Hospital, a man of ancient and honorable family, was one ofthe ‘world’s infant prodigies in solve a dificult problem of Pascal's in ‘a few days time. His fist textbook (1694) on differential calculus contained the frst formulation of Hospital Rule, This rule was, infact, devised by Jean Bernoull (around 1694), who taught calculus to Hospital, and later accused him of plagiarism. Hospital also wrote on ~ geometry, algebra and mechanics, most of his works were published after his death. (MARQUIS DE HOSPITAL (1661-1704) French Mathematician(5 @ THE Meanine oF DERIVATIVE is called the derivative ($8) of the function y = f(x) tim, $2 = ty tet cm sy denoted ty | ory Urbans"). The geometric meaning of derivative of f(x) at x = Xo is the slope of the tangent to the graph of y = f(x) at le and arlrnsy ‘The derived function (88) of y = f(x) is such that every real number (or every point) x corresponds to the derivative of fx) at the point x, Ue tim, $2 = im, 2+ 8a aro AT aro EG Figure 5.1 Derived function of f(x) is always simply called derivative of f(x) and is denoted by —_— Bory or f(x) es $ DIFFERENTIATION. FROM. FIRST ’ PRINCIPLES To differentiate a function means to find the derivative of that function. To find the derivative of a function y = fx), we follow the steps below: (1) Find the change of y, Ay = fle+ Ax)—f(x) and simplify if possible Find the vaio $2 ~ Aan) f) (B) Find the timit tim 3 CHAPTER §’ 2x+3 from first principles. elite Piero ay = [(e+ Any 2(¢ + Ax) +3] 243) 24+ Bean + Se(Qx}? + (Ax)? —28 DB 3-23 428-3 = (3x? 2)Ax + 3x(Any? + (Ax)? ay _ Ge 2)ar tas} +C40 =3x? 3xAx + (Ax)? de anne Ae 24 3rd ~(Ax}*) iii Let fi) = 1. Find (3) from first principles 1 L fis dx) fe) = es _ (et N)=(e+ Act) Grae DGD) . ax wane & In the diageam, P is @ point on the curve y = f(x) v PT is a tangent to the curve at P. The line PN passing through P and perpendicular to PT is called y= fa) the normal to the curve at the point P. xe | Figure 52 Methods of DiterentistionLet y = JP. (a) Find 4 trom first principles. (b) Find the value of 4 when x = 2. (© Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the eurve y = ?+3 at the point where x = 2. (a) ay = eras -/ = (WOES GEES + ETS andorra + 8+ PTS] = Tet an?+s)-G2+5) axiderran s+ d= 3] _ Dean (Au)? Sx alder an S + . 2eavt vt Mara HS PTS] tar wy ta de Near alse fort iep es + fees tim, 22 = im ©) (©) Slope of the tangent at x = 2 is ay aaa 3 y= ES When x gun of te get a x = 2 i y=3 = 2-2), Equation of the normal at x 3x2), ie 3xt2y-12=0. CHAPTER 5(RFE i se sm od (Questions 1-6) Differentiate the following from first principles; @» @ lym sa (a) Find & from first principles (b) Find the value of & when x (©) Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve y at the point where x= 1 © La pn - 48 (2) Find f"(x) from first principles (©) Find the value of (4) (©) Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve y = f(r) at the point co) Mathes of Ditlerentiaion [ 37)9 FORMULAE FOR DIFFERENTIATION To differentiate a function with respect to x is to find the derivative of that function regarding x as a variable and the others as constants The symbol x) or 2) denotes odie the funtion fx) with spect x 4 J '8 a differential operator, not a fraction. Let w and v be functions of x and k be a constant (ie. independent of +), The following are some rules for differentiation: o Q) G) a (The product rule) 6) (The quotient rule) Besides, we have some simple formulae for differentiation as follows: 6) 2") = ne, where m is a rational number @) ine) = cosr opel) = ine 2) Xttanx) = see (10) (1) Btseox) = seextanx 2) a3) dee = et a4) Nore] In formulae (7)-(12), the variable x is measured in radian, CHAPTER 5Differentiate the following with respect to x: @ foe) = 3! = Use formula (6) and take m= 3 0) © ave ft Differentiate the following with respect to x: () setae oy Settt ‘& +4) = 402)-4an+4 Jse rule 3 (a) 4) ae ) Ben a” = Use rule (3). 4x2) -24 xy + 4 = Use rule = 3£07)- 2560) + 34) Use rule (2), 3(2x7-1)—2(1x!- +0 = Use rule (1) and formula (6). = 62-2 (b) Matnods of Ditloreniton [BO]catia) vind ofthe following: i @ (b) y= ax(tanx + cosx) © e*(alnx3 ~ besex) = Use me), (sinxy(2x 2vsiny + Se Staxtuns + oot] oer 4 (ax) +ar£(tanx + cose (cane + cos) ax) + ax (tans + cass) = (ane ose) of Lane) + Zone] ® 4 fe(alnx!—besex © = Letaineso.en) 5 Aor) + er (atns — besex (ainx’ — besex)Zter) + er Calne ~ besex) (aine’~ beses(er) +etdGaln — poses) Tsetiamy 14 xan ~ ben) +o [ 020m) econ] (cin? + 34 ~ exer + beens) M = ofeline +3) spouse] [Bo] charter sELA Find f(x) oF the following: @ fix) = 3 ) fis) © fy = Use rule (5) eS @ fe) cos) 2(x9) — 8 (sina + eos (sine + e082) 260°) LC ) {sine com &) f= (sine + cos) x2) ~ x5(cosx— sine) (Sine cas)? (9+ 3x2) sine — (23 302) cosy (Ginx Foss) 4, fl (orn det yet Ae“ eG: ai a © £@) ae fet Ie) (e+ 1K) ee ei OW Fi sree tina © Differentiate the following with respect to x @ (oy ©) @ © attr%ete @ (hy siny-32+1 Gi) 0 (kK) nae 0 (mn) Mothods of Differentiation© Use the product rule to fill in the fllowing blanks: @ 4ae+908-D1 = 16 )+ QF +27 ) (0) even) = (con (©) X(erinx) = (nx © Find £ ofthe ftowing (@) y= G+2x2)0-20) © (a+ bx2)cosx (©) y= (sex + cotx) (@) y= etnx ye ) deer ) ©) (y= G—2sinxy(1-+ 2x) (y= (etmea (h) y= ex(acosx + bsinx) =O 3x+ I y(ar~b) © Use the quotient rule to fill in the following blanks: © g(a -s © Find /"(2) of the following: @ ay © Ss © @ = im [92] curren s x ) (sine) ) p= ) )=Clnsy( ) (b) @ o a@ DIFFERENTIATION OF Composite FuNcTIONS Let y= flu) be a function of 1 and s = g(x) be a function of x. Substituting back, we ety = fig(x)) . Such function is called a composite function (#SZR) of x t& y= FFT is regarded as the composite function of y = wf and u = x2+1 To differentiate a composite function, we use the chain rule ($823 } ay. dv du ao du de iit y = -1)°. Fina SS Let. u = 3x7 dy du” de then y =u ti anstas = da) x£G2-1) = (Sui)(6x) = 30x21)? 5 Usually, to differentiate a composite function, the intermediate steps may be omitted elie es = Quotient Rule Methods of DifferentiationGaiety FI 1") of the Following: (@) fix) = costax (b) fix) = logyy(x? +1) fuse) @) fF") = F(cos?ax) = Put = cosa, then (a2) = 20 4 = Qeosand(cosax) se Pot = a, then Z(conu) = sna = (oman) -siner} Ln) 2acosaxsinax = dsindcosa = sin24 ~asindax 0) £0) = Lhlog 6s? +) ~ 2a | coi vais iapara. . waa Bling? +1)] In10 is @ constant ‘i | = Pur w= +1, then Zina = 2 rym * “@pn & ! ims Let y “(ax bsintwx). Find ew(ax—b ). Find 2 = (ax bsintwnen£(ax) of a Sigil 4 er ox) bE sinrws)| Put u = ax. then Le") = ae™(ax-bsin?wx) | os inwx 4 (sinwe! Put u = sinwx, then 2 (uty = 2a + er[a—b- 2sinwx isin] Pat then or) = 2 ( = ae (ax-bsin? wx) ‘ serfan(a Bsinwx) + e%*(a~ 2bwsinwxcoswx) w2sindcosd = sin24 bwsindx) [HA] cuarren sIB Fo ert © Fill in the following blanks: @ Asinaxy = ¢ () Zee—x+ 18 = ( v1 ©) 252 =( x es (@) Attan?s) = Granny ) (0) £cos'x) = Beos*s}( ) © How) =a = (asin) 1 @) Sem =( Joos @ Ln.) © Find £ of the flowing @ rots 0) y= ena @ y= © y= (e) y= unJawhe eee Gy = etsinbx (Wy = log yr im y= Se (a) y = Lee (p) » = 48-3" (©) y= sinx? + cos3x (Oy = sinnesin' @ y= ex (0) » = (elms? Methods of Differee DIFFERENTIATION OF IMPLICIT FUNCTIONS Let y be a function of x. If y is expressed in the form y = lx) eg. y = 3x74, it is said to be an explicit funetion ( BREB1) of x. If y is expressed in the form Foxy) = 0, 0G 2x8 ox2y +y5-2 = 0, esi +42 = 1 itis said 10 be an implicit function (BER) of x ins 8 wey give a a ili Raton kag to emer y is a funetion of x and y is not a constant, To differentiate», which is an implicit function of x, with respect to x, the following typical techniques are often employed: 4 cpmyny = ya (pay 49m. ‘= Product rile ow = Zo") reid = xy + xm(nyt = mn lye xm nyt VB ‘& Ditizcotat a composite fiction, eSemucance taking a= y = monly nny BE = Quotient rule ar = ds = Difcentiae « composite function, taking a= y eet i pany ide a 3. Lesinsny") = (corny) Leemy) ‘= Dileretite a composite function, taking w = 2%" = Repeat 1 ‘= Differentiate a composite function, taking w= y [BE] cuinrren sGiven a curve whose equation is «8 + 4x) @ ) @ ) tty o 8. Find 4 in terms of x andy. Find the equations of the tangent and normal to the curve at the point (1, —1). Differentiate both sides of the given equation with respect to x, getting (3 ayy? —3x2y) = 4 = day? —3x2y) = (8) 4649)+ 24a) - 408%) = S00)+ Zan) --£Gxy) = 0 2+ adey2)— 3x +40") — 3; seeabedentados]-sploey seep es(a)]-s[ae eed] 0 ies (x hen x= Ly = <1, @ = 22 When x= Ly =-1, 2 7s Sxdecl) Slope of the tangent at (1,—1) is {3 and that of the normal is —H e ir [Equation of the required tangent is 13, y-Cl) = F@-) ie, 13x— Hy Equation of the required normal is Methods of Differentiation‘The technique of differentiation by taking natural logarithm first is called logarithmic differentiation (21813884 . 2sitaesem) Find 2 of the followis @) o @ () y =a, where a>0 and a#1 ye Qty ‘Taking natural logarithm on both sides, we get Iny = Ina Iny = 3x2Ina Differentiating both sides wit a a a de dy ds respect 10 x, we get = Gina)(2x) = 6xyIna ‘Taking natural logarithm on both sides, we get Iny = Ing? +1) Iny = xing? +1) Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get In(x? 41) # = sfiner+ 1+ wernfinersn +2 (21 (e+ Do not make the following mistakes novel ay Seay = sare! XK CHAPTER 5 @® Serna Ks24h Let f=). Fina &, Let 4 (ena Direct differentiation will lead tedious work, We should take natural logarithm firs. Iny = binge 1)~In(e> 1) — n(x) Differentiating both sides with respect to x, we get @ Find 2 of the following implicit functions, giving answers in terms of x and y @) (by? = 4ax © (t= Txyt3y2 = 4 © () xtsinxy <1 (2) y-cosxy = 0 (a) tan(xty) = x @ xoptety=2 @) Py = Inet y) © Find the equations of the tangent and the normal to the curve x? ~3xy + 2y at the point a2) 25 such that they are parallel © Find the equations of the two tangents to the curve 9° to the line 9x-+4y = 0 © Find 4 of the following: (@) ( yer @ y= Gry? © Find £ ofthe flowing by logarithmic dieentistion oes Cb) y= (2) + 3) + 2: ©» eH a Methods of Differentiatio9 SECOND DERIVATIVES OF EXPLICIT FUNCTIONS The derivative f(x) of the function y = f(x) is still a function of x, which is called the first derivative (PE; #98) of f(x) . We differentiate the first derivative /'x) with respect to x again, and get the derivative of the first derivative, ie. a Rv] SRNR SHER) of y = lx) and is This derivative is called the second derivative ®E oe yh or ft denoted by £2 or y" or fC) The value of second derivative when x = a is denoted by 4 or y"(a) oF f*(2) (EERE Find the second derivative of y = 24° —3x? +1. SS ty = 6x2 6x as Pa . Find the value of (x) when x f(x) = etsinx + e*cosx sinx + c0sx) 4x) = eX(sinx + cosx) + e(cosx—sinx) £0) = 2eeas0 FOO] CHAPTER 5AW Bes errr 0 soar ood © Find the second derivatives of the following @ y=3e-2r+4 ) © y= ele W@ yee’ (y= xsinnx fx) = Gx+ De (fix) = sin2x— cose (b) fix) = winx @ Ax) = log e+ 1) @) fey = Se © Let fx) = fet ars 16. 1 F"(@) = 11, find the values of @ © Let y = (+ De Show that 22+ 49% + 4y =0. © Ler y= conde + sinde + Lesinds. Show thay" 4y = ood @) oy © Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to x (a) y = (4x24 3)2-5) ) y= © = @ » (@) y= sin?3xcos*2x © y=xe (g) fe) = Inean( (h) flr) = log ye -e4*) @ fix) = a O fy = (ey (kK) Ax) = (2x)** (fix) = (ax + by* © Find # of the following implicit functions, giving your answers in terms of x and y (@) S+y3 = 4eety) (o) Seti = 1 () erty txt+] = Qy-1? (@) Iny = x+ylnx (@) 8+ ysine-y = 6 Mattiods of Diferentistion [072x at the © Find the equation of the normal to the curve whose equation is x?+ 2xy- point (2,4) © The equation of a curve is given by cos(x2) +x»? = 2y. Find the equation of the tangent to the curve at the point where the curve cuts the y-axis. © The curve y = x9—3a%x+b cuts the y-axis at (0,1) and is tangent to the x-axis, Find | possible values of a en that 4 = 2y, find #2 Given that = my, find e Given that y = e*cosx, prove that a (x2), find the value of f"(/x) © La ay = ® (a) Differentiate x with respect to x. (b) Given that Jog, y xe a 3, where x>0. Using the result of (a), show that yet xlnx—3) @® Using logarithmic differentiation, find of the following: (a) (b) aa | © Show that the line x=y+1 = 0 is a tangent to the curve y = x?+x+1 © Let Pi. -2r+2) be a point on the euve y | (a) Find the slope of the tangent to the curve at P in terms of 7 {b) Using (a), find the equations of the two tangents from the point Q(2,-2) to the curve. ® Given that /°(B) = 2, find the fimit fim, 42“ }=M8) @ tazwe (a) Show that © e, show that tim & (b) Given that tim (1 +2: 1 (©) Show tat Zien] = 1