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    Database System Concepts-2023

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    張育安
    The document discusses the ANSI-SPARC three-level database architecture which separates the conceptual, logical, and physical levels to provide data independence. It explains how the conceptual, implementation, and physical data models fit within the three levels. Examples are provided of conceptual and implementation data models as well as relational and physical data models.

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    Database System Concepts-2023

    Uploaded by

    張育安
    33 views27 pages
    The document discusses the ANSI-SPARC three-level database architecture which separates the conceptual, logical, and physical levels to provide data independence. It explains how the conceptual, implementation, and physical data models fit within the three levels. Examples are provided of conceptual and implementation data models as well as relational and physical data models.

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    The document discusses the ANSI-SPARC three-level database architecture which separates the conceptual, logical, and physical levels to provide data independence. It explains how the conceptual, implementation, and physical data models fit within the three levels. Examples are provided of conceptual and implementation data models as well as relational and physical data models.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views27 pages

    Database System Concepts-2023

    Uploaded by

    張育安
    The document discusses the ANSI-SPARC three-level database architecture which separates the conceptual, logical, and physical levels to provide data independence. It explains how the conceptual, implementation, and physical data models fit within the three levels. Examples are provided of conceptual and implementation data models as well as relational and physical data models.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 27

    Database System Concepts

    & Architecture

    Wen-Chih Peng
    Covid-19

    • Something about Covid 2019


    • 鍵盤救國
    https://www.businessweekly.
    com.tw/focus/blog/3001698
    • 口罩地圖
    https://mask.pdis.nat.gov.tw
    • 類流感分析
    https://fluforecast.cdc.gov.tw
    • Novel Corona Virus 2019
    Dataset
    ANSI-SPARC Three-Level Architecture

    3
    Examples of Three Levels of ANSI-SPARC
    Architecture

    4
    Data Independence and the ANSI-SPARC
    Three-Level Architecture

    5
    Data Independence
    • Logical Data Independence
    • Refers to immunity of external schemas to changes in conceptual
    schema.
    • Conceptual schema changes (e.g. addition/removal of entities).
    • Should not require changes to external schema or rewrites of
    application programs.

    6
    Data Independence
    • Physical Data Independence
    • Refers to immunity of conceptual schema to changes in the internal
    schema.
    • Internal schema changes (e.g. using different file organizations, storage
    structures/devices).
    • Should not require change to conceptual or external schemas.

    7
    Categories of Data Models

    Conceptual
    Data Models

    Implementation
    Data Models

    Physical
    Data Models
    Data Model
    • Data abstraction: hiding details of data storage that are not needed by most
    DB users
    • Data model
    • Provides the necessary means to achieve data abstraction
    • A collection of concepts that can be used to describe the structure of a
    DB
    • Structure: data types, relationships & constraints on data
    • a set of basic operators on data
    • Concepts to specify dynamic aspect or behavior of a DB application
    • Allows DB designer to specify a set of valid user defined operators.
    Categories of Data Models
    • Categorized according to types of concepts
    • High level data model
    • Conceptual data model
    • Provide concepts that are close to the way users perceive data
    • Low level data model
    • Physical data model
    • Provides concept that describe the details of how data is stored in the computer
    • Meant for computer specialists, not for typical end users
    • Representational data model
    • Implementation data models
    • Provide concepts that maybe understood by end users but that are not far
    removed from the way data is organized with the computer
    • Hide some details of data storage but can be implemented on a computer system
    in direct way
    Conceptual Data Models

    Conceptual data model uses


    • Entity
    • a real world object or concept
    • Attribute
    • property of interest that further describes an entity
    • Relationship
    • represents an interaction among the entities

    Example of conceptual data model


    • Entity-Relationship model (ER model)
    An Example Conceptual Data Model
    Implementation Data Model

    Implementation data model Examples of implementation data


    model
    represents data by using record structures relational data model
    record-based data models network data model
    hierarchical data model
    object data model (closer to conceptual data model)
    An Example Conceptual Data Model
    An Example of Data Model

    員工編號 姓名 講授科目
    060302 曹孝櫟 C001
    060301 吳毅成 C004 課程編號 課程名稱 時間
    060306 李毅郎 C002
    C001 作業系統 星期四
    060309 黃俊龍 C003
    C002 計算機組織 星期三
    060308 彭文志 C005
    C003 編譯器 星期一
    C004 演算法 星期二
    C005 資料庫系統 星期五
    員工編號 使用課本
    060301 Operating Systems
    060302 Algorithms
    060306 Computer Architecture
    060309 Compiler Design
    060308 Database Systems
    Relational
    Data Model
    Physical Data Model
    • Physical data model
    • describe how data is stored in the computer
    • record formats, record ordering, access paths
    Schema
    • Database schema
    • description of a database
    • specified during database design
    • is not expected to change frequently
    • Schema evolution: schema change
    • Intension of the schema
    • Schema diagram: a displayed schema
    • Schema construct: object in the schema
    • Metadata (data about data) = schema + constraints
    • DBMS stores metadata in the DBMS catalog (data dictionary)
    An Example of Schema
    Database State

    Data in the DB at a particular moment in


    Database state time
    Current set of occurrences or instances in
    (snapshot) the DB
    Extension of schema

    is responsible for ensuring valid state

    DBMS Valid state: a states that satisfies the


    structure & constraints specified in the
    schema
    Components of Database Manager

    21
    DBMS Languages

    DBMS Languages

    • DDL (data definition language): conceptual schema


    • SDL (storage definition language): internal schema
    • VDL (view definition language): view schema
    • DML (data manipulation language)

    SQL = DDL+ VDL + DML + constraints + schema


    evolution
    Types of DML
    • Types of DML
    • High level DML
    • nonprocedural, declarative
    • specifies which data to be retrieved
    • interactive or embedded in high level programming language
    • e.g. C + SQL, Visual BASIC +SQL
    • set-at-a-time
    • Low level DML
    • Procedural
    • specifies how data to be retrieved
    • record-at-time
    Host
    Language
    • Host language
    • high level programming
    language to embed DML
    • Data sublanguage
    (embedded language)
    • DML embedded in host
    language
    • Query language
    • High level DML used in a
    interactive maner
    Graphical user interfaces

    • Displays a schema to users in


    diagrammatic form

    DBMS • Users specify query by


    manipulating diagram

    Interfaces Natural language interfaces

    Interfaces for DBA


    • Database utilities
    • help DBA in managing the DB system

    Database • Types of functions


    • Loading

    System • Loading text files into DB


    • Conversion tools

    Utilities • Backup
    • Incremental backup
    • File organization
    • Performance monitoring
    Self-Study
    • Something about Convid 2019
    • 鍵盤救國https://www.businessweekly.com.tw/focus/blog/3001698
    • 口罩地圖 https://mask.pdis.nat.gov.tw
    • 類流感分析 https://fluforecast.cdc.gov.tw
    • Novel Corona Virus 2019 Dataset
    • Program languages
    • ASP, php, python ?
    • Web interface
    • Databases
    • MySQL, MS SQL, cloud DB, Big Query ?

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