JEE Mathematics XII Theory Chapter 1 Matrices
JEE Mathematics XII Theory Chapter 1 Matrices
JEE Mathematics XII Theory Chapter 1 Matrices
MATRICES
INTRODUCTION
A set of mn numbers, real or complex, arranged in the form of a rectangular array of m rows and
n columns, written as :
C1 C2 Cn
R1 a11 a12 ..... a1n
..... a2 n
R2 a21 a22
..... ..... ..... .....
Rm am1
am 2 ..... amn mn
Ex. A = 23 41 51 is a matrix having two rows and three columns and so it is a matrix of order
2 × 3 such that a11 = 2, a12 = 1, a13 = –1, a21 = 3, a22 = –4, a23 = 5.
Note:
The difference between a determinant and a matrix is that while a determinant has a certain
value, the matrix has none. It is just an arrangement of certain quantities.
Ex. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix A = [aij], whose elements are given by aij = 2i + 3j.
a11 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 1 = 5,
a12 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 8
Similarly,
a13 = 11, a14 = 14, a21 = 7, a22 = 10, a23 = 13, a24 = 16, a31 = 9, a32 = 12, a33 = 15, a34 = 18
5 8 11 14
A = 7 10 13 16
9 12 15 18
-1. 1 -
Matrices
Row Matrix: A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
Ex. A = [1 2 4 5] is row matrix.
Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.
1
Ex. A = 24 is column matrix.
5
Square Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows is equal to number of columns, is called
a square matrix. A square matrix containing n rows and n columns is said to be square matrix
of order n.
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all elements, except those in the leading diagonal,
are zero is known as a diagonal matrix i.e. aij = 0, for all i j.
5 0 0
Ex. A = 0 4 0 is diagonal matrix also written as diag.[5, 4, –3].
0 0 3
Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is called a
scalar matrix.
0, i j
For a square matrix A = [aij]n×n to be a scalar matrix aij = , where m 0.
m, i j
2 0 0
Ex. A = 0 2 0 is scalar..
0 0 2
Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix having diagonal elements as unity is called an Identity
or unit matrix.
1 0 0
I2 = 10 01 , I3 = 0 1 0 , are unit matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively..
0 0 1
Null Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is known as Null matrix.
Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called an Upper triangular matrix
if aij = 0 for all i > j
1 2 4 3
0 5 1 2
Ex. A = 0 0 3 5 is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 0 7
Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called a Lower triangular matrix
if aij = 0 for all i < j
-1. 2 -
Matrices
5 0 0
Ex. A = 2 3 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
1 9 5
A Triangular matrix A = [a ij] n × n is called a strictly triangular matrix if aii = 0 for all
i = 1, 2, ..., n.
0 2 5
Ex. A = 0 0 3 is strictly triangular..
0 0 0
0 0 0
Ex. Matrices 00 00 and 0 0 0 are not equal because their orders are not same.
Sample Problem 1:
x y 2x z
If 3x y 3z 4 w = 1 5
5 25 , find x, y, z, w.
Solution: Since, in equal matrices, corresponding elements are equal, therefore
x – y = –1,
2x + z = 5
3x + y = 5
3z + 4w = 25
Solving these equations, we get
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 4.
Sample Problem 2:
x 3 2 y x 0 7
Find x, y, z and a for which z 1 4a 6 = 3 2a
x 3 2 y x 0 7
Solution: Given, z 1 4a 6 = 3 2a
x 3 0 2 y x 7
z 1 3 4a 6 2a
x = –3, z = 4, y = –2, a = 3.
-1. 3 -
Matrices
If A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]m × n are two matrices of the same order, their sum A + B will be
of order m × n such that
1 4 5
Ex. If A = 2 3 7
2 5 3
B = 1 4 2
1 2 4 5 5 3 1 9 8
then A + B = 2 1 3 4 7 2 = 1 7 9
1 4 3 2 4
Ex. If A = 2 5 1 , B = 5 9 then A + B is not defined, because A and B are not of the same
order.
Properties of Addition :
1 4 3
Ex. If A = 2 5 7
1 4 3
then –A = 2 5 7 .
-1. 4 -
Matrices
2 4 3
Ex. If A = 3 5 7
3 5 1
B = 4 2 3
then A–B = A + (–B)
2 4 3 3 5 1
= 3 5 7 + 4 2 3
1 9 2
= 7 3 10
If A = [aij]m × n be a matrix and k be any number (called scalar), then the matrix kA defined by
kA =[kaij]m × n
i.e. The matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A
by k.
1 4 2
Ex. If A = 3 1 5
4 16 8
then 4A = 12 4 20 .
-1. 5 -
Matrices
b1k
= [ai1, ai2, ....., ain] b2 k
...
bnk
Note :
For product AB to be defined, we must have number of columns in A = number of rows in
B. Then A and B are said conformable for multiplication.
If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not exist.
For AB and BA both to be defined, both should be square matrices of same order.
3 4 1
2 3 2
Ex. If A=
1 2 0
2 1
& B = 3 2
1 3
then A is a 3 × 3 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix, therefore A and B are comformable for the
product AB and it is of order 3 × 2 such that
2
(AB)11 = [3 4 1] 3 = 3 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 1 × 1 = 19.
1
1
(AB)12 = [3 4 1] 2 = 3 × (–1) + 4 × 2 + 1 × (–3) = 2.
3
2
(AB)21 = [2 –3 2] 3 = 2 × 2 + (–3) × 3 + 2 × 1 = –3.
1
Similarly,(AB)22 = –14,
(AB)31 = 4
and (AB)32 = 5
19 2
AB = 3 14
4 5
But BA is not defined, because the number of columns in B the number of rows in A.
-1. 6 -
Matrices
ImA = A = AIn.
(v) The product of two matrices can be null matrix while neither of them is null.
AB = 0
A = 0 or B = 0
0 2 1 2
Ex. If A = 0 0 and B = 0 0
0 0
thenAB = 0 0 , while neither A nor B is null matrix.
(vi) The product of the matrix with a null matrix is always a null matrix
(A)ij = aji
1 3 5 7
Ex. If A 2 1 4 3
2 4 5 6
1 2 2
then A 53 41 45
7 3 6
Properties of Transpose :
-1. 7 -
Matrices
Generalisation :
(ABC) = CBA.
i.e. the transpose of the product is the product of the transposes taken in the reverse order.
The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace
of A i.e. tr(A).
Thus if A = [aij]n×n
Sample Problem 3:
cos sin 1
If A = , then find lim A n .
sin cos n n
-1. 8 -
Matrices
cos n sin n
Solution: An = sin n cos n
cos n sin n
1 n n
A = n
n sin n cos n
n n
1 n 0 0
lim A .
n n
0 0
Matrix polynomial
Let f (x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + ... + an–1x + an be a polynomial and let A be a square matrix
of order n. Then
A2 – 4A + 3I is a matrix polynomial.
1. A square matrix A = [aij] in which aij = 0 for i ¹ j and aij = k (constant) for i = j is called a
(a) unit matrix (b) scalar matrix (c) null matrix (d) diagonal matrix
Hint (b): When aij = 0 for i ¹ j and aij for constant for i = j then the matrix [aij]n × n is called a scalar matrix
2. In an upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number of zeros is
n( n 1) n( n 1) 2n( n 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2 2
Hint (a): As we know a square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j.
i 0
3. If A = , n N, then A4n equals
0 i
1 0 i 0 0 i 0 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 1 0 i i 0 0 0
i 0 i 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Hint (a): A2 = , A4 = A2, A2 = = I; (A4)n = In = I = 0 1
0 i 0 i 0 1 0 1 0 1
-1. 9 -
Matrices
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
4. Let F(a) = . Then F(a). F(a¢) is equal to
0 0 1
(a) F(aa¢) (b) F(a/a¢) (c) F(a + a¢) (d) F(a - a¢)
2 0 1
2 1 3 2
5. Let A = and f (x) = x – 5x + 6I3. Find f(A)
1 1 0
1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3
7 1 10 7 1 10 7 1 10
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2
2 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0
2 1 3 5 2 1 3 6 0 1 0
=
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
2 0 1 2 0 1 10 0 5 6 0 0
2 1 3 2 1 3 10 5 15 0 6 0
=
1 1 0 1 1 0 5 5 0 0 0 6
2 2 0 2 1( 1) 2 0 0 1 1( 1) 2 1 0 3 1 0
2 2 1 2 3) 1) 2 0 1 1 3( 1) 2 1 1 3 3 0
=
( 1)2 (2)2 0(1) ( 1)0 ( 1)1 0(1) (1)1 (1)3 0 0
6 10 00 0 5 1 1 3
0 10 65 0 15 7 1 10
+ =
0 ( 5) 0 ( 5) 6 0 1 4 2
-1. 10 -
Matrices
1 3
1 2 3 1 0 T
6. If A = and B = . Then (AB) =
4 2 5 2 4
9 4 9 15 9 8
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
15 8 4 8 15 4
1 3
1 2 3 1 0
Hint (a): AB = .
4 2 5 2 4
1 tan 2 2
2 tan
2 1 t 2 2t
Hint (d): cos = 2 sin = 2 (where t = tan )
1 t 2 1 t 2
1 tan 2 1 tan
2 2
1 t 1 t
Now, I + A = I –A= t 1
t 1
2
cos sin 1 t 1 t 2t 1
Now, (I –A) sin cos t 1
2 2
2t 1 t 1 t
1 t
= =I+A
t 1
5 0 a b
8. If A = and B = c d , then AB =
0 5
5
(a) B (b) 5B (c) B (d) 5A
Hint (b): AB = (5I2)B = 5(I2B) = 5B
x 1 0 2 5
2
3 x 2 4 1
9. If the trace of the matrix A = 1 2 x 3 1 is 0 then , x is equal to
2 0 4 x 2 6
(a) {2, 3} (b) {–2, –3} (c) {–3, 2} (d) {1, 2}
-1. 11 -
Matrices
4 6 1 2 4 3
3 0 2 ,B 0 1 ,C 1
10. Consider the matrices A = out of the given matrix products
1 2 5 1 2 2
T T T T T T
(i) (AB) C (ii) C C (AB) (iii) C AB (iv) A ABB C
(a) exactly one is defined (b) exactly two are defined
(c) exactly three are defined (d) all four are defined
Hint (c): A3 × 3, B3 × 2, C3 × 1
(i) (AB)3×2 (AB)T2×3 ((AB)TC)2×1 i.e. it is defined.
(ii) (CTC)1×1 (CTC)1×1(AB)T2×3 Þ it is not defined
(iii) (CT)1×3 A3×3 B3 ×2 Þ it is defined
(iv) (ATA)3×3 B3×2 BT2×3 C3 × 1 Þ it is not defined
Symmetric Matrix :
A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix if aij = aji, for all i, j.
1 2 3
Ex. A 2 4 5 is symmetric, because a12 = 2 = a21, a31 = 3 = a13 etc.
3 5 2
Note : A is symmetric A = A
Skew-Symmetric Matrix
-1. 12 -
Matrices
0 2 1
Ex. A 2 0 3 , B 0 2 are skew-symmetric matrices.
1 3 0 2 0
A = –A
Some results :
(ii) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a
skew-symmetric matrix
1 1
A = ( A A) ( A A)
2 2
= B + C, where B is symmetric and C is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iii) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB is symmetric iff AB = BA, i.e. A & B commute.
If AT = A & BT = B
(AB)T = BTAT
(AB)T = BA
(AB)T = AB AB is symmetric
Converse also true.
i.e., if (AB)T = AB
AB = BA
(iv) The matrix BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-
symmetric.
(v) All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
(vi) Positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric and positive even
integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric.
Sample Problem 4:
Let A & B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then show that
(i) A + B is symmetric
(ii) AB – BA is skew-symmetric
(iii) AB + BA is symmetric
-1. 13 -
Matrices
Note:
If A is a Hermitian matrix then aii = aii aii is real i, thus every diagonal element of a
Hermitian Matrix must be real.
A Hermitian Matrix over the set of real numbers is actually a real symmetric matrix. And a
square matrix, A = [aij] is said to be a skew-Hermitian if aij = a ji , i, j i.e. A = –A.
0 2 i , 3i 3 2i 1 i
Ex.: 3 2i 2i 2 4i are skew-Hermitian matrices.
2 i 0 1 i 2 4i 0
If A is a skew-Hermitian matrix then aii = aii aii + aii = 0 i.e. aii must be purely
imaginary or zero.
-1. 14 -
Matrices
A skew-Hermitian Matrix over the set of real numbers is actually is real skew-symmetric
matrix.
Sample Problem 5:
Show that every square matrix A can be uniquely expressed as P + iQ where P and Q are
Hermitian Matrices.
1 1
Solution: Let P = (A + A) and Q = (A – A)
2 2i
ThenA = P + iQ (1)
1 1
NowP = ( A A ) = (A + A)
2 2
1 1 1
= {A + (A)} = (A + A) = (A + A) = P
2 2 2
P is a Hermitian Matrix.
1
1
Also Q = ( A A ) = 2i (A – A)
2i
1 1 1
=– {A – (A)} = – (A – A) = (A – A) = Q
2i 2i 2i
Q is also Hermitian Matrix.
Thus A can be expressed in the form (1).
For A is unique.
Let A = R + iS where R and S are both Hermitian Matrices.
We have A = (R + iS) = R + (iS) = R + i S = R – iS
= R – iS (since R and S are both Hermitian)
A + A = (R + iS) + (R – iS) = 2R
1
R = (A + A) = P
2
Also A – A = (R + iS) – (R – iS) = 2iS
1
S= (A – A) = Q
2i
Hence expression (1) for A unique.
Sample Problem 6:
-1. 15 -
Matrices
Since A2 = O
Let AA = [bij]n × n
AA= O then each element of AA is zero and so all the principal diagonal elements
of AA are zero.
b ij = 0 for all i = 1, 2, ...., n
Nowbii = ai1 ai1 + ai2 ai 2 + ..... + ain ain
= |ai1|2 + |ai2|2 + .... |ain|2
bii =0
|ai1|2 + |ai2|2 + ..... + |ain|2 = 0
|ai1| = |ai2| = ..... = |ain| = 0
ai1 = ai2 = ..... = ain = 0
each element of the ith row of A is zero.
But bii = 0 i = 1, ...., n
each element of each row of A is zero
Hence A = O.
A is non-singular | A | 0
2 2 4
Ex.: The matrix A 1 3 4 is idempotent as
1 2 3
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
A 2 A. A 1 3 4 . 1 3 4 1 3 4 A
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
-1. 16 -
Matrices
A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists a positive integer m such that
Am = O. If m is the least positive integer such that Am = O, then m is called the index of the
nilpotent matrix A.
Sample Problem 7:
1 1 3
Show that the matrix 5 2 6 is nilpotent matrix of index 3
2 1 3
1 1 3
Solution: Let A 5 2 6
2 1 3
0 0 0
A2 3 3 9
1 1 3
0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0
A3 A2 . A 3 3 9 5 2 6 0 0 0
1 1 3 2 1 3 0 0 0
A3 = 0. i.e. Ak = 0
Here k = 3
OBJECTIVE QUESTION-1.3:
0 5 7
5 0 11
1. The matrix is known as
7 11 0
1 2 2
1
2 1 2
2. The matrix A = 3 is
2 2 1
-1. 17 -
Matrices
1 2 2
1
2 1 2
Hint (a): Since for given A = 3 . For orthogonal matrix AAT = ATA = I(3×3).
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 0 0
1 1
2 1 2 2 1 2 0 9 0
Þ AAT = 9 9 = I, Similarly AT A = I.
2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 9
2 n
3. Matrix A is such that A = 2A – I where I is the identity matrix. Then for n ³ 2, A =
n –1 n–1
(a) nA – (n –1) I (b) nA – I (c) 2 A –(n –1)I (d) 2 A–I
Hint (a): We have, A2 = 2A – I Þ A2 . A = (2A – I)A; A3 = 2A2 – IA = 2[2A – I] – IA Þ A3 = 3A – 2I
Similarly A 4 = 4A – I and hence An = nA – (n – 1)I.
4 2 3
1 3 6
4. Express A as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, where A = , then
5 0 7
symmetric matrix is
4 3 / 2 4 1 1/ 2 1
3 / 2 3 3 1 / 2 2 3
(a) (b)
4 3 0 4 3 3
0 3/ 2 1
1 / 2 2 3
(c) (d) none of these
4 3 3
4 2 3
Hint (a): A = 1 3 6
5 0 7
4 1 5
A 2 3 0
3 6 7
4 2 3 4 1 5
1 3 6
Then A A + 2 3 0
5 0 7 3 6 7
8 3 8
3 6 6
= ................(i)
8 6 0
-1. 18 -
Matrices
4 2 3 4 1 5
1 3 6 2 3 0
and AA
–
5 0 7 3 6 7
0 1 2
1 0 6
= ................(ii)
2 6 14
Adding (1) and (ii) we get
8 3 8 0 1 2
3 6 6 1 0 6
2A =
8 6 0 2 6 14
4 3 / 2 4 0 1/ 2 1
3 / 2 3 3 1 / 2 0 3
A=
4 3 0 1 3 7
l1 m1 n1
5.
If A = l2 m2 n 2 , where < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction of
l3 m3 n 3
l1 m1 n1 l1 l2 l3
l m2 n2 A m1 m2 m3
We have A = 2 .
l3 m3 n3 n1 n2 n3
1 0 0
0 1 0 I
0 0 1
-1. 19 -
Matrices
0 1 1 1
6. For the matrix A = 1 0 , A2 = –I. Then the 16th power of the matrix 1 1 .
128 0
(a) (b) 256 I2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
0 128
2 0 1 0 1 1 0
Hint (b): A 1 0 1 0 0 1 I
1 1 0 1 1 0
Let B = 1 1 1 0 0 1 = A + I
B2 = (A + I) (A + I) = A2 + 2A + I
Since A2 = –I, B2 = 2A
1 0 256 0
B16 = (B2)8 = (2A)8 = 28 (A2)4 = 28 (–I)4 = 28 0 1 0 256 .
1 0 cos sin 0 0 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 1 sin cos 1 0 1 1
Hint (c): A is nilpotent if Am = 0 and Am–1 0
-1. 20 -
Matrices
1 2 0
6 3 3
10. Let A + 2B =
5 3 1
2 1 5
2 1 6
2A– B = , then Tr(A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to
0 1 2
1
Hint (c): A = ((A + 2B) + 2(2A –B))
5
tr(A) + 2 tr(B) = – 1 (from the given matrix)
and 2 tr(A) – tr(B) = 3 (from the given matrix)
Let tr(A) = x and tr(B) = y
x + 2y = – 1
2x – y = 3
solving x = 1 and y = – 1
Hence tr(A) – tr(B) = x – y = 2
Let A = [aij] be a square matrix and Aij is the cofactor of aij in | A |, then the matrix [Aji]
i.e. the transpose of the matrix formed by the co-factors of the corresponding elements in the given
matrix, is called the adjoint matrix of A and is denoted by adj(A).
1 2 3
Ex. Let A 1 3 4
1 4 3
then cofactors of elements of A are given by
A11 34 43 = 3 × 3 – 4 × 4 = –7
A12 11 43 1
-1. 21 -
Matrices
A13 11 34 1
A21 24 33 6
A22 11 33 0
A23 11 24 2
A31 23 34 1
A32 11 34 1
A33 11 23 1
7 6 1
adj A 1 0 1
1 2 1
(i) If A is square matrix of order n, then A.(adj A) = (adj A)A = | A |In, where In is unit matrix
of order n.
cor. |adj A| = | A |n–1, if A is non-singular square matrix of order n.
Proof :-
We have A(adj A) = | A | In
| A| 0 0 ... 0
0 | A| 0 ... 0
| A || adj A |
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ... | A|
| A | | adj A | = | A |n
| adj A | = | A |n–1
(ii) The adjoint of an identity matrix is the identity matrix.
(iii) The adjoint of diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix.
(iv) If K is a scalar, then
adj (KIn) = Kn–1 In
and the adjoint of a scalar matrix is a scalar matrix.
(v) The adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix, i.e. (adj A) = adj A.
(vi) The adjoint of the transpose is equal to the transpose of the adjoint matrix
i.e. adj A = (adj A)
-1. 22 -
Matrices
Sample Problem 8:
1 4 5
Compute the adjoint of the matrix A = 3 2 6 and verify that A(adj A) = |A| I = (adj A)A
0 1 0
1 4 5
Solution: We have |A| = 3 2 6 = 1(0 – 6) – 4(0 – 0) + 5(3 – 0) = 9
0 1 0
Let Cij be cofactor of aij in A. Then the cofactors of elements of A are given by
2 6
C11 = 1 0 = –6,
3 6
C12 = – 0 0 = 0,
3 2
C13 = 0 1 = 3,
4 5
C21 = – 1 0 = 5,
1 5
C22 = 0 0 = 0,
1 4
C23 = – 0 1 = –1
4 5
C31 = 2 6 = 14,
1 5
C32 = – 3 6 = 9,
1 4
C33 = 3 2 = –10
T
6 0 3 6 5 14
adj A = 5 0 1 = 0 0 9
14 9 10 3 1 10
1 4 5 6 5 14 9 0 0 1 0 0
Now, A(adj A) = 3 2 6 0 0 9 = 0 9 0 = 9 0 1 0 = |A| I
0 1 0 3 1 10 0 0 9 0 0 1
-1. 23 -
Matrices
6 5 14 1 4 5 9 0 0 1 0 0
and (adj A)A = 0 0 9 3 2 6 = 0 9 0 = 9 0 1 0 = |A| I
3 1 10 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 1
Hence, A(adj A) = |A|I = (adj A)A.
Sample Problem 9:
1 1 1 1 0 1
Given A = 2 4 1 , B = 23 34 . Find P such that BPA
A=
2 3 1 0 1 0
Solution: Given:
1 0 1
BPA =
0 1 0
Pre-multiplying both sides by B–1
1 0 1
B–1BPA = B–1
0 1 0
1 0 1
IPA = B–1
0 1 0
1 0 1
PA = B–1 ....(1)
0 1 0
To find B–1,
2 3
B = 3 4
2 3
| B | = 3 4 = 8 – 9 = –1 0
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in |B|
C C
C = C11 C12
21 22
C11 = 4 C12 = –3 C21 = –3 C22 = 2
4 3
C = 3 2
adj B C
B–1 = = = – C = – 4 3 = 4 3
|B| 1 3 2 3 2
Now from (1),
4 3 1 0 1
PA = 3 2 ×
0 1 0
4 3 4
PA =
3 2 3
Post-multiplying both sides by A–1
4 3 4
PAA–1 = A–1
3 2 3
-1. 24 -
Matrices
4 3 4
PI = A–1
3 2 3
4 3 4
P= A–1 .....(2)
3 2 3
To find A–1,
1 1 1
Since A = 2 4 1
2 3 1
| A | = 1(4 – 3) – 1(2 – 2) + 1(6 – 8) = 1 – 0 – 2 = –1 0
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in | A |
4 1 22 11 2 4
3 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 0 2
= 3 1 2 1 12 13 = 2 1 1
3 1 2
1 1 12 11 1 1
4 1 2 4
1 2 3
C = 0 1 1
2 1 2
1 2 3
Adj A = 0 1 1
2 1 2
Adj A
A–1 = = – Adj, A
| A|
1 2 3
= 0 1 1
2 1 2
From (2),
4 3 4 1 2 3
P= × 0 1 1
3 2 3 2 1 2
4 0 8 8 3 4 12 3 8
=
3 0 6 6 2 3 9 2 6
4 7 7
P= .
3 5 5
-1. 25 -
Matrices
If A is square matrix of order n and if there exists a square matrix B of same order such that
AB = BA = In, then B is called the reciprocal or inverse of A and denoted by A–1.
So AA–1 = A–1A = I
1 adj A
Inverse of A is given by A | A | , provided | A | 0
1 0 1
Ex. Let A 3 4 5
0 6 7
4 5
we have A11 6 7 2
A12 03 75 21
and similarly A13 = –18, A31 = 4, A32 = –8, A33 = 4, A21 = +6, A22 = 7, A23 = 6
2 6 4
adj A = 21 7 8
18 6 4
1 0 1
Also |A| = 3 4 5
0 6 7
1 2 6 4
= 21 7 8
20 18 6 4
1 2 2
Let A = 2 1 2 , prove that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0, hence obtain A–1.
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 9 8 8
Solution: A2 = A.A = 2 1 2 2 1 2 = 2 2 4 4 1 4 4 2 2 = 8 9 8
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 8 8 9
-1. 26 -
Matrices
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
Now A2 – 4A – 5I = 8 9 8 – 8 4 8 – 0 5 0
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5
9 4 5 8 8 0 8 8 0 0 0 0
= 8 8 0 9 4 5 8 8 0 = 0 0 0 = O
8 8 0 8 8 0 9 4 5 0 0 0
[Here O is the zero matrix]
Thus A2– 4A – 5I = O
A A2 – 4A–1 A – 5A–1I = A–1O = O
–1
1 2 2 4 0 0 3 2 2
5A–1 = A – 4I = 2 1 2 – 0 4 0 = 2 3 2
2 2 1 0 0 4 2 2 3
3 2 2 3 / 5 2 / 5 2 / 5
1 2 3 2
A–1 = = 2 / 5 3/ 5 2/ 5
5 2 2 3 2 / 5 2 / 5 3 / 5
(ii) (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, the AB is invertible and
(AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
(iii) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (AT)–1 = (A–1)T.
(v) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj
A)
The following three operations applied on the rows (columns) of a matrix are called elementary
row (column) transformations.
If ith row (column) of a matrix is interchanged with the jth row (column), it will be denoted
by Ri Rj(Ci Cj).
2 1 3 2 1 3
1 2 1
For example: A = , then by applying R2 R3 we get B = 3 2 4
3 2 4 1 2 1
-1. 27 -
Matrices
If the elements of ith row (column) are multiplied by non-zero scalar k, it will be denoted by
Ri ® R i (k) [C i ® C i (k)] or R i ® kRi [C i ® kC i]
3 2 1 3 2 1
0 1 2
If A = , then by applying R2 ® 3R2, we obtain B = 0 3 6
1 2 3 1 2 3
(iii) Adding to the elements of a row (column), the corresponding elements of any other row
(column) multiplied by any scalar k. If k times the elements of jth row (column) are added
to the corresponding elements of the ith row (column), it will be denoted by Ri Ri+ kRj
(Ci Ci + kCj).
2 1 3 1
1 1 0 2 ,
If A = then the application of elementary operation R3 ® R3 + 2R1 gives
0 1 3 1
the matrix
2 1 3 1
1 1 0 2 ,
B= If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by one or more elementary
4 3 9 3
transformations, then A and B are equivalent matrices and we write A ~ B.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
2 1 4 3
Let A = , then A ~ 1 1 1 1 , Aplying C4 ® C4 + (–1)C3.
3 1 2 4 3 1 2 4
Elementary Matrices: A matrix obtained from an identity matrix by a single elementary operation
(transformation) is called an elementary matrix.
1 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
For Example: are elementary matrices obtained from I3 by
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
-1. 28 -
Matrices
Algorithm for find the inverse of a non singular matrix by elementary row transformations:
Let A be non-singular matrix of order n.
StepII : Perform a sequence of elementary row operations successively on A on the LHS and
pre factor In on the RHS till we obtain the result In = BA.
Note: The following steps will be helpful to find the inverse of a square matrix of order 3 by using
elementary row transformations.
Step I: Introduce unity at the intersection of first row and first column either by interchanging two
rows or by adding a constant multiple of elements of some other row to first row.
Step II: After introducing unity at (1, 1) place introduce zeros at all other places in first column.
Step III: Introduce unity at the intersection of 2nd row and 2nd column with the help of 2nd and
3rd row.
Step IV: Introduce zeros at all other places in the second column except at the intersection of 2nd
row and 2nd column.
Step V: Introduce unity at the intersection of 3rd row and third column.
Step VI: Finally introduce zeros at all other places in the third column except at the intersection
of third row and third column.
-1. 29 -
Matrices
(ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj. A)B = 0, then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
(iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj. A)B 0. then the system is inconsistent.
2 3 1 x 9
A 1 1 1 , X y and B 6
1 1 1 z 2
We have,
A11 = 2, A12 = 0, A13 = –2
A21 = 2, A22 = 1, A23 = –1
A31 = –4, A32 = –1, A33 = 5
-1. 30 -
Matrices
2 2 4
adj. A 0 1 1
2 1 5
2 3 1
| A | 1 1 1
1 1 1
= 2 × 2 + (–3) × 0 + 1 × (–2)
=20
The system has a unique solution given by X = A–1B
1 2 2 4
A 1 0 1 1
2 2 1 5
1 2 2 4 9
X = A–1B = 0 1 1 6
2
2 1 5 2
1 22 11
= 4 = 2
2 14 7
Solution is x = 11, y = 2 and z = –7
2 3 1 x 0
1 1 2 y 0
3 1 3 z 0
or AX = O,
Where,
2 3 1 x 0
y
A= 1 1 2 , X = and O = 0
3 1 3 z 0
Now,
2 3 1
| A | 1 1 2
3 1 3
= 2(–3 + 2) – 3(3 + 6) – 1(1 + 3)
= – 2 –27 – 4 = –33 0
Thus | A | 0. So the given system has only the trivial solution given by x = y = z = 0
-1. 31 -
Matrices
1 2 1 x 0
A 1 1 1 , X y and O 0
3 6 5 z 0
1 2 1
Now | A | 1 1 1
3 6 5
= 1(–5 + 6) + 2(–5 + 3) + 1(6 – 3)
=0
Thus, | A | = 0.
So the given system of equtions has a non-trivial solution.
To find these solutions, we put z = K in the first two equations.
Then we get
x – 2y = –K and x + y = K
1 2 x K
or 1 1 y K or AX = B,
where,
1 2 x K
A = 1 1 , X = y and B = K
1 1 2
A–1 = 3 1 1
Now X = A–1B
K
x 1 1 2 K 3
y 3 1 1 K = 2 K
3
K 2K
x= ,y=
3 3
These values of x, y and z also satisfy the third equation.
K 2K
Hence x = , y= and z = K, where K is any real number, satisfy the given system
3 3
of equations.
-1. 32 -
Matrices
5 1 3 1 1 2
Solution: AB = 7 1 5 3 2 1
1 1 1 2 1 3
5 3 6 5 2 3 10 1 9
= 7 3 10 7 2 5 14 115
1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 3
4 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 4 0 = 4 0 1 0 = 4I3 (1)
0 0 4 0 0 1
Also given system of equations in matrix form is BX = C (2)
x 1
where X = y and C = 7
z 2
From (2), X = B–1C [multiplying both sides of (2) by B–1 as B–1 B = I]
A
From (1), AB = 4I3 .B = I3
4
5 / 4 1/ 4 3/ 4
A 7 / 4 1/ 4 5 / 4
B–1 = =
4 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
5 7 6
4 4 4
x 5 / 4 1/ 4 3 / 4 1 7 7 10
y 2
z = X = B–1C = 7 / 4 1/ 4 5 / 4 7 = 4 4 4 = 1
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 2 1 7 2 1
4 4 4
x = 2, y = 1, z = –1.
A trust fund has Rs. 50,000 that is to be invested into two types of bonds. The first bond pays 5%
interest per year and the second bond pays 6% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication
determine how to divide Rs. 50,000 among the two types of bonds so as to obtain an annual total
interest of Rs. 2,780.
Solution: Let Rs. x and Rs. y be invested in first and second type of bonds respectively. Thus
x + y = 50,000
-1. 33 -
Matrices
5x 6y
= 2780
100 100
x + y = 50000
5x + 6y = 278000
1 1 x 50000
5 6 y 278000
x 6 1 50000
y 5 1 278000
x = 22000, y = 28000
3 2 4
1 2 1 –1 1
1. If matrix A = and A = adj(A), then K is
0 1 1 K
adj(A) 1
Hint (d): We know that A–1 = . We have A–1 = adj (A) i.e K = |A|
|A| K
3 2 4
1 2 1
and K = = 3(3) –2(1) + 4(1) = 9 –2 + 4 = 111
0 1 1
cos sin 0
sin cos 0, –1
2. Let f (a) = where a Î R, then [f(a)] is equal to
0 0 1
–1
(a) f () (b) f( ) (c) f (2) (d) none of these
cos sin 0
( f ()) sin cos 0
1
0 0 1
= f (–a)
3 1 x 2
3 1 x 2
3. For how many value(s) of x in the closed interval [–4, –1] is the matrix singular
x 3 1 2
-1. 34 -
Matrices
3 1 x 2
3 1 x2
Hint (d): =0
x3 1 2
0 x x 0 x x
3 1 x 2 x 0 x
= 0 [R1 ® R1 – R2], = 0 [R2 ® R2 – R3]
x 3 1 2 x 3 1 2
0 0 x
x x x
= 0 [C2 ® C2 + C3]
x3 1 2
1 1 1 1
A–1 = | A | (adjA) = diag d , d ......, d , which is a diagonal matrix.
1 2 n
3 1 2
2 0 1
5. (Use elementary row transformation) the inverse of the matrix A =
3 5 0
5 5 1
8 4 5
3 3 1 5 5 1 5 5 1
3
8 6 1 3 6 1
(a) 8 4
(b) (c) (d) none of these
5 3 1 10 12 2 10 12 2
4 2 4
3 1 2 1 0 0
2 0 1 0 1 0
Hint (a): We have I = IA Þ A
3 5 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
2 0 1 0 1 0
Applying (R1 ® R1 – R2) A.
3 5 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
0 2 1 2 3 0
Applying R2 ® R2 – 2R1 and R3 ® R3 – 3 R1, A.
0 2 3 3 3 1
-1. 35 -
Matrices
1 1 1 1 1 0
0 2 1 / 2 1 3 / 2 0
Applying R2 ® R2 /2 A.
0 2 3 3 3 1
1 0 1 / 2 0 1 / 2 0
0 1 1 / 2 1 3 / 2 0
Applying R1 ® R1 + R2 and R3 ® R3 + 2 R2, A.
0 0 4 5 6 1
1 0 1 / 2 0 1/ 2 0
0 1 1 / 2 1 3 / 2 0
Applying R3 ® R3/4, A.
0 0 1 5 / 4 6 / 4 1 / 4
5 5 1
8 4 5
1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0 3 3 1
Applying R1 ® R1 + R3 and R2 ® R2 – R3, = A
2 2 0 0 1 8 4 8
5 3 1
4 2 4
5 5 1
8 4 5
3 3 1
A–1 =
8 4 8
5 3 1
4 2 4
–1 2
6. If A and B are two square matrices such that B = –A BA then (A + B) =
2 2 2 2
(a) 2(A+ B) (b) A + B (c) A + B (d) A – B
Hint (c): B = –A–1 BA Þ AB = –AA–1 BA = – BA
AA–1 = I
AB + BA = 0 ....(i)
Now (A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B)
= AA + (AB + BA) + BB = A2 + B2 by (i)
1 2 2
2 1 2
7. If A = , where I and O are the unit matrix and the null matrix of order 3 respectively, then
2 2 1
A2
(a) 4A + 5I (b) 4A – 5I (c) –4A + 5I (d) none of these
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 9 8 8
2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 8 9 8
Hint (a): Given A = A2 = =
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9
-1. 36 -
Matrices
9 8 8 1 2 2 1 0 0
2
A 4A 5I 8 9 8 4 2 1 2 5 0 1 0
8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 0
8 9 8 8 4 8 0 5 0 0 0 0
=
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5 0 0 0
A2 – 4A – 5I = 0
or 5I = A2 – 4A
1 tan x
8. If A = , then the value of A A 1 is
tan x 1
(a) cos4x (b) sec 2 x (c) –cos4x (d) 1
1 tan x
Hint (d): A
tan x 1
| A A–1| = 1
x + (k + 4) y + (4k + 2) z = 0
2 3k 3k 4 x
1 k 4 4k 2
Hint (b): The given system of equations is AX = 0, where A = and X = y .
1 2k 2 3k 4 z
Now | A | = 0 k = 2
-1. 37 -
Matrices
-1. 38 -
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
1 1
1. A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that A and A2 1 1 . The sum of the elements of A is
1 2 1 0
a b c q b y
5. If A x y z , B p a x and if A is invertible, then which of the following is not true?
p q r r c z
(a) | A | = | B | (b) | A | = – |B |
6. For a square matrix A and a non-singular matrix B of the same order, value of determinant of
B–1AB is
a 1 n 6 n
2
7. If a = (a 1) 2n 2 4n 2 , then a is equal to
(a 1) 3 3n 3 3n 2 3n a 1
n( n 1) aa 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
2 2
1 1
z z2 z1 z2
8. For two unimodular complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 z1 z2 z1 is equal to
2
z z2 1 0 1/ 2 0
(a) z1 z2 (b) 0 1 (c) 0 1/ 2 (d) none of these
1
-1. 39 -
Matrices
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
2 + – 2 = 1, 2 – + 2 = 1, – 2 + 2 + = 1 has
a b 2
c a b 2
c a b c2
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) finitely many solutions
1 2 2 1 1
10. If A 2 1 , B 2 1 and C where is the complex cube root of 1, then
2 1 2 1 2
(A+ B) C is equal to
0 1 0 0 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 0 1 0 (c) 0 (d) 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 | adj B |
11. If A 0 2 3 , B ( adjA) and C = 5A, then is equal to
2 1 0 |C |
12. Let p be a on-singular matrix I + p + p2 + ... + pn = 0 (O denotes the null matrix), then p–1 is
(a) p n (b) –p n (c) –(I + p + ...+ pn) (d) none of these
14. A and B are square matrices and A is non-singular matrix (A–1 BA)n, n I+ is equal to
(a) A–n Bn An (b) An Bn A–n (c) A–1 Bn A (d) A–n BAn
2 abcd ab cd x
a b c d 2( a b)(c d ) ab(c d ) cd (a b) y 0 has non-trivial solutions if
ab cd ab (c d ) cd ( a b ) 2abcd z
(a) a + b + c + d = 0 (b) ab + cd = 0
(c) ab(c + d) + cd (a + b) = 0 (d) for any a, b, c, d
-1. 40 -
Matrices
1 2 2
18. Let A 2 1 2 , then the correct statement
2 2 1
1
(a) A2 – 4A – 5I3 = 0 (b) A–1 = (A – 4I3)
5
21. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) is equal to
(a) adj (B) adj (A) (b) |B| || A| B–1 A–1 (c) |B| |A| A–1 B–1 (d) |A| |B| (AB)–1
cos sin
22. Let and A sin cos , then B = A +A2 + A3 + A4 is
5
f ( x 2) f ( x 5) f ( x 2)
A 5 4 5 , then the value of f(2009) is equal to
10 12 30
-1. 41 -
Matrices
Comprehension-2
r is called the rank of matrix A if there exists at least one non-zero minor of order r and every minor
of order r + 1 of the matrix equal zero. Again if A is a square matrix and I is the unit matrix of the same
order then the equation | A – xI | = 0 is called the characteristic equation and roots of the characteristic
8 6 2 4 1 0 0
6 7 4
equation are called eigen values of matrix A. Let A = B = 3 0 1 0
2 4 3 5 0 0 1
29. The rank of A is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (c) 2 (d) none of these
30. The characteristic equation of A is
(a) x3 – 18 x2 + 45 x = 0 (b) x3 – 6 x2 + 9 x – 4 = 0
(c) x3 – 18 x2 – 45 x = 0 (d) x3 + 6 x2 – 9 x + 4 = 0
31. One of the eigen values of A is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
n 1
ak 1 0 a 0
32. Let ak = nCk for 0 k n and Ak = and B = A ·A k k 1 =
0 b
0 ak k 1
2n 2n
A. a (p) ( Cn) – 2n
n 1
B. a–b (q) 0
2n
C. a+b (r) Cn +1 – n
a
D. (s) 1
b
-1. 42 -
Matrices
1 2 a b
34. Let A 3 4 and B c d be two matrices such that they are commutative and c 3b, then
ad
the value of is
3b c
35. Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. If n is the number of such matrices, then n/2 is
cos sin 1 0
36. If A = and A(adj A) = , then is
sin cos 0 1
ab b2 0 0
37. If A = 2 and An = 0 0 , then minimum value of n is
a ab
1 2 2
1
2 1 2
38. If A = 3 is orthogonal matrix, then y– x is
x 2 y
128
39. If A is a 4 × 4 matrix such that |A| = 4 and |adj A| , then value of k is
k
40. Suppose a matrix A satisfies A2 – 5A + 7I = 0 and A8 = aA + bI. If a.k = 5060. Then value of k is
1 2 3
41. A 1 2 3 , then A is a nilpotent matrix of index
1 2 3
1 2 0 2 1 5
42. Let A + 2B 6 3 3 , and 2A – B 2 1 6 , then Tr(A) – Tr(B) has value equal to
5 3 1 0 1 2
1 1 1 4 2 2
43. Let A 2 1 3 and 10 B 5 0 , if B is the inverse of matrix A, then is equal to
1 1 1 1 2 3
-1. 43 -
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
0 1 0
1. If A = and B = , then value of for which A2 = B is [IIT Sc.]
1 1 5 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) no real values
2
If A = 2 3
2.
and | A | = 125 then the value of is [IIT Sc.]
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 2
3. A = 0 1 1 , I = 0 1 0 and A–1 = ( A cA dI ) , then the value of c and d
0 – 2 4 0 0 1 6
3 1
1 1
4. If P = 2 2 , A and Q = PAPT and x = PT Q2005P, then x is equal to [IIT Sc.]
1 3 0 1
2 2
1 2 3 1 1 2005 2 3
(c) (d)
4 1 2 3 4 2 3 2005
1 0 0 1 2
Let A 2 1 0 and U is any matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 satisfying Au1 0 , Au 2 3 ,
3 2 1 0 0
3
Au3 2 . Then answer the following questions. [IIT]
1
5. Determinant of U [IIT]
(a) 13 (b) –13 (c) 3 (d) –3
-1. 44 -
Matrices
3
7. The value of 3 2 0 U 2 [IIT]
0
5 3
(a) 5 (b) (c) 4 (d)
2 2
Paragraph for Question Nos. 8 to 10
Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. [IIT]
x 1
A y 0
9. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
z 0
x 1
A y 0
10. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations
z 0
is inconsistent, is
(a) 0 (b) more than 2 (c) 2 (d) 1
x 1
11. The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system A y 0
z 0
has exactly two distinct solutions, is [IIT]
(a) 0 (b) 29 – 1 (c) 168 (d) 2
Paragraph
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices.
a b
Tp A : a, b, c {0,1,2,... p 1} [IIT]
c a
12. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det (A) divisible
by p is
(a) (p – 1)2 (b) 2(p – 1) (c) (p – 1)2 + 1 (d) 2p – 1
-1. 45 -
Matrices
13. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries]
(a) (p – 1) (p2 – p + 1) (b) p3 –(p – 1)2 (c) (p – 1)2 (d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
14. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is
(a) 2p 2 (b) p3 – 5p (c) p3 – 3p (d) p3 – p2
15. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes
the transpose of P, then M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) 1 ( MN 1 )T is equal to [IIT]
(a) M 2 (b) –N 2 (c) –M 2 (d) MN
1 9 7
Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [ a b c] 8 2 7 [0 0 0] (E)
7 3 7
16. If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of
7a + b + c is [IIT]
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 7 (d) 6
17. Let be a solution of x3 – 1 = 0 with Im() > 0. If a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value of
3 1 3
a
b c is equal to [IIT]
(a) –2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) –3
18. Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If and are the roots of the quadratic equation
n
1 1
2
ax + bx + c = 0, then is [IIT]
n0
6
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) (d)
7
1 a b
19. Let 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form 1 c
2 1
where each of a, b, and c is either or 2. Then the number of distinct matrices in the set S is
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8 [IIT]
21. Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2i + jaij for 1 < i, j < 3. If the determinant of
P is 2, then the determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT]
(a) 210 (b) 211 (c) 212 (d) 213
-1. 46 -
Matrices
22. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity
x 0
matrix, then there exists a column matrix X y 0 such that [IIT]
z 0
0
(a) PX 0 (b) PX = X (c) PX = 2X (d) PX = –X
0
23. For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
(a) NT M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(b) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(c) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (M N) for all invertible matrices M and N [JEE-ADV.]
24. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, If M N2 and M2 = N4, then
(a) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0 [JEE-ADV.]
(b) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
(c) determinant of (M2 + MN2) 1
(d) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix.
25. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if [JEE-ADV.]
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of M
(c) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
(d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer.
26. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3,
non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is(are) skew symmetric ?
[JEE-ADV.]
(a) Y3Z4 – Z4Y3 (b) X44 + Y44 (c) X4Z3 – Z3X4 (d) X23 + Y23
1 3i ( z )r z2s
27. Let z = , where i 1, and r, s {1, 2, 3}. Let P = 2 s and I be the identity
2 z zr
matrix of order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for which P2 = – I is [JEE-ADV.]
1 0 0
28. Let P 4 1 0 and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q qif is a matrix such that
16 4 1
q31 q32
P 50 Q I , then equals [JEE-ADV.]
q21
(a) 52 (b) 103 (c) 201 (d) 205
-1. 47 -
Matrices
(a) If a = –3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of and
(b) If a 3 , then the system has a unique solution for all values of and
(c) If 0 , then the system has infinitely many solutions for a = –3
(d) If 0 , then the system has no solution for a = –3
30. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the diagonal
entries of MTM is 5 ? [JEE-ADV.]
31. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries ?
[JEE-ADV.]
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 2 x 1
1 y 1
32. For a real number , if the system
2 1 z 1
b1
b
33. Let S be the set of all column matrices 2 such that b1, b2, b3 R and the system of equations (in
b3
real variables)
–x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x –2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at least
b1
b S
one solution for each 2 ? [JEE-ADV.]
b3
-1. 48 -
Matrices
DCE QUESTIONS
1 0 0 0
1. If A = , B = then [DCE]
2 0 0 12
(a) AB = 0, BA = 0 (b) AB = 0, BA 0 (c) AB 0, BA = 0 (d) AB 0, BA 0
3 3 4
2. If A = 2 3 4 , then A–1 = [DCE]
0 1 1
(a) A (b) A 2 (c) A 3 (d) A 4
1
3. 1 3 = [DCE]
3 10
10 3 10 3 1 3 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 1 3 1 3 10 3 10
4 5 6 x
5 6 7 y
4. x, y, z are in AP then the value of the det A is, where A = [DCE]
6 7 8 z
x y z 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
5. If A is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar then adj (kA) is equal to [DCE]
(a) k adj A (b) kn adj A (c) kn – 1 adj A (d) kn + 1 adj A
1 1 1
0 1 2 2 2 2
6. If A = 1 2 3 , and A–1 = 4 3 c , then [DCE]
3 a 1 5 3 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
(a) a = 2, c = (b) a = 1, c = –1 (c) a = – 1, c = 1 (d) a = ,c=
2 2 2
0 1 2
7. If A = 1 0 3 , then A + 2AT equals [DCE]
2 3 0
(a) A (b) –A T (c) AT (d) 2A2
-1. 49 -
Matrices
4 5 6 x
5 6 7 y
8. If x, y, z are in AP then the value of the det A is, where A = [DCE]
6 7 8 z
x y z 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) None of these
1 x 3 1
9. If A and B
2
x 4 y 1 0
1 0
adj. A + B = , then values of x and y are [DCE]
0 1
a 0 0
10. If A = 0 b 0 then A–1 is (DCE)
0 0 c
1 / a 0 0 1 / a 0 0
0 1/ b 0 0 1 / b 0
(a) (b)
0 0 1 / c 0 0 1 / c
a 0 0
0 b 0
(c) (d) none of these
0 0 1 / c
1 2
11. Let A = 5 1 and A–1 = xA + yI, then the value of x and y are (DCE)
AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS
a b
1. If A = and A2 = , then [AIEEE]
b a
-1. 50 -
Matrices
1 0 1 0
3. If A and I , then which one of the following holds for all n 1, by the principle
1 1 0 1
of mathematical induction [AIEEE]
(a) An = nA + (n – 1)I (b) An = 2n–1A + (n – 1)I
(c) An = nA – (n – 1)I (d) An = 2n–1A – (n – 1)I
4. If A and B square matrices of size n × n such that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the following
will be always true? [AIEEE]
(a) Either of A or B is an identity matrix (b) A = B
(c) AB = BA (d) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
1 2 a 0
5. Let A and B 0 b , a, b N. Then [AIEEE]
3 4
(a) there exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA
(b) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
(c) there exist more than one but finite number of B’s such that AB = BA
(d) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
6. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denote by tr(A), the sum
of diagonal entries of A. Assume that A2 = I. (AIEEE)
Statement-1: If A I and A –I, then det A = –1.
Statement-2: If A I and A –I, then tr(A) 0.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
7. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is
(AIEEE)
(a) at least 7 (b) less than 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
8. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix. Define
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. (AIEEE)
Statement - 1 : Tr(A) = 0.
Statement - 2 : |A| = 1.
(a) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
-1. 51 -
Matrices
11. The number of values of k for which the linear equations (AIEEE)
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0, possess a non-zero solution is:
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) zero
1 0 0 1 0
12. Let A 2 1 0 . If u 1 and u 2 are column matrices such that Au1 0 and Au2 1 ,
3 2 1 0 0
13. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices with P Q. If P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2)
is equal to (AIEEE)
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –1
1 3
15. If P = 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then is equal to [JEE-Mains]
2 4 4
(a) 5 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 11
-1. 52 -
Matrices
16. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA = AA and B = A–1 A, then BB equals
[JEE-Mains]
–1 –1
(a) 1 + B (b) 1 (c) B (d) (B )
1 2 2
2 1 2
17. If A = is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9 I, where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then
a 2 b
the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE-Mains]
(a) (2, –1) (b) (–2, 1) (c) (2, 1) (d) (–2, –1)
5a b
19. If A and A adj A = A AT, then 5a + b is equal to [JEE-Mains]
3 2
2 3
20. If A , then adj (3A2 + 12A) is equal to: [JEE-Mains]
4 1
-1. 53 -
CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
1. If E() = cos
2
cos sin and , differ by an odd multiple of , then E().E() is a
cos sin sin 2 2
(a) null matrix (b) unit matrix (c) diagonal matrix (d) none of these
1 3 2 1
2. The value of x, so that 1 x 1 0 5 1 1 0 , is
0 3 2 x
7 35 9 53
(a) (b) (c) ± 2 (d) 0
2 2
2 1 3 4 3 4 ABC A(BC) 2
3. Let A = ,B=
2 3 , C = 2 3 then tr(A) + tr 2 r t + ...... ¥
4 1 4
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 4 (d) 3
1 2r 1 3 1 2r 1 1 k
4. If A = , then the value of 12 0 1 is equal to then k =
0 1 r 1
0 1
3 4 4
1 2 4
5. If A = and A satisfies the equation A3 –4A2 + A + kI = 0, then the value of k is
1 1 3
6. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then which of the following are not true?
(a) (AB) = AB (b) (AB) = BA
(c) AB = 0 If |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 (d) AB = 0 If A = I, or B = I
-1. 54 -
Matrices
0 2
7. If the matrix is orthogonal then
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
2 3 6
8. Let An be an n × n matrix, all of whose elements are n, except diagonal elements, given aii = 1 for i =
1, 2, 3, ...., n then
(a) det An = n. det An –1 (b) det An = – n . det An –1
(c) det An = (–1)n n! (d) det A n = (–1)n + 1n!
0 0 1
0 1 0
9. If A = , then
1 0 0
0 0 1
0 1 0
(a) Adj A is a zero matrix (b) Adj A =
1 0 0
sin cos 0
cos sin 0
10. If A = , then which of the following are true?
0 0 1
(a) |AT| = 1 (b) |A–1| = 1 (c) A–1 = adj A (d) |AAT| = 101
For a given square matrix A, if there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = I, then B is called inverse
of A. Energy non-singular square matrix possess inverse and it exists if |A| ¹ 0
adj(A)
A–1 = det (A) or adj (A) = |A| A–1
2 3
11. Let a matrix A = , then it will satisfy the equation
1 2
(a) A2 – 4A + I = 0 (b) A2 + 4A + I = 0 (c) A2 – 4A – 5I = 0 (d) A2 – 4A + 5I = 0
-1. 55 -
Matrices
2 3
12. Let a matrix A = , then A–1 will be
1 2
2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3
(a) 1 2 (b) (c) (d)
2 1 2 3 1 2
3 2 4b
13. Let matrix A = satisfies the equation A2 + aA + bI = 0, then the value of x3 cos xdx equals
1 1 a
a b a 2b a 4b a 4b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ab a b 4a b 4a b
1 tan x
14. Let A =
tan x 1
1 tan x
A–1 tan x 1
A. (p)
1 tan x
(adj A)–1 2
1
B. (q)
tan x
1 1 cos 2 x sin x
C. adj (adj A) (r) sin x 1 cos 2 x
2
1 cos x sin 2 x
D. adj (2A) (s) sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x
a b c
b c a
15. If matrix A = , where a, b, c are real positive number, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then the
c a b
value of a3 + b3 + c3 is ?
1 2
16. If A = and if A6 = 11 kA – 205 I, then the value of k is?
1 3
-1. 56 -
Matrices
0 1 1
4 3 4
17. Let x be the solution set of the equation Ax = I where A = and I with corresponding
3 3 4
unit matrix and x N, then the minimum value of (cosxq + sinxq), R.
4 4 8 4
1 A 1 2 1
18. If , then the sum of the elements of matrix A is?
3 3 6 3
1 1 3
5 2 6
19. The matrix A = is a nilpotent matrix of index.
2 1 3
1 0 1 0
20. If A = and I = 0 1 then the value of k for which A2 = 8A – k I is true.
1 7
8 6 2
6 7 4
21. If A = is a singular matrix, then is?
2 4
0 1 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
1 2 3 4 3 1
22. If A = and A–1 = , then the value of A is?
3 a 1 5 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2
-1. 57 -
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (a,b,c,d) 17. (b,d) 18. (a,b,d) 19. (a,b) 20. (a,c)
21. (a,b,d) 22. (a,b) 23. (a,b,c) 24. (a,b) 25. (a,c)
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (c) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. A-(r); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s) 33. A-(r), (s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(p),(r),(s)
34. (1) 35. (6) 36. (1) 37. (2) 38. (1)
39. (2) 40. (4) 41. (2) 42. (2) 43. (5)
a b
1. (d): Let A =
c d
1 a b 1 1 a 2b 1
A= and A =
1 c d 2 2 c 2d 0
a – b = –1, c – d = 2
– a + 2b = 1, – c + 2d = 0
b = 0, a = –1, d = 2, c = 4
a+b+c+d=5
2. (c): AB = B BAB = B2 or AB = B2 B2 = B
also, ABA = A2 BA = A2 A2 = A
A2 + B2 = B + A.
5. (a): Evaluate |A| and |B| and use |adj (A)| = |A|n –1
6. (a): If C and D are square matrices then |CD| = |C| |D| = |D||C| = |DC|
-1. 58 -
Matrices
(a 1)
a 1
n 6 ( n 1)n
n 6
2
n n
2
2n 2 ( n 1)(n 1 1)(2(n 1) 1)
7. (a): (a 1)
a 1
n
a 1
4n 2 = 6
2n 2 4n 2
n 2
(n 1) n
(a 1)3 3n3 3n2 3n 3n3 3n 2 3n
a 1 2
1 n 6
n( n 1) (2n 1)
= 2n 2 4n 2 = 0; (as C3 6 C 1)
2 3
n( n 1)
3n3 3n 2 3n
2
1
a b 1 d b
8. (c): Use and |z1| = 1 = |z2|
c d (ad bc) c a
1 2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
10. (a): (A + B)C =
2
1
2
1 2
1 2 3 4 2 0
2 3 2 3 0
=
2 3 3 2 0
2
11. (d): |adj B| = |adj (adj A)| = |A|(3–1) = |A|4
|C| = |5A| = 53|A|
-1. 59 -
Matrices
16. (a,b,c,d):
A2 + A + 2In =
A + I + 2A–1 = 0
1
A–1 = (A + I)
2
1 1 3 2
2 1 1 4
17. (b,d): Let [A : B] =
1 2 3
Applying R2 ® R2 – 2R1 ; R3 ® R3 – R1
1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2
0 1 5
0 ~ 0 1 5 0
0 1 3 1 0 0 8 1
18. (a,b,d):
1 2 2 9 8 8
2 1 2 8 9 8
A2 =
2 2 1 8 8 9
5 0 0
0 5 0
A2 – 4A = = 5I3
0 0 5
41 42 42
42 41 42
Also |A2| ¹ 0 and A3 = |A3| 0
42 42 41
1 0 0 a1 b1 c1
0 0 a b2 c2
20. (a,c): D = 2 ,A= 2
0 0 3 a3 b3 c3
AD DA
-1. 60 -
Matrices
Also, if 1 = 2 = 3 = k 0
|D| = k3
21. (a,b,d):
A(adj A) = |A|In
Þ adj A = |A|A–1
Also, adj (AB) = adj (B) adj (A)
cos n sin n
22. (a,b): Use An =
sin n cos n
23. (a,b,c):
Use A(adj A) = |A|I3
f ( x 2) f ( x 5) f ( x 2)
5 4 5 0
24. (a,b):
10 12 30
2 1 1 a 1 2 1 b
1 2 1 b ~ 2 1 1 a ;
25. (a,c): [A : B] = (R3 R1)
1 1 2 c 1 1 2 c
1 2 1 b
~ 0 3 3 a 2b ;
R2 ® R2 + 2R,; R3 R3 – R2
0 3 3 c b
1 2 1 b
~ 0 3 3 a 2b ;
R3 R3 + R2
0 0 0 a b c
26. (c): AB = A, BA = B Þ A2 = A, B2 = B
-1. 61 -
Matrices
8 x 6 2
6 7x 4 0
30. (a):
2 4 3 x
n Ck 1 0 n Ck 0 n Ck n Ck 1 0
Ak . Ak + 1 = n
n
= n
0 Ck 0 Ck 1 0 Ck n Ck 1
-1. 62 -
Matrices
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
1 2 3 6 ~ 0 1 2 3
Let A : B = ; R2 ® R2 – R1; R3 ® R3 – R1
1 3 m 0 2 1 m 3
1 1 1 3
~ 0 1 2 3
R3 ® R3 – 2R2
0 0 5 m 9
a a ' a ''
a ' b a '''
35. (6): Observe
a '' a ''' c
we each off diagonal elements are repeated twice and if upper off diagonal elements are fixed
then automatically lower of f-diagonal elements are fixed. So no. of symmetric matrices depends
on the no. of ways to arrange a, a and a and a, b, c.
ab b2 a 2b 2 a 2b 2 ab3 ab3
37. (2): A = 2
2 = O2×2
a ab a3b a 3b a 2b 2 a 2b 2
Þ k = 2
1 1
42. (2): A = ((A+ 2 B) + 2(2A B)) B = (2(A+ 2 B) – (2 A B))
5 5
-1. 63 -
Matrices
4 2 2
1
5 0
43. (5): Find A–1 and use A–1 = 10
1 2 3
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6. (a,d) 7. (a,c,d) 8. (b,d) 9. (b,c,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)
15. (4) 16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (3)
20. (7) 21. (3) 22. (1)
-1. 64 -