA16 seaplane
on a flight from Lago Maggiore via Rome, Australia, Borneo, Philippines and China to final destination Tokyo.
 FIRST SPANISH AVIATORS FLIGHT TO THE PHILIPPINES

MAY 13, 1926

SPANISH FLIERS CAPT. EDUARDO GALLARZA AND JOAQUIN LORIGA arrived Manila in a Breguet type 19
bomber named Legaspi to complete a flight from Spain to the Philippines.
PAI: 3RD AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES, EARLY ROOTS OF PAL

NOVEMBER 1927

PHILIPPINE AIRWAYS INC (PAI) with an authorized capital of 100,000 pesos was organized. Planned to fly
passengers and cargo but none of the plan materialized.

ACP: 4TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE IN THE PHILIPPINES

MAY 25,1929

THE AVIATION CORPORATION OF THE PHILIPPINES was incorporated with an authorized capitalization of
500,000 pesos. The ACP was not able to operate for lack of pilots who didn’t meet the 2000 minimum flying
hours requirement.
CA: 5TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

JULY 12,1930

The Public Service Commission granted COMPANIA AEREA Certificate Of Public Convenience. CA was not able
to operated due to financing problems.

PATCO:6TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

DECEMBER 3, 1930

Philippine Aerial Taxi Company was incorporated in the Philippines by foreign businessmen. Hired German
pilots to fly their plane.

JANUARY 1932

PATCO had four airplanes: A 3-seater Stinson, two 3-seater Wacos and one Klemm monoplane for the flying
school.
INAEC: 7TH CERTFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

APRIL 1932

ILOILO-NEGROS AIR EXPRESS COMPANY (INAEC) Was incorporated in Iloilo as the first real Filipino Airline.
Capitalized at one million pesos, of which purely Filipinos, led by the Lopez family.
PAL: 8TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

MARCH 15, 1941

PAL operated its first commercial flight from Makati (Nielson) to Baguio city with a Beechcraft model. William
Smith had the distinction of holding on to PAL plane ticket no.1 for a roundtrip flights Manila-Baguio-Manila.
FEATI: 9TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

NOVEMBER 16, 1945

THE FAR EASTERN AIR TRANSPORT INC,(FEATI) operated its inaugural flight between Manila and Iloilo using a
DC-3 named “Iloilo City”
CALI: 10TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

JULY 1947

COMMERCIAL AIRLINES INC (CALI) started operation to become PAL’s new competitor.

FOA: 11TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

AMI: 12TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

AIR MANILA INC (AMI) STARTED IN THE MID 1960’s UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF DELTA AIR. TOGETHER
WITH FOA, AMI GAVE PAL A TOUGH AND RUINOUS COMPETION IN THE LATE 1960’s AND EARLY 1970’s.
PATI: 13TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

MAY 24, 1976

THE GOVERNMENT-OWNED PHILIPPINE AERO TRANSPORT INC (PATI) began operating twin engine 10-seater
Norman Islanders on scheduled flight out of major cities in the south not served by PAL.

AEROLIFT: 14TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

JULY 6,1989

AEROLIFT filed for the conversion of its operating permit from non scheduled to scheduled operations.
15TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES: STAR ASIA

16TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES: GRAND AIR

CPA:17TH CERTIFICATED AIRLINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CEBU PACIFIC AIR

18TH : AIR PHILIPPINES

19TH : ASIAN SPIRIT

20TH : SEAIR CORPORATION

21ST: CORPORATE AIR

22ND : LAOAG INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS

Thank you!
Prepared by:
BS Air Transportation Department
PATTS College of Aeronautics

ATRN 121 (INTRODUCTION TO AIR TRANSPORTATION)

 Week 4
Introduction to Air
Transportation

ATRN 121
Week 5 (2023)

Airports
“Airport” means an area of land or water that is used or intended to be used for the landing and
take-off of aircraft, and includes its buildings and facilities. (FAR 1.1)

Ø Classes of Aerodromes:
• Airport
• Seaport
• Heliport
• Military Airport

Classification of Airports in the Philippines

Air Transportation Office System 2008 (ATO)

Ø International Airports - were airports capable of handling international flights.
• Regular International Airports - were used for the operation of aircraft engaged in
international air navigation and served as country's primary international gateways.
• Alternate International Airports - were airports capable of handling international flights
in lieu of the regular international airports, but were not designated as primary
international gateways.
Air Transportation Office System 2008 (ATO)
Ø Trunkline Airports - were airports serving the principal commercial centers of the Philippines, intended
for use by medium-range jets. These were, in most cases, the only domestic airports equipped with
instrument landing systems.
Ø Secondary Airports - were airports serving smaller urban areas capable of at least handling smaller
propeller aircraft, though some were capable of supporting jet aircraft. These airports were only open
from sunrise until sunset, usually requiring notification of airport authorities if nighttime landing is a
necessity.
Ø Feeder Airports - were airports capable of handling smaller piston aircraft. Many facilities in this
category were small airstrips serving more remote areas.

Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines System (CAAP)

Ø International Airports (15) - are airports capable of handling international flights and have border
control facilities. Airports in this category include airports that currently serve, or previously served,
international destinations.
Ø Principal Airports - are airports which serve domestic destinations.
Types of Principal Airports:
• Class 1 principal airports are airports capable of serving jet aircraft with a capacity of at least 100 seats.
As of August 2016 there are 15 airports under this sub-category.
• Class 2 principal airports are airports capable of serving propeller aircraft with a capacity of at least 19
seats.
Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines System (CAAP)
Ø Community Airports - are airports that are used primarily as Regional and Local Airports or for General
aviation.

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

Ø Commercial Service Airports - are publicly owned airports that have at least 2,500 passenger boardings
each calendar year and receive scheduled passenger service.

Types of Commercial Service Airports

• Nonprimary Commercial Service Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have at least 2,500
and no more than 10,000 passenger boarding's each year.
• Primary Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have more than 10,000 passenger
boarding's each year. Hub categories for Primary Airports are defined as a percentage of total
passenger boarding's within the United States in the most current calendar year ending before the
start of the current fiscal year.
§ Large, Medium, Small and Non Hub
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Ø Cargo Service Airports - are airports that, in addition to any other air transportation services that may
be available, are served by aircraft providing air transportation of only cargo with a total annual
landed weight of more than 100 million pounds. "Landed weight" means the weight of aircraft
transporting only cargo in intrastate, interstate, and foreign air transportation. An airport may be both
a commercial service and a cargo service airport.
Ø Reliever Airports - are airports designated by the FAA to relieve congestion at Commercial Service
Airports and to provide improved general aviation access to the overall community. These may be
publicly or privately-owned.
Ø General Aviation Airports - are public-use airports that do not have scheduled service or have less
than 2,500 annual passenger boarding's (49 USC 47102(8)). Approximately 88 percent of airports
included in the NPIAS are general aviation.
The Hubs of Aviation

Airports
Around the world, there are 41,788 airports(including those used for the military, GA and
the airlines). 3,883 of those airports support scheduled commercial airline flights.

Note: Philippines have more than 100 airports.

Airports Council International (ACI)

ACI is the voice of world’s airports, serving 623 members who operate more than 1,940
airports through 176 countries.
Annex 14: Aerodromes

The ICAO Council first adopted SARP’s for Aerodromes in 1951, which evolved to become Annex
14 to the Chicago Convention which currently has 2 volumes:
1. Aerodrome Design and Operations
2. Heliports

Certification
Aerodromes used for International flights must be certified and issued an Aerodrome
Certificate (AC) by their Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).

Requirement
To earn an AC, an applicant must submit an aerodrome manual to their CAA for approval.
Identifying Airports
The aviation industry uses unique codes to identify airports. These airports identifiers are
commonly used on flight plans, travel booking websites and are printed on checked luggage tags.

Two Types of Codes:

Ø ICAO Codes are primarily used for international standardization, within aeronautical flight plans
and by air navigation service providers (ANSPs) around the world.
Examples: Toronto(CYYZ), Atlanta(KATL), Sao Paulo(SBGR), London(EGLL), Frankfurt(EDDF),
Paris(LFPG), Rome(LIRF), Moscow(UUEE), Beijing(ZBAA), Tokyo (RJTT), Sydney(YSSY)
Ø IATA Codes are used to support airlines, and are used for reservations, timetables, and bag tags
within airlines.
Examples: Toronto(YYZ), Atlanta(ATL), Sao Paulo(GRU), London(LHR), Frankfurt(FRA), Paris(CDG),
Rome(FCO), Moscow(SVO), Beijing(PEK), Tokyo (HND), Sydney(SYD)
Time Standardization
International aviation operations use Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the standard time
in Greenwich, UK. Around the world, local time is often expressed relative to UTC (for example: UTC
+8)
The Division of Airport Operations

Landside (Open to the Public)

Ø An unrestricted area which is open to the general public.
Ø The landside includes:
1. Roadways
2. Parking Lots
3. Airline check-in and baggage drop-off
Ø The landside of the airport ends at the security checkpoint within the terminal building.

Airside (Secured Portion of Airport)

Ø Secured portion of the airport beginning with the security checkpoint in the terminal
building and extending to the perimeter fence which encircle the entire airfield.
Ø The airside includes:
1. The secured area of terminal building
2. Apron/ramp
3. Taxiway and runway
Ø When an arriving passenger passes through customs/immigration they leave the secured
airside of the airport and transition to the landside.
 The Airport Components
Ø Landside (Open to the Public) of the airport is unsecured and includes roadways, parking lots
and walkways, and the part of unsecured part of the terminal building.
• Terminal building – houses security, and therefore is the transition between the airports
landside and airside. Arriving passengers will pass from the airside to the landside when
they leave the secured section of the airports (customs/immigration).

Ø Airside (Secured Portion of Airport) of an airport includes the secured section of the terminal
building, gates, apron, taxiways, runways, control tower, hangars and other buildings, and
extends to the perimeter fence in the airfield.
• Apron – can be considered the parking area for an aircraft.
• Taxiway – an interconnected roads used by aircraft.
• Runway – is an rectangular area used for landing and taking-off.
• Control Tower – it ensure the safe separation of aircraft during taxi, take-off and landing.
The Terminal Configurations
The Terminal Configurations
The Terminal Configurations
The Terminal Configurations
The Terminal Configurations
The Terminal Configurations
The Terminal Configurations
Airport Management Team
 Airport Management Team
Ø Board of Directors
• Airports are governed by a board of directors and they make strategic decisions on
major issues.
Ø Airport Manager
• Important leadership role within the airport. Responsible for the day-to-day
operations and management of the airport.
Ø Management Team
• Leadership role per departments. Every head of the department must report to
the airport manager.
Ø Engineering/Construction Team
• Overall operations in the ground.
The Airport Community
The Airport Community
The Airport Community
The Airport Community
The Airport Community
Thank you!
Prepared by:
BS Air Transportation Department
PATTS College of Aeronautics

ATRN 121 (INTRODUCTION TO AIR TRANSPORTATION)

 Week 5
Introduction to Air
Transportation

ATRN 121
Week 5 (2023)

Airlines
Airline is an organization that provide commercial air transport of passenger, cargo, or both.
Most airlines are scheduled operations (as opposed to charter operations that operate flights on
demand.

Ø Terms to Remember
• Commercial – means the organization charges fares and is for-profit.
• Scheduled – means that the times and dates of flights are determined in advance.
• Air Transport – means that people and goods are moved by aircraft.

Airline Operations

Each year, the world’s airlines safely move over 3 billion people on almost 33 million flights
through a network 52,000 routes.

Airlines can be defined as commercial, scheduled air transport operations.

 Categories of Airlines
ü Major Airlines (Traditional Business Model)
v These companies have international (sometimes global) route structures and operate a fleet of
large-jets.
v Major airlines can provide passenger service, cargo service, or both.
v Other term Traditional, Legacy or Full – Service Carrier
v Offers a range of amenities and full customer service departments.
v Organize their routes over a Hub and Spoke (H&S) model with a home “hub” airport linked to the
airports in feeder cities.

ü Major Airlines (Low - Cost Carrier)

v These companies have international (sometimes global) route structures and operate a fleet of
large-jets.
v Major airlines can provide passenger service, cargo service, or both.
v Short term LCC
v Make business decisions that allow them to offer lower fares to passengers (using only one type
of aircraft to reduce costs)
v Offer fewer amenities.
v Typically use a point – to – point (P2P) route structure where cities are connected directly rather
than flowing through a hub airport.
ü Regional Airlines (Traditional Business Model)
v These companies have regional route structures and operate a fleet of smaller aircraft.
v Airlines companies that operate smaller aircraft (usually with less than 120 seats).
v May be independent or a subsidiary of a major airline.
v Operate networks over shorter distances than major airlines.
ü Hub-and-Spoke System
v allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer
aircraft are needed. The system also increases
passenger loads; a flight from a hub to a spoke
carries not just passengers originating at the hub,
but also passengers originating at multiple spoke
cities.

ü Point-to-Point System
v also called a direct network or line network, is a
model in which flights are operated directly
between two cities, regardless of distance.
Utilization of this model makes it possible to save
up 30 % of costs due to direct flights without
stopovers.
 Airline Professionals
1. Cabin Crew – provide in – flight hospitality to customers while also promoting the airline brand
and supporting flight safety.

ü History
v Flight attendants (also called cabin crew) were introduced in 1920s in an effort to make
the air travel experience more pleasant for passengers.
v The first cabin crew were teenage cabin boys, followed by adult men in the late 1920s,
and then trained female nurses.
v During WW2, qualifications shifted again to accept women without nursing
qualifications (as nurses were needed for the war).
v In modern times the training programs for cabin crew are typically 5 – 12 weeks .
v The cost of training is covered by the airline.
v Training covers : Aircraft and Cabin familiarization, Aviation Medicine, Safety Skills for
Emergency Evacuations, Customer service standards for different parts of the cabin
(economy vs. business class).
v Simulators that replicate an aircraft cabin and galley are used in cabin crew training
(they can move to replicate turbulence and can even fill with smoke to replicate fire).
 Airline Professionals
ü History
v Annex 1 of the Chicago Convention does not require cabin crew to be licensed.

v International Transport Worker’s Federation (ITF) (the union representing cabin crew)
is advocating for license with the expectation it will lead to improved pay recognition.

v Flight attendant salary ranges between airlines and around the world. Ranges from
about 15,000 USD a year for junior cabin crew in a regional airline up to 60,000 USD a
year for senior flight crew in major airlines.
 Airline Professionals
2. Airline Dispatchers – work for an airline and help pilots identify the safest and most expeditious
routing for their trip.

Learn more about Airline Dispatchers:

v A dispatcher’s role is similar to an air traffic controller, meaning they are a ground – based
position that interacts with and provides services to aircraft in – flight.
v Dispatchers work Airlines and their roles is to identify the most efficient flight routing.
v Dispatchers require meteorological training to identify hazardous patterns and chart safe
courses to avoid hazards.
v Dispatchers require a license, as specified in Annex 1 of the Chicago Convention.
v Unlike in General Aviation where pilots conduct their own flight planning, in airlines flight
dispatchers complete the flight plans and deliver it to the Captain for approval
v Considerations: Safe routing, Fuel requirements, Maintenance limitations, Takeoff and
Landing weights, Weight and balance, Weather, NOTAMS (notices to airmen of flight hazards
such as clear air turbulence)
 Airlines Professionals
Learn more about Airline Dispatchers:
Ø Responsible for signing the dispatch release, without which the flight does not have authority
to depart.
Ø If events change during flight, the flight dispatcher contacts the Captain of flight in – air and
amend the flight plan.
Ø Responsible for informing the company and general public of any schedule changes (such
delays or cancelations).
Ø Salary ranges between 30,000 USD – 150,000 USD (varying based on seniority and between
airlines).
 Airline Professionals
3. Airline Management – planning, organizing, leading and controlling of an Airline on behalf of
the shareholders.

Learn more about Airline Management:

v The role of the aviation management team to set the strategic direction of the airlines
towards profitability.
v Airlines have reputation as an exciting and glamorous industry, yet there is a history of slim
profit margins within airlines and cyclical periods of profits and subsequent losses.
v Financial success of an airline s often outside the control of management (linked to the
likelihood that the public will choose to fly).
v Airline management teams include a variety of skill sets: Strategic Planning, Human
Resources, Financing and Accounting, Marketing, Media Relations and Operation
Management
v Airline managers monitor performance indicators to balance their capacity with sales and
produce a profit.
 Airlines Professionals
4. Airline Pilots – modern aircrafts are flown by two pilots. The Captain (PIC) and sits in the
cockpit’s left seat and the First Officer who is second – in – command, sits in the cockpit’s right
seat.
Learn more about Airline Pilot:
Learn more about Airline Pilot:
Learn more about Airline Pilot:
Learn more about Airline Pilot:
Learn more about Airline Pilot:
Learn more about Airline Pilot:
Learn more about Airline Pilot:
Learn more about Airline Pilot:
 Airlines Profits and Loss
The financial success of an airline is often outside of the control of management, as it is linked to the likelihood
that the traveling public will choose to fly. This is influenced by:

ü Economics
v During economic downturns: People vacation less and business is conducted more remotely and
do less shipping.

ü Viruses and Possible Pandemics

v If an illness is spreading around the world, people will: avoid air travel to location of the disease
and generally travel less out of cautiousness.

ü Terrorism and War

v If people are afraid of terrorism attacks in aviation, they will fly less.
v Other times, people may be afraid of traveling to a certain part of the world due to war.
Airlines Profits and Loss
Airlines Profits and Loss
Airlines Profits and Loss
 Costs
ü Systems Operations
v A variety of activities that support the success of the airlines (sales, promotions and
administrative) as well as flight attendant salaries.

ü Ground Operations
v The cost of ground crew, maintenance and fees charged for using airport facilities.

ü Flight Operations
v The cost of operating an aircraft
Costs
Thank you!
Prepared by:
BS Air Transportation Department
PATTS College of Aeronautics

ATRN 121 (INTRODUCTION TO AIR TRANSPORTATION)