Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Module-2
1. Machine Tools and Operations:
Fundamentals of Machining and machine tools, Construction and Working Principle of Lathe,
Various Lathe Operations: Turning, Facing, Taper Turning and Knurling. Construction and
Working of Milling Machines and applications. Construction and working of simple Drilling
Machines and applications. (Sketches of layout need not be dealt with for all machine tools)

2. Introduction to Advanced Manufacturing Systems:

Introduction, components of CNC, advantages and applications of CNC, 3D Printing.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

UNIT-1- Machine Tools and Operations

INTRODUCTION
Manufacturing process may be defined as a process of converting, the raw material into your finished
product of required size and shape depending upon the various processes and methods.

Manufacturing process is broadly classified into two groups.

In metal cutting process, extra amount of material is removed from the work piece in the form of chips.
The material removed due to the relative motion between the cutting tool and the work-piece. In metal
forming process, no material is removed, but it is forced to change its size and shape by applying
external pressure.

Machine Tools:

A Machine tool is defined as Power driven machine to produce a product by removing Excess material
using cutting tool. The excess material removed is called as chips. The machine tools used for most of
the machining processes are Lathe, Drilling, Planing, Milling Grinding machines, Shaper Etc.

LATHE

The Lathe is one of the oldest machine tools used to produce cylindrical objects. Lathe is a Machine
tool where a hard cutting tool is fed against the Rotating work piece to remove Excess material.
The main function of the lathe is to removal of metal from a work piece of work to give it a required
shape and size.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Classification of Lathe Machine Tools:

Lathes are classified based on their design, construction and application. Following are some of the
important lathes used in industries.
1. Speed Lathe 2. Engine Lathe 3. Bench Lathe 4. Tool Room Lathe 5. Capstan & Turret Lathe
6. Special Purpose Lathe 7. Automatic Lathe 8. CNC Lathe (Turning Centers).

Construction & Working of lathe:

The major parts of lathe are:
1. Bed 2. Headstock 3. Tailstock 4. Carriage Assembly 5. Tool post
6. Lead Screw & Feed rod 7. Spindle

1. Bed: The bed forms, the base of the machine. The headstock and the tail stocks are located at
Either end of the bed and the carriage rest over the lathe bed and slides on it.

2. Headstock: The headstock is usually located on the left side of the lathe and it provides
mechanical means of rotating the work at multiple speeds, It contains a hallow spindle and
mechanism for driving and altering this spindle speed.

3. Tail stock: The tail stock is located on the right end and top of the bed ways/ Lathe. It supports
the other end of the work piece. When it is being machine between the centers & It holds the
tool for performing operations, such as drilling. Riming tapping etc

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4. Carriage Assembly: The carriage is located between the headstock and tailstock and contains
several parts such as saddle cross slide, Compound Rest, tool post.
i) Saddle: The saddle is an H- shape casting that fits over the bed and slides along the base. It
carries the cross slide and tool post.
ii) Cross slide: It is mounted on the saddle and enables the movement of the cutting tool
laterally, across the lathe bed by means of a cross feed handle. It also serves as the support
for the compound rest
iii) Compound rest: The compound rest is mounted on top of the cross slide and has a
Circular base graduated in degrees. It is used for obtaining angular cuts and short tapers.

5. Tool post: This is located on top of the compound slide to hold the tool and enable
it to be adjusted to convenient Working position.

6. Lead Screw & Feed rod: The lead screw is used to move the carriage automatically during
threading.
The movement of the tool related to the work is called as a feed. Feed rod is used to move the
carriage from left to right and vice versa

7. Spindle: The hole through the headstock to which bar stock can be fed, which allows shafts that
are up to 2 times the length between lathe centers to be worked on one end at a time.

Principle working of a Lathe Machine Tool:

Lathe machine is one of the most important machine tools which is used in the metalworking
Industry. It operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting tool. The
Cutting tool is feed into the work piece which rotates about its own axis causing the work piece
to form the desired shape.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

LATHE OPERATIONS
Some of the operations carried out on a lathe machine are Facing, Turning, Step turning, Taper turning,
Knurling, Thread cutting.

1. Turning: Turning is a lathe operation used to remove

excess material from the work piece and to produce a
cylindrical surface of desired dimension. This operation
reduces the diameter of the work piece. Here the work
piece revolves the tool is fed against the work piece in a
direction parallel to the axis of the spindle as shown in
the Fig 1 ( Cylindrical or Plain Turning) Fig 1 Turning

2. Facing: Facing is the operation used to produce a flat surface on Ends of the work piece. This
operation reduces the diameter of the work piece. Here the work piece revolves the tool is fed
against the work piece in a direction Perpendicular to the axis of the spindle as shown in the Fig 2

Fig 2 Facing

3. Knurling: Knurling is the process of

generating serrated surface on work piece this is used to produce rough surface for gripping using
Knurling tool. Knurling is done to provide grip on handles, screw heads, Micrometer, screw gauge
Etc., Fig 3

Fig 3 Knurling

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4. Thread Cutting: Thread cutting on a lathe is to produce a helical groove on a revolving cylindrical
surface by feeding the tool longitudinally as shown in the Fig 4. The tool movement will be
automatic by engaging the carriage assembly to lead screw. Since the lead screw is geared to the
spindle, the carriage will move a predetermined distance per revolution of the work piece.

Fig 4 Thread cutting

5. Taper Turning:

Taper turning is an operation used to produce conical surface on the work piece as shown in Fig 5
Taper angle can be expressed as α = tan-1 D – d
2l
Taper turning can be carried out by any one of the following
methods: i) By swiveling the compound rest
ii)By offsetting the tailstock
iii) By using a form tool
(iv)By using taper turning attachment
Fig 5 Taper Turning

(i) Taper turning by swiveling of compound rest:

A taper can be produced with the use of compound rest as shown in the figure. The tool mounted on the
compound rest is attached to a circular base graduated in degrees, which may be swivelled and clamped
at any desired angle. The tool is fed by hand by rotating the compound slide screw. (Fig 6)

Fig 6 Taper Turning by Swiveling Compound rest

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(ii) Taper turning by tailstock offset method:

In the tailstock offset method as shown in the Fig 7, the centre line of the workpiece be offset from the
axis of the lathe and the tool is fed parallel to the axis of the lathe. This is achieved by moving the
tailstock towards or away from the operator by means of set over screw.

Fig 7 Taper Turning by tailstock offset method

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Milling Machine Tool

Milling is a metal cutting operation in which the cutting tool is a slow revolving cutter having cutting
teeth formed on its periphery. The milling cutter is a multipoint cutting tool. The work piece is mounted
on a movable worktable, which will be fed against the revolving milling cutter to perform the cutting
operation.
Principle of Milling

Figure shown above is the principle of cutting action of a milling cutter. The milling cutter is mounted
on a rotating shaft known as arbor. The work piece which is mounted on the table can be fed either in
the direction opposite to that of the rotating cutter as shown in above fig (a) is called as conventional or
up-milling. The work piece which is mounted on the table can be fed in the same direction to that of the
cutter as shown in above fig (b). is called as Down-milling
Milling Machine Tool:
A Milling Machine is a machine tool in which a stationary work piece is fed against a rotating multi
point cutter.
Various types of milling machines are
1) Plain or horizontal type of milling machine.
2) Vertical Milling Machine
3) Universal Milling machine
4) Planer type milling machine
5) Profile cutting milling machine.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Horizontal Milling Machine:

The schematic arrangement of horizontal milling machine/Column and knee type milling machine is as
shown in the figure. The cutters are placed on Horizontal Arbor.
Milling machine has some
principal parts. The various
parts are:

1. Base
2. Column
3. Knee
4. Arbor
5. Saddle
6. Table
7. Overhanging arm
8. Driving and feeding
Mechanism

1. Base:
a) The base of the machine is made up of Cast iron and serves as a foundation member for
all other parts which rests on it.
b) The base carries the column at its one end and other end of the base contains a space for
table elevating screw or knee supporting screw.
2. Column:
a) The column is the main supporting frame mounted on the base.
b) It is box-shaped and houses all the driving mechanism for the spindle and feed table.
c) The top of the column is finished to hold an over arm that extends beyond the front of
the machine.
3. Knee:
a) The Knee is a casting mounted on the front vertical slide of the column and is moved.
up or down by an elevating screw.
b) The upper face of the knee is provided with guide ways so as to mount the saddle.

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4. Arbor: Arbor is an extension of the machine spindle on which milling cutters are securely
mounted and rotated.
5. Saddle:
a) The top of the knee is placed with saddle, which slides on guide ways set exactly at 900.
b) The top of the saddle is precisely machined to provide Dovetail guide ways for the table.
6. Table:
a) The table is mounted on the top of the saddle.
b) The bottom of the table has a dovetail slide which fits in the slide way on the top of the
saddle.
7. Overhanging Arm: The overhanging arm extends from the column in order to support the
Arbor thus provides rigidity to the rotating cutter.
8. Driving and feeding Mechanism: Column houses the driving mechanism to drive the spindle
and feeding mechanism to feed the table.

Vertical Milling Machines: The vertical mills have a vertically arranged spindle axis and rotate
by staying at the same axis. The spindle can also be extended and performing functions such as drilling
and cutting. Vertical mill has got two further categories as well: turret mill and bed mill.

Note: Same Parts as Horizontal Milling Machine Has To Be Explained For Vertical Milling Machine.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Milling machine Operations

A variety of milling operations are performed on a milling machine to produce a horizontal,

vertical, inclined surfaces, keyways, slots, gear teeth etc., A few of the most commonly used milling
operations are described here.
1. Plain milling:
Slab milling or plain milling is a method of producing flat
surfaces parallel to the cutter axis as shown in the figure. The
cutter used in this operation is called plain milling cutter or slab
milling cutter. It has straight or helical teeth cut on the periphery
of a cylindrical surface. This operation is performed on a
horizontal milling machine.

2. Slot milling:
It is process to produce desired slots, grooves and key
ways using suitable cutters. Similarly open slots and closed
slots can be cut by using plain milling cutters and end milling
cutters respectively. T-slots and dove tail slots are cut by using
special cutters.

3. Form milling:
Form milling is an operation of generating specific forms such
as semicircular grooves, hemispherical cavities, concave or convex
slots, etc on work pieces. This is carried out by using a form milling
cutter or an end milling cutter with the specific form on it. This process
is illustrated in the figure.

3. Angular milling:
It is a process of producing V-grooves of desired angle. It is
accomplished by using a single or double angle cutter. A single angle
cutter consists of teeth inclined to the axis on one conical surface and is
used for cutting chambers. A double angle cutter consists of teeth on two
conical surfaces and is used for V-grooves as shown in the figure.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

4. End milling:
It is an operation of producing narrow slots, grooves and key
ways using and end mill. The milling cutter may be attached to the
vertical spindle for milling the slot as shown in the figure. The depth of
cut is given by raising the machine table.

Applications of Milling Machine:

The applications of Milling Machine are as follows.

1. The milling machine is used for making various types of gears.

2. It is generally used to produce slot or groove in work pieces.
3. It can able to machine flat surface and irregular surfaces too.
4. It is used in industries to produce complex shapes.
5. It is used in Institutions or colleges to conduct lab tests on milling machine.
Advantages of Milling Machine:

The advantages of Milling Machine are as follows.

1. It can able to produce complex shapes with multi-point cutting tool very easily.
2. The production rate is also high.
3. The lead time will be reduced.
4. High accuracy of the component can be obtained.
5. With the help of various milling cutters, the operator is able to do the work fastly.
6. It can also be controlled by CNC machines.
Disadvantages of Milling Machine:

The disadvantages of Milling Machine are as follows.

1. It can consume more electricity during operation.

2. It requires skilled operator to perform milling operations accurately.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Drilling Machine Tool

A drilling machine, also called a drill press, is a powerful tool used to cut a round hole into or
through metal, plastic, wood, or other solid materials. The drilling cutting tool (Drill Bit) is held in the
drill press by a chuck and fed into the work at variable speeds.

Parts of Drilling Machine/Construction of Drilling machine :

A drilling machine is usually composed of several or all of the following parts.

1. Base 2. Column 3. Work Table 4. Spindle 5. Feeding Mechanism 6. Drill Head
7. Electric Motor

1. Base:
The base of the machine is made up of Cast iron and serves as a foundation member for
all other parts which rests on it.
3. Column:
a) The column is the main supporting frame mounted on the base.

b) It is box-shaped and houses driving mechanism for the spindle and Work table.

c) The drill head has drill spindle and the driving motor on either side of the column.
4. Worktable: Mounted on the column, can move vertically and horizontally.
5. Spindle: Holds the drill or cutting tool and revolves in a fixed position in a sleeve.
6. Feeding Mechanism: Hand and automatic feed by an electrical motor.
7. Drill Head: Mounted on one side of the arm, consists of feed and driving mechanism. It can
slide up and down.
7. Electric Motor: It consists of motor, stepped pulley, V-belt and the Spindle. The power
transmission is done through v belt from motor to rotate the spindle.
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Working of Drilling Machine

When the power is given to the motor, the spindle rotates, and thereby the stepped pulley attached
to it also rotates. On the other end, one more stepped pulley is attached Now, a V-belt is placed in
between the stepped pulleys so as to drive the power transmission As the Pulleys rotate, the spindle also
rotates which can rotate the drill bit Now, by the rotation of the hand-wheel, the spindle moves up and
down in the vertical direction in order to give the necessary amount of feed to the work, and this drill
bit is used to make the holes on the component placed in the machine vice.

Drilling machine Operations

1. Drilling:
Drilling is an operation of producing cylindrical hole in a solid metal by means of a cutting tool
called drill as shown in the figure. To produce the hole, the cutting tool (drill) is moved (fed) against
stationery work piece.

2. Reaming:
Reaming is the operation of smoothening the surface of the pre-drilled hole by means of
reamer tool as shown in the figure. After drilling the hole to a slightly smaller size, the reamer is
mounted on the place of drill & reaming is done in the same way as drilling.

3. Boring:
Boring is the process used to increase the size of an already drilled hole by using single point
cutting tool as shown in the figure. When a suitable size drill is not available, initially a hole is drilled
to the nearest size & using a single point cutting tool the size of the hole is increased to the required
size.

Drilling Reaming Boring

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4. Counter sinking:
Counter sinking is the operation of producing conical seating at the end of a hole to
accommodate the conical head of component such as screw or rivet. A counter sinking tool and a
counter sunk hole is shown in the figure.

5. Counter boring:
Counter boring is the operation of enlarging a previously drilled hole for given depth to
accommodate a socket head screw, cap screw, bolt or nut. The tool used is called counter bore. The
counter bored portion of the hole must be concentric to the predrilled hole. A pilot is provided at the
cutting end, which locates in the existing hole and guides the tool during cutting as shown in the figure.

6. Spot facing:
Spot facing is the operation of machining a flat, circular surface around a hole to provide a seat
for a bolt head, nut or washer as shown in the figure. The spot face cutter is similar to a counter bore
cutter, but has teeth on the end only

Counter boring Countersinking Spot facing

7. Tapping:
Tapping shown in Figure is the operation of cutting internal
threads by means of a cutting tool called a tap. A tap may be
considered as a bolt with accurate threads cut on it. When the tap
is screwed into the hole it removes metal and cuts internal threads
which will fit into external threads of the same size.
Tapping

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Unit-2 - Introduction to Advanced Manufacturing Systems

INTRODUCTION

Modern or Non-traditional manufacturing processes are defined as a group of processes that

remove excess material by various techniques involving mechanical, thermal, electrical or chemical
energy combinations of these energies.

Definition of CNC: CNC is a computer controller that accepts a program & stores in the memory of
computer, which in turn controls the working of Machine tool.

Components of CNC: Fig shows the line diagram of CNC system. The following are the components
of CNC system.

1. Program Input Device

2. Machine Control Unit
3. Machine tool

1. Program Input Devices: In CNC the part program is done manually or Punched on tapes are
fed into the memory of computer to produce desired part. Sometimes Universal Serial Bus
(USB), ethernet communication, Tapes and recording devices can be used as input devices.

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2. Machine Control Unit: The machine control unit (MCU) is a microcomputer that stores the
program and executes the commands into Mechanical Actions of Machine Tool. The MCU
consists of two main units: the data processing unit (DPU) and the control loops Unit (CLU).
a) DPU- Data processing unit - Processes the data from the part program and provides it
to the control loops Unit
b) CLU- Control loops Unit - CLU which operates the drives attached to Machine tool.

3. Machine tool: The machine tool could be one of the following: lathe, milling machine, laser,
plasma, etc. Machine tool actuated as per the program through various mechanical driving and feeding
mechanisms. Machine tool performs the intended task over the work piece.

Advantages of the CNC Machine Tool:

1. Machining is accurate
2. Time taken to perform a job is very less
3. Using CNC machines results in a safer work environment
4. Number of operators required to operate a machine are reduced
5. Complex shaped contours can be machined. Turbine blades, impellers etc.
6. Can be easily programmed to handle variety of product styles

Dis-Advantages of the CNC Machine Tool :.

1. Skilled programmers required.
2. Cost of the labour can be high
3. Cost of the CNC machine is high compared to the conventional machine tools
4. CNC machines require air conditioned environment thus extra costs are involved.
5. Spares of CNC machines are relatively costlier than conventional machines.

Applications of the CNC:

1. Metal removal industries
2. Material fabrication industries
3. Machining industries where the machining task is difficult to perform manually.
4. Aluminum and brass machining.
5. Prototyping and 3D modeling.
6. Musical instruments.

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Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Introduction to 3-D Printing

The evolution of Additive Manufacturing (rapid prototyping, 3D printing, and free form
fabrication) has changed the face of direct, digital technologies for the rapid production of models,
prototypes, patterns, and fit & functional parts. Additive Manufacturing technology has become a
revolutionary field in manufacturing. This AM technology known by many names such as:
1. 3D printing
2. Rapid prototyping and manufacturing.
3. Free-form fabrication
4. Solid free-form fabrication
5. Direct Digital Manufacturing
6. Additive Manufacturing (AM) is the official term for the technology as per ASTM international
(American Society for Testing and Materials) & ISO.

3-D printing: 3-D printing also known as additive manufacturing is a method of creating three-
dimensional physical models layer-by-layer directly from a computer-aided design (CAD) data.
Instead of removing material to create a part, process adds material in successive patterns to create the
desired shape.
Main areas of use:
1. Prototyping
2. Specialized parts – aerospace, military, biomedical engineering, dental
3. Hobbies and home use
4. Future applications– medical (body parts), buildings and cars.

Key points of 3-D PRINTING

1. 3D Printing uses software that slices the 3D model into layers (0.01mm thick or less in most
cases). Each layer is then traced onto the build plate by the printer, once the pattern is
completed, the build plate is lowered and the next layer is added on top of the previous one.

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2. Processes such as Milling and Cutting are subtractive manufacturing techniques. This type of
process creates a lot of waste, 3D Printing eliminates such waste since the material is placed in
the location that it is needed only, the rest will be left out as empty space.
Types of 3D Printing
1. Fused Deposition Modeling
2. Material Jetting
3. Photo polymerization/Stereolithography
4. Powder Bed Fusion
5. Sheet Lamination
6. Directed Energy Deposition

1. Fused Deposition Modeling

Fuse deposition modeling (FDM) is a common material extrusion process and is trademarked
by the company Stratasys. Material is drawn through a nozzle, where it is heated and is then
deposited layer by layer. The nozzle can move horizontally and a platform moves up and down
vertically after each new layer is deposited. It is a commonly used technique used on many
Inexpensive, domestic and hobby 3D printers.

Fused Deposition Modeling

1. First layer is built as nozzle deposits material where required onto the cross sectional area

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of first object slice.

2. The following layers are added on top of previous layers
3. Layers are fused together upon deposition as the material is in a melted state.
2. Material Jetting

Material jetting creates objects in a similar method to a two dimensional ink jet printer.
Material is jetted onto a build platform using either a continuous or Drop on Demand
(DOD) approach.

Material Jetting

1. Material is jetted onto the build surface or platform, where it solidifies and the model is built
layer by layer. Material is deposited from a nozzle which moves horizontally across the build
platform. The material layers are then cured or hardened using ultraviolet.

2. As material must be deposited in drops, the number of materials available to use is limited.
Polymers and waxes are suitable and commonly used materials, due to their viscous nature and
ability to form drops.

3. Photopolymerization/Stereolithography
It is a form of 3D printing technology used for creating models, prototypes, patterns, and
production of parts in a layer by layer fashion.

1. Stereolithography is an additive manufacturing process that works by focusing an ultraviolet

(UV) laser on to a vat of photopolymer resin. With the help of (CAM/CAD) software, the
UV laser is used to draw a pre- programmed design or shape on to the surface of the
photopolymer vat.

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2. Photopolymers are sensitive to ultraviolet light, UV Laser beam traces a cross-section of the
part pattern on the surface of the liquid resin. , so the resin is photo chemically solidified and
forms a single layer of the desired 3D object & SLA's elevator platform descends.

3. A resin-filled blade sweeps across the cross section of the part, re-coating it with fresh material

4. This process is repeated for each layer of the design until the 3D object is complete. Completed
parts must be washed with a solvent to clean wet resin off their surfaces.

Stereolithography
4 .Powder Bed Fusion

The Powder Bed Fusion process includes the following commonly used printing techniques: Direct
metal laser sintering (DMLS), Electron beam melting (EBM), Selective heat sintering (SHS),
Selective laser melting (SLM) and Selective laser sintering (SLS). Powder bed fusion (PBF) methods
use either a laser or electron beam to melt and fuse material powder together. Electron beam melting
(EBM), methods require a vacuum but can be used with metals and alloys in the creation of
functional parts.

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Powder Bed Fusion

1. A layer typically 0.1mm thick is spread over build plat form.

2. A laser fuses the first layer or first cross section of the model.
3. A new layer of powder is spread across the previous layer using a roller.
4. Further layers or cross sections are fused and added.
5. The process repeats until the entire model is created. Loose, unused powder is remains in
position but is removed during post processing

5. Sheet Lamination

Sheet lamination processes include ultrasonic additive manufacturing (UAM) and laminated object
manufacturing (LOM). The Ultrasonic Additive manufacturing process uses sheets or ribbons of
metal, which are bound together using ultrasonic welding.. Laminated object manufacturing (LOM)
uses a similar layer by layer approach but uses paper as material and adhesive instead of welding.
UAM uses metals and includes aluminium, copper, stainless steel and titanium.

1. The material is positioned in place on the cutting bed.

2. The material is bonded in place, over the previous layer, using the adhesive.

3. The required shape is then cut from the layer, by laser or knife.

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4. The next layer is added.

5. Steps two and three can be reversed and alternatively, the material can be cut before being
positioned and bonded.

6. Directed Energy Deposition

Directed Energy Deposition (DED) covers a range of terminology: ‘Laser engineered net shaping,
directed light fabrication, direct metal deposition, 3D laser cladding’ It is a more complex printing
process commonly used to repair or add additional material to existing components.

Directed Energy Deposition

1. A 4 or 5 axis arm with nozzle moves around a fixed object.

2. Material is deposited from the nozzle onto existing surfaces of the object.
3. Material is either provided in wire or powder form.
4. Material is melted using a laser, electron beam or plasma arc upon deposition.
5. Further material is added layer by layer and solidifies, creating or repairing new materialfeatures
on the existing object

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Advantages of the 3-D Printing

1. Layer by layer production allows for much greater flexibility and creativity in the design
process.
2. 3D Printing significantly speeds up the design and prototyping process.
3. Parts can be created within hours
4. Also, since the price of 3D printers has decreased over the years, some 3D printers are now
within financial reach of the ordinary consumer or small company.
5. No longer do designers have to design for manufacture, but instead they can create a part that is
lighter and stronger by means of better design.

Disadvantages of the 3-D Printing

1. 3D printing in general include expensive hardware and expensive materials. This leads to
expensive parts, thus making it hard if you were to compete with mass production.
2. 3D Printing is not the answer to every type of production method.
3. It also requires a CAD designer to create what the customer has in mind, and can be expensive
if the part is very intricate.

Applications of the 3-D Printing

1. Rapid Prototyping

Models and parts for research purposes can be easily manufacture whenever required. Easy to make
changes in the models as per the research proceedings.

2. Food

Cornell Creative Machines Lab is making food items such as chocolates, candy, pasta, pizza using
3D printing technique since 2012.

3. Apparel

Mr. Praveen D.N. Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, A.I.T., Tumakuru Page 24
Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

Products such as customize shoes, clothes and eye wears are being manufactured. Nike is using 3D
printing to manufacture the “Vapor Laser Talon” football shoe for players of American football

4. Aerospace and Automobile Manufacturing

In 2010 Urbee became the first car whose whole body was 3D printed In early 2014, Swedish
supercar manufacturer, Koenigsegg, manufactured a supercar having many 3D printed mechanical
parts in it.

5. Firearms
a) Defense arms such as guns, rifles and safety equipment has also been manufacture by
AM.

b) In 2013, ‘Solid Concepts’, based in Austin, Texas, USA succeeded in manufacturing

first working metal gun.

6. Medical
a) Nowadays medical devices, specific implants, hearing aids, dental products and pills
are being manufacture by AM.
b) During October 2014, a five year old girl born without fully formed fingers on her
left hand became the first child in the UK to have a prosthetic hand made with 3D
printing.
c) 3D printed pills which allows very porous pills to be produced, which enables high
drug doses in a single pill which dissolves quickly and can be ingested easily.

7. Bio printing
Bio printing refers to manufacturing artificial biological organs and body parts capable of working
like original ones. Chinese scientists began printing ears, livers and kidneys, with living tissue.

8. Education and Research

Scientific instruments, replicas of historical items, internal organs of human body, 3D models of
molecules and chemical compounds can be printed in classroom laboratories to study them.

Mr. Praveen D.N. Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, A.I.T., Tumakuru Page 25
Elements of Mechanical Engineering (22EME13/23)

MACHINE TOOLS:
1. Define a machine tool. What is the function of a lathe?
2. With a neat sketch highlight the specification of a lathe.
3. Briefly explain the following operations: a. Plain turning b. Taper turning c. Knurling
4. Explain the swiveling of tool post method & tailstock set over method of taper turning.
5. Name the various machining operations that can be conducted on a lathe.
6. What is drilling? Mention different types of drilling machines.
7. What is the main advantage of a radial drilling machine?
8. Name the various operations that can be performed on a drilling machine.
9. Differentiate (a) Drilling and Reaming. (b) Boring and counter boring.
10. Explain how and when a thread cutting is performed on a drilling machine.
11. What is milling? Explain. Classify the different types of Milling Machines.
12. With the help of sketches differentiate between up and down milling operations.
13. List out the various operations that can be performed on a milling machine.
14. Explain briefly the specifications of a Milling Machine.

CNC MACHINE TOOLS & 3-D PRINTING

1. Define CNC. Discuss the elements of a CNC system with a neat block diagram.
2. What are the advantages & Disadvantages of the CNC Machines?
3. Mention the Applications of CNC Machine tools.
4. Mention the Advantages, Dis advantages & Applications of 3-D Printing
5. Write an Note on 3-D printing Technology.
6. With a neat sketch explain any Two types of 3-D printing.

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Mr. Praveen D.N. Asst. Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, A.I.T., Tumakuru Page 27