PSM and TMS Settings Calculation of a Relay:

PSM and TMS settings that is Plug Setting Multiplier and Time Multiplier

Setting are the settings of a relay used to specify its tripping limits. To understand
this concept easily, it is better to know about settings of the Electromechanical
Relays. If we clear the concept for these relays first then understanding the
Numerical Relay settings becomes easy.

PSM and TMS Settings:

 Plug Setting Multiplier actually refers how dangerous the fault is and in
what time it should be cleared. Changing the position of plug changes the
number of turns of the pickup coil.

 Time Multiplier Setting used to change the value of operation of the relay.

If it is more the relay will take more time to operate and vice versa. Changing
the position of TMS setting, changes the distance between the contact of the
rotating disk and the coil.

Calculation of TMS Setting:

 Relay Operating Characteristics

In the above figure the over current relay time characteristics are shown. By

using these we can calculate

Actual time of operation of the relay = (Time obtained from PSM- Operating
time graph) * TMS

Calculation of PSM Setting:

From the figure shown below we can observe that, when the plug position is
increasing, the time in seconds is decreasing.

An example relay settings shown in the figure below

 Position of
Plug on a Relay

Plug position is set at 2.5 times or 250% of rated CT current.

This will give the value of pickup current.

I (Pick UP)= Plug position(PSM) * rated CT current

PSM = I (Pickup)/ I (rated current)

Rela
y Plug

Let us consider few examples to understand what exactly PSM is?

Sometimes it is need to replace the old current transformers with new ones for
upgrading system. In this case it is need to change the value of Plug Setting
Multiplier and no need to change the TMS.

While changing Old CT with New CT we have to keep in mind that the relay pick up
current should not be changed.

Calculation of PSM Method – 1:
Example-1:

Old CT Ratio- 75/1 A

PSM – 0.75

New CT Ratio- 100/5A

To change the Old Current Transformer with the New Current Transformer the
following procedure is taken.

75% of 75A =75 * 0.75

= 56.25A

It means for 100A–56.25%

Therefore the New PSM value is = 0.5625

Example-2:

Old CT Ratio- 75/1 A, PSM – 1.0

New CT Ratio- 100/5A

To change the Old Current Transformer with the New Current Transformer the
following procedure is taken.

100% of 100A =75 * 1

= 75A

It means for 100A– 75%

Therefore the New PSM value is = 0.75

Example-3:

Old CT Ratio- 600/1 A

PSM – 1.05

New CT Ratio- 800/5A

To change the Old Current Transformer with the New Current Transformer the
following procedure is taken.

105% of 600A =600 * 1.05

= 630A

630A is what percent of 800A

630/800= 0.7875

It means for 800A — 78.75%

Therefore the New PSM value is = 0.7875

Calculation of PSM Method – 2:
However, there is a simple formula to find out the value of New PSM

Here New PSM = Old CT Primary Current * Old PSM/ New CT Primary Current

By using this formula

For the above Example 1

PSM = 75 * 0.75 /100

=0.5625

For the above Example 2

PSM = 75 * 1 /100

=0.75

For the above Example 3

PSM = 600 * 1.05 /800

=0.7875

Calculation of Relay Pick up current:

While changing CT with new one our objective is to respond the relay within same
time for either case for same value of fault current.

Case-1 for Old CT:

Old CT Ratio- 600/1 A, PSM – 1.05

Relay Pickup current (Primary) = Plug Position (PSM) * Rated CT Primary

current

Relay pick up current Primary side = 1.05 * 600 = 630A

Case-2 for New CT:

New CT Ratio- 800/5A

We have calculated New PSM =0.7875

Relay pick up current Primary side = 0.7875 * 800 = 630A

Hence we can understand from the above discussion even though CT is replaced its
Pick up current should not change.

More from this site

 Oil Surge Relay-OSR of Transformer:

 Induction Generator Working Principle, Induction

Generator Types

 Chandrapur-Padghe HVDC Transmission System:

 Protection     Calculate PSM, Calculate TMS, PSM, Relay Pickup Current, Relay Settings, Relays, TMS

Relay Settings Calculations

 RProtection Settings Calculations for Lines

elay Settings Calculations

This technical report refers to the electrical protection of all 132kV switchgear. These
settings may be re-evaluated during the commissioning, according to actual and measured
values. Protection selectivity is partly considered in this report and could be also re-
evaluated. The names of parameters in this calculation may differ from those in the
appropriate device.

Technical Data of the Lines

Main Line

Conductor Type ACSR Lynx

Length 27.8 km

Type ZM Type Tower

Positive sequence impedance 0.1583 + j0.4004 (0.431 ∠68.4°) Ω/ km

Zero sequence impedance 0.3246 + j1.228 (1.27 ∠75.2°) Ω/ km

Current capacity (A) 487

Next Line

Conductor Type ACSR Lynx

Length 36 km

Type ZM Type Tower

 Positive sequence impedance 0.1583 + j0.4004 (0.431 ∠68.4°) Ω/ km

Zero sequence impedance 0.3246 + j1.228 (1.27 ∠75.2°) Ω/ km

Current capacity (A) 487

SEL 311 – Line Protection

Protection Settings Calculations for Lines

SEL-311C Distance Protection Settings
Distance Zone
Non-Homogeneous Correction Angle
Load Impedance and Load Encroachment
Power Swing Detection/ Out of Step Detection
Switch on to Fault (SOTF)
Fuse failure scheme OR Loss of Potential (LOP)
SEL-351A Back-up Over Current Settings
Back up over current settings
 Technical Data of the Power Transformers
Transformers-1

Type of cooling ONAN / ONAF

Vector Group Dyn11

Rated Voltage HV (V) 132000

Rated Voltage LV (V) 11500

Full Load current HV (A) 87.48 / 113.72

Full Load current LV (A) 1004.12 / 1305.35

Rated Power (MVA) 20 / 26

% impedance at the normal tap (12 no.) 10.15% / 13.20 %

Type of tap changer On load

the voltage at the maximum tap (V) 145200

Voltage at the minimum tap (V) 118800

Transformers- 2

Type of cooling ONAN / ONAF

Vector Group Dyn11

Rated Voltage HV (V) 132000

Rated Voltage LV (V) 11500

Full Load current HV (A) 43.7 / 56.9

Full Load current LV (A) 502 / 652.7

Rated Power (MVA) 10 / 13

% impedance at the normal tap (12 no.) 10.15% / 13.20 %

Type of tap changer On load

The voltage at the maximum tap (V) 145200

Voltage at the minimum tap (V) 118800

 SEL-787
Transformer Protection Relay

Protection Settings Calculations for Power Transformers

SEL-787 Transformer Differential Protection
Differential Pick-up
Slope-1 Setting
Slope-2 Setting
Differential Unrestrained (U87P (Un-restrained Differential Pick-up))
2nd HARMONIC
5th HARMONIC
SEL-351A Transformer HV Over Current
Pick-up Setting
51PP (for phase fault element)
51GP (for earth fault element)
Time Multiplier Setting

SEL-551C Feeder Over-Current and Earth Fault

 11 kV Outgoing Protection Settings
SEL-551C LT Over-Current and Earth Fault
CDG21 LT Neutral Standby AC series Earth Fault

  DISTANCE RELAY SETTINGS CALCULATIONS RELAY SETTINGS

CALCULATIONS SEL RELAY SETTINGS CALCULATIONS SEL-351 SEL-
787 TRANSFORMER RELAY SETTINGS CALCULATIONS

Pick Up Current | Current Setting | Plug Setting

Multiplier and Time Setting Multiplier of Relay
October 25, 2020 by Electrical4U
During study of electrical protective relays, some special terms are frequently
used. For proper understanding, the functions of different protective relays,
the definition of such terms must be understood properly. Such terms are,
1. Pick up current.
2. Current setting.
3. Plug setting multiplier (PSM).
4. Time setting multiplier (TSM).
Pick Up Current of Relay
In all electrical relays, the moving contacts are not free to move. All the
contacts remain in their respective normal position by some force applied to
them continuously. This force is called the controlling force of the relay. This
controlling force may be the gravitational force, may be a spring force, or may
be a magnetic force.
The force applied to the relay’s moving parts for changing the normal position
of the contacts is called deflecting force. This deflecting force is always in
opposition of controlling force and is present always in the relay. Although
the deflecting force always presents in the relay directly connected to live line,
as the magnitude of this force is less than controlling force in normal
condition, the relay does not operate. If the actuating current in the relay coil
increases gradually, the deflecting force in electromechanical relay is also
increased. Once, the deflecting force crosses the controlling force, the moving
parts of the relay initiate to move to change the position of the contacts in the
relay. The current for which the relay initiates its operation is called pick up
current of relay.
Current Setting of Relay
The minimum pick up the value of the deflecting force of an electrical relay is
constant. Again the deflecting force of the coil is proportional to its number of
turns and the current flowing through the coil.
Now, if we can change the number of active turns of any coil, the required
current to reach at minimum pick value of the deflecting force, in the coil also
changes. That means if active turns of the relay coil are reduced, then
proportionately more current is required to produce desired relay actuating
force. Similarly, if active turns of the relay coil are increased, then
proportionately reduced current is required to produce same desired
deflecting force.

Practically same model relays may be used in different systems. As per these
system requirements, the pickup current of the relay is adjusted. This is
known as the current setting of the relay. This is achieved by providing the
required number of tapping in the coil. These taps are brought out to a plug
bridge. The number of active turns in the coil can be changed by inserting a
plug in different points in the bridge.
The current setting of relay is expressed in percentage ratio of relay pick up
current to the rated secondary current of CT.
That means,

For example, suppose, you want that, an over current relay should operate
when the system current just crosses 125% of rated current. If the relay is
rated with 1 A, the normal pick up current of the relay is 1 A and it should be
equal to secondary rated current of current transformer connected to the
relay.
Then, the relay will be operated when the current of CT secondary becomes
more than or equal to 1.25 A.
As per definition,

The current setting is sometimes referred as current plug setting.

The current setting of overcurrent relay is generally ranged from 50 % to 200
%, in steps of 25 %. For earth fault relay it is from 10% to 70% in steps of 10%.
Plug Setting Multiplier of Relay
Plug setting multiplier of relay is referred as ratio of fault current in the relay
to its pick up current.

Suppose we have connected on protection CT of ratio 200/1 A and current

setting is 150%.
Hence, pick up current of the relay is, 1 × 150 % = 1.5 A
Now, suppose fault current in the CT primary is 1000 A. Hence, fault current
in the CT secondary, i.e., in the relay coil is, 1000 × 1/200 = 5A
Therefore PSM of the relay is, 5 / 1.5 =3.33
Time Setting Multiplier of Relay
The operating time of an electrical relay mainly depends upon two factors :

1. How long distance to be traveled by the moving parts of the relay

for closing relay contacts and
2. How fast the moving parts of the relay cover this distance.
So far by adjusting relay operating time, both of the factors to be adjusted. The
adjustment of traveling distance of an electromechanical relay is commonly
known as time setting. This adjustment is commonly known as time setting
multiplier of relay. The time setting dial is calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps of
0.05 sec.
But by adjusting only time setting multiplier, we cannot set the actual time of
operation of an electrical relay. As we already said, the time of operation also
depends upon the speed of operation. The speed of moving parts of relay
depends upon the force due to the current in the relay coil. Hence, it is clear
that the speed of operation of an electrical relay depends upon the level of
fault current. In other words, the time of operation of the relay depends upon
plug setting multiplier. The relation between time of operation and plug
setting multiplier is plotted on a graph paper, and this is known as time/PSM
graph. From this graph one can determine the total time taken by the moving
parts of an electromechanical relay, to complete its total traveling distance for
different PSM. In time setting multiplier, this total traveling distance is
divided and calibrated from 0 to 1 in steps of 0.05.
So when the time setting is 0.1, the moving parts of the relay have to travel
only 0.1 times of the total traveling distance, to close the contact of the relay.
So, if we get the total operating time of the relay for a particular PSM from
time/PSM graph and if we multiply that time with the time setting multiplier,
we will get, the actual time of operation of the relay for said PSM and TSM.
For getting a clear idea, let us have a practical example. Say a relay has a time
setting 0.1 and you have to calculate actual time of operation for PSM 10.
From the time / PSM graph of the relay as shown below, we can see the total
operating time of the relay is 3 seconds. That means the moving parts of the
relay take total 3 seconds to travel 100 % traveling distance. As the time
setting multiplier is 0.1 here, actually the moving parts of the relay have to
travel only 0.1 × 100% or 10% of the total travel distance, to close the relay
contacts.
Hence, actual operating time of the relay is 3 × 0.1 = 0.3 sec. i.e. 10% of 3 sec.
Time vs. PSM Curve of Relay
This is relation curve between operating time and plug setting multiplier of an
electrical relay. The x-axis or horizontal axis of the Time/PSM graph
represents PSM and Y-axis, or vertical axis represents the time of operation of
the relay. The time of operation represents in this graph is that, which
required to operate the relay when time setting multiplier set at 1.
From the Time/PSM curve of a typical relay shown below, it is seen that, if
PSM is 10, the time of operation of the relay is 3 sec. That means the relay will
take 3 seconds to complete its operation, with the time setting 1.
It is also seen from the curve that, for a lower value of plug setting multiplier,
i.e., for a lower value of fault current, the time of operation of the relay is
inversely proportional to the fault current.
But when PSM becomes more than 20, the operating time of relay becomes
almost constant. This feature is necessary to ensure discrimination on very
heavy fault current flowing through sound feeders.

Calculation of Relay Operation Time

For calculating actual relay operating time, we need to know these following
operations.

1. Current setting.
2. Fault current level.
3. Ratio of current transformer.
4. Time / PSM curve.
5. Time setting.
Step-1
From CT ratio, we first see the rated secondary current of CT. Say the CT ratio
is 100 / 1 A, i.e. secondary current of CT is 1 A.
Step-2
From current setting we calculate the trick current of the relay. Say current
setting of the relay is 150 % therefore pick up current of the relay is 1 × 150% =
1.5 A.
Step-3
Now we have to calculate PSM for the specified faulty current level. For that,
we have to first divide primary faulty current by CT ratio to get relay faulty
current. Say the faulty current level is 1500 A, in the CT primary, hence
secondary equivalent of faulty current is 1500/(100/1) = 15 A

Step-4
Now, after calculating PSM, we have to find out the total time of operation of
the relay from Time/PSM curve. From the curve, say we found the time of
operation of relay is 3 second for PSM = 10.
Step-5
Finally that operating time of relay would be multiplied with time setting
multiplier, in order to get actual time of operation of relay. Hence say time
setting of the relay is 0.1.
Therefore the actual time of operation of the relay for PSM 10, is 3 × 0.1 = 0.3
sec or 300 ms.