Hydraulic Engineering

Eng.
Osama
Dawoud
http://www.haestad.com/library/books/awdm/online/wwhelp/wwhimpl/java/html/wwhelp.htm
 Lecture 4
Head Losses in
Pipelines Part2
 Minor Losses
• Additional losses due to entries and exits,
fittings and valves are traditionally referred to as
minor losses

V2 Q2
hm = k L = kL 2
2g 2 gA
 Losses due to contraction
A sudden contraction in a pipe usually causes a marked drop
in pressure in the pipe due to both the increase in velocity and
the loss of energy to turbulence.

2
V2
hc = kc
2g
Value of the coefficient Kc for sudden contraction

V2
 Head losses due to pipe contraction may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a confusor

kc'

2
V2
hc' = kc'
2g
 Losses due to Enlargement
A sudden Enlargement in a pipe

(V1 − V2 ) 2
hE =
2g
 Head losses due to pipe enlargement may be greatly reduced by
introducing a gradual pipe transition known as a diffusor

V − V2
2 2
hE' = k E' 1
2g
 Loss due to pipe entrance
General formula for head loss at the entrance of a pipe is also
expressed in term of velocity head of the pipe
2
V
hent = K ent
2g
Loss at pipe exit (discharge head loss)
In this case the entire velocity head of the pipe flow is
dissipated and that the discharge loss is
2
V
hexit =
2g
Loss of head in pipe bends
V2
hb = kb
2g
Loss of head through valves
2
V2
hv = K v
2g
Minor loss calculation using equivalent
pipe length

kl D
Le =
f
 Example 1
In the figure shown two new cast iron pipes in series, D1 =0.6m ,
D2 =0.4m length of the two pipes is 300m, level at A =80m , Q
= 0.5m3/s (T=10oC).there are a sudden contraction between
Pipe 1 and 2, and Sharp entrance at pipe 1.
Fine the water level at B

e = 0.26mm
v = 1.31×10-6
Q = 0.5 m3/s
 Solution
Z A − ZB = hf
hL = h f 1 + h f 2 + hent + hc + hexit
2 2 2 2
L1 V1 L2 V2 V1 V2 V22
hL = f1 + f2 + kent + kc + kexit
D1 2 g D2 2 g 2g 2g 2g
Q 0.5 Q 0.5
V1 = = = 1.77 m/ sec , V2 = = = 3.98 m/ sec ,
π π
A1 (0.6)2 A2 (0.4)2
4 4
VD VD
Re1 = 1 1 = 8.1105 , Re 2 = 2 2 = 1.22 10 6 ,
υ υ
 0.26 
= = 0.00043, = 0.00065,
D1 600 D1
⎯moody
⎯⎯→ f1 = 0.017 ⎯moody
⎯⎯→ f 2 = 0.018

hent = 0.5, hc = 0.27, hexit = 1

 2 2 2 2
L1 V1 L2 V2 V1 V2 V22
hL = f1 + f2 + kent + kc + kexit
D1 2 g D2 2 g 2g 2g 2g

 300  1.77  300  3.98

2 2
h f = 0.017  . + 0.018  .
 0.6  2 g  0.4  2 g
 1.77 2   3.982   3.982 
+ 0.5  + 0.27  +   = 13.36m
 2g   2g   2g 

ZB = 80 – 13.36 = 66.64 m
 Example 2
A pipe enlarge suddenly from D1=240mm to D2=480mm. the
H.G.L rises by 10 cm calculate the flow in the pipe
Solution
Solution p1 V12 p2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z 2 + he
g 2 g g 2 g
V12 V22  p2   p1 
− − he =  + z 2  −  + z1 
2g 2g  g   g 
V12 V22 V1 − V2
− −
( )2

= 0.1
2g 2g 2g

V1 A1 = V2 A2
V1 (

4 0 . 24)2
= V2 (

4 0 . 48 2
)
V1 = 4V2
16V22 V22 4V2 − V2
− −
( )
2

= 0.1
2g 2g 2g
2
6V2
= 0. 1
2g
V2 = 0.57 m / s  Q = V2 A2 = 0.57  4 0.482 = 0.103m 3 / s
 Power in pipelines
Power = QH = gQH
N .m / s = Watt
745.7 Watt = 1 HP (horse power)

At Entrance → Power = γ Q H
Power dissipated due to friction = γ Q h f
Power dissipated due to minor loss = γ Q hm
At Exit → Power = γ Q (H − h f − hm )
Calculate the max transported power through pipe line

At Exit → P = γ Q (H − h f − hm )
neglect minor loss
P = γ Q (H − h f ) → Q = VA
 L V 3

P = γ 4 D  HV − f  
π 2

 D 2g 
dP  f L V 2

Max. at → = 0 = γ π4 D 2  H − 3. . 
dV  D 2g 
f L V2
H = 3. . = 3 hf
D 2g
H
The max transported power through pipe line at hf =
3
 Efficiency in power transportation through pipelines

γQH − h f − hm  H − h f − hm
η= =
γQH H
H − hf H −H
ηmax = = 3 100 = 66.67%
H H
 Example 3
Pipe line has length 3500m and Diameter 0.5m is used to transport
Power Energy using water. Total head at entrance = 500m. Determine
the maximum power at the Exit. F = 0.024

Pout = γ Q ( H − h f )
H 500
Max. Power at → h f = = m
3 3
V = 3.417 m/s
L V2 3500 V 2
hf = f  = 0.024
D 2g 0.3 2 g

Q = AV = π4 (0.3) (3.417) = 0.2415 m3 /s

2
P = γQH − h f 
 H
= gQ  H − 
 3
= gQ 23 H
= 1000(9.81)(0.2415) 23 (500)
789785
= 789785 N.m/s (Wa tt) = = 1059 HP
745.7
 Lecture 5
Pipelines in series &
parallel
 Pipelines in Series

Q = Q1 = Q2 = Qn
hL = hL1 + hL 2 + ....hLn
 Pipelines in Parallel

n
Q =  Qi
i =1

hL = hL1 = hL 2 = hL3 = ....hLn

 ‫‪Example 4‬‬
‫الشكل التايل يوضح نظام مكون من أانبيب من احلديد اجمللفن‪ ،‬األنبوب الرئيسي قطره ‪ 20‬سم بطول ‪ 4‬م‪ ،‬بني الوصلتني ‪ 1‬و ‪ ،2‬مت‬ ‫•‬
‫تثبيت صمام سكينة ‪ ،Gate Valve‬عند هنايته مباشرة قبل الوصلة ‪ ،2‬األنبوب املتفرع قطره ‪ 12‬سم بطول ‪ 6.4‬م‪ .‬يتكون من‬
‫وصالت مرفقية بزاية ‪ )R/D = 2.0( 90o‬وصمام منزيل‪ .‬يتدفق املاء عرب النظام حبيث يكون التدفق الكلي ‪ 0.26‬م‪/3‬ث عند‬
‫درجة حرارة ‪ 10o‬مئوية‪ ،‬احسب التدفق يف كل أنبوب عندما تكون الصمامات مفتوحة ابلكامل‪.‬‬
 Example 4

2
 0.2 
Aa = π   = 0.0314 m
2

 2 
2
 0.12 
Ab = π   = 0.0113 m
2

 2 

0.26 m 3 = AaVa + AbVb = 0.0314Va + 0.0113Vb

2 2
L V V
ha = f a a a + 0.15 a
Da 2 g 2g
 2 2 2
hb = f b b b + 2(0.19) b + 10 b
L V V V
Db 2 g 2g 2g

  4   Va   6.4   Vb
2 2

 a  0.2 
f + 0 .
15 =
 2 g  b  0.12 
f + 0 .38 + 10  2g
       

20 f a + 0.15Va 2
= 53.33 fb + 10.38Vb
2 f a = 0.0185
f b = 0.0255

20(0.0185) + 0.15Va 2 = 53.33(0.0255) + 10.38Vb 2 Va = 4.719 Vb

0.26 m3 = AaVa + AbVb = 0.0314(4.719Vb ) + 0.0113Vb

Va = 7.693 m/s Qa = AaVa = 0.0314(7.693) = 0.242 m3 /s

Vb = 1.630 m/s Qb = AbVb = 0.0113(1.630) = 0.018 m3 /s