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The Second Function of Engineering

Management: Organizing

Murat Sahin, Uraz Yavanoglu, Selcen Sahin and Merve Tosun

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August 8, 2018
 The Second Function of Engineering
Management: Organizing
Murat Sahin Uraz Yavanoglu F. Selcen Sahin Merve Tosun
Roketsan CO. Gazi University Ministry of Health Gazi University
TFS Mechatronics Computer Engineering Database Management Computer Engineering
Design Department Engineering Department Ankara, Turkey Engineering Department
Ankara, Turkey Ankara, Turkey [email protected]. Ankara, Turkey
[email protected] [email protected] tr [email protected]

Abstract — In this study, the organization method which is some of the individuals/departments involved in the
one of the 4 main functions of engineering management is organization are given below:
emphasized. In order to examine the present state of the
organization methods, recently published articles have been The Project Sponsor does not directly participate in the
scanned. Important and basic terms used in organization field, project work, but usually the project manager appoints a
especially organization models, organizational culture and proxy. The project sponsor gives advice to the project
project delivery models are mentioned. Finally, today, especially manager when necessary [4].
in the fields of technology, examples of differentiated The Steering Committee is responsible for commercial
organizational structures are given. In this study, traditional
affairs. At the same time, it has budget approval authority.
methods and different methods that are being used today are
Helps to solve problems and risks at strategic level [4].
shown together.
The Project Manager is the most important person in the
Keywords— Engineering, Management, Organizing, Projects project organization. It is directly responsible for the success
of the project within the timeframe, cost, scope and quality
I. INTRODUCTION
constraints of the project plan.
Individual and team level factors affect projects. But the
issue which is more influential than this is the organizational The Team Leader is responsible for managing a section
structure. The organizational structure is set up to work of the project or a subproject. A team leader should also know
together in a coordinated manner between individuals and how to manage human resources in addition to the technical
teams. Individual work within the team is also supervised by skills involved.
this structure [1]. Organization structure by L. Antic; is At the bottom of the structure there is a team member.
defined as the whole of relationships between individuals, Having it underneath does not mean it's not trivial. It is the
factors and activities [2]. responsibility of the project to carry out the tasks defined for
The main goal of the projects is cost-saving and efficient it. The success of his task directly affects project success.
operation. In this context, detailed descriptions of the tasks II. ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL
should be made by the manager for each employee [3]. In
addition, the configuration of the project team and decision Organization methods generally fall into two categories:
authorities should be elaborated [4]. The Pure Line Organization (PLO) and The Pure Project
Organization (PPO). There is also the Matrix Organization
When deciding on a project organization, it is necessary to (MO), a combination of these [4].
consider personnel restrictions and organizational
requirements and to avoid ambiguous job descriptions. In In the PLO (see Figure 1) project managers do not have a
addition, the relevant departments and project members should fixed location, they can support different departments/people.
be given maximum freedom in their decisions [4]. Today, the The project was separated according to specific tasks and
general consensus is that there is not a single best these tasks were delivered to the relevant departments. Its
organizational option under a project. In the world where main advantages are; it is flexible against changes, increasing
technology and human psychology are constantly changing, it the level of knowledge of collaborations in departments. The
is preferred that the organization can keep up with these main disadvantages are; communication and interaction
changes and update itself [5]. between departments is difficult. For this reason, troubles and
delays can be experienced in common affairs.
The structural organization is at the core of the
organization. The structural organization defines the In the PPO (see Figure 2), the project manager is
distribution of tasks to individuals or departments and the interacting with specific experts in each department.
relationship between individuals/departments. Definitions of Advantages; the work of each section is directly under the
control of the project manager. Interaction between
departments/individuals is much easier. The disadvantages contributions are made from expertise and experience. It has
are; they are not flexible to changes due to specific both flexibility and communication convenience. Sources are
tasks/patterns. Excessive ownership and authority of the used more effectively. On the other hand, conflicts between
project manager may hinder original and innovative designs. project managers may occur. A large number of managers
means more cost.
The MO shown in Figure 3 is a combination of the two
methods. It is especially preferred on large projects. More

Figure 1. The Pure Line Organization

Figure 2. The Pure Project Organization

Figure 3. The Matrix Organization

 III. ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE This method can have longer reinforcements than others.
The duration is extended due to reasons such as direct
Organizational culture means a system of shared supervision of each employee by the manager and lack of
assumptions, values and beliefs among people. These values communication between the participants. In addition, the
affect the organizational performance. Organizational culture designer is not provided with much input by other employees.
is a young but fast developing field in terms of management. This limits the effectiveness and implementation of the design.
Organizational culture is an effective control mechanism In addition to these disadvantages, it has the advantages of
that determines the behavior of employees. Culture; It is a way early cost identification, contract protection for the firm and
to control and manage the behavior of employees more easy bidding. But it is difficult to use for complex and large
strongly than organizational rules and regulations. Keeping projects [6, 8]. A schematic view of the method is given in
employees happy is preferable to other concerns. Culture is Fig.
largely invisible to individuals. Nevertheless, it directly affects
all employee behaviors, thoughts and behavior patterns [1].
Organizational cultures are specific to the business
environment. Copying intercultural cultures is not always
possible to show the same success. It is important that the
culture is in accordance with the requirements of the company
environment. When this compliance is achieved, the
performance of the company will be affected positively. For
example, it should promote the culture, innovation and
viability of a company working in high-tech areas [1].
The organizational culture consists of three interrelated
levels. There are basic assumptions in the first level. These
include the beliefs of the human nature. In the second level,
values, principles, standards and targets are found. At the final Figure 4. Traditional
level there are concrete directions [1].
Construction Management at Risk
IV. PROJECT DELIVERY METHODS
This method commits the project to be completed at a
Another important concept within the organization is fixed schedule and cost [8]. Therefore, when making
project delivery. Project delivery covers the time from the subcontractor selections, they must adhere to quality
beginning to the end of the project. For this reason, all phases standards. In addition to the company manager, there is also a
of planning, design and construction are included. One of the second manager in risk management [7, 8]. The price
main decisions made within project management is to choose guaranteed within the scope of the project is the maximum
the project delivery method. price (GMP). The managerial risk is the most unimportant
When choosing the best project delivery method for targets, which prevents the increase in the maximum price on
projects, it is necessary to understand the available options. this count [8].
Because this choice will directly affect the projects contract The biggest disadvantage is that there is no direct
and its costs. In this case, outstanding criteria are; a realistic relationship between the designer and the contractor. At the
budget, a reasonable schedule, a clear and high quality design, end of this, customer requests may be missing in the product
and detailed risk assessment [6]. [6]. A schematic view of the method is given in Figure 5.
Project delivery methods are generally divided into four Design/Build
categories: traditional, construction management at risk,
design build, and multi prime [7]. The manager should make a In this method, the requirements and contract are given by
detailed assessment when choosing the method, and may use the firm to the designer. The designer is in direct contact with
multiple methods in a hybrid if necessary. contractors [8]. The designer performs the work based on the
performance requirements. The firm follows both the designer
Traditional and the contractor [6, 7]. Better cost-effectiveness can be
There are three stages: design, offer and build. It has a very achieved because the designer and contractors are in direct
common usage. There are clearly defined roles for employees. contact [6]. The biggest advantage is fast feedback and good
These roles are : business owner, designer and manager [7, 8]. interactions between participants. The biggest disadvantage is
And these roles are very important. that the quality can be compromised to reduce costs. For this
reason, customer demands and quality requirements should be
The firm guarantees the manager's plans and closely followed by the firm manager [6, 7]. A schematic view
qualifications. The manager is obliged to produce the project of the method is given in Figure 6.
as designed. The designer is obliged to design according to
professional standards.
 Figure 5. Construction Management at Risk

Figure 6. Design/Build

Figure 7. Multi Prime

Multi Prime managers. In the same way, the designer also works in
conjunction with Direction. It may be preferred in large
This method is similar to the traditional method. But there projects where the traditional method is desired to be used. A
is more than one sub-contractor management. These managers schematic view of the method is given in Fig.
depend on the firm. In their subspecies, they identify special
subcontractors who can take part in the project [6, 8]. All
employees are directly connected to the company through the
 V. DIFFERENT ORGANIZATION METHODS given below depending on the manager. There are other
Today, it is defined as "internet age". People are interacting subordinate responsibilities under his responsibility [10].
with other people/machines, even machines and other machines  System Analyst is responsible for analysis and design of
via the internet and doing business. Different organization applications,
methods are being developed considering the needs of this age.
One of them is the "Big Organization" which is in "Complexity  Database Administrator is responsible for creating and
Science Management" (CSM). Within the CSM; perspective, managing databases,
idea, platform, mode of operation, and theory. The Big  System / Network Administrator is responsible for the
organization method has three main elements: element, installation, management and security of systems and
structure and function. Apart from these visible elements; networks,
buildings, people, computers, books, etc. and invisible
elements; culture, innovation, creativity and so on. located. The  IS Auditor periodically monitors the operation of
basic view of the organization structure is given in Figure 8 [9]. systems and safety,
According to U. Vijayakumar, in the organizational  End User Support Specialist is responsible for
structure of the information systems company, the function of delivering and teaching systems to end users.
each position must be clearly defined and these positions Figure 9 shows the organizational structure of IS department.
should be given to the right persons. At the beginning of the
organizational structure IS Manager is the chief officer of all
activities. The job descriptions of the responsible officers are

Figure 8. Big Organization Smart Body

Figure 9. Organizational Structure of IS department

organization structure, attention should also be paid to the

VI. CONCLUSIONS culture of individuals/departments. In the last part of the work,
The success of the engineering projects is due to the correct delivery methods are also emphasized. Delivery to each buyer
management. One of the basic functions of engineering is an important process, and different methods are used to
management is organizing. There are different organization manage this process correctly. It is not the solution of the
methods. This study focuses on 3 main methods which are problem that is expected from the employees. At the same
generally preferred by firms. Another concept that is as time, it is a fast and efficient solution within the existing
important as the method is the culture of shared assumptions, organization. Because nowadays, time has become more
values and beliefs among people. When establishing the precious than money.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors would like to thank Roketsan Co. for its financial
support to this work.
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