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OFIA, CHARITY IFUNAYA
REGISTRATION NUMBER
(2020044090)
QUESTION
With Relevance Examples, Write Four (4) Short Notes On The Following Strategic
Concepts:
1. Grand Strategy
2. Dterrence
3. Pre-Emptive Strike
4. Terrorism
5. Spheres Of Influence
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1. GRAND STRATEGY
Grand strategy is the art of building and applying diverse forms of power in an effective and
efficient way to try to purposefully change the order existing between two or more intelligent and
adaptive entities. Grand strategy can become a useful tool because it solves the dilemmas presented
by the complicated realities of international affairs.
Grand strategy is necessary to determine where and when to dedicate time, effort, and resources.
By deploying a coherent grand strategy, states can avoid ‘theateritis’, the term US Army Chief of
Staff George C. Marshall used to describe the tendency of leaders to look at immediate neds of
present crises in specific areas while ignoring the broader picture. Without grand strategy to
navigate a wide diversity of interests, events will determine policy-making and not vice-versa. For
example, US President Bill Clinton, during the 1990s, had between ten and 15 top priorities for
American national security. The lack of appropriate prioritization and culling of these ‘priorities’
effectively meant the US had none.Clinton in general espoused a doubtful position regarding
adopting a general paradigm for his administration’s approach to foreign affairs. Indeed, his
foreign policy record demonstrates a crisis-driven behaviour conducted unsystematically: in his
Russia policy, for instance, Clinton promoted NATO’s enlargement toward Russia’s border that
undercut his simultaneous efforts at fostering liberalization and sponsoring. Western-friendly
actors in Moscow.Similarly, his approach to humanitarian interventionism was also crisis-driven
and incoherent.
2. DETERRENCE
Deterrence was a strategy of the Cold War. It guided the development of strategic concepts even
when nonnuclear operations were the predominant concern of the US military, including
conventional warfare in Korea and Europe and counterinsurgency in Southeast Asia. Deterrence
is use in terms of strategy in international relations, the maintenance of stability in international
relations, the conduct of violence and warfare in both international and domestic contexts, and in
political affairs. Since deterrence is the use of threats to block or reduce the inflicting of serious
harm, the existence of capacities for inflicting harm are readily maintained and periodically
applied, so available deterrence capabilities provide a degree of continuing concern and a regular
desire to at least do away with nuclear weapons and threats. A brief period in the ending of the
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Cold War saw a serious effort to reduce the reliance on deterrence, particularly nuclear deterrence,
in international politics.
3. PRE-EMPTIVE STRIKE
A pre-emptive strike is military action taken by a country in response to a threat from another
country - the purpose of it is to stop the threatening country from carrying out its threat. Example
is the Six Day War of 1967. Israel was the first to use military force, when it attacked the Egyptians.
Egypt had not used force against Israel, so Israel appeared the aggressor and in the wrong. But
Egypt had carried out the following actions before Israel struck: announced a policy of hostility to
Israel, put its military forces on maximum alert, expelled the UN Emergency force from the Sinai
border area, strengthened its forces on the border with Israel, announced the closure of the Straits
of Tiran to Israeli ships, formed mutual support treaties with Iraq, Jordan and Syria.
4. TERRORISM
The deliberate creation of a sense of fear, usually by the use or threat of use of symbolic acts of
physical violence, to influence the political behaviour of a given target group. This might be
achieved through disorientation, diminishing the state in the eyes of its citizens ; target response,
encouraging the state to act in ways that will help the terrorists; gaining legitimacy, establishing
an alternative political viewpoint
5. SPHERES OF INFLUENCE.
In international relations (and history), a sphere of influence is a region within one country over
which another country claims certain exclusive rights. The degree of control exerted by the foreign
power depends on the amount of military force involved in the two countries' interactions,
generally. Depending on the circumstances, spheres of influence are established either formally or
informally. Russia's annexation of the Crimean Peninsula and its invasion of Ukraine in 2022 are
examples of informal spheres of influence. Russia is an external power to both regions and has
exerted military force on foreign soil to gain control. In some cases, the government of a country
will enter into a formal agreement with an outside group that gives them a certain degree of power
in a foreign territory.
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