View Commands Page 1 of 5

View Commands

Zoom In

Zooms in on a specific location of an image. On the View menu, click Zoom In, and then point and click in an
overview or in a detail view. The image magnification occurs in the detail view only.
You can change the default zoom factor (two) on the General tabbed page of the ISPM Options dialog box
(Options command, Tools menu).
You can also click the Zoom In button on the toolbar.

Zoom Out

Zooms out from a specific location of an image. On the View menu, click Zoom Out, and then point and click
in an overview or in a detail view. The image magnification occurs in the detail view only.
You can change the default zoom factor (two) on the General tabbed page of the ISPM Options dialog box
(Options command, Tools menu).
You can also click the Zoom Out button on the toolbar.

View Area

Zooms in on a specific area of an image. On the View menu, click View Area, point to one corner of the area,
drag the pointer to the opposite corner, and then release the mouse button. The change in image size occurs
in an intermediate view or in a detail view, whichever is the next lower level than the window in which the
view area is drawn.
You can also click the View Area button on the toolbar.

Fit Image

Fits the entire image into the selected window. On the View menu, click Fit Image, and then point and click in
the window in which you want to fit the image.
You can also click the Fit Image button on the toolbar.

Full Resolution

Redisplays an image display in a selected window in such a way that each raster pixel, as determined by the
pixel size at which it was scanned, is displayed as a pixel on the screen.
You can also click the Full Resolution button on the toolbar.

Refresh View

Redisplays the contents of an image overview window or detail view window.

To refresh window contents select Refresh View and click in the window whose image you want to redisplay.
You can also click the Refresh View button on the toolbar.

Enhance
The Enhance command provides controls that let you improve the visibility of image detail in a selected view.

file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/~hh691F.htm 15-03-2023
View Commands Page 2 of 5

Image enhancements are specific to the view and do not affect the source image data. The controls all apply
to both grayscale and color images, but only the Contrast and Brightness controls can applied to the
individual color bands of an image.
To enhance an image view
1. Select the Enhance command.
2. Select the view in which the image is displayed.
3. Manipulate the dialog box controls to achieve the effect you want.
4. Click OK to apply the adjustments to the view.
Dialog Box Options
Stretch
Stretches, or redistributes, the relative number of pixel intensity values in the image view, as indicated by a
histogram, across the range (0-255) of displayable values. Stretching causes more details in the image to
become visible. Stretch the image data to the full range by dragging the black caret (representing 0) to the
lowest image pixel intensity indicated by the histogram and the white caret (representing 255) to the highest
pixel intensity.

Repositioning the carets in this way maps the entire histogram to the range (0-255) defined between the two
carets.
AutoStretch
Executes an algorithm that automatically repositions the carets to stretch the image pixel intensities. For
most image views, this will be the correct stretch to apply. However, there will be times when manually
adjusting the stretch is necessary. In other cases, clicking AutoStretch is unnecessary if the histogram
indicates a useful spread of pixel occurrences across the full range (0-255) of intensities.
Useful spread of image data:

Preview
Shows a portion of the selected view that demonstrates the image enhancements as you manipulate the
other controls. The preview initially shows an area from the middle of the selected image view, at the same
scale as the view. To pan the preview to another area of the image, point to the preview, hold down the
mouse button, and drag the preview image.
Gamma
Creates a specialized contrast/brightness effect. Drag the slider to increase or decrease the gamma.
Increasing the gamma to values greater than 1.0 increases the contrast in the shadow or dark areas of a
view and also causes an overall brightening of the image. Decreasing the gamma to values less than 1.0
increases the contrast in the highlight areas of the image view and also causes an overall darkening of the
image. Setting the value to 1.0 disables gamma adjustment. Adjusting the gamma can sometimes enhance
details in part of a view without forcing a large part of the view to solid black or white, as can happen with
contrast and brightness adjustments.
Contrast and Brightness
Contrast and Brightness, like the other dialog box controls, apply to both grayscale and color imagery.
However, only Contrast and Brightness can be applied to individual color bands for color balancing. You can
select how to manipulate color imagery from the row of buttons that appears with the controls when the
selected view displays a color image.
Contrast

file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/~hh691F.htm 15-03-2023
View Commands Page 3 of 5

Increases or decreases the contrast of a view. Drag the slider to set a relative contrast value from -100 to
+100, where 0 represents no contrast adjustment. Use the Contrast slider in conjunction with the Brightness
slider to prevent the image from becoming to dark or too light.
Brightness
Darkens or lightens a view by adding some pixel value offset to or subtracting an offset from the values of
the image. (For image data greater than 8 bits, this offset is scaled appropriately.) Drag the slider to set a
relative brightness value from -100 to +100, where 0 causes no adjustment. Use the Brightness slider in
conjunction with the Contrast slider to prevent the image from becoming to dark or too light.
[red, green, blue, and white buttons]
To manipulate the contrast and/or brightness of a color band, select the appropriate button, and then drag
one or both of the sliders. To adjust the three color bands equally, click the white button, and then drag one
or both of the sliders. The color adjustments that you make using these buttons are cumulative.
Sharpen
Enhances the apparent sharpness of the view. Drag the slider from 0 to 60, where 0 causes no sharpening.
Apply To
Specifies which side of a stereo pair will be enhanced and how the other side may be affected. This control
appears on the Image Enhancement dialog box when the selected view is a stereo view. Only one side of a
stereo pair can be previewed at a time. If the current enhancements of the left and right views are different
and you select either Both: Show Left or Both: Show Right, the enhancements of both views will be set to the
current dialog box settings, thereby overwriting the enhancements of one of the views. (Note that manually
stretching the histogram, either by key-in or by dragging the carets, always affects only the previewed side
and that this adjustment is not copied to the other side by Both: Show Left or Both: Show Right.)
Select one of the following from the drop-down list:
Left Only
Specifies that the enhancements be applied only to the left image of a stereo pair.
Right Only
Specifies that the enhancements be applied only to the right image of a stereo pair.
Both: Show Left
Specifies that the enhancements be applied equally to both images of a stereo pair while the left image is
previewed.
Both: Show Right
Specifies that the enhancements be applied equally to both images of a stereo pair while the right image is
previewed.
Options
Resampling Mode
Specifies the method of pixel intensity interpolation, or resampling, to be used for image resizing in the view
when, for example, the zoom factor changes. Select one of the following modes:
Bicubic
Generally use this method, also known as cubic convolution interpolation, to achieve the least
degradation of image detail. However, for some slower machines, Bilinear or Nearest Neighbor might provide
improved update speed (but at the expense of image quality).
Bilnear
The bilinear interpolation method provides a quicker update than the Bicubic method with some
degradation of image quality.
Nearest Neighbor
The nearest neighbor interpolation method provides the quickest update speed but the greatest
degradation in image quality.
Continual AutoStretch
Enables immediate autostretching of an updated histogram that results from a view change that occurs, for
example, when the Image Enhancement dialog box is dismissed, the view zoom factor changes, the image is
fit to the view, and so on. This setting makes it unnecessary to reopen the Image Enhancement dialog box to
perform the histogram stretching.
Advanced
Displays the AutoStretch Settings dialog box, which lets you create user-defined setttings for AutoStretch
parameters. For more information, see:
AutoStretch Settings Dialog Box

file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/~hh691F.htm 15-03-2023
View Commands Page 4 of 5

Reset
Resets all the parameters in the Image Enhancement dialog box so that the image appears without any
enhancements.
Load
Loads saved image enhancement settings from a file into the Image Enhancement dialog box. To load the
settings, click the Load button. In the Open dialog box, select the folder in which the file is located, select the
file, and then click Open.
Save
Saves the current image enhancement settings in one of the following ways:
1. To a file that you can use to enhance another image by opening the file with the Load option. To save
the settings, first click the Save button. In the Save As dialog box, select a folder in which to save the
settings, type a file name for the settings, and then click Save.
2. To the DEFAULTS.ENH file, which contains the default image enhancement settings that will be
automatically applied to an image in application-specific circumstances. When any image is opened in
ISAT, it is automatically enhanced according to these settings if the image has never been enhanced
with the Enhance command. If an image is opened in ISSD, the settings are automatically applied if the
image has never before been opened. But in both ISAT and ISSD, the enhancement settings that are
active when you click OK in the Image Enhancement dialog box, not those in DEFAULTS.ENH, will be
used the next time you open the image. To save the settings to DEFAULTS.ENH, click Save in the
Image Enhancement dialog box, and then click Save in the Save As dialog box.

Geometry

This command is available when any of the Orientations commands are in use with images displayed. It is
also available from the toolbar menu of the Grid Files to Rational Functions dialog.
When this command is accessed via the Grid Files to Rational Functions command only the Rotate
and Flip options are available. The Incremental and Absolute options are not available in this case.
The Geometry command allows you to permanently modify the scanline orientation of an image being
displayed, or to temporarily rotate all views of an image being displayed by an amount you specify. When
modifying the scanline orientation, the image can be rotated in increments of 90 degrees, flipped left/right, or
flipped up/down. When modifying the views, the view of the image can be rotated by fixed increments or
rotated by a specified angle from normal. When you select the Geometry command, the cursor changes to
indicate that the application is waiting for you to select a view of an image. When you then click in a
monoscopic view window the Geometry dialog box appears, and the image is displayed with its current
scanline orientation and view rotation.

Geometry Dialog Box Options

The Geometry dialog box provides the following options.
• Rotate the scanline orientation 90 degrees
• Flip the scanline orientation left/right
• Flip the scanline orientation up/down
• Rotate the views by an incremental value
• Rotate the views to an Absolute angle from normal
As you change the scanline orientation or view rotation, the view of the image in the dialog box is updated to
show the results. When the OK button is pressed, the dialog box is dismissed, and all views of the image
(overview, intermediate, and detail) will change to reflect the changes made. The scanline orientation
changes will not be made permanent until the command controlling the views is dismissed or new photos are
selected for the views. Scanline orientation changes are made to the image files themselves, so you must
have write access to the image files. If the changes could not be written to an image file, you will be notified
via a popup dialog.
The Rotate View sections provide controls to allow you to rotate the image views to an arbitrary angle.
In the Incremental section, you can specify a rotation increment, and then by using the rotate clockwise and
rotate counterclockwise buttons you can repeatedly rotate by the specified increment.

file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/~hh691F.htm 15-03-2023
View Commands Page 5 of 5

In the Absolute section, you can specify an angle, and by pressing the Set button, can rotate the image to
that angle relative to normal. The absolute angle value is updated to reflect the current total absolute rotation
each time one of the incremental rotation buttons is pressed.
Select OK to dismiss the dialog box and apply the changes made.
—OR—
Select Cancel to dismiss the dialog box and discard any changes made.

Toolbar

Displays and hides the toolbar. A check mark means that the toolbar is displayed. Place your cursor over any
button on the menu to display a tool tip indicating what each button is for.

Status Bar

Displays and hides the status bar at the bottom of the application main window. A check mark indicates that
the status bar is displayed.

file:///C:/Users/User/AppData/Local/Temp/~hh691F.htm 15-03-2023