OPERATING SYSTEMS LAB Manual

OBJECTIVES:
To understand the functionalities of various layers of OSI model
To explain the difference between hardware, software; operating systems, programs
and files.
Identify the purpose of different software applications.

Lab 1: Simulate the following CPU scheduling algorithms.

a) FCFS b) SJF c) Round Robin d) Priority.
Lab 2: Write a C program to simulate producer-consumer problem using
Semaphores
Lab 3: Write a C program to simulate the concept of Dining-philosophers problem.
Lab 4: Simulate MVT and MFT.
Lab 5: Write a C program to simulate the following contiguous memory allocation
Techniques
a) Worst fit b) Best fit c) First fit.
Lab 6: Simulate all page replacement algorithms
a)FIFO b) LRU c) OPTIMAL
Lab 7: Simulate Bankers Algorithm for Dead Lock Avoidance.
Lab 8: Simulate Bankers Algorithm for Dead Lock Prevention.
EXPERIMENT NO.1
CPU SCHEDULINGALGORITHMS
A). FIRST COME FIRST SERVE:
AIM: To write a c program to simulate the CPU scheduling algorithm First Come First
Serve (FCFS)
DESCRIPTION:
To calculate the average waiting time using the FCFS algorithm first the waiting
time of the first process is kept zero and the waiting time of the second process is the
burst time of the first process and the waiting time of the third process is the sum of the
burst times of the first and the second process and so on. After calculating all the waiting
times the average waiting time is calculated as the average of all the waiting times. FCFS
mainly says first come first serve the algorithm which came first will be served first.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the process
Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process name and the burst time Step
4: Set the waiting of the first process as ‗0‘and its burst time as its turnaround time Step
5: for each process in the Ready Q calculate
a). Waiting time (n) = waiting time (n-1) + Burst time (n-1) b).
Turnaround time (n)= waiting time(n)+Burst time(n)
Step 6: Calculate
a) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
b) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 7: Stop the process

SOURCE CODE:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int bt[20], wt[20], tat[20], i, n;
float wtavg, tatavg;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of processes -- ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter Burst Time for Process %d -- ", i);
scanf("%d", &bt[i]);
}
wt[0] = wtavg = 0;
tat[0] = tatavg = bt[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i] = wt[i-1] +bt[i-1];
tat[i] = tat[i-1] +bt[i];
wtavg = wtavg + wt[i];
tatavg = tatavg + tat[i];
}
printf("\t PROCESS \tBURST TIME \t WAITING TIME\t TURNAROUND TIME\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n\t P%d \t\t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d", i, bt[i], wt[i], tat[i]);
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time -- %f", wtavg/n);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time -- %f", tatavg/n);
getch();
}

INPUT
Enter the number of processes -- 3
Enter Burst Time for Process 0 -- 24
Enter Burst Time for Process 1 -- 3
Enter Burst Time for Process 2 -- 3
OUTPUT

B). SHORTEST JOB FIRST:

AIM: To write a program to stimulate the CPU scheduling algorithm Shortest job first
(Non- Preemption)
DESCRIPTION:
To calculate the average waiting time in the shortest job first algorithm the sorting of
the process based on their burst time in ascending order then calculate the waiting time of
each process as the sum of the bursting times of all the process previous or before to that
process.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the process
Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU
burst time
Step 4: Start the Ready Q according the shortest Burst time by sorting according to
lowest to highest burst time.
Step 5: Set the waiting time of the first process as ‗0‘ and its turnaround time as its burst
time.
Step 6: Sort the processes names based on their Burt time
Step 7: For each process in the ready queue,
calculate
a) Waiting time(n)= waiting time (n-1) + Burst time (n-1)
b) Turnaround time (n)= waiting time(n)+Burst time(n)
Step 8: Calculate
c) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
d)Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process
Step 9: Stop the process

SOURCE CODE :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int p[20], bt[20], wt[20], tat[20], i, k, n, temp; float wtavg,
tatavg;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of processes -- ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
p[i]=i;
printf("Enter Burst Time for Process %d -- ", i);
scanf("%d", &bt[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(k=i+1;k<n;k++)
if(bt[i]>bt[k])
{
temp=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[k];
bt[k]=temp;
temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[k];
p[k]=temp;
}
wt[0] = wtavg = 0;
tat[0] = tatavg = bt[0]; for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i] = wt[i-1] +bt[i-1];
tat[i] = tat[i-1] +bt[i];
wtavg = wtavg + wt[i];
tatavg = tatavg + tat[i];
}
printf("\n\t PROCESS \tBURST TIME \t WAITING TIME\t TURNAROUND TIME\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n\t P%d \t\t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d", p[i], bt[i], wt[i], tat[i]);
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time -- %f", wtavg/n);
printf("\nAverage Turnaround Time -- %f", tatavg/n); getch();}
INPUT
Enter the number of processes -- 4
Enter Burst Time for Process 0 -- 6
Enter Burst Time for Process 1 -- 8
Enter Burst Time for Process 2 -- 7
Enter Burst Time for Process 3 -- 3
OUTPUT

C). ROUND ROBIN:

AIM: To simulate the CPU scheduling algorithm round-robin.
DESCRIPTION:
To aim is to calculate the average waiting time. There will be a time slice, each
process should be executed within that time-slice and if not it will go to the waiting
state so first check whether the burst time is less than the time-slice. If it is less than it
assign the waiting time to the sum of the total times. If it is greater than the burst-time
then subtract the time slot from the actual burst time and increment it by time-slot and
the loop continues until all the processes are completed.

ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the process
Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue and time quantum (or) time
slice
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU burst
time
Step 4: Calculate the no. of time slices for each process where No. of time
slice for process (n) = burst time process (n)/time slice
Step 5: If the burst time is less than the time slice then the no. of time slices =1.
Step 6: Consider the ready queue is a circular Q, calculate
a) Waiting time for process (n) = waiting time of process(n-1)+ burst time of
process(n-1 ) + the time difference in getting the CPU from process(n-1)
b) Turnaround time for process(n) = waiting time of process(n) + burst time of
process(n)+ the time difference in getting CPU from process(n).
Step 7: Calculate
c) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
d) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process Step
8: Stop the process

SOURCE CODE
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,n,bu[10],wa[10],tat[10],t,ct[10],max;
float awt=0,att=0,temp=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no of processes -- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nEnter Burst Time for process %d -- ", i+1);
scanf("%d",&bu[i]);
ct[i]=bu[i];
}
printf("\nEnter the size of time slice -- ");
scanf("%d",&t);
max=bu[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
if(max<bu[i])
max=bu[i];
for(j=0;j<(max/t)+1;j++)
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
if(bu[i]!=0)
if(bu[i]<=t) {
tat[i]=temp+bu[i];
temp=temp+bu[i];
bu[i]=0;
}e
lse {
bu[i]=bu[i]-t;
temp=temp+t;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
wa[i]=tat[i]-
ct[i]; att+=tat[i];
awt+=wa[i];}
printf("\nThe Average Turnaround time is -- %f",att/n);
printf("\nThe Average Waiting time is -- %f ",awt/n);
printf("\n\tPROCESS\t BURST TIME \t WAITING TIME\tTURNAROUND TIME\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\t%d \t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d \n",i+1,ct[i],wa[i],tat[i]);
getch();}

INPUT:
Enter the no of processes – 3
Enter Burst Time for process 1 – 24
Enter Burst Time for process 2 -- 3
Enter Burst Time for process 3 – 3
Enter the size of time slice – 3
OUTPUT:

D). PRIORITY:
AIM: To write a c program to simulate the CPU scheduling priority algorithm.
DESCRIPTION:
To calculate the average waiting time in the priority algorithm, sort the burst
times according to their priorities and then calculate the average waiting time of the
processes. The waiting time of each process is obtained by summing up the burst times
of all the previous processes.
ALGORITHM:
Step 1: Start the process
Step 2: Accept the number of processes in the ready Queue
Step 3: For each process in the ready Q, assign the process id and accept the CPU burst
time
Step 4: Sort the ready queue according to the priority number.
Step 5: Set the waiting of the first process as ‗0‘ and its burst time as its turnaround time
Step 6: Arrange the processes based on process priority
Step 7: For each process in the Ready Q calculate Step 8:
for each process in the Ready Q calculate
a) Waiting time(n)= waiting time (n-1) + Burst time (n-1)
b) Turnaround time (n)= waiting time(n)+Burst time(n)
Step 9: Calculate
c) Average waiting time = Total waiting Time / Number of process
d) Average Turnaround time = Total Turnaround Time / Number of process Print the results
in an order.
Step10: Stop

SOURCE CODE:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int p[20],bt[20],pri[20], wt[20],tat[20],i, k, n, temp; float wtavg,
tatavg;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of processes --- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++){
p[i] = i;
printf("Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process %d --- ",i); scanf("%d
%d",&bt[i], &pri[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(k=i+1;k<n;k++)
if(pri[i] > pri[k]){
temp=p[i];
p[i]=p[k];
p[k]=temp;
temp=bt[i];
bt[i]=bt[k];
bt[k]=temp;
temp=pri[i];
pri[i]=pri[k];
pri[k]=temp;
}
wtavg = wt[0] = 0;
tatavg = tat[0] = bt[0];
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
wt[i] = wt[i-1] + bt[i-1];
tat[i] = tat[i-1] + bt[i];
wtavg = wtavg + wt[i];
tatavg = tatavg + tat[i];
}
printf("\nPROCESS\t\tPRIORITY\tBURST TIME\tWAITING TIME\tTURNAROUND
TIME");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n%d \t\t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d \t\t %d ",p[i],pri[i],bt[i],wt[i],tat[i]);
printf("\nAverage Waiting Time is --- %f",wtavg/n); printf("\nAverage
Turnaround Time is --- %f",tatavg/n);
getch();}

INPUT
Enter the number of processes -- 5
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 0 --- 10 3
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 1 --- 1 1
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 2 --- 2 4
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 3 --- 1 5
Enter the Burst Time & Priority of Process 4 --- 5 2
OUTPUT
EXPERIMENT.NO 2
AIM: To Write a C program to simulate producer-consumer problem using semaphores.
DESCRIPTION
Producer consumer problem is a synchronization problem. There is a fixed size buffer where the
producer produces items and that is consumed by a consumer process. One solution to the
producerconsumer problem uses shared memory. To allow producer and consumer processes to
run
concurrently, there must be available a buffer of items that can be filled by the producer and
emptied
by the consumer. This buffer will reside in a region of memory that is shared by the producer and
consumer processes. The producer and consumer must be synchronized, so that the consumer
does
not try to consume an item that has not yet been produced.
PROGRAM
#include<stdio.>
void main()
{
int buffer[10], bufsize, in, out, produce, consume,
choice=0; in = 0;
out = 0;
bufsize = 10;
while(choice !=3)
{
printf(“\n1. Produce \t 2. Consume \t3. Exit”);
printf(“\nEnter your choice: ”);
scanf(“%d”,&choice);
switch(choice) {
case 1: if((in+1)%bufsize==out)
printf(“\nBuffer is Full”);
else
{}
break;;;
printf(“\nEnter the value: “);
scanf(“%d”, &produce);
buffer[in] = produce;
in = (in+1)%bufsize;
case 2: if(in == out)
printf(“\nBuffer is Empty”);
else
{
consume = buffer[out];
printf(“\nThe consumed value is %d”, consume);
out = (out+1)%bufsize;
}
break;
}}}

OUTPUT

EXPERIMENT.NO 3
AIM: To Write a C program to simulate the concept of Dining-Philosophers problem.
DESCRIPTION
The dining-philosophers problem is considered a classic synchronization problem because it is
an example
of a large class of concurrency-control problems. It is a simple representation of the need to
allocate several
resources among several processes in a deadlock-free and starvation-free manner. Consider five
philosophers
who spend their lives thinking and eating. The philosophers share a circular table surrounded by
five chairs,
each belonging to one philosopher. In the center of the table is a bowl of rice, and the table is laid
with five
single chopsticks. When a philosopher thinks, she does not interact with her colleagues. From
time to time, a
philosopher gets hungry and tries to pick up the two chopsticks that are closest to her (the
chopsticks that are
between her and her left and right neighbors). A philosopher may pick up only one chopstick at a
time.
Obviously, she cam1ot pick up a chopstick that is already in the hand of a neighbor. When a
hungry
philosopher has both her chopsticks at the same time, she eats without releasing her chopsticks.
When she is
finished eating, she puts down both of her chopsticks and starts thinking again. The dining-
philosophers
problem may lead to a deadlock situation and hence some rules have to be framed to avoid the
occurrence of
deadlock.
PROGRAM
int tph, philname[20], status[20], howhung, hu[20], cho; main()
{
int i; clrscr();
printf("\n\nDINING PHILOSOPHER PROBLEM");
printf("\nEnter the total no. of philosophers: ");
scanf("%d",&tph);
for(i=0;i<tph;i++)
{
philname[i]=(i+1); status[i]=1;
}
printf("How many are hungry : ");
scanf("%d", &howhung);
if(howhung==tph)
{
printf(“\n All are hungry..\nDead lock stage will occur”);
printf(\n”Exiting\n”);
else{
for(i=0;i<howhung;i++){
printf(“Enterphilosopher%dposition:”,(i+1));
scanf(“%d”,&hu[i]);
status[hu[i]]=2;
}

do
{
printf("1.One can eat at a time\t2.Two can eat at a time
\t3.Exit\nEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d", &cho);
switch(cho)
{
case 1: one();
break;
case 2: two();
break;
case 3: exit(0);
default: printf("\nInvalid option..");
}
}while(1);
}
}
one()
{
int pos=0, x, i;
printf("\nAllow one philosopher to eat at any time\n");
for(i=0;i<howhung; i++, pos++)
{
printf("\nP %d is granted to eat", philname[hu[pos]]);
for(x=pos;x<howhung;x++)
printf("\nP %d is waiting", philname[hu[x]]);
}
}
two()
{
int i, j, s=0, t, r, x;
printf("\n Allow two philosophers to eat at same
time\n"); for(i=0;i<howhung;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<howhung;j++)
{
if(abs(hu[i]-hu[j])>=1&& abs(hu[i]-hu[j])!=4)
{
printf("\n\ncombination %d \n", (s+1));
t=hu[i];
r=hu[j]; s++;
printf("\nP %d and P %d are granted to eat", philname[hu[i]],
philname[hu[j]]);

for(x=0;x<howhung;x++)
{
if((hu[x]!=t)&&(hu[x]!=r))
printf("\nP %d is waiting", philname[hu[x]]);
}
}
}
}
}
INPUT
DINING PHILOSOPHER PROBLEM
Enter the total no. of philosophers: 5
How many are hungry : 3
Enter philosopher 1 position: 2
Enter philosopher 2 position: 4
Enter philosopher 3 position: 5
OUTPUT
EXPERIMENT.NO 4
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
A). MEMORY MANAGEMENT WITH FIXED PARTITIONING TECHNIQUE (MFT)
AIM: To implement and simulate the MFT algorithm.
DESCRIPTION:
In this the memory is divided in two parts and process is fit into it. The process which is best
suited will be placed in the particular memory where it suits. In MFT, the memory is partitioned
into fixed size partitions and each job is assigned to a partition. The memory assigned to a
partition does not change. In MVT, each job gets just the amount of memory it needs. That is, the
partitioning of memory is dynamic and changes as jobs enter and leave the system. MVT is a
more ``efficient'' user of resources. MFT suffers with the problem of internal fragmentation and
MVT suffers with external fragmentation.
ALGORITHM:
Step1: Start the process.
Step2: Declarevariables.
Step3: Enter total memory size ms.
Step4: Allocate memory for os.
Ms=ms-os
Step5: Read the no partition to be divided n Partition size=ms/n.
Step6: Read the process no and process size.
Step 7: If process size is less than partition size allot alse blocke the process. While allocating
update memory wastage-external fragmentation.
if(pn[i]==pn[j])f=1;
if(f==0){ if(ps[i]<=siz)
{
extft=extft+sizeps[i];avail[i]=1; count++;
}}
Step 8: Print the results

SOURCE CODE :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int ms, bs, nob, ef,n,
mp[10],tif=0; int i,p=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the total memory available (in Bytes) -- ");
scanf("%d",&ms);
printf("Enter the block size (in Bytes) -- ");
scanf("%d", &bs);
nob=ms/bs;
ef=ms - nob*bs;
printf("\nEnter the number of processes -- ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter memory required for process %d (in Bytes)-- ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&mp[i]);
}
printf("\nNo. of Blocks available in memory--%d",nob);
printf("\n\nPROCESS\tMEMORYREQUIRED\tALLOCATED\tINTERNAL
FRAGMENTATION");
for(i=0;i<n && p<nob;i++)
{
printf("\n %d\t\t%d",i+1,mp[i]);
if(mp[i] > bs)
printf("\t\tNO\t\t---");
else
{
printf("\t\tYES\t%d",bs-mp[i]);
tif = tif + bs-mp[i];
p++;
}}
if(i<n)
printf("\nMemory is Full, Remaining Processes cannot be accomodated");
printf("\n\nTotal Internal Fragmentation is %d",tif);
printf("\nTotal External Fragmentation is %d",ef);
getch();
}

INPUT
Enter the total memory available (in Bytes) -- 1000
Enter the block size (in Bytes)-- 300
Enter the number of processes – 5
Enter memory required for process 1 (in Bytes) -- 275
Enter memory required for process 2 (in Bytes) -- 400
Enter memory required for process 3 (in Bytes) -- 290
Enter memory required for process 4 (in Bytes) -- 293
Enter memory required for process 5 (in Bytes) -- 100
No. of Blocks available in memory -- 3
OUTPUT

B) MEMORY VARIABLE PARTIONING TYPE (MVT)

AIM: To write a program to simulate the MVT algorithm
ALGORITHM:
Step1: start the process.
Step2: Declare variables.
Step3: Enter total memory size ms.
Step4: Allocate memory for os.
Ms=ms-os
Step5: Read the no partition to be divided n Partition size=ms/n.
Step6: Read the process no and process size.
Step 7: If process size is less than partition size allot alse blocke the process. While allocating
update memory wastage-external fragmentation.
if(pn[i]==pn[j]) f=1;
if(f==0){ if(ps[i]<=size)
{
extft=extft+sizeps[i];avail[i]=1; count++;
}}
Step 8: Print the results

SOURCE CODE:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int ms,mp[10],i,
temp,n=0; char ch = 'y';
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the total memory available (in Bytes)-- ");
scanf("%d",&ms);
temp=ms;
for(i=0;ch=='y';i++,n++)
{
printf("\nEnter memory required for process %d (in Bytes) -- ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&mp[i]);
if(mp[i]<=temp)
{
printf("\nMemory is allocated for Process %d ",i+1);
temp = temp - mp[i];
}
else
{
printf("\nMemory is Full"); break;
}
printf("\nDo you want to continue(y/n) -- ");
scanf(" %c", &ch);
}
printf("\n\nTotal Memory Available -- %d", ms);
printf("\n\n\tPROCESS\t\t MEMORY ALLOCATED ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\n \t%d\t\t%d",i+1,mp[i]);
printf("\n\nTotal Memory Allocated is %d",ms-temp);
printf("\nTotal External Fragmentation is %d",temp);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:

EXPERIMENT.NO 5
MEMORY ALLOCATION TECHNIQUES
AIM: To Write a C program to simulate the following contiguous memory allocation techniques
a) Worst-fit b) Best-fit c) First-fit
DESCRIPTION
One of the simplest methods for memory allocation is to divide memory into several fixed-sized
partitions. Each partition may contain exactly one process. In this multiple-partition method,
when a
partition is free, a process is selected from the input queue and is loaded into the free partition.
When the
process terminates, the partition becomes available for another process. The operating system
keeps a
table indicating which parts of memory are available and which are occupied. Finally, when a
process
arrives and needs memory, a memory section large enough for this process is provided. When it
is time to
load or swap a process into main memory, and if there is more than one free block of memory of
sufficient size, then the operating system must decide which free block to allocate. Best-fit
strategy
chooses the block that is closest in size to the request. First-fit chooses the first available block
that is
large enough. Worst-fit chooses the largest available block.
PROGRAM
WORST-FIT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int
frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,t
emp; static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - First Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);

}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
{
ff[i]=j;
break;
}
}
}
frag[i]=temp;
bf[ff[i]]=1;
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size :\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}
INPUT
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2
Enter the size of the blocks:-
Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7
Enter the size of the files:-
File 1: 1
File 2: 4
OUTPUT

BEST-FIT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,lowest=10000;
static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1)
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
if(lowest>temp)
{
ff[i]=j;
lowest=temp;
}
}}
frag[i]=lowest; bf[ff[i]]=1; lowest=10000;
}
printf("\nFile No\tFile Size \tBlock No\tBlock
Size\tFragment"); for(i=1;i<=nf && ff[i]!=0;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}

INPUT
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2
Enter the size of the blocks:-
Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7
Enter the size of the files:-
File 1: 1
File 2: 4
OUTPUT

FIRST-FIT
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define max 25
void main()
{
int
frag[max],b[max],f[max],i,j,nb,nf,temp,highes
t=0; static int bf[max],ff[max];
clrscr();
printf("\n\tMemory Management Scheme - Worst Fit");
printf("\nEnter the number of blocks:");
scanf("%d",&nb);
printf("Enter the number of files:");
scanf("%d",&nf);
printf("\nEnter the size of the blocks:-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nb;i++)
{
printf("Block %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);
}
printf("Enter the size of the files :-\n");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
printf("File %d:",i);
scanf("%d",&f[i]);
}

for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=nb;j++)
{
if(bf[j]!=1) //if bf[j] is not allocated
{
temp=b[j]-f[i];
if(temp>=0)
if(highest<temp)
{
}
}
frag[i]=highest; bf[ff[i]]=1; highest=0;
}
ff[i]=j; highest=temp;
}
printf("\nFile_no:\tFile_size:\tBlock_no:\tBlock_size:\tFragement");
for(i=1;i<=nf;i++)
printf("\n%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d\t\t%d",i,f[i],ff[i],b[ff[i]],frag[i]);
getch();
}
INPUT
Enter the number of blocks: 3
Enter the number of files: 2
Enter the size of the blocks:-
Block 1: 5
Block 2: 2
Block 3: 7
Enter the size of the files:-
File 1: 1
File 2: 4
OUTPUT

EXPERIMENT NO.6
PAGE REPLACEMENT ALGORITHMS
AIM: To implement FIFO page replacement technique.
a) FIFO b) LRU c) OPTIMAL
DESCRIPTION:
Page replacement algorithms are an important part of virtual memory management and it helps
the OS to
decide which memory page can be moved out making space for the currently needed page.
However, the
ultimate objective of all page replacement algorithms is to reduce the number of page faults.
FIFO-This is the simplest page replacement algorithm. In this algorithm, the operating system
keeps track
of all pages in the memory in a queue, the oldest page is in the front of the queue. When a page
needs to be
replaced page in the front of the queue is selected for removal.
LRU-In this algorithm page will be replaced which is least recently used
OPTIMAL- In this algorithm, pages are replaced which would not be used for the longest
duration of time
in the future. This algorithm will give us less page fault when compared to other page
replacement
algorithms.
ALGORITHM:
1. Start the process
2. Read number of pages n
3. Read number of pages no
4. Read page numbers into an array a[i]
5. Initialize avail[i]=0 .to check page hit
6. Replace the page with circular queue, while re-placing check page availability in the frame
Place avail[i]=1 if page is placed in theframe Count page faults
7. Print the results.
8. Stop the process.

A) FIRST IN FIRST OUT

SOURCE CODE :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h> int fr[3];
void main()
{
void display();
int i,j,page[12]={2,3,2,1,5,2,4,5,3,2,5,2};
int
flag1=0,flag2=0,pf=0,frsize=3,top=0;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
fr[i]=-1;
}
for(j=0;j<12;j++)
{
flag1=0; flag2=0; for(i=0;i<12;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==page[j])
{
flag1=1; flag2=1; break;
}}
if(flag1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<frsize;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==-1)
{
fr[i]=page[j]; flag2=1; break;
}}}
if(flag2==0)
{
fr[top]=page[j];
top++;
pf++;
if(top>=frsize)
top=0;
}
display();
}

printf("Number of page faults : %d ",pf+frsize);

getch();
}
void display()
{
int i; printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
printf("%d\t",fr[i]);
}
OUTPUT:
B) LEAST RECENTLY USED
AIM: To implement LRU page replacement technique.
ALGORITHM:
1. Start the process
2. Declare the size
3. Get the number of pages to be inserted
4. Get the value
5. Declare counter and stack
6. Select the least recently used page by counter value
7. Stack them according the selection.
8. Display the values
9. Stop the process
SOURCE CODE :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fr[3];
void main()
{
void display();
int p[12]={2,3,2,1,5,2,4,5,3,2,5,2},i,j,fs[3];
int index,k,l,flag1=0,flag2=0,pf=0,frsize=3;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
fr[i]=-1;
}
for(j=0;j<12;j++)
{
flag1=0,flag2=0;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==p[j])
{
flag1=1;
flag2=1; break;
}}
if(flag1==0)
Page 33
{
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==-1)
{
fr[i]=p[j]; flag2=1;
break;
}}}
if(flag2==0)
{
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
fs[i]=0;
for(k=j-1,l=1;l<=frsize-1;l++,k--)
{
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==p[k]) fs[i]=1;
}}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
if(fs[i]==0)
index=i;
}
fr[index]=p[j];
pf++;
}
display();
}
printf("\n no of page faults :%d",pf+frsize);
getch();
}
void display()
{
int i; printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
printf("\t%d",fr[i]);
}

OUTPUT:
C) OPTIMAL
AIM: To implement optimal page replacement technique.
ALGORTHIM:
1. Start Program
2. Read Number Of Pages And Frames
3.Read Each Page Value
4. Search For Page In The Frames
5.If Not Available Allocate Free Frame
6. If No Frames Is Free Repalce The Page With The Page That Is Leastly Used
7.Print Page Number Of Page Faults
8.Stop process.
SOURCE CODE:
/* Program to simulate optimal page replacement */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fr[3], n, m;
void
display();
void main()
{
int i,j,page[20],fs[10];
int
max,found=0,lg[3],index,k,l,flag1=0,flag2=0,pf=0;
float pr;
clrscr();
printf("Enter length of the reference string: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the reference string: ");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&page[i]);
printf("Enter no of frames: ");
scanf("%d",&m);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
fr[i]=-1; pf=m;

for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
flag1=0; flag2=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==page[j])
{
flag1=1; flag2=1;
break;
}}
if(flag1==0)
{
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
if(fr[i]==-1)
{
fr[i]=page[j]; flag2=1;
break;
}}}
if(flag2==0)
{
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
lg[i]=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(k=j+1;k<=n;k++)
{
if(fr[i]==page[k])
{
lg[i]=k-j;
break;
}}}
found=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
if(lg[i]==0)
{
index=i;
found = 1;

break;
}}
if(found==0)
{
max=lg[0]; index=0;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
if(max<lg[i])
{
max=lg[i];
index=i;
}
}}
fr[index]=page[j];
pf++;
}
display();
}
printf("Number of page faults : %d\n", pf);
pr=(float)pf/n*100;
printf("Page fault rate = %f \n", pr); getch();
}
void display()
{
int i; for(i=0;i<m;i++)
printf("%d\t",fr[i]);
printf("\n");
}

OUTPUT:
EXPERIMENT.NO 7
DEAD LOCK AVOIDANCE
AIM: To Simulate bankers algorithm for Dead Lock Avoidance (Banker‘s Algorithm)
DESCRIPTION:
Deadlock is a situation where in two or more competing actions are waiting f or the other
to finish, and thus neither ever does. When a new process enters a system, it must declare the
maximum number of instances of each resource type it needed. This number may exceed the
total number of resources in the system. When the user request a set of resources, the system
must determine whether the allocation of each resources will leave the system in safe state. If
it will the resources are allocation; otherwise the process must wait until some other process
release the resources.
Data structures
n-Number of process, m-number of resource types.
Available: Available[j]=k, k – instance of resource type Rj is available. Max: If
max[i, j]=k, Pi may request at most k instances resource Rj.
Allocation: If Allocation [i, j]=k, Pi allocated to k instances of resource Rj Need: If
Need[I, j]=k, Pi may need k more instances of resource type Rj, Need[I, j]=Max[I, j]-
Allocation[I, j];
Safety Algorithm
1. Work and Finish be the vector of length m and n respectively, Work=Available and
Finish[i] =False.
2. Find an i such that both
Finish[i] =False
Need<=Work If no such I
exists go to step 4.
3. work= work + Allocation, Finish[i] =True;
4. if Finish[1]=True for all I, then the system is in safe state.
Resource request algorithm
Let Request i be request vector for the process Pi, If request i=[j]=k, then process Pi
wants k instances of resource type Rj.
1. if Request<=Need I go to step 2. Otherwise raise an error condition.
2. if Request<=Available go to step 3. Otherwise Pi must since the resources are
available.
3. Have the system pretend to have allocated the requested resources to process Pi by
modifying the state as follows;
Available=Available-Request I;
Allocation I=Allocation +Request I;
Need i=Need i- Request I;
If the resulting resource allocation state is safe, the transaction is completed and process Pi is
allocated its resources. However if the state is unsafe, the Pi must wait for Request i and the
old resource-allocation state is restored.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the values of resources and processes.
3. Get the avail value.
4. After allocation find the need value.
5. Check whether its possible to allocate.
6. If it is possible then the system is in safe state.
7. Else system is not in safety state.
8. If the new request comes then check that the system is in safety.
9. or not if we allow the request.
10. stop the program.
11. end
SOURCE CODE :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
int alloc[10][10],max[10][10];
int avail[10],work[10],total[10];
int i,j,k,n,need[10][10];
int m;
int count=0,c=0;
char finish[10];
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of processes and resources:");
scanf("%d%d",&n,&m);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
finish[i]='n';
printf("Enter the claim matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
scanf("%d",&max[i][j]);
printf("Enter the allocation matrix:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
scanf("%d",&alloc[i][j]);
printf("Resource vector:");
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
scanf("%d",&total[i]);
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
avail[i]=0; for(i=0;i<n;i++)
Page 57
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
avail[j]+=alloc[i][j];
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
work[i]=avail[i];
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
work[j]=total[j]-work[j];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
need[i][j]=max[i][j]-alloc[i][j];
A:
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
c=0;
for(j=0;j<m;j++)
if((need[i][j]<=work[j])&&(finish[i]=='n'))
c++;
if(c==m)
{
printf("All the resources can be allocated to Process %d", i+1);
printf("\n\nAvailable resources are:");
for(k=0;k<m;k++)
{
work[k]+=alloc[i][k];
printf("%4d",work[k]);
}
printf("\n");
finish[i]='y';
printf("\nProcess %d executed?:%c \n",i+1,finish[i]);
count++;
}}
if(count!=n)
goto A;
else
printf("\n System is in safe mode");
printf("\n The given state is safe state");
getch();
}

OUTPUT
EXPERIMENT.NO 8
DEAD LOCKPREVENTION
AIM: To implement deadlock prevention technique
Banker‘s Algorithm:
When a new process enters a system, it must declare the maximum number of
instances of each resource type it needed. This number may exceed the total number of
resources in the system. When the user request a set of resources, the system must
determine whether the allocation of each resources will leave the system in safe state. If
it will the resources are allocation; otherwise the process must wait until some other
process release the resources.
DESCRIPTION:
Data structures
n-Number of process, m-number of resource types.
Available: Available[j]=k, k – instance of resource type Rj is available.
Max: If max[i, j]=k, Pi may request at most k instances resource Rj.
Allocation: If Allocation [i, j]=k, Pi allocated to k instances of resource Rj Need:
If Need[I, j]=k, Pi may need k more instances of resource type Rj,
Need[I, j]=Max[I, j]-Allocation[I, j];
Safety Algorithm
Work and Finish be the vector of length m and n respectively, Work=Available
and Finish[i] =False.
Find an i such
that both Finish[i] =False
Need<=Work
If no such I exists go to step 4.
5. work=work+Allocation, Finish[i] =True;
if Finish[1]=True for all I, then the system is in safe state

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Get the values of resources and processes.
3. Get the avail value.
4. After allocation find the need value.
5. Check whether its possible to allocate.
6. If it is possible then the system is in safe state.
7. Else system is not in safety state
8. Stop the process.
SOURCE CODE :
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char job[10][10];
int time[10],avail,tem[10],temp[10]; int safe[10];
int ind=1,i,j,q,n,t;
clrscr();
printf("Enter no of jobs: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("Enter name and time: ");
scanf("%s%d",&job[i],&time[i]);
}
printf("Enter the available resources:");
scanf("%d",&avail);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
temp[i]=time[i];
tem[i]=i;
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(temp[i]>temp[j])
{
t=temp[i];
Page 61
temp[i]=temp[j];
temp[j]=t; t=tem[i];
tem[i]=tem[j];
tem[j]=t;
}
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
q=tem[i];
if(time[q]<=avail)
{
safe[ind]=tem[i];
avail=avail-tem[q];
printf("%s",job[safe[ind]]);
ind++;
}
else
{
printf("No safe sequence\n");
}}
printf("Safe sequence is:");
for(i=1;i<ind; i++)
printf("%s %d\n",job[safe[i]],time[safe[i]]);
getch();
}
OUTPUT: