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    Mechanical Properties

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    Federica Souto
    An applied load causes deformation in materials. Common mechanical tests include tension tests using a "dogbone" specimen to concentrate deformation and measure stress-strain. Compression tests apply compressive force and measure contraction. Shear and torsion tests twist specimens to produce rotational stresses. Most materials exhibit proportional stress-strain behavior defined by Hooke's Law and Young's modulus. Elastic deformation is reversible and proportional, while plastic deformation permanently changes the material structure at the molecular level. The yield point marks the transition from elastic to plastic behavior.

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    Mechanical Properties

    Uploaded by

    Federica Souto
    29 views3 pages
    An applied load causes deformation in materials. Common mechanical tests include tension tests using a "dogbone" specimen to concentrate deformation and measure stress-strain. Compression tests apply compressive force and measure contraction. Shear and torsion tests twist specimens to produce rotational stresses. Most materials exhibit proportional stress-strain behavior defined by Hooke's Law and Young's modulus. Elastic deformation is reversible and proportional, while plastic deformation permanently changes the material structure at the molecular level. The yield point marks the transition from elastic to plastic behavior.

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    An applied load causes deformation in materials. Common mechanical tests include tension tests using a "dogbone" specimen to concentrate deformation and measure stress-strain. Compression tests apply compressive force and measure contraction. Shear and torsion tests twist specimens to produce rotational stresses. Most materials exhibit proportional stress-strain behavior defined by Hooke's Law and Young's modulus. Elastic deformation is reversible and proportional, while plastic deformation permanently changes the material structure at the molecular level. The yield point marks the transition from elastic to plastic behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    29 views3 pages

    Mechanical Properties

    Uploaded by

    Federica Souto
    An applied load causes deformation in materials. Common mechanical tests include tension tests using a "dogbone" specimen to concentrate deformation and measure stress-strain. Compression tests apply compressive force and measure contraction. Shear and torsion tests twist specimens to produce rotational stresses. Most materials exhibit proportional stress-strain behavior defined by Hooke's Law and Young's modulus. Elastic deformation is reversible and proportional, while plastic deformation permanently changes the material structure at the molecular level. The yield point marks the transition from elastic to plastic behavior.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Mechanical Properties

    An applied load gives place to deformation.


    Tension Test
    One of the most common mechanical test is performed in tension.
    The “Dogbone” specimen was chosen so that during testing, deformation is confined
    to the centre of the region, and also to reduce the likelihood of fracture at the ends of
    the specimen.
    The tensile testing machine is designed to elongate the specimen at a constant rate.
    Stress-strain test is destructive.

    Compression test
    Conducted in a similar way to the tension test, except that the force is compressive
    and the specimen contracts along the direction of the stress. By convention, a
    compressive force is taken to be negative, which yields a negative stress.
    Tensile tests are more common as they are easier to perform. Also, very little
    additional information is obtained from compressive tests.
    They are normally used when a material is brittle in tension.

    Shear and torsional stress


    Torsion is a variation of pure shear, wherein a structural member is twisted. Torsional
    forces produce a rotational motion about the longitudinal axis of one end of the
    member relative to the other end.
    EX: Twist drill.
    They are normally applied in tubes.

    Stress-Strain behaviour
    The degree to which a structure deforms or strains depends on the magnitude of an
    imposed stress. For most metals, stress and strain are proportional to each other.

    This is known as Hooke´s Law, and the constant of proportionality E is the modulus of
    elasticity, or Young´s modulus.

    Elastic deformation
    Deformation in which stress and strain are proportional. The plot of stress VS strain
    results in a linear segment which corresponds to the modulus of elasticity. This may be
    defined as stiffness or a material´s resistance to elastic deformation. The greater the
    modulus, the smaller the elastic strain.
    Elastic deformation is non-permanent, which means that when the applied load is
    released, the material returns to its original shape.
    On an atomic scale, macroscopic elastic strain is manifested in small changes in the
    interatomic spacing and stretching of interatomic bonds. As a consequence, the
    magnitude of the modulus of elasticity is a measure of the resistance to separation of
    adjacent atoms.

    Plastic deformation
    For most metallic material, elastic deformation persists only to strains of about 0,005.
    As the material is deformed beyond this point, the stress is no longer proportional to
    strain, and permanent deformation occurs.
    Plastic deformation corresponds to the breaking of bonds with original atom
    neighbours and then reforming bonds with new neighbours as atoms move relative to
    one another.

    Point of yielding – Initial departure from linearity of the stress-strain curve. This is
    sometimes called proportional limit (P). The stress corresponding to this point is
    defined as yield strength.

    Tensile strength
    Is the stress at the maximum on the engineering stress-
    strain curve. This corresponds to the maximum stress that
    can be sustained by a structure in tension. All deformation
    up to this point is uniform throughout the narrow region of
    the tensile specimen.

    Ductility
    It is a measure of the degree of plastic deformation that
    has been sustained at fracture. A material that experiences
    very little deformation upon fracture is termed brittle.
    It may be expresses as percent elongation or percent
    reduction in area.

    Resilience
    It is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when It is deformed elastically and
    then, when the load is lifted, it recovers its energy.
    Toughness
    It is a measure of the ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture. Specimen
    geometry as well as the manner of load application are important in toughness
    determinations.

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