Pertemuan 8 - Sistem Saraf Min

NERVOUS
SYSTEM
A N D I B E S S E A H S A N I YA H , P H Y S I O
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
In a multicellular organism levels are:

cells  tissues organs organ systems
tissues: group of similar cells that perform same function
organ: group of tissues that work together to perform complex function (ex: sight)
organ system: group of organs that perform closely related functions
HUMAN ORGAN SYSTEMS
• Nervous System • Endocrine System
• Respiratory System • Lymphatic/Immune System
• Digestive System • Reproductive System
• Skeletal System
• Muscular System
• Circulatory System
• Excretory System
BODY SYSTEMS FUNCTIONS
• Although each of the 10 organ systems has a different set of functions, they all work together,
as a whole, to maintain homeostasis.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• The nervous system controls and coordinates functions
throughout the body and responds to internal and external
stimuli
• Nearly all multicellular organisms have communication
systems
– Specialized cells carry messages from one cell to another
– Smooth and efficient communication through the body
NEURAL ORGANIZATION
The Nervous System
 Millions of interconnected neurons form the
nervous system
 Human nervous system two major parts: central
nervous system and peripheral nervous system
HUMAN NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Divided into two major divisions:
– Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Relays messages, processes info and analyzes info

– Peripheral Nervous System
• Receives information from the environment and relays

commands from the CNS to organs and glands
Nervous System Organization
Central Nervous System
 Brain
 Spinal cord
Nervous System Organization
Peripheral Nervous System
 All neurons outside the
CNS
– 31 pairs spinal nerves
– 12 pairs of cranial
nerves
The Brain - 3 Major Areas
 Cerebrum (telencephalon, diencephalon,)

 Cerebellum
 Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata)
Cerebrum
 Composed of Telencephalon (Cerebral
Cortex) and Diencephalon
 Cerebral Cortex is gray matter because
nerve fibers lack white myelin coating
Cerebral Cortex - 4 Major Lobes
 Parietal
 Frontal
 Temporal
 Occipital
Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
 Intellectual processes: thought, intelligence.
 Processes sensory information and integrates with past
experience to produce appropriate motor response.
Diencephalon - 2 Major Parts
 Thalamus
– Relays stimuli received from all sensory neurons to cortex
for interpretation
– Relays signals from the cerebral cortex to the proper area
for further processing
 Hypothalamus
– Monitors many parameters
 temperature, blood glucose levels, various hormone levels
– Helps maintain homeostasis
– Signals the pituitary via releasing factors
– Signals the lower neural centers
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
 Located behind the brainstem
 Helps monitor and regulate
movement
 Integrates postural
adjustments, maintenance of
equilibrium, perception of
speed, and other reflexes
related to fine tuning of
movement.
Brainstem
 Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

 Maintains vegetative functioning
– Where is respiratory control center?
– Where is cardiovascular control center?
 Reflexes
Brain Stem
SPINAL CORD
• Main communications link between the brain and the rest of the body
• Certain kinds of info (reflexes) are processed in spinal cord
• Reflex is a quick, automatic response to a stimulus
– Sneezing and blinking
– Allows your body to respond to danger immediately without thinking
Spinal Cord
 Contains both gray and white matter

 Gray matter is H-shape in core of cord
Gray Matter
 Regions of brain and spinal cord made up primarily of cell

bodies and dendrites of nerve cells
 Interneurons in spinal cord
– small nerves which do not leave the spinal cord
 Terminal portion of axons
White Matter
 Contains tracts or pathways made up of
bundles of myelinated nerves
 Carry ascending and descending signals
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Lies outside of CNS
• Consists of all the nerves and cells that are not a part of the brain or spinal cord
– Cranial nerves
– Divided into 2 divisions:
• Sensory
• Motor
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sensory division:
transmits impulses from sense organs to the CNS
Motor division:
transmits impulses from CNS to muscles and glands
1. somatic nervous system- regulates conscious
controlled activities
2. autonomic nervous system- regulates
activities that are automatic or involuntary
~Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous system
Peripheral Nervous System
 Thirty-one pairs of
spinal nerves & 12 pairs
of cranial nerves.
 Each spinal nerve is a
mixed nerve containing:
– Somatic afferent
– Visceral afferent
– Somatic efferent
– Visceral efferent
Somatic Nervous System
 Somatic afferent
(sensory): carry
sensations from
periphery to spinal cord.
Includes exteroceptive
(pain, temperature,
touch) & proprioceptive.
 Somatic efferent (motor):
communicate from spinal
cord to skeletal muscles.
Motor Unit
 A single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers which it
innervates. Represents functional unit of movement.
 Ratio of muscle fibers to nerve relates to muscle’s
movement function.
Autonomic Nervous System Subdivisions
 Sympathetic
– responsible for increasing activity in most systems (except GI)
– adrenergic fibers release epinephrine
 Parasympathetic
– responsible for slowing activity in most systems (except GI)
– cholinergic fibers release acetylcholine
NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Messages carried by nervous system are electrical signals called impulses
• Cells that transmit these impulses are called neurons (basic units of nervous system)
– 3 types of neurons
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Interneurons
NEURONS
• Sensory: Carry impulses from sense organs (eyes, ears, etc) to the spinal cord and brain
• Motor: carry impulses from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
• Interneurons: connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them
Sensory Nerves
 Enter the spinal cord on the

dorsal side
 Cell bodies lie outside the
spinal cord in Dorsal Root
Ganglia
Motor Nerves
 Exit the spinal cord on the ventral side

 Cell bodies lie within grey matter of spinal cord
 Somatic
– innervates skeletal muscle
 Autonomic (visceral)
– innervates organs / smooth muscle
PARTS OF A NEURON
• Cell Body
– Largest part; contains nucleus and most of cytoplasm
– Most metabolic activities occur here
• Dendrites
– Short, branched extensions
– Carry impulses from environment or other neuron toward cell body
– Neurons can have several dendrites
• Axon
– Long fiber which carries impulses away from cell body
– Ends in axon terminals, located a distance away from cell body
– Neurons only have one axon
• Myelin Sheath
– Insulating membrane surrounding axon
SYNAPSE
• Location where a neuron can
transfer an impulse to another
cell
• Space between neurons
• Neurotransmitters are chemicals
used by neurons to transmit an
impulse across the synapse
REFLEX ARC
“ WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU STEP ON A
NAIL”?
Reflexes are automatic
The Stimulus (nail ) is received by the
sensory neurons in the foot
This info travels to the spine, where
the interneuron is triggered
The interneuron transmits signal and
carries message back and stimulates
the motor neuron, to move the foot
COOL NERVOUS SYSTEM FACTS:
• As a fetus in the womb, neurons develop at the rate of 250,000 per minute.
• We have about 100 billion nerve cells in our brain by adulthood (over 600 miles worth) – yet
we typically use around 4% at any given time
• Neurons are our largest cells
• Messages transmit at speeds up of to 180 MPH
Thank you

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NERVOUS

In a multicellular organism levels are:

• Relays messages, processes info and analyzes info

• Receives information from the environment and relays

 Cerebrum (telencephalon, diencephalon,)

 Composed of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

 Contains both gray and white matter

 Regions of brain and spinal cord made up primarily of cell

 Enter the spinal cord on the

 Exit the spinal cord on the ventral side

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