The National Mathematics and Science College Poster-3

SHADOW FUNCTIONS
Isaac Hung Yevheniia Frankevych

The National Mathematics and Science College
Introduction Cubic Polynomials A highlighted block containing some math

If we have a real zeroes of polynomial function, finding its real solutions can be accomplished by Next, consider the cubic function y1 = c(x − t)(x − (a + bi))(x − (a − bi)), where t, a, b, c ∈IR. A different kind of highlighted block.
locating the points at which it intersects the x-axis (roots). However, when the polynomial has
Z ∞
complex roots, they cannot be plotted on a graph which makes the situation challenging. −x 2 √
e dx = π
To overcome this challenge, we can utilize a method known as the ”shadow function” and its −∞
generators, which helps us determine the real and imaginary components of the complex roots.
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eu nulla suscipit suscipit. Sed lobortis non felis id vulputate.
Objectives
A heading inside a block
Investigating and proving the formula for the shadow function and its generator for quadratic
and cubic functions Praesent consectetur mi x2 + y 2 metus, nec vestibulum justo viverra nec. Proin eget nulla
pretium, egestas magna aliquam, mollis neque. Vivamus dictum u|v sagittis odio, vel porta erat
Determining how the shadow functions may be helpful in finding imaginary components
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Applying these findings to helps identify the real and imaginary components of complex zeros
of quartics Another heading inside a block
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Quadratic Polynomials Figure 2. The cubic function mentum consectetur ∇xP (y | x) sapien sagittis egestas. Duis eget leo euismod nunc viverra
imperdiet nec id justo.
Consider the quadratic function y1 = c((x − a)2 + b2) , where a, b, c ∈ IR
If a complex number z = a + bi is a root of y1 then z̄ = a − bi is also a root of this function. Applications to Quartic
Therefore, a cubic function may only have two complex zeroes and one real root t ∈IR.
The shadow function in this case is another cubic function y2 which intersects with y1 at two First column Second column Third column Fourth
points, has opposite concavity and its zeros are t and x1,2 = a±b as <figure 2>. Foo 13.37 384,394 α
y2 = −c(x − t)(x − (a + b))(x − (a − b)) Bar 2.17 1,392 β
Baz 3.14 83,742 δ
Qux 7.59 974 γ
y2 intersects the x-axes at point (t, 0)
y2 intersects y1 at point (t, 0) and they touch at point (a, cb2(a − t)) Table 1. A table caption.
The ”shadow function” ym in this case can be expressed as:
y1 + y2
ym =
2
References
It can be shown that ym touches both y1 and y2
Similarly, [1] Claude E. Shannon.
Figure 1. The quadratic function x1 + x2 x1 − x2 A mathematical theory of communication.
Re(z, z̄) = a = Im(z, z̄) = ±b = ±( ) Bell System Technical Journal, 27(3):379–423, 1948.
2 2
The coordinate of the vertex is (a, cb 2)

√
when y = 0, x = a ± ib, where i = −1
Quartic polynomials
The ”shadow function” to y1 is another quadratic y2, which shares the same vertex as y1.
However, y2 has opposite concavity to that of y1 and its roots are x1,2 = a±b. While quadratics and cubics could either have zero or two complex roots, a quartic polynomial y1
may have zero, two or four complex roots. Therefore, in the case of a quartic functions we should
[1] y2 = −c((x − a)2 − b2) consider two possibilities.
[2] ym = cb2, where ym is the ’shadow function’
[1] If the quartic function has two complex zeroes, we can represent it as:
Now it isn’t hard to express y2 in terms of y1 and ym: y1 = c(x − t1)(x − t2)(x − (a + bi))(x − (a − bi)), wheret1, t2, a, b ∈ IR
y2 = −y1 + 2cb2 = −y1 + 2ym
y1 + y2
ym =
2
[3] As follows, we can determine the real and imaginary components of z:

x1 + x2 x1 − x2
Re(a ± ib) = a = Im(a ± ib) = ±b = ±( )
2 2
Figure 3. Another figure caption.

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SHADOW FUNCTIONS

Isaac Hung Yevheniia Frankevych

Introduction Cubic Polynomials A highlighted block containing some math

The coordinate of the vertex is (a, cb 2)

[3] As follows, we can determine the real and imaginary components of z:

Figure 3. Another figure caption.

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