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    The document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller, lack a defined nucleus, and have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane, possess more than one linear chromosome, and contain membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The document then discusses in more detail the structures and functions of eukaryotic cell organelles including the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, DNA, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plastids.

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    The document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller, lack a defined nucleus, and have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane, possess more than one linear chromosome, and contain membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The document then discusses in more detail the structures and functions of eukaryotic cell organelles including the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, DNA, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plastids.

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    The document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller, lack a defined nucleus, and have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane, possess more than one linear chromosome, and contain membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The document then discusses in more detail the structures and functions of eukaryotic cell organelles including the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, DNA, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plastids.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    36 views5 pages

    Notes

    Uploaded by

    shamshad ali
    The document summarizes key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller, lack a defined nucleus, and have no membrane-bound organelles. Eukaryotic cells are generally larger, have a well-defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane, possess more than one linear chromosome, and contain membrane-bound organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts. The document then discusses in more detail the structures and functions of eukaryotic cell organelles including the nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm, chromosomes, DNA, vacuoles, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and plastids.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 5

    Cells

    Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells


    Prokaryotic – Size: generally small ( 1-10 µm) Where 1 µm = 10 −6m.

     The nucleus is not well defined and known as a nucleoid.


     Single, circular chromosome.
     Membrane-bound organelles absent. Eg: Bacterial cell
    Eukaryotic – Size: generally large ( 5-100 µm).

     The nucleus is well defined and surrounded by a nuclear membrane.


     Possess more than one and linear chromosome.
     Membrane-bound cell organelles are present. Eg: Human

    Cell structure in Eukaryotic cells


     Most eukaryotes are multicellular.
     The nucleolus is present in the nucleus.
     It contains cell organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, Golgi bodies, etc.
     Fungi, plant, and animal cells are eukaryotic.

    Cell membrane
     The cell membrane separates cells from one another and also the internal contents from
    the surrounding medium.
     It is porous and allows the movement of substances or materials both inward and
    outward.

    Cytoplasm
     It is the jelly-like substance present between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
     Various other components, or organelles, of cells are present in the cytoplasm.

    Chromosomes
     The nucleus contains thread-like structures called chromosomes.
     These carry genes and help in inheritance or transfer of characters from the parents to
    the offspring.
     Chromosomes are composed of DNA in the form of Chromatin and protein.
     Chromosomes contain information for the inheritance of features from parents to next
    generation in the form of DNA molecules.

    DNA
     DNA molecules contain the information necessary for constructing and organising cells.
    Functional segments of DNA are called genes.
    Vacuoles, Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus

    Vacuoles
     Vacuoles are storage bubbles of irregular shapes which are found in cells.
     The vacuole stores the food, a variety of nutrients that a cell might need to survive or
    waste.
     In plant cells, vacuoles are much larger than in animal cells and they provide rigidity to
    the plant cells.

    Golgi Apparatus

     Golgi Apparatus also termed as Golgi Complex is a membrane-bound nucleus.


     Its main function is to modify proteins.
     These modified proteins are placed in Golgi so that it can transport elsewhere in the cell
    when required.

    Endoplasmic Reticulum
     It is a membranous organelle.
     It is found in all eukaryotic cells.
     The ER is divided into two types based on their physical and functional properties viz.
    Smooth and Rough ER.
    Rough ER
     It synthesizes and secretes proteins in the cells.

    Smooth ER
     The SER is involved in the synthesis of phospholipids, the main lipids in cell membranes
    and are very important in the process of metabolism.
     They also transport the products of the rough endoplasmic reticulum to other cell parts
    like the Golgi apparatus.

    Lysosomes
     Lysosomes are small membrane-bound sac-like structures which release digestive
    enzymes that break down food.
     They also remove the old and damaged or dead organelles from the cell and thus, protect
    the cell from further damage.

    Mitochondria
     Mitochondria is a double membrane-bound sausage shaped organelle.
     Also known as ‘powerhouse of the cell’.
     Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration in the cell and it produces energy in the
    form of ATP.
    For More Information On Mitochondria, Watch The Below Video:

    Plastids
     Plant cells have tiny, coloured structures called plastids.
     Plastids carry pigments of various colours like orange, red, green and even colourless.
     The plastids, which carry green-coloured pigments i.e., chlorophyll are called
    chloroplasts.

    For More Information On Plastid and Its Functions, Watch The Below Video:

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