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 DESIGN OF A
REINFORCED-CONCRETE
DECK-GIRDER HIGHWAY BRIDGE
BY

RICHARD FREDERICK HUXMANN

THESIS
FOR

DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

1913
 UNIVERSITY 0? ILLINOIS
Cjilege of Engineering

May 24, 1913-

I recommend tnat tne thesis prepared under my supervision

by RICHARD FREDERICK HUXMajM entitled Design of a Reini'orced-Joncretf

DecK-Girder Highway Bridge be approved as fulfilling this part of

the requirements Tor the degree of Bachelor or Science in Civil En-

gineering .

Asst . Erof essor of Structural Eng'|.

Recommendation approved

Head or Dep-irtment or

Civil Engineering.

246488
UIUC
 DESIGN FOR A HIGHWAY BRIDGE

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page

I. Introduction 1

II. The Old B ridge 1

III. The New Bridge 3

Art. 1 Site 3

Art. 2 Type of Bridge 3

Art. 3 Dimensions 3

Art. 4 Contract and Specifications 6

Art. 5 Loads and Stresses .... 24

Art. 6 Design of Superstructure . 26

Art. 7 Design of Substructure . . 35

IV. Cos t 38

Art. 8 Entire Structure 38

V. Lett ing of Contract 41

Art. 9 Conclusion 43
A FOUR-SPAN BRIDGE OF
THE TYPE HEREIN DESIGNED
 1

DESIGN OF A HI GET/ AY BRIDGE.

I IliTRODUCTIOlI

The purpose of this thesis is to design a reinforced

concrete highway "bridge to replace the condemned steel structure

spanning the Sangamon Elver near Fisher, Illinois.

II THE OLD BRIDGE

The bi idge in place is of the bowstring type and consists

of a two-span continuous truss^tf with spans of ninety nine feet

each. The central supports are steel bents. Though very

good abutments have been built^ they have not been used to carry

the main spans. The south end of this span is fifty feet from

the abutment and the roadway is carried over this span by a

pony truss. On the north end, the roadway is carried over an

eight-foot spaoe by means of I-beams. Fig. 1 gives the sections

and general dimensions.

The site of the bridge is about one-half mile south of

Fisher, Illinois. The waterway is a shallow stream for the

greater part of the year ; but carries a comparitively large

quantity of water during the flood seasons. At low water the

stream is about sixty-two feet wide and flows entirely under

the north half of the present structure. The purpose of the

long bridge is not merely to span the stream but to allot? suf-

ficient waterway at flood seasons. The roadways approaching

the bridge have been elevated to make traffic possible during

high water. See Fig. 2y

 5

III THE HEW BRIDGE

Art. 1. Site.

The new bridge is to belmilt on the same site and in the

same position as the old, and .he old abutments will be used to

carry the two end spans of the new bridge.

Art. 2. Type of Bridge.

The type of bridge to replace the old structure is the

important consideration. The reinforced concrete slab and

girder type will be use.. The reasons for this are several.

A steel bridge is objectionable on account of transportation

facilities. The road from Fisher to the bridge site is bad

and almost impassable to a heavy load in rainy weather. The

reinforcing steel used in a reinforced concrete bridge can be

carried in any quantity desired, as can the concrete. Concrete

arches cannot be used as the low lying and soft soil will not

permit the heavy bearing produced by an arch. Arches will

require more material in themselves and more lumber for their

forms and their bracing. See Fig. 2.

Art . 3 . Dimens ons

:'

The length of span, using the old abutments , is 256 feet

and 3 inches. Five spans of 51 feet and 3 inches will be used

in this design. This will necessitate the construction of

four piers. The roadway is to be 16 feet in the clear. See

Fig. r .
 Art. 4. Contract and Specifications.

In case any structure is to be "built it is advisable to

furnish notices to bidders as well as a contract and s ecifi-

oations. The following is a generally acce ted form.

ITOTICE .

Contractors are particularly requested to examine the

plans, specification- , and site of the work before bidding.

CONTRACT AJTD SPECIFICATIOIIS .

Covering- the constriction of a Reinforced Concrete Deck

Girder Highway Bridge across the Sangamon River between Condit

and Ilewcomb Townships, near Fisher, Champaign. County, Illinois

C. L. Duval
Commissioners
L. F. Putnam
Condi t Township
H. Iff. Schwartz

E. Eessler
Clerk

Geo* Robinett
Commissi one rs
J. Williams
Kewcoml: County
A. Kroner

R. L. Myers
Clerk

D. J. Holtermann
Supervisors
C . H . V it
Champaign County
J . J . Eayward

R. F. Huxmann
Engineer
 7

TO BIDDERS

Sealed proposals endorsed with the title of the work to

which they relate, and the name and residence of the Proposer,

will be received by the County Clerk of Champaign County,

Illinois, up to 2 o'clock P.M., September 15, 1913, for the

construction of a reinforced concrete arch deck girder highway

bridge across Sangamon River, between Condi t and Newcomb

Townships, near Fisher, Champaign County, Illinois.

Contractors will bid as follows:

1 . The lump sum price for furnishing, and erecting com-

plete, including all grading ready for travel one bridge con-

sisting of five fifty-one-foot three-inch (51 feet 3 inches)

reinforced concrete deck girder spans, four piers, minor work

on two abutments, and the removal and disposition of the present

bridge superstructure and steel sub-structure bents.

2. The price per lineal foot in place for piles ten (10)

to twelve (12) inches in diameter and fifteen (15) twenty (20)

and thirty (30) feet long.

3. In case of any variations in the amount of concrete

masonry from that shov/n on the plans, an adjustment shall be

made on a basis of ($ ) per

cubic yard for masonry in foundations, and

(| ) per cubic yard for masonry above foundations for

any increases or deductions authorized by the engineer or the

party of the first part.

The above price to include the furnishing and doing of

 3

each and. everything required to be furnished and done by the

drawings, specifications and contract.

Ail materials furnished must be of the best quality of the

kind called for, and all work alone in accordance with the

drawings, specifications and contract.

Each bid must be accompanied by a properly certified check

for the sum of one hundred dollars ($100.00) payable to the

order of the Commissioners of Condi t and Newcomb Townships,

Champaign County, Illinois, which will be returned to the bidder,

unless forfeited, as hereinafter provided, and no bid will be

considered which is not accompanied by such check.

A bond will be required for the faithful performance of

the contract, in such sum as shall be fixed by the Commissioners

after the bids are opened; said sum to be of twice the amount

of the contract, the sureties to be residents of Illinois, and

approved by the Commissioners.

The contract must be signed within six days (Sunday ex-

cepted) after the date of notification by the undersigned, of

the acceptance of the bid and the readiness of the contract

for signature, and in case of the failure of the bidder after

such notifications to execute the contract within said time,

the proposal shall be considered as having been abandoned, and

the certified check accompanying the bid shall be forfeited

to the said Commissioners as liquidated damages for such

abandonment.

The commissioners reserve the right to reject any and all

bids should they deem it advisable to do so.

Bidders are cautioned to read carefully the contract and

specif icati ons

By order of the Commissioners of

Condi t arid Newcomb Townships,

Champaign County, Illinois.

Champaign, 111.

April 29, 1913.

 10

CONTRACT AND SPECIFICATIONS

Covering the construction of a reinforced concrete deck

girder bridge across Sangamon River, between Condit and New-

comb Townships, near Fisher, Champaign County, Illinois.

This agreement made and entered into this day of

in the year One thousand nine hundred and fourteen

by and between

parties of the first part, and _____

hereinafter known as the Contractor, party of

the second part.

Wi tnesseth: That the parties to these presents, each

in consideration of the undertakings, promises and agreements

on the part and behalf of the other herein contained, have

undertaken and agreed and do hereby undertake and agree, the

parties of the first part for themselves, and their successors,

and the party of the second part for ,

heirs,

executors, administrators, or assigns as follows:

(A) The contractor, in consideration of the sum

Dollars and cents

($> ) to be paid in the manner hereinafter provided,

shall and will furnish all the tools, machinery, material and

labor at his own cost and expense, necessary or proper for the

purpose of constructing and completion, and shall and will

construct, furnish and complete, ready for use, the reinforced

concrete deck girder bridge across the Sangamon River, between

Condit and Newcomb Townships near Fisher, Champaign County,

 11

Illinois, in accordance with the plans and specifications of

the parties of the first part, governing said work.

The contractor further agrees, if required by the parties

of the first part to furnish and put in place complete, piles

not less than ten inches at the butts, for the following prices.

Pile 15 ft. long cents per lineal foot in place

H
gQ £^ II II "I II II II it

" " " " " " "

II
2Q "

In case of any variation in the amount of concrete masonry

from that shown on the plans an adjustment shall be made on a

basis of ,
(| ) per cubic yard

for masonry in foundations, and

( ) per cubic yard for masonry above foundations, for any

increases or deductions authorized by the Engineer or the party

of the first part.

(B) The said contractor shall furnish all the said

materials and perform all of said labor, and fully construct,

finish and complete said bridge and do all grading in strict

compliance wity the plans and specifications for said work on

file in the Office of the County' Clerk of Champaign County,

Illinois; and the specifications hereunto annexed, and construct

said bridge in a good and workmanlike manner within the time

required by paragraph J.

(C) The parties of the first part agree to pay the

Contractor the consideration hereinbefore expressed when said

bridge has been inspected and approved and accepted as required

by law
 12

(D) It is further expre sly agreed that all the work,

labor and material which shall be done and furnished in and

for
about the work called by this contract, drawings and spe-

cifications, shall be done and furnished strictly pursuant and

in conformity to the following specifications, unle .s expressly

stated in writing to the contrary by the Commissioners of

Condit and Kewcomb Townships.

IB) And it is further understood and agreed that all work

provided to be done under this agreement shall be of the best

character, and shall be made complete and satisfactory before

acceptance

(F) And it is further understood and agreed that the

Contractor shall assume all responsibility of every kind and

description. The Commissioners and Supervisors shall not be

held to any responsibility for any accident or for any damage

whatsoever, or for the violation of any law, or ordinance, or

for the payment of any fees, and the Contractor must protect

the Commissioners and Supervisors against all such liability.

(G) And it is further understood and agreed that the

Contractor shall assume all risks from floods, storms, damages

arising out of the nature of the work, or for any unforeseen

or unknown or unusual obstruction or difficulties which may be

encountered in the prosecution of the same until final acceptance

of the bridge by the proper authorities.

(H) And it is further agreed and understood that the

contractor shall take, use, probide, and amke all proper, nec-

essary and sufficient precautions, safe-guards and protection

 —
13

against the occurrence or happening of any accident, injuries,

damages or hurt to any person or persons during the progress of

the work herein specified, and to save harmless the Commissioners

and Supervisors, their officers, agents, and servants, from the

payment of all sums of money by reason of all or any such

accidents, injuries, damages or hurts, that may happen or occur

about such work.

(i) And it is further understood and agreed in the event

of the Commissioners and Supervisors by their Engineer deciding

that these specifications and contract are not being properly

fulfilled, bot as to care shown, quality of material used,

workmanship and promptitude in execution; or if the contractor

becomes bankrupt or insolvent or assigns property for

the benefit of creditors, or shall become otherwise

unable to carry out the work, or shall neglect or refuse to

promote the work with such dispatch as is thought proper by

the Engineer, then the Commissioners and Supervisors will have

the right to empower their engineer to contract with or employ

such other person or persons as he or the Commissioners and

Supervisors may see fit, to finish and complete the several

unfinished portions of the work, first giving notice to the

contractor in writing of such intention, three days before

employing such person or persons, such notice to be served upon

the contractor, either personally or by leaving such notice

at his residence or with his agent in charge of the work.

 14

The cost to the Commissioners and Supervisors of any such

work that may be executed or constructed for under this clause

shall be deducted from the moneys that may be due, or may at

any time thereafter become due to the contractor, the contractor

hereby waiving all claims for damages

(j) The contractor will commence work herein agreed to

be performed by him within ten days from the date of the

contract, and will execute all work, in every respect, in a

thorough and workmanlike manner and will fully perform and

complete all of the work which he has agreed to perform on or

before September 1st, 1914.

In case of failure on the part of the contractor to

complete all the work in the time heretofore stated and agreed

upon, he shall pay to the parties of the first part, as li-

quidated damages and not as a penalty, the sum of twenty-five

dollars ($25. 00) per day for each and every day after September

1st, 19L3, until the actual time of completion of the entire

work.

(K) The contractor is to make himself sure in regard

to the estimate of quantities and any weight there given since

no responsibility in regard to this is assumed by the parties

of the first part.

 15

) Commissioners
) of
) Condi t Township
)

) Commiss i oners
) of
) Newcomb Township

) Supervisors
) of
) Champaign County
)

(Seal)
Contrac tor

Approved as to legal form

County Attorney.
 16

SPECIFICATIONS

Covering the Construction of a Reinforced Concrete Deck

Girder Highway Bridge across the Sangamon River betv/een Condit

and New comb Townships near Fisher, Champaign County, Illinois.

P LANS AND

SPECIFICAT IONS.

The work shall be constructed according to the

plans and these specifications, both of which shall

be considered a part of the contract. They contem-

plate a complete structure and any error or ommission

in plans and specifications shall not release the

contractor from building a structure complete.

OLD STRUCTURE .

The Contractor shall remove the old bridge at

site, to provide a satisfactory site for the new

structure and is to pile it up near the site as di-

rected by the engineer. He is to have full use of

the old bridge in the erection of the new structure;

and must remodel the old abutments and wings ac-

cording to the plans.

TRAVEL .

The contractor to provide a suitable place for

travel through the river-bed during the construction.

LINES AND STAKES .

Before commencing excavations it will be the duty

of the contractor to notify the Engineer, who will

give him center line and stakes and the new structure

shall be constructed true to the lines shown upon

 17

the plan and as such staked out by the Engineer.

FOREMEN AND

WORKMEN .

The Contractor shall at all times have a com-

petent foreman on the work or some authorized agent

upon whom notice may be served and orders issued for

the conduct of the work. He shall employ only com-

petent workmen and shall in all cases give the citi-

zens of Champaign County, the preference.

EXCAVATIONS AND

FOUNDATIO NS
Excavations for foundations shall be made by the

Contractor to a depth of foundation line as shown on

plan, or if compact gravel, rock or sand is reached

before, he shall notify the engineer and do as di-

rected in writing by the Engineer after he (the en-

gineer) views the excavations. After going to the

depth indicated on the plans the Engineer is to be

notified, and in case he thinks it desirable the

Contractor shall drive piles as directed.

FORMS.
The contractor shall provide the forms for the

support of the girders of sufficient strength to hold

the concrete until firmly set. Uprights must be so

solidly formed that they will not give or settle

during construe tion of the work.

All forms coming in contact with the exposed

surfaces shall be smoothly planed and shall be made

non-absorbent by saturation with water. Soap or

 18

paraffine may be used to prevent adherence of the

concrete to the forms. They must be sufficiently

braced and wired to prevent bulging.

CORNERS.
All corners of concrete shall be rounded off by

moulding or trowel, so that no sharp edges appear in

exposed places to be broken off.

ENFORCEMENT .

Shall be of open-hearth medium steel of corrugated

bars. They shall be free from paint, oil or scales

before imbedding in the concrete and shall be imbedded

to a depth of at least one inch. The sizes and

spacing of rods is clearly shown on plan which plan

will become a part of the contract.

Bars shall be tied together with wire and other-

wise rigidly secured to their proper position before

concrete is placed.

CONCRETE .

Shall be composed of true Portland Cement, clean

sharp sand, and hard broken stone or gravel.

CEMENT .

The cement shall be approved by the engineer,

Universal Portland Cement or any Portland Cement of

equally good quality and shall withstand the following

tests. FINEN ESS - at least 99% shall pass a No. 50

sieve, 92% shall pass a No. 100 sieve, and 75% shall

pass a No. 200 sieve. TENSI LE TESTS. The cement shal

pass tests satisfactory to the Engineer in Charge of

construction, but neat briquettes with 22% of water

 19

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W UI .

STOKE.
Stone shall be tough, clean and hard and shall

not be larger in dimensions than one and one-half (l|r)

inches for all foundations and piers, nor larger than

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SAND.
Sand shall be good, sharp, clean, coarse and free

from dust, loam, clay, ashes, coal, perishable matter

or imporper substances, clean crueher screening may

 20

be substituted for one-half the volume of sand re-

quired m the mixture.

MIXED GRAVEL

AND SAND.
Gravel shall not be larger than will pass a screer

of three inch mesh when used for foundations, piers,

and abutments nor larger than three inches for all

other work, and shall be thoroughly filled with clean

sand containing not in excess of five per cent loam.

It shall not be delivered on the site nor used without

the written approval of the Engineer in charge after

he has carefully examined it to s ;e that it is properly

mixed in the right proportions and does not contain

excessive foreign matter.

INSPECTION
All materials shall be subject to inspection and

approval according to these plans and specifications

and the engineer shall control as to interpretation.

The work shall also be subject to the inspection and

approval of the Commissioners and Supervisors in

accordance with the laws of the Commonwealth, in

*
such cases made and provided.

MIXING.
Mixing of concrete in a thorough manner is the

first requirement for securing good concrete. It

shall be hand or machine mixed of not more than one cu-

bic yard in one batch. If hand mixed, the sand and

cement
 21
shall be mixed to an even color dry, then the stone

shall be added and the whole aggregate cut and turned

three times, adding while turning sufficient water to

make the mass wet.

STONE CONCRETE .

Concrete for all foundations, piers and abutments

shall be composed of one part cement, three parts sand,

siz parts stone, not larger than will pass through a

one and one- half inch ring. All other concrete shai:,

be composed of one part cemtn, two parts sand and four

parts of stone not larger than will pass through a

three-quarter inch ring. All quantities are to be

measured accurately by volume loose.

GRAVEL CONCRETE .

Concrete may be made of naturally mixed sand arid

gravel in proportions of one part cement to seven parts,

of naturally mixed, clean river-bed or bank sand and

gravel, for foundations, piers and abutments and in

proportion of one part of cement to five parts of

aggragate for all other concrete work.

PLACING.
Supporting Girders to be built continuously and

stopped off at under line of floor slabs. Floor slab

shall be built continuously in transverse sections,

squaring off at stopping points. After slabs are

placed, each railing for each span shall be built

continuously. All reinforcing metal must be put in

position before placing concrete, and so place that

 22

joints between subsequent sections of concrete are

properly bonded.

SPADING. All concrete facing on walls and girders and

railings, shall be thoroughly spaded while placing the

concrete so that no honey combing shall open on the

work

EXPANSION JOINTS .

Expansion joints will be in the structure wherever

shown upon the plans. *n case of railings, a beveled

vertical timber to form a groove shall be attached to

the bulkhead and before the adjoining section is

constructed the bulkhead and vertical timber shall be

removed against which surface and groove there shall

be placed, one layer of hydrex felt, asbestos cloth

or heavy paper extending uniformly to within one-half

inch of the face of the finished surface.

RBMOYIN G FORMS.

The Contractor shall remove supports and forms at

such time as he may determine and at his ov/n wish but

not later than sixty days after the completion of the

work

FINISHING .

The face forms must be removed as soon as possible

after concrete has taken its initial set, and any

patching done while the concrete is green. The faces

must be gone over with a smoothing stone and clear

water until uneven parts and form marks are removed.

The faces must then be washed with clear water and a

 23

stiff brush.

PAVING

The contractor shall furnish a six-inch layer of

earth the full length of the bridge.

GRADING .

Will be made by the contractor and must be done

in accordance with the contract and specifications.

The filling and grading to be made from a distance of

200 feet from the ends of the bridge.

NAME PLATE .

Two suitable cast-iron tablets shall be prepared

for the bridge by the contractor, containing the year

constructed, the names as appear on drawing, the con-

tractor's name, and placed where directed by the Engi-

neer .

CLEANING UP.

After the completion of the work the contractor

will remove all earth, trees and rubbish and obstruc-

tions he has placed in the stream to the full width of

the waterway at ordinary level, plus thirty feet each

side of same, replace all fences and put property used

in as good condition as before work was started.

ENGINEE R

Wherever the word "Engineer" occurs in these

specifications it is intended to mean R. F. Huxmann,

engineer, for the County Commissioner of Condi t and

Newcomb Townships, Champaign County, Illinois.

 24

Art. 5. Loads and Stresses.

The dead load consists of the weight of the structure and

the loam or sand used for a cashion on the roadway. Lines tone

concrete will be taken at 150 pounds per cubic foot, and 110

pounds per cubic foot for v/et loam.

The live load to be designed for will be a uniform load of

125 pounds per square foot or a 24-ton traction engine on axles

spaced 10 feet apart, and wheel 6 feet, C to C, 16 yons on the

rear and 8 tons on the front wheels. This load is assumed

to act over an area 8 by 12 feet producing 500 pounds pressure

per square foot.

For the superstructure, as per specifications, a mixture

of 1 : 2 : 3 concrete will be used, and a 1 : 2 : 5 mixture for

substructure. Table I below gives ultimate strengths for

various proportions and from this table the working stresses

for concrete may be determined.

TABLE I. ULTIMATE STRENGTHS OF CONCRETE.

Portland Crushing Strength

Cement Sand Pebbles lbs. per sq.in.
Reference
Number
(1) 1 2 3 2783

(2) 1 2 5 2414
Shearing Strength
lbs. per sq.in.
(3) 1 2 3 1500

(4) 1 2 5 1200
 25

A factor of safety of 4 will be assumed making the working

stress for concrete proportioned as in (l) 700 pounds per square

inch and for (2) 600 pounds per square inch.

The values for shear, as given in the table are high and

are only obtainable under ideal conditions. For this work an

allowable shearing stress of 50 pounds per square inch for

concrete proportioned as in (l) and 40 pounds per square inch

as in (2). This will give a factor of safety of 30.

For the steel used in reinforcement, a working stress of

16,000 pounds per sqaure inch will be used for tension and

compression.

The amount of reinforcement for temperature changes, will

be taken as 0.3$ of the sectional area, as is the general

prac tice
 26

Art. 6. Design of Superstructure.

Cantilever Portion of Slab. In the dec;ign of the slab one foot only

will he considered. The cross

sectional area of the railing

as shown in Fig. 5 is 2.50

square foot; the volume is 2.30

cubic foot per foot of slab.

The weight of cone re to being

150 pounds per cubic foot, the

I J
]
350 27° weight of the railing is 350
79-5°
pounas per lineal foot of slab.

She cross sectional area of the slab is 1.06 square feet and

the weight per foot of slab is 160 /y&. 6 Sh w/n<? A-^sm/^s^n ofWtee/looe/

pounds. 2-0"
One cubic foot of earth

slab and weighs 110 pounds. *— /<- "

—* -3 - O"

The wheel load of the engine will be asumed to act on the

concrete over an area of 1 by 3 feet as indicated by Fig. 6. The

load on the wheel is 16,000 po- nds and this will produce a load of

5300 pounds per square foot on the concrete. The edge of the wheel

will come within one foot of the ground rail, therefore the force

due to the wheel load causing moment about the section a a is

ll- X 5300 s 7950 pounds. The total moment about section a a is

-7,950 X .75 - 350 X 2.66 - 110 x 1

Z~ 5,990 lb .-ft.
- - 72,000 lb.- in.
 27

For purposes of design all steel will be considered horizontal.

The slope of the top surface of the slab is 3 inches in 8 feet,

the secant of the angle "between this slope and the horizontal

is 1.01, "by which number any steel sloped as the surface of the
slab is, hut as this number exceeds unity by only one one

hundredth, it will not be considered*

The steel ratio for tensile reinforcement P, will be

taken as 1.0$ and p' , the ratio of the compressive reinf orcoment

as 0.75%. Then K is 0.45 and j, 0.85. The depth d, allowing

1^ inches between the steel md the surface of the concrete^ will

1
d i
be 5.5 inches. The ratio $ will be assumed as d' being the

distance from the compressive face of the slab to the plane of

the compressive reinforcement.

The steel when stressed to 16000 pounds per square

inch will resist a bending moment of 16000 X .015 X .85 X 12 X

30.3 - 76,000 lb. -in. which is more than sufficient to resist

the moment produced by the load described.

The resisting moment of the compressive steel and

concrete is

4X16.000X.45X. 85X50. 3+16, 000X. 0075X12X5. 5X4. 95= 90,200 in. -lb.

The shear at section a a is equal to 8,310 pounds.

The concrete will take 5.5 X 12 X 50 « 3,300 pounds

" " " " 1.5 X 10,000 -15,000

Total 18,300 pounds

So that no other provision need be made for resisting

shear. For arrangement of steel see Pig. 6, 7, 8.

For the design of the central portion of the slab, the

engine will be considered traveling down the center of the road-

way, producing a uniform load of 500 pounds p er square foot over

 28

an area of 8 by 12 feet.

Then R. X 9.5 X -350 X 13.22 - 270 X 11.66 - 1,180 X 4.66 -

6.25 X 3500 i 270 X 3.25 4 350 * 3.91 =

On the equation, 3,500 pounds is the load produced "by the engine

on the area 7 "by 1 foot between the girders.

R. - 35,209
9.5
= 3,500 pounds.

The moment due to this loading about the center line of the

slab is

3,500 X 4.75 - 350 X 8.66 - 270 X 7 - 590 X 1.75 - 1.75 X 1750

a 8,328 lb. ft.

= 100,000 lb. in.

M = R b d2 b- 12 d= 7.75

100,000 = R X 12 X 53

R * 100,000
630
- 159

A =- .012 X 12 X 7.75
= 1.115

See Fig. 6, 7,8 for arrangement of steel.

The shear at the section of the slab just inside of the

girder is 3,500 - 350 - 270 - 2,880^ There are 93 square inches

available to resist shear. The shear per square inch is therefore

2,880
» 30 pounds per square inch which is well within the
gg
allowable limit of 50 pounds per square inch.
»
 29

3'- 6"

^'4 6

=•0
.

*
I
1
.

*•«»
1
»• *
u

-t
*
1-

<
-to
t_

Cress •Secf/oi of S/o 6 or?c/ O/ refers ^>/7orv//7c? *Sfee/ os?cZ Z ca c/ jOcye fho//7G>.
"
2 roc/s <S> f-O
T7
Tl
-r

Sods (S? 3" f~ L.

f}f.

ct. P/ar? of ha//" of s/af s /?o >sfe&/ /t? t/^e/- /?c?r f/or? of S/c?6.
£ f/O/7 of /?o/f of^/&f> ^/7 0>V/S70 v5 /r? fow&r /zorf/or? of -5/cy/p.
 30

Girders.

The engine load on the roadway as stated before will be

48,000 pounds. As the engine runs along the roadway one half

foot from the wheel guard, the girder below the engino receives

0.92 of 48,000 or 43,000 pounds. '.hen the engine load is on

the center of the span H. for the girder is § X 43,000 or 21,500

pounds. The bending moment due to this load is

51 5
21,500 X ^ - 21500 X 3 = 435,000 lb. -ft.

- 5,800,000 lb. -in.

The load due to the sand cushion per foot of girder is

OX .5 X 110 = 44 lb.

The load due to the slab and rail per foot of girder is
6+9
8 X 2 x 12 X 150 -V 350 = 1,475 lb.

The total superimposed dead load is 1,915 lb. per foot of girder.

Ths weight of t:he girder per foot is

2.5 X 4.75 X 155 - 1,780 lb.

The total dead load per foot of girder is 3,695 pounds.

The moment at the eente of the girder is

i Wl 2 = % X 3,695 X 51.25 X 12

s 14,691,600 lb. -in.

The total monent is 20,491,600 lb. in.

Assuming p - .02, p 1
b. .01 then X s 0.47 and j - 0.83

d will be 53 inches, d* , 5.3".

%• Fs Ajd
2
=16,000 X .02 X .83 X 30 X 53

u 22,382,000 lb.- in.

X fc (1-1/3 X) b d 2
f
•+ fs p' b d (d-d f
)

4X 700 I .47 X .84 X 30 X 2759 f 16000 X .01 X 30 X 53 X 47

31
 32

EUGENE OIETZGCN CO CM i C AiiC - N(w vO*K

 33

= 25,556,000 Id. in.

The area of the tensile steel is .02 I 30 Z 53 = 31.8 sq. in.

n "
" " " " compressive " .01 Z 30 X 53 » 15.9 "

See Fig. 8.

"he maximum shear occurs in the girder at the end when the

engine load is just to the right of the support. The shear is

equal to the reaction or 122,500 pounds. The area available to

resist shear is 2.5 X 4.75 * 11.9 square feet or 143 square inch.

The shear per square inch is 122500 - 85.5 pounds, which is

143
within the allowable limit of pounds or souare inch for

reinforced concrete. Fig. 9 & LO show shears rnd moments of

girder. Howeve; ,
stirrups will he used to bond the materials

together, their arrangement is shown in Fig. 8.

 .

35

Art. 7. Design of Substructure.

The maximum load to be carried "by any one of the piers is

a full span length of the bridge and the engine load when direct-

ly above the pier. The center of gravity of the engine load

v/ill be assumed to act thru the long axis of the pier, 45,000

lbs. acting on the left girder and 5,000 lbs. on the right. See

Fig. 11. The volume of the pier, is

19.5 X 7.5 = 732.5 cu. ft. footing

16 4- 72 j, 13J. 16 X 15 -1,765
2" Total 2,497.5 cu. ft.

The total weight of the pier is £,495.5 X 50 =375,000 pounds.

The load on the pier due to one span length is 2 x 94500 =

189,000 lbs.

The engine load as stated before will be taken as acting entirely

on the pier. The total weight to be carried by the pier is

375,000 + 189,000 f 48,000 * 612,000 lbs. The bearing area of

the footing is 19.5 x 7.5 = 146.5 square feet. The average

6 12,000
bearing on the soil per square foot will be 14'b.fi =4,180 pounds.

Y»'hen the engine travels down the roadway within a half foot of

the railing the variation of the pressure on the soil is as

shown in the diagram in Fig. 10.

Table II gives the safe bearing power of several soils.

TABLE II

Kind of Hate rial. Safe Bearing Power in Tons per

Sq. Ft.
Min . Max
Clay in thick beds, always dry 6 8
" " " " moderately dry 4 6
soft 1 2
Gravel and coarse sand, well cenented 8 10
Sand, dry compact and well cemented 4 6
" clesn dry 2 4
Quicksand, alluvial soils, etc. 0.5 1
 The "bearing power of the soil u^on which the piers are to

rest may he safely assumed as 3 tons per so. ft. If, however,

the engineer in charge, upon investigation of the site, finds

that this estimate is too high, the size of the footings may he

increased, or piles may he driven to increase the hearing jjower.

 38~]

IV COST.

This estimate is merely an attempt to give a rough figure

for the cost of the "bridge. The data compiled are not "based on

actual figures for material, hauling, handling, etc. hut more on

"bids for work of a similar character.

There are 155 cubic yards of concrete in the combined slabs

and rails and 225 cubic yards in the girders, a total of 378

oubic yards of 1.2.4 mixture. This will require, 1 barrel of

packed cement, 7.6 cubic feet of loose sand and 15.2 cubic feet

of loose stone or gravel per cubic yard of concrete.

The price of cement at the present time is about §1.60 per

barrel. Sand at the bridge site will come to £3*00 and stone

v'3.50 per cubic yard. This will make the price of materials .

per cubic yard of concrete about §4.00. For wheel sand, stone

or gravel, mixing, hauling, handling, wetting, placing, tamping

and spading $8.00 per cubic yard will be allowed, total §12.00

per cubic yard in place.

The concrete for the piers, mixed in a 1.3.6 proportion and

without roirf orcenent ,

figured on the same basis, will be §10.00

per cubic yard in place.

The price of steel at the warehouse in Chicago is about

§0.02 per pound. For freight, hauling placing, bending and

wiring §0.02 additional, making a total of v0.04 per pounf of

steel in place.

Lumber for forms will be estimated at §33 per tliousand feet.

The amount required for flat surfaces for forms, will be 5,000

feet, for bracing 1,250 ft. a total of 6,250 feet, assuming that

all lumber will be used twice. The total cost of the lumber will

be §203 or $.25 er cubic yard of concrete. An additional cost

 39

will be due to hauling, handling, "building, tearing down a:

rebuilding the forms and fl#25 will he allowed, the tot al c ost

per cubic yard of concrete will be $1.50.

By reference to works of a similar character in hard clay,

gravel and soft wet soil, the price for excavating will be <;
r
2.00

per cubic yard, to include sheeting and pumping. All items

weights volumes and costs are listed in Table III.

 . o

40

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 41

V LETTING OF COiTTKACT.

All contractors wishing to Md on this work must

"be notified of the work by inserting an advertisement in the

daily papers having the "best circulation in the County, and

also in the engineering papers. In this way, a large number

of contractors will "be reached. These notices must he inserted

in the papers at least ten days "before time of opening "bids.

To satisfy local contractors five notices, one of which is

shown, will "be posted in the vicinity of the "bridge site.

 42

: it g

; bids will be
BRIDGE LETTING.
Bids will be received at the court
house in Urbana, Illinois, at 11 ffiee, Urbana, Illinois,
o'clock Saturday, April 5th, 1913, for
a highway bridge across the San-
gamon river about iy2 miles south
September 15th, 1913
of Fisher, Illinois. Bids may be
sent by mail addressed: "County >f a bridge between
• Clerk, Urbana, 111., proposal for high-
way bridge for Condit and Newcomb
townships." A certified check for $100 iT the Sangamon Kiver
payable to the order of the chairman
of the supervisors of Champaign coun. Linois.
ty will be required with bids sent by
mail or presented in person. Bridge
to be completed on or before Septem
T
y ers, Clerk
ber 1st, 1913. Liquidated damages of :Tewcomb Twp.
$25,001 per day for each day thereafter.
The plans and specifications call
for (1) two reinforced concrete floor
Ler, Clork
steel spans of 128 feet 3 inch span, Condit Twp.
roadway 18 feet, with a new center
pier, on piles if necessary, the old
abutments being widened six feet
and used; or (2) a reinforced concrete
girder bridge of approximately five
52-foot spans, containing 603 cubic
yards, more or less, of concrete and
£4,000 pounds of reinforcement, more
or less, if found necessary, 2,G00 linear
feet, more or less, of 20-foot piles.
Bidders are, ,in case of the st^el
spans, requested to submit a price
for the structure complete,
and also
for sub and for superstructure only.
Plans and specifications are on file
at the county clerk's office, Urbana,
Illinois, or may be obtained
from the
engineer upon request by mail.
The right i s reserved to reject any
and all bids.
J. D. HOLTBRMANN,
Chairman Bridge Committee.
 42

NOTICE

.BEIDGE LETTING

Notice is hereby given that Lids will he

received at the County Clerk's Office, Urbana, Illinois,

at 11:00 o'clock A. II., Tuesday, September 15th, 1913

for the furnishing, and erection of a bridge between

Uewcomb and Condit Townships, over the Sangamon Fdver

about mile south of Fisher, Illinois.

R. L. Myers, Clerk
llewcomb Twp.

E. Hessler, Clork
Condit Twp.

September 5, 1913.
 43

Art. 10 Conclusion.

A bridge of this type, built without supervision

other than that of the contractor is likely to "be a failure.

The contractors who usually hi- on highway work of this kind

are usually untechnically trained, and it is therefore essential

for the full and complete success of this structure that the

engineer in charge or a competent agent from the engineer's

office "be always present to supervise the erection.