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    25-3-2023 1st L. Analytical Chem. (Dr. Hazha)

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    Noor Farhan
    This document provides information about Analytical Chemistry taught in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Tishk International University. It defines analytical chemistry as dealing with separation, identification, and determination of components in a sample. It also discusses qualitative analysis for identifying sample constituents and quantitative analysis for determining analyte amounts. The document outlines key steps in analytical methods including sampling, sample preparation, separation, analysis, and evaluation. It emphasizes the importance of analytical chemistry in applications like pharmaceutical analysis.

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    25-3-2023 1st L. Analytical Chem. (Dr. Hazha)

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    Noor Farhan
    21 views26 pages
    This document provides information about Analytical Chemistry taught in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Tishk International University. It defines analytical chemistry as dealing with separation, identification, and determination of components in a sample. It also discusses qualitative analysis for identifying sample constituents and quantitative analysis for determining analyte amounts. The document outlines key steps in analytical methods including sampling, sample preparation, separation, analysis, and evaluation. It emphasizes the importance of analytical chemistry in applications like pharmaceutical analysis.

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    This document provides information about Analytical Chemistry taught in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Tishk International University. It defines analytical chemistry as dealing with separation, identification, and determination of components in a sample. It also discusses qualitative analysis for identifying sample constituents and quantitative analysis for determining analyte amounts. The document outlines key steps in analytical methods including sampling, sample preparation, separation, analysis, and evaluation. It emphasizes the importance of analytical chemistry in applications like pharmaceutical analysis.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views26 pages

    25-3-2023 1st L. Analytical Chem. (Dr. Hazha)

    Uploaded by

    Noor Farhan
    This document provides information about Analytical Chemistry taught in the Faculty of Pharmacy at Tishk International University. It defines analytical chemistry as dealing with separation, identification, and determination of components in a sample. It also discusses qualitative analysis for identifying sample constituents and quantitative analysis for determining analyte amounts. The document outlines key steps in analytical methods including sampling, sample preparation, separation, analysis, and evaluation. It emphasizes the importance of analytical chemistry in applications like pharmaceutical analysis.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 26

    TISHK INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY

    FACULTY OF PHARMACY
    Department of PHARMACY

    ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
    Code: PHAR 104

    First Grade 2022-2023


    Spring Semester

    E-mail: [email protected]
    E-mail: [email protected]
    Analytical Chemistry
    Analytical Chemistry: the branch of chemistry that deals with the separation, identification
    and determination of components in a sample.
    • It also traditionally includes coverage of chemical equilibrium and statistical treatment of
    data.
    • Qualitative analysis (Constituents)(includes identifying the components of a sample)
    • Quantitative analysis (Amount) (includes determining the amount of the analyte in the
    sample)
    • Analytical Chemistry: Deals with development of new methods and techniques for the
    separation and determination of the analyte qualitatively and quantitatively.
    What is the
    content of
    Sample the sample
    (Qualitative
    Analysis)

    How much is
    the content
    Analyte of the sample
    (Quantitative
    Analysis)
    Steps Of Analysis
    1- Define a problem
    2- Select a method
    3- Sampling (representative)
    4- Preparing samples for laboratory
    5- Preparing replicate samples
    6- Starting the analysis
    7- Removing interference (separation and masking)
    8- The analysis
    9- Calculation to obtain the results
    10 – Statistical evaluation
    Sampling:
    The most important conditions for sampling are:
    a) The sample must be representative (reflect entire body from which it came).
    b) The sample must be homogeneous (having the composition everywhere)
    c) Transportation, from the field (sample place) to the laboratory without altering sample.
    Method:
    The analytical chemist must decide which of the numerous analytical methods available will
    be appropriate for the problem at hand.
    Factors that the analyst may have to consider:
    1. Accuracy and precision
    2. Sensitivity
    3. Selectivity
    4. Speed
    5. Cost
    6. Legality
    Separation:
    It involves the removing of the effect of interferences and
    increases the selectivity of the method toward the analyte
    with necessary accuracy and precision.
    Quantitation:
    Involves quantitative measurement of the analyte.
    Evaluation
    The statistical analysis is an important evaluative tool for analytical
    chemist. It can be used to determine the accuracy and precision
    required of the analytical technique.
    Importance of Analytical Chemistry
    Analytical chemistry uses methods and instrumentation to investigate chemical and biological
    systems. It is often used to maintain quality control and assurance in various branches of
    science. Some of its applications are found in the pharmaceutical drug manufacturing process.

    Pharmaceutical analysis can be defines as the application of analytical procedure used to


    determine the purity, safety, quality of drugs and chemicals.

    The examination of row materials is carried out to ensure that there is no unusual substance
    present which might deteriorate the manufacturing process or appear as a harmful in the final
    product.
    Definitions
    Sample: a portion of material selected from a larger quantity of material.
    By qualitative analysis we know the content of the sample and with the
    quantitative analysis we can determine the amount of each component (analyte)
    in the sample. So usually qualitative analysis is performed before quantitative
    analysis.

    Analyte: Is a substance to be identified, determined or separated in the sample.

    Matrix: All other constituents in a sample except for the analyte


    Analytical chemistry is based on two
    principles:
    Identification of the compounds which means qualitative analysis (what is in the sample).

    Determination of the compounds which means quantitative analysis (you have to know exactly
    the amount of the compound in the sample).

    Qualitative analysis: Attempting to identify what materials are present in sample. (+ve or –ve)
    Quantitative analysis: Determining how much of material is present in a sample.
    Always qualitative analysis must be done before quantitative analysis
    Definitions

    Replicate samples or replicates are portions of a material approximately the same size that
    are carried through an analytical procedure at the same time and in the same way.

    Replication improves the quality of the results and provides a measure of reliability.

    Interference or interferent is a species that cause an error in an analysis by enhancing or


    attenuating (making smaller) the quantity being measured
    Chemical Methods:
    This method depends on making a chemical reaction for the analyte and this reaction must
    be having some conditions:
    1. Spontaneous and fast reaction:
    2. Irreversible reaction, and completely reacted:
    3. Equilibrated reaction:
    4. No side reaction:
    5. Clear equivalent point:
    6. Using indicators for measuring the equivalence point.
    In the determination of analyte, the
    results are always expressed as:
    1- Molarity (M): (mol/L)
    Defined as the number of moles of solute in one liter of solution.

    2- Molality (m): (mol/kg)


    Defined as the number of moles of solute in one kilogram of solvent.

    3- Normality (N)
    Defined as the number of equivalence of solute in one liter of solution.

    4- Mole fraction (xi):


    Defined as the amount of moles of a constituent (ni), divided by the total amount of moles of all
    constituents in a mixture (ntotal)
    From a mixture of (a & b) compounds:
    5- Mole Percent (n/n %)
    Multiplying the mole fraction (xi) by 100 gives the mole percentage.

    From a mixture of (a & b) compounds:


    na nb
    xa = ( )100 xb = ( )100
    na + nb na + nb

    6- Mole ratio (ri):


    Defined as the amount of moles of a constituent (ni), divided by the total amount
    of moles of all other constituents in a mixture (ntotal - ni)
    From a mixture of (a & b) compounds:
    na nb
    ra = rb =
    ntotal - na ntotal - nb
    7-Percentage (%)
    a)Weight percent (W/W) %
    b)Volume-volume percent (V/V) %
    c)Weight-Volume percent (W/V) %
    8- Parts per thousand (ppth): (g/kg) or (g/L), (mg/g) or (mg/mL)
    9- Parts per million (ppm)
    When we have trace amount of solute in the sample (mg/kg) or (mg/L), (µg/g) or (µg/mL)
    10- Parts per billion (ppb): (µg/kg) or (µg/L)
    (cubic meter) 1m3 = 1000 L
    (cubic decimeter) 1dm3 = 1 L
    (cubic centimeter) 1cm3 = 1 mL
    (cubic millimeter) 1mm3 = 0.001 mL
    Common prefix,
    symbol and
    scales
    The Chemical Composition of
    Aqueous Solutions
    Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that do not combine chemically.

    Solute: The substance being dissolved.


    For example sugar would be the solute when you are dissolving sugar in water. (May be
    solid, liquid and gas)

    Solvent: The substance that dissolves the solute

    solvent is a liquid, solid, or gas that dissolves another solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, in
    a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature.
    Solution:
    A homogeneous mixture, which may be liquid, gas or solid, formed by dissolving one or more
    substances.
    Solvent + Solute = Solution

    The solvent is the largest part of the solution and the solute is the smallest part of the solution.
    Mixture

    True Solution
    Colloid Suspension
    (Homogeneous)
    (Heterogeneous) (Heterogeneous)
    Clear solution
    - Solute dissolved in solvent - Solute particles are dispersed - Size of solute particles are
    Ex: salt in water Ex: Milk bigger Deposed on the
    bottom
    Ex: Soil or flour in water
    Concentration
    the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at a given temperature

    described as dilute if it has a low


    concentration of solute dissolved

    described as concentrated if it
    has a high concentration of
    solute dissolved
    Dissolving
    Substances can dissolve in water in three ways:
    1) Dissociation
    2) Dispersion
    3) Ionization

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