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Poisson's Ratio

The document discusses factor of safety in engineering design. It explains that structural members must be designed so that working stresses are less than the ultimate strength of the material. The working stress is divided by a factor of safety, which is greater than 1, to account for uncertainties and ensure safety. Higher factors of safety are used for components like nuclear reactors, while aircraft may use lower factors to reduce weight. Examples are given to illustrate calculating required member sizes using given factors of safety, material properties and loads.

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Faiz Haikal
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31 views20 pages

Poisson's Ratio

The document discusses factor of safety in engineering design. It explains that structural members must be designed so that working stresses are less than the ultimate strength of the material. The working stress is divided by a factor of safety, which is greater than 1, to account for uncertainties and ensure safety. Higher factors of safety are used for components like nuclear reactors, while aircraft may use lower factors to reduce weight. Examples are given to illustrate calculating required member sizes using given factors of safety, material properties and loads.

Uploaded by

Faiz Haikal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
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Poisson’s ratio

FACTOR OF
SAFETY
• Structural members or machines must be designed such that the working
stresses are less than the ultimate strength of the material.
• The working stress σw, also called the allowable stress, is the maximum
safe axial stress used in design.
• In most design, the working stress should be limited to values not
exceeding the proportional limit so that the stresses remain in the
elastic range.
• However, because the proportional limit is difficult to determine
accurately, it is customary to base the working stress on either the yield
stress σy or the ultimate stress σult, divided by a suitable number N,
called the factor of safety.
• When the stress (intensity of force) of an element exceeds some level,
the structure will fail. For convenience, we usually adopt allowable
force or allowable stress to measure the threshold of safety in
engineering.

• To ensure the safety of a structural member it is necessary to restrict


the applied load to one that is less than the load the member can fully
support.

σ ≤ σallow
• There are several reasons for this that we must take into account in
engineering:

● The load for design may be different from the actual load.
● Size of structural member may not be very precise due to
manufacturing and assembly.
● Various defects in material due to manufacturing processing.
● Unknown vibrations, impact or accidental loading
● Uncertainty in material properties
● Uncertainty of loadings
● Uncertainty of analyses
● Number of loading cycles
• Usually, the factor of safety is chosen to be greater than 1 in order to avoid
the potential failure.

• F. S is also dependent on the specific design case. For example in a nuclear power plant,
the factor of safety for some of its components may be as high as 3. In case of an
aircraft the F.S may be close to 1 to reduce the weight of the aircraft.
EXAMPLE
A structural member in a nuclear reactor is made of a zirconium alloy. If
F
an axial load of 20kN is to be supported by the member, determine its
A= ?
required cross-sectional area. Use a factor of safety of 3 relative to
yielding. What is the load on the member if it is 1 m long and its
X = 0.5

elongation is 0.5 mm?


=
.
>
-
E =10GPa, 6y = 400MPa. &
IN

The material has an elastic behavior.


SOLUTION
EXERCISE
The 50-kg flowerpot is suspended from wires AB and BC. If the wires
have a normal failure stress = 350 MPa, determine the minimum
diameter of each wire. Use a factor of safety of 2.5.
6 350MP9
=

F. = 2.5

F-s= s2

fpiss"
allow

zio,
6
Or

as
soo

W =
Mg
= 30(981)
Solution
EXERCISE The wing of a fixed-wing aircraft is
6BC=210MP9 approximated by a pin-connected
Oc = 15mM structure of beam AD and bar BC,
3.6
* =36kN as depicted in the Figure. Rod BC is
made from a 2014-T6 aluminum
alloy bar with allowable stress of
210 MPa. Given that the pin C has a
diameter of 15 mm and is in double
shear, determine:
i. The shear stress in the pin at
hinge C.
ii. The diameter of the rod BC to the
nearest mm.
10 x 3.6 =
36kN

1.8mm
Ax
-
-.a
D

↑Ay
FBC
Solution
The shear stress in the pin at hinge C.
(i) FBD
The diameter of the rod BC to the nearest mm.
The diameter of the rod BC to the nearest mm.

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