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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Tigress" redirects here. For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation) and Tigress
(disambiguation).

Tiger
Temporal range: Early Pleistocene –

Present 

PreꞒ

Pg

N
↓

A Bengal tigress in Kanha Tiger

Reserve, India

Conservation status
 Endangered (IUCN 3.1) [1]

CITES Appendix I (CITES) [1]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Suborder: Feliformia

Family: Felidae

Subfamily: Pantherinae

Genus: Panthera

Species: P. tigris

Binomial name

Panthera tigris

(Linnaeus, 1758)[2]

Subspecies

P. t. tigris
P. t. sondaica
†P. t. acutidens
†P. t. soloensis
†P. t. trinilensis
 Tiger's

historical

range in

about 1850

(pale

yellow),

excluding

that of

the Caspian

tiger, and in

2006 (in

green).[3]

Synonyms[
4]

 Felis
tigris 
Linnaeu

s, 1758

 Tigris
striatu
s Severt
zov,

1858

 Tigris
regali
s Gray,
1867
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest living cat species and a member of the
genus Panthera. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange fur with a
white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on ungulates, such
as deer and wild boar. It is territorial and generally a solitary but social predator,
requiring large contiguous areas of habitat to support its requirements for prey and
rearing of its offspring. Tiger cubs stay with their mother for about two years and then
become independent, leaving their mother's home range to establish their own.
The tiger was first scientifically described in 1758. It once ranged widely from
the Eastern Anatolia Region in the west to the Amur River basin in the east, and in the
south from the foothills of the Himalayas to Bali in the Sunda Islands. Since the early
20th century, tiger populations have lost at least 93% of their historic range and have
been extirpated from Western and Central Asia, the islands of Java and Bali, and in
large areas of Southeast and South Asia and China. What remains of the range where
tigers still roam free is fragmented, stretching in spots from Siberian temperate
forests to subtropical and tropical forests on the Indian subcontinent, Indochina and a
single Indonesian island, Sumatra.
The tiger is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. As of 2015, the global wild tiger
population was estimated to number between 3,062 and 3,948 mature individuals, with
most populations living in small isolated pockets. India currently hosts the largest tiger
population. Major reasons for population decline are habitat destruction, habitat
fragmentation and poaching. Tigers are also victims of human–wildlife conflict, due to
encroachment in countries with a high human population density.
The tiger is among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic
megafauna. It featured prominently in the ancient mythology and folklore of cultures
throughout its historic range and continues to be depicted in modern films and literature,
appearing on many flags, coats of arms and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is
the national animal of India, Bangladesh, Malaysia and South Korea.

Etymology
The Middle English tigre and Old English tigras derive from Old French tigre,
from Latin tigris. This was a borrowing of Classical Greek τίγρις 'tigris', a foreign
borrowing of unknown origin meaning 'tiger' and the river Tigris.[5] The origin may have
been the Persian word tigra ('pointed or sharp') and the Avestan word tigrhi ('arrow'),
perhaps referring to the speed of the tiger's leap, although these words are not known to
have any meanings associated with tigers.[6]
The generic name Panthera is derived from the Latin word panthera and the Ancient
Greek word πάνθηρ ('panther').[7]

Taxonomy
In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it
the scientific name Felis tigris.[2] In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes
Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the scientific
name Panthera tigris.[8][9]
Subspecies

Phylogenetic relationship of tiger populations based on Driscoll et al. (2009). [10]

Following Linnaeus's first descriptions of the species, several tiger specimens were

described and proposed as subspecies.[11] The validity of several tiger subspecies was
questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries
were distinguished on basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body
size, hence characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers
from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is
considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to
recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely P. t. tigris in mainland Asia, and P.
t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands.[12]
This two-subspecies proposal was reaffirmed in 2015 by a comprehensive analysis of
morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies using a
combined approach. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies,
namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South Chinese,
Siberian and Caspian tiger populations of continental Asia, and P. t.
sondaica comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations of the Sunda
Islands. The continental nominate subspecies P. t. tigris constitutes two clades: a
northern clade composed of the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and a southern
clade composed of all other mainland populations. [13]
The authors of the 2015 study noted that this two-subspecies reclassification will affect
tiger conservation management.[13] It would make captive breeding programs and future
re-wilding of zoo-born tigers easier, as one tiger population could then be used to
bolster the population of another population. However, there is the risk that the loss of
subspecies uniqueness could negatively impact protection efforts for specific
populations.[14]
In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group revised
felid taxonomy in accordance with the two-subspecies proposal of the comprehensive
2015 study, and recognized the tiger populations in continental Asia as P. t. tigris, and
those in the Sunda Islands as P. t. sondaica.[15]
This two-subspecies view is still disputed by researchers, since the currently recognized
nine subspecies can be distinguished genetically. [14] Results of a 2018 whole-genome
sequencing of 32 specimens support six monophyletic tiger clades corresponding with
the living subspecies and indicate that the most recent common ancestor lived about
110,000 years ago.[16]
The following tables are based on the classification of the species Panthera
tigris provided in Mammal Species of the World,[11] and also reflect the classification used
by the Cat Classification Task Force in 2017: [15]

Panthera tigris tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)[2]

Populations Description Image

Bengal tiger Linnaeus's scientific description of the

tiger was based on descriptions by earlier
naturalists such as Conrad
Gessner and Ulisse Aldrovandi.[2] Bengal
tiger skins in the collection of the Natural
History Museum, London vary from light
yellow to reddish yellow with black
stripes.[9]

†Caspian Illiger's description was not based on a

tiger formerly P. t. particular specimen, but he only assumed
virgata (Illiger, 1815)[17] that tigers in the Caspian area differ from
those elsewhere.[17] It was later described as
having narrow and closely set stripes.
[18]
 The size of its skull did not differ
significantly from that of the Bengal tiger.
[12]
 According to genetic analysis, it was
closely related to the Siberian tiger.[10] It
had been recorded in the wild until the
early 1970s and is considered extinct since
the late 20th century.[19]
Siberian Temminck's description was based on an
tiger formerly P. t. unspecified number of tiger skins with
altaica (Temminck, long hairs and dense coats that were traded
1844)[20] between Korea and Japan. He assumed
they originated in the Altai Mountains.
[20]
 The Siberian tiger was later described as
having pale coats with few dark brown
stripes.[18]

South China Hilzheimer's description was based on five

tiger formerly P. t. tiger skulls purchased in Hankou, southern
amoyensis (Hilzheimer, China. These skulls differed in the size of
1905)[21] teeth and jaw bones by a few cm from
skulls of tigers from India.[21] Skins of
tigers from southern China in the fur trade
were said to be vivid orange in colour
with rhombus-like stripes. Because of
differences in the shape of skulls, it was
long thought to constitute the most ancient
variety.[22] It was noted to have a
unique mtDNA haplotype.[15]

Indochinese Mazák's description was based on 25

tiger formerly P. t. specimens in museum collections that
corbetti Mazák, 1968[23] were smaller than tigers from India and
had smaller skulls.[23]

Malayan It was proposed as a distinct subspecies on

tiger formerly P. t. the basis of mtDNA and micro-satellite
jacksoni Luo et al., sequences that differ from the Indochinese
2004[24] tiger.[24] In pelage colour or skull size, it
does not differ significantly from
Indochinese tigers.[25] There is no clear
geographical barrier between tiger
populations in northern Malaysia and
southern Thailand.[1]

Panthera tigris sondaica (Temminck, 1844)[15]

 Populations Description Image

†Javan tiger Temminck based his description on an

unspecified number of tiger skins with short
and smooth hair.[20] Tigers from Java were
small compared to tigers of the Asian
mainland.[25]

†Bali Schwarz based his description on a skin and a

tiger formerly P. t. skull of an adult female tiger from Bali. He
balica (Schwarz, argued that its fur colour is brighter and its
1912)[26] skull smaller than of tigers from Java.[26][27] A
typical feature of Bali tiger skulls is the
narrow occipital plane, which is analogous
with the shape of skulls of Javan tigers.[28]

Sumatran Pocock described a dark skin of a tiger

tiger formerly P. t. from Sumatra as the type specimen that had
sumatrae Pocock, numerous and densely-set broad stripes. Its
1929[29] skull was a little larger than the skull of a Bali
tiger.[29] It is the smallest of all living tigers.
[22]
 The reasons for its small size compared to
mainland tigers are unclear, but probably the
result of insular dwarfism, especially
competition for limited and small prey.[12] The
population is thought to be of mainland Asian
origin and to have been isolated about 6,000 to
12,000 years ago after a rise in sea-level
created Sumatra.[25][30]

Evolution
Restoration of a Panthera zdanskyi skull, an extinct tiger relative whose fossil remains were found in northwest
China

The tiger's closest living relatives were previously thought to be

the Panthera species lion, leopard and jaguar. Results of genetic analysis indicate that
about 2.88 million years ago, the tiger and the snow leopard lineages diverged from the
other Panthera species, and that both may be more closely related to each other than to
the lion, leopard and jaguar.[31][32] The geographic origin of the Panthera is most likely
northern Central Asia. The tiger–snow leopard lineage dispersed in Southeast Asia
during the Miocene.[33]
Panthera zdanskyi is considered to be a sister taxon of the modern tiger. It lived at the
beginning of the Pleistocene about two million years ago, its fossil remains
were excavated in Gansu of northwestern China. It was smaller and more "primitive",
but functionally and ecologically similar to the modern tiger. It is disputed as to whether
it had the striping pattern. Northwestern China is thought to be the origin of the tiger
lineage. Tigers grew in size, possibly in response to adaptive radiations of prey species
like deer and bovids, which may have occurred in Southeast Asia during the Early
Pleistocene.[34]
Panthera tigris trinilensis lived about 1.2 million years ago and is known from fossils
excavated near Trinil in Java.[35] The Wanhsien, Ngandong, Trinil, and Japanese tigers
became extinct in prehistoric times.[36] Tigers reached India and northern Asia in the late
Pleistocene, reaching eastern Beringia, Japan, and Sakhalin. Some fossil skulls are
morphologically distinct from lion skulls, which could indicate tiger presence in Alaska
during the last glacial period, about 100,000 years ago.[37]
Fossil teeth and bones found in Borneo were attributed to the Bornean tiger and date to
about 13,745 to 3,000 years ago. It may have accessed Borneo, when the sea level
was low during a glaciation period, and may have survived until about 200 years ago. [38]
[39]
 In the Ille Cave on the island of Palawan, two articulated phalanx bones were found
amidst an assemblage of other animal bones and stone tools. They were smaller than
mainland tiger fossils, possibly due to insular dwarfism.[40] It has been speculated that the
tiger parts were either imported from elsewhere, or that the tiger colonised Palawan
from Borneo before the Holocene.[41][42] Fossil remains of tigers were also excavated in Sri
Lanka, China, Japan and Sarawak dating to the Late Pliocene, Pleistocene and
Early Holocene.[37][38]
Results of a phylogeographic study indicate that all living tigers had a common ancestor
108,000 to 72,000 years ago.[24] The potential tiger range during the late Pleistocene and
Holocene was predicted applying ecological niche modelling based on more than 500
tiger locality records combined with bioclimatic data. The resulting model shows a
contiguous tiger range at the Last Glacial Maximum, indicating gene flow between tiger
populations in mainland Asia. The Caspian tiger population was likely connected to the
Bengal tiger population through corridors below elevations of 4,000 m (13,000 ft) in
the Hindu Kush. The tiger populations on the Sunda Islands and mainland Asia were
possibly separated during interglacial periods.[43]
The tiger's full genome sequence was published in 2013. It was found to have repeat
compositions much as other cat genomes and "an appreciably conserved synteny".[44]
Hybrids
Further information: Felid hybrid, Panthera hybrid, Liger, and Tigon
Captive tigers were bred with lions to create hybrids called liger and tigon. They share
physical and behavioural qualities of both parent species. Breeding hybrids is now
discouraged due to the emphasis on conservation. [45] The liger is a cross between a
male lion and a tigress. Ligers are typically between 3 and 3.5 m (10 and 12 ft) in
length, and weigh between 350 and 450 kg (800 and 1,000 lb) or more.[46] Because the
lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting
gene from the female tiger is absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent species. [47]
The less common tigon is a cross between a lioness and a male tiger. [45] Because the
male tiger does not pass on a growth-promoting gene and the lioness passes on a
growth inhibiting gene, tigons are around the same size as their parents. [47] Some
females are fertile and have occasionally given birth to litigons when mated to a
male Asiatic lion.[48]

Description
Siberian tiger in Aalborg Zoo, Denmark

Bengal tiger skeleton on display at the Museum of Osteology

The tiger has a muscular body with strong forelimbs, a large head and a tail that is
about half the length of its body. Its pelage colouration varies between shades of orange
with a white underside and distinctive vertical black stripes; the patterns of which are
unique in each individual.[49][22] Stripes are likely advantageous for camouflage in
vegetation such as long grass with strong vertical patterns of light and shade. [50][51] The
tiger is one of only a few striped cat species; it is not known why spotted patterns
and rosettes are the more common camouflage pattern among felids. [52] The orange
colour may also aid in camouflage as the tiger's prey are dichromats, and thus may
perceive the cat as green and blended in with the vegetation. [53]
A tiger's coat pattern is still visible when it is shaved. This is not due to skin
pigmentation, but to the stubble and hair follicles embedded in the skin.[54] It has a mane-
like heavy growth of fur around the neck and jaws and long whiskers, especially in
males. The pupils are circular with yellow irises. The small, rounded ears have a
prominent white spot on the back, surrounded by black. [22] These spots are thought to
play an important role in intraspecific communication.[55]
The tiger's skull is similar to a lion's skull, with the frontal region usually less depressed
or flattened, and a slightly longer postorbital region. The lion skull shows
broader nasal openings. Due to the variation in skull sizes of the two species, the
structure of the lower jaw is a reliable indicator for their identification. [18] The tiger has
fairly stout teeth; its somewhat curved canines are the longest among living felids with
a crown height of up to 90 mm (3.5 in).[22]
Size
There is notable sexual dimorphism between male and female tigers, with the latter
being consistently smaller. The size difference between them is proportionally greater in
the large tiger subspecies, with males weighing up to 1.7 times more than females.
Males also have wider forepaw pads, enabling sex to be identified from tracks. [56] It has
been hypothesised that body size of different tiger populations may be correlated with
climate and be explained by thermoregulation and Bergmann's rule, or by distribution
and size of available prey species.[22][57]
Generally, males vary in total length from 220 to 310 cm (87 to 122 in) and weigh
between 90 and 258 kg (198 and 569 lb) with skull length ranging from 295 to 383 mm
(11.6 to 15.1 in). Females vary in total length from 190 to 275 cm (75 to 108 in), weigh
65 to 167 kg (143 to 368 lb) with skull length ranging from 265 to 318 mm (10.4 to
12.5 in).[58] In either sex, the tail represents about 0.6 to 1.1 m (2 ft 0 in to 3 ft 7 in) of the
total length. The Bengal and Siberian tigers are amongst the tallest cats in shoulder
height. They are also ranked among the biggest cats that have ever existed reaching
weights of more than 300 kg (660 lb).[22] The tigers of the Sunda islands are smaller and
less heavy than tigers in mainland Asia, rarely exceeding 142 kg (313 lb) in weight.[25]
Colour variations

White tigers in Haifa Zoo

There are three other colour variants – white, golden and nearly stripeless snow white –
that are now virtually non-existent in the wild due to the reduction of wild tiger
populations, but continue in captive populations. The white tiger has white fur
and sepia-brown stripes. The golden tiger has a pale golden pelage with a blond tone
and reddish-brown stripes. The snow white tiger is a morph with extremely faint stripes
and a pale reddish-brown ringed tail. Both snow white and golden tigers are
homozygous for CORIN gene mutations.[59]
The white tiger lacks pheomelanin (which creates the orange colour), and has dark
sepia-brown stripes and blue eyes. This altered pigmentation is caused by
a mutant gene that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, which is determined by
a white locus. It is not an albino, as the dark pigments are scarcely affected.[60][59] The
mutation changes a single amino acid in the transporter protein SLC45A2. Both parents
need to have the allele for whiteness to have white cubs.[61] Between the early and mid
20th century, white tigers were recorded and shot in the Indian states
of Odisha, Bihar, Assam and in the area of Rewa, Madhya Pradesh. The local maharaja
started breeding tigers in the early 1950s and kept a white male tiger together with its
normal-coloured daughter; they had white cubs. [62] To preserve this recessive trait, only a
few white individuals were used in captive breeding, which led to a high degree
of inbreeding. Inbreeding depression is the main reason for many health problems of
captive white tigers, including strabismus, stillbirth, deformities and premature death.
[63]
 Other physical defects include cleft palate and scoliosis.[64]
The Tiger Species Survival Plan has condemned the breeding of white tigers, alleging
they are of mixed ancestry and of unknown lineage. The genes responsible for white
colouration are represented by 0.001% of the population. The disproportionate growth in
numbers of white tigers points to inbreeding among homozygous recessive individuals.
This would lead to inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variability.[65]
There are also records of pseudo-melanic or black tigers which have thick stripes that
merge. In Simlipal National Park, 37% of the tiger population has this condition, which
has been linked to isolation and inbreeding. [66]

Distribution and habitat

Historical distribution of the tiger[10]

The tiger historically ranged from eastern Turkey and Transcaucasia to the coast of

the Sea of Japan, and from South Asia across Southeast Asia to the Indonesian islands
of Sumatra, Java and Bali.[49] Since the end of the last glacial period, it was probably
restricted by periods of deep snow lasting longer than six months. [67][68] Currently, it occurs
in less than 6% of its historical range, as it has been extirpated from Southwest and
Central Asia, large parts of Southeast and East Asia. It now mainly occurs in the Indian
subcontinent, the Indochinese Peninsula, Sumatra and the Russian Far East, while its
status in the Korean Peninsula is unknown.[50][1][69]
The tiger is essentially associated with forest habitats. [38][70] Tiger populations thrive where
populations of wild cervids, bovids and suids are stable.[71] Records in Central Asia
indicate that it occurred foremost in Tugay riverine forests along the Atrek, Amu
Darya, Syr Darya, Hari, Chu and Ili Rivers and their tributaries. In the Caucasus, it
inhabited hilly and lowland forests.[18] Historical records in Iran are known only from the
southern coast of the Caspian Sea and adjacent Alborz Mountains.[72] In the Amur-
Ussuri region, it inhabits Korean pine and temperate broadleaf and mixed forests,
where riparian forests provide food and water, and serve as dispersal corridors for both
tiger and ungulates.[68][73] On the Indian subcontinent, it inhabits mainly tropical and
subtropical moist broadleaf forests, moist evergreen forests, tropical dry forests and
the swamp forests of the Sundarbans.[74] In the Eastern Himalayas, tigers were
documented in temperate forest up to an elevation of 4,200 m (13,800 ft) in Bhutan and
of 3,630 m (11,910 ft) in the Mishmi Hills.[75][76] In Thailand, it lives in deciduous and
evergreen forests.[77] In Sumatra, tiger populations range from lowland peat swamp
forests to rugged montane forests.[78]

Ecology and behaviour

Tigers are comfortable in water and frequently bathe

Tiger scent marking its territory

Social and daily activities

When not subject to human disturbance, the tiger is mainly diurnal.[79] It does not often
climb trees but cases have been recorded.[50] It is a strong swimmer and often bathes in
ponds, lakes and rivers, thus keeping cool in the heat of the day. [80] Individuals can cross
rivers up to 7 km (4.3 mi) wide and can swim up to 29 km (18 mi) in a day.[81] During the
1980s, a tiger was observed frequently hunting prey through deep lake water
in Ranthambhore National Park.[79]
The tiger is a long-ranging species, and individuals disperse over distances of up to
650 km (400 mi) to reach tiger populations in other areas. [82] Radio-collared tigers
in Chitwan National Park started dispersing from their natal areas earliest at the age of
19 months. Four females dispersed between 0 and 43.2 km (0.0 and 26.8 mi), and 10
males between 9.5 and 65.7 km (5.9 and 40.8 mi). None of them crossed open
cultivated areas that were more than 10 km (6.2 mi) wide, but moved through forested
habitat.[83]
Adult tigers lead largely solitary lives. They establish and maintain territories but have
much wider home ranges within which they roam. Resident adults of either sex
generally confine their movements to their home ranges, within which they satisfy their
needs and those of their growing cubs. Individuals sharing the same area are aware of
each other's movements and activities.[84] The size of the home range mainly depends
on prey abundance, geographic area and sex of the individual. [50][22] In India, home ranges
appear to be 50 to 1,000 km2 (19 to 386 sq mi) while in Manchuria, they range from 500
to 4,000 km2 (190 to 1,540 sq mi). In Nepal, defended territories are recorded to be 19
to 151 km2 (7.3 to 58.3 sq mi) for males and 10 to 51 km2 (3.9 to 19.7 sq mi) for females.
[81]

Young female tigers establish their first territories close to their mother's. The overlap
between the female and her mother's territory reduces with time. Males, however,
migrate further than their female counterparts and set out at a younger age to mark out
their own area. A young male acquires territory either by seeking out an area devoid of
other male tigers, or by living as a transient in another male's territory until he is older
and strong enough to challenge the resident male. Young males seeking to establish
themselves thereby comprise the highest mortality rate (30–35% per year) amongst
adult tigers.[85]

Females playing in Ranthambore Tiger Reserve

To identify his territory, the male marks trees by spraying urine,[86][87] anal

gland secretions, marking trails with feces and marking trees or the ground with their
claws. Females also use these "scrapes", urine and fecal markings. Scent markings of
this type allow an individual to pick up information on another's identity, sex and
reproductive status. Females in oestrus will signal their availability by scent marking
more frequently and increasing their vocalisations. [50]
Although for the most part avoiding each other, tigers are not always territorial and
relationships between individuals can be complex. An adult of either sex will sometimes
share its kill with others, even with unrelated tigers. George Schaller observed a male
share a kill with two females and four cubs. Unlike male lions, male tigers allow females
and cubs to feed on the kill before the male is finished with it; all involved generally
seem to behave amicably, in contrast to the competitive behaviour shown by a lion
pride.[88] Stephen Mills described a social feeding event in Ranthambore National Park:
A dominant tigress they called Padmini killed a 250 kg (550 lb) male nilgai – a very large
antelope. They found her at the kill just after dawn with her three 14-month-old cubs,
and they watched uninterrupted for the next ten hours. During this period the family was
joined by two adult females and one adult male, all offspring from Padmini's previous
litters, and by two unrelated tigers, one female the other unidentified. By three o'clock
there were no fewer than nine tigers round the kill. [85]
Male tigers are generally less tolerant of other males within their territories than females
are of other females. Territory disputes are usually solved by intimidation rather than
outright violence. Several such incidents have been observed in which the subordinate
tiger yielded by rolling onto its back and showing its belly in a submissive posture.
[89]
 Once dominance has been established, a male may tolerate a subordinate within his
range, as long as they do not live in too close quarters. [85] The most serious disputes
tend to occur between two males competing for a female in oestrus, sometimes fighting
to the death.[85][89]

Tiger in Kanha National Park showing the flehmen response

Facial expressions include the "defense threat", where an individual bares its teeth,
flattens its ears and its pupils enlarge. Both males and females show a flehmen
response, a characteristic grimace, when sniffing urine markings, but flehmen is more
often associated with males detecting the markings made by tigresses in oestrus. [22]
Tigers roar to signal their presence to other individuals over long distances. This
vocalization is forced through an open mouth as it closes and can be heard 3 km
(1.9 mi) away. They may roar three or four times in a row, and other tigers may respond
in kind. When tense, tigers will moan, a sound similar to a roar but softer and made
when the mouth is at least partially closed. Moaning can be heard 400 m (1,300 ft)
away.[22][88] Aggressive encounters involve growling, snarling and hissing.[88] During an
attack, an explosive "coughing roar" or "coughing snarl" is emitted though an open
mouth and exposed teeth.[22][88][90] Chuffing—soft, low-frequency snorting similar
to purring in smaller cats—is heard in more friendly situations. [91] Other vocalizations
include grunts, woofs and miaows.[22]
Hunting and diet

An adult tiger showing incisors, canines and part of the premolars and molars

Dentition of tiger above, and of Asian black bear below. The large canines are used for killing, and the
carnassials for tearing flesh

In the wild, tigers mostly feed on large and medium-sized mammals,

particularly ungulates weighing 60–250 kg (130–550 lb). Range-wide, the most selected
prey are sambar deer, Manchurian wapiti, barasingha and wild boar. Tigers are capable
of taking down larger prey like adult gaur and wild water buffalo,[92] but will also
opportunistically eat much smaller prey, such as monkeys, peafowl and other ground-
based birds, hares, porcupines, and fish.[50] They also prey on other predators,
including dogs, leopards, bears, snakes and crocodiles.[93] Tigers generally do not prey
on fully grown adult Asian elephants and Indian rhinoceros but incidents have been
reported.[94][95][96] More often, it is the more vulnerable small calves that are taken. [97] When
in close proximity to humans, tigers will also sometimes prey on such domestic livestock
as cattle, horses, and donkeys. Although almost exclusively carnivorous, tigers will
occasionally eat vegetation for dietary fibre such as fruit of the slow match tree.[93]
Tigers are thought to be mainly nocturnal predators,[70] but in areas where humans are
absent, remote-controlled, hidden camera traps recorded them hunting in daylight.
[98]
 They generally hunt alone and ambush their prey as most other cats do,
overpowering them from any angle, using their body size and strength to knock the prey
off balance. Successful hunts usually require the tiger to almost simultaneously leap
onto its quarry, knock it over, and grab the throat or nape with its teeth. [81] Despite their
large size, tigers can reach speeds of about 49–65 km/h (30–40 mph) but only in short
bursts; consequently, tigers must be close to their prey before they break cover. If the
prey senses the tiger's presence before this, the tiger usually abandons the hunt rather
than give chase or battle pre-alerted prey. Horizontal leaps of up to 10 m (33 ft) have
been reported, although leaps of around half this distance are more typical. One in 2 to
20 hunts, including stalking near potential prey, ends in a successful kill. [81][70]

Bengal tiger subduing an Indian boar at Tadoba National Park

Bengal tiger attacking a sambar in Ranthambore Tiger Reserve

When hunting larger animals, tigers prefer to bite the throat and use their powerful
forelimbs to hold onto the prey, often simultaneously wrestling it to the ground. The tiger
remains latched onto the neck until its target dies of strangulation.[88] By this method,
gaurs and water buffaloes weighing over a ton have been killed by tigers weighing
about a sixth as much.[99] Although they can kill healthy adults, tigers often select the
calves or infirm of very large species.[100] Healthy adult prey of this type can be
dangerous to tackle, as long, strong horns, legs and tusks are all potentially fatal to the
tiger. No other extant land predator routinely takes on prey this large on its own. [18][101]
With small prey such as monkeys and hares, the tiger bites the nape, often breaking
the spinal cord, piercing the windpipe, or severing the jugular vein or common carotid
artery.[102] Rarely, tigers have been observed to kill prey by swiping with their paws, which
are powerful enough to smash the skulls of domestic cattle, [93] and break the backs
of sloth bears.[103]
After killing their prey, tigers sometimes drag it to conceal it in vegetation, grasping with
their mouths at the site of the killing bite. This, too, can require great physical strength.
In one case, after it had killed an adult gaur, a tiger was observed to drag the massive
carcass over a distance of 12 m (39 ft). When 13 men simultaneously tried to drag the
same carcass later, they were unable to move it.[81] An adult tiger can go for up to two
weeks without eating, then gorge on 34 kg (75 lb) of flesh at one time. In captivity, adult
tigers are fed 3 to 6 kg (6.6 to 13.2 lb) of meat a day.[81]
Enemies and competitors

Tiger hunted by wild dogs, Illustration in Samuel Howett & Edward Orme, Hand Coloured, Aquatint Engravings,
1807

Tigers usually prefer to eat self-killed prey, but eat carrion in times of scarcity and
also steal prey from other large carnivores. Although predators typically avoid one
another, if a prize is under dispute or a serious competitor is encountered, displays of
aggression are common. If these fail, the conflicts may turn violent; tigers may kill or
even prey on competitors such as leopards, dholes, striped hyenas, wolves,
bears, pythons, and mugger crocodiles on occasion.[27][103][104][105][106] Crocodiles, bears, and
large packs of dholes may win conflicts with tigers, and crocodiles and bears can even
kill them.[27][18][107][108]
The considerably smaller leopard avoids competition from tigers by hunting at different
times of the day and hunting different prey.[109] In India's Nagarhole National Park, most
prey selected by leopards were from 30 to 175 kg (66 to 386 lb) against a preference for
heavier prey by tigers. The average prey weight in the two respective big cats in India
was 37.6 kg (83 lb) against 91.5 kg (202 lb).[110][111] With relatively abundant prey, tigers
and leopards were seen to successfully coexist without competitive exclusion or
interspecies dominance hierarchies that may be more common to the African savanna,
where the leopard lives beside the lion.[110] Golden jackals may scavenge on tiger kills.
[112]
 Tigers appear to inhabit the deep parts of a forest while smaller predators like
leopards and dholes are pushed closer to the fringes. [113]
Reproduction and life cycle
Main article: Life cycle of the tiger
"Tiger cub" redirects here. For other uses, see Tiger Cub.
Tiger family in Kanha Tiger Reserve

Tiger family in Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve

The tiger mates all year round, but most cubs are born between March and June, with a
second peak in September. Gestation ranges from 93 to 114 days, with an average of
103 to 105 days. A female is only receptive for three to six days.[114] Mating is frequent
and noisy during that time.[49] The female gives birth in a sheltered location such as in tall
grass, in a dense thicket, cave or rocky crevice. The father generally takes no part in
rearing.[18] Litters consist of two or three cubs, rarely as many as six. Cubs weigh from
780 to 1,600 g (28 to 56 oz) each at birth, and are born with eyes closed. They open
their eyes when they are six to 14 days old. [114] Their milk teeth break through at the age
of about two weeks. They start to eat meat at the age of eight weeks. At around this
time, females usually shift them to a new den.[49] They make short ventures with their
mother, although they do not travel with her as she roams her territory until they are
older. Females lactate for five to six months.[114] Around the time they are weaned, they
start to accompany their mother on territorial walks and are taught how to hunt. [79]
A dominant cub emerges in most litters, usually a male. The dominant cub is more
active than its siblings and takes the lead in their play, eventually leaving its mother and
becoming independent earlier.[79] The cubs start hunting on their own earliest at the age
of 11 months, and become independent around 18 to 20 months of age. [88] They
separate from their mother at the age of two to two and a half years, but continue to
grow until the age of five years.[49] Young females reach sexual maturity at three to four
years, whereas males at four to five years.[18] Unrelated wandering male tigers often kill
cubs to make the female receptive, since the tigress may give birth to another litter
within five months if the cubs of the previous litter are lost. The mortality rate of tiger
cubs is about 50% in the first two years. Few other predators attack tiger cubs due to
the diligence and ferocity of the mother. Apart from humans and other tigers, common
causes of cub mortality are starvation, freezing, and accidents. [101] Generation length of
the tiger is about eight years.[115] The oldest recorded captive tiger lived for 26 years. [81]
Occasionally, male tigers participate in raising cubs, usually their own, but this is
extremely rare and not always well understood. In May 2015, Amur tigers were
photographed by camera traps in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve. The photos show a
male Amur tiger pass by, followed by a female and three cubs within the span of about
two minutes.[116] In Ranthambore, a male Bengal tiger raised and defended two orphaned
female cubs after their mother had died of illness. The cubs remained under his care, he
supplied them with food, protected them from his rival and sister, and apparently also
trained them.[117]

Conservation
Main article: Tiger conservation
Further information: 21st Century Tiger
Global wild tiger population

Country Year Estimate

 India 2023 3167[118]

 Russia 2016 433[119]

 Indonesia 2016 371[119]

 Bangladesh 2014 300–500[1]

 Nepal 2022 355[120]

 Thailand 2016 189[119]

 Bhutan 2015 89–124[121]

 Malaysia 2014 80–120[122]

 China 2018 55[123]

 Myanmar 2018 22[124]

 Laos 2016 14[125]

 Vietnam 2016 <5[119]

 Cambodia 2016 0[1]

Total 4,744–5,074

In the 1990s, a new approach to tiger conservation was developed: Tiger Conservation
Units (TCUs), which are blocks of habitat that have the potential to host tiger
populations in 15 habitat types within five bioregions. Altogether 143 TCUs were
identified and prioritized based on size and integrity of habitat, poaching pressure and
population status. They range in size from 33 to 155,829 km2 (13 to 60,166 sq mi).[74]
In 2016, an estimate of a global wild tiger population of approximately 3,890 individuals
was presented during the Third Asia Ministerial Conference on Tiger Conservation. [119]
[126]
 The WWF subsequently declared that the world's count of wild tigers had risen for
the first time in a century.[127]
Major threats to the tiger include habitat destruction, habitat
fragmentation and poaching for fur and body parts, which have simultaneously greatly
reduced tiger populations in the wild.[1] In India, only 11% of the historical tiger habitat
remains due to habitat fragmentation.[128] Demand for tiger parts for use in traditional
Chinese medicine has also been cited as a major threat to tiger populations. [129][130]
[131]
 Some estimates suggest that there are fewer than 2,500 mature breeding individuals,
with no subpopulation containing more than 250 mature breeding individuals. [1]
India is home to the world's largest population of wild tigers. [119] A 2014 census estimated
a population of 2,226, a 30% increase since 2011. [132] On International Tiger Day 2019,
the 'Tiger Estimation Report 2018' was released by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The
report estimates a population of 2967 tigers in India with 25% increase since 2014. Modi
said "India is one of the safest habitats for tigers as it has achieved the target of
doubling the tiger population from 1411 in 2011 to 2967 in 2019". [133] As of 2022, India
accounts for 75 percent of global tiger population. [134] As per Tiger Census 2023 tiger
population in india stood at 3167.
In 1973, India's Project Tiger, started by Indira Gandhi, established numerous tiger
reserves. The project was credited with tripling the number of wild Bengal tigers from
some 1,200 in 1973 to over 3,500 in the 1990s, but a 2007 census showed that
numbers had dropped back to about 1,400 tigers because of poaching. [135][136][137] Following
the report, the Indian government pledged $153 million to the initiative, set up measures
to combat poaching, promised funds to relocate up to 200,000 villagers in order to
reduce human-tiger interactions,[138] and set up eight new tiger reserves in India .[139] India
also reintroduced tigers to the Sariska Tiger Reserve[140] and by 2009 it was claimed that
poaching had been effectively countered at Ranthambore National Park.[141]
In the 1940s, the Siberian tiger was on the brink of extinction with only about 40 animals
remaining in the wild in Russia. As a result, anti-poaching controls were put in place by
the Soviet Union and a network of protected zones (zapovedniks) were instituted,
leading to a rise in the population to several hundred. Poaching again became a
problem in the 1990s, when the economy of Russia collapsed. The major obstacle in
preserving the species is the enormous territory individual tigers require, up to 450 km
(280 mi) needed by a single female and more for a single male. [142] Current conservation
efforts are led by local governments and NGO's in concert with international
organisations, such as the World Wide Fund for Nature and the Wildlife Conservation
Society.[143] The competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian
conservationists to convince hunters to tolerate the big cats. Tigers have less impact on
ungulate populations than do wolves, and are effective in controlling the latter's
numbers.[144] In 2005, there were thought to be about 360 animals in Russia, though
these exhibited little genetic diversity.[145] However, in a decade later, the Siberian tiger
census was estimated from 480 to 540 individuals.[146]
In China, tigers became the target of large-scale 'anti-pest' campaigns in the early
1950s, where suitable habitats were fragmented following deforestation and
resettlement of people to rural areas, who hunted tigers and prey species. Though tiger
hunting was prohibited in 1977, the population continued to decline and is considered
extinct in southern China since 2001.[147][148] Having earlier rejected the Western-led
environmentalist movement, China changed its stance in the 1980s and became a party
to the CITES treaty. By 1993 it had banned the trade in tiger parts, and this diminished
the use of tiger bones in traditional Chinese medicine.[149] The Tibetan people's trade in
tiger skins has also been a threat to tigers. The pelts were used in clothing, tiger-
skin chuba being worn as fashion. In 2006 the 14th Dalai Lama was persuaded to take
up the issue. Since then there has been a change of attitude, with some Tibetans
publicly burning their chubas.[150]

Camera trap image of wild Sumatran tiger

In 1994, the Indonesian Sumatran Tiger Conservation Strategy addressed the potential
crisis that tigers faced in Sumatra. The Sumatran Tiger Project (STP) was initiated in
June 1995 in and around the Way Kambas National Park to ensure the long-term
viability of wild Sumatran tigers and to accumulate data on tiger life-history
characteristics vital for the management of wild populations. [151] By August 1999, the
teams of the STP had evaluated 52 sites of potential tiger habitat in Lampung Province,
of which only 15 these were intact enough to contain tigers. [152] In the framework of the
STP a community-based conservation program was initiated to document the tiger-
human dimension in the park to enable conservation authorities to resolve tiger-human
conflicts based on a comprehensive database rather than anecdotes and opinions. [153]
The Wildlife Conservation Society and Panthera Corporation formed the
collaboration Tigers Forever, with field sites including the world's largest tiger reserve,
the 21,756 km2 (8,400 sq mi) Hukaung Valley in Myanmar. Other reserves were in
the Western Ghats in India, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, the Russian Far East covering
in total about 260,000 km2 (100,000 sq mi).[154]
Tigers have been studied in the wild using a variety of techniques. Tiger population
have been estimated using plaster casts of their pugmarks, although this method was
criticized as being inaccurate.[155] More recent techniques include the use of camera
traps and studies of DNA from tiger scat, while radio-collaring has been used to track
tigers in the wild.[156] Tiger spray has been found to be just as good, or better, as a source
of DNA than scat.[157]

Relationship with humans

Tiger hunting
Main article: Tiger hunting

Tiger hunting on elephant-back in India, 1808

The tiger has been one of the most sought after game animals of Asia. Tiger hunting
took place on a large scale in the early 19th and 20th centuries, being a recognised and
admired sport by the British in colonial India, the maharajas and aristocratic class of the
erstwhile princely states of pre-independence India. A single maharaja or English hunter
could claim to kill over a hundred tigers in their hunting career. [81] Over 80,000 tigers
were slaughtered in just 50 years spanning from 1875 to 1925 in British-ruled India.
[158]
 Tiger hunting was done by some hunters on foot; others sat up on machans with a
goat or buffalo tied out as bait; yet others on elephant-back. [159] King George V on his
visit to Colonial India in 1911 killed 39 tigers in a matter of 10 days [160] One of these is on
display at the Royal Albert Memorial Museum.[161]
Historically, tigers have been hunted at a large scale so their famous striped skins could
be collected. The trade in tiger skins peaked in the 1960s, just before international
conservation efforts took effect. By 1977, a tiger skin in an English market was
considered to be worth US$4,250.[81]
Body part use
Tiger parts are commonly used as amulets in South and Southeast Asia. In the
Philippines, the fossils in Palawan were found besides stone tools. This, besides the
evidence for cuts on the bones, and the use of fire, suggests that early humans had
accumulated the bones,[40] and the condition of the tiger subfossils, dated to
approximately 12,000 to 9,000 years ago, differed from other fossils in the assemblage,
dated to the Upper Paleolithic. The tiger subfossils showed longitudinal fracture of
the cortical bone due to weathering, which suggests that they had post-mortem been
exposed to light and air. Tiger canines were found in Ambangan sites dating to the 10th
to 12th centuries in Butuan, Mindanao.[41][42]
A hunting party poses with a killed Javan tiger, 1941

Many people in China and other parts of Asia have a belief that various tiger parts
have medicinal properties, including as pain killers and aphrodisiacs.[162] There is no
scientific evidence to support these beliefs. The use of tiger parts in pharmaceutical
drugs in China is already banned, and the government has made some offences in
connection with tiger poaching punishable by death. [which?] Furthermore, all trade in tiger
parts is illegal under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora and a domestic trade ban has been in place in China since 1993.
[163]

However, the trading of tiger parts in Asia has become a major black market industry
and governmental and conservation attempts to stop it have been ineffective to date.
[81]
 Almost all black marketers engaged in the trade are based in China and have either
been shipped and sold within in their own country or into Taiwan, South Korea or Japan.
[81]
 The Chinese subspecies was almost completely decimated by killing for commerce
due to both the parts and skin trades in the 1950s through the 1970s. [81] Contributing to
the illegal trade, there are a number of tiger farms in the country specialising in breeding
them for profit. It is estimated that between 5,000 and 10,000 captive-bred, semi-tame
animals live in these farms today.[164][165][166] However, many tigers for traditional medicine
black market are wild ones shot or snared by poachers and may be caught anywhere in
the tiger's remaining range (from Siberia to India to the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra). In
the Asian black market, a tiger penis can be worth the equivalent of around $300 U.S.
dollars. In the years of 1990 through 1992, 27 million products with tiger derivatives
were found.[81] In July 2014 at an international convention on endangered species
in Geneva, Switzerland, a Chinese representative admitted for the first time his
government was aware trading in tiger skins was occurring in China. [167]
Man-eating tigers
Main article: Tiger attack

Stereographic photograph (1903), captioned "Famous 'man-eater' at Calcutta—devoured 200 men, women and
children before capture—India"[168]

Wild tigers that have had no prior contact with humans actively avoid interactions with
them. However, tigers cause more human deaths through direct attack than any other
wild mammal.[81] Attacks are occasionally provoked, as tigers lash out after being injured
while they themselves are hunted. Attacks can be provoked accidentally, as when a
human surprises a tiger or inadvertently comes between a mother and her young, [169] or
as in a case in rural India when a postman startled a tiger, used to seeing him on foot,
by riding a bicycle.[170] Occasionally tigers come to view people as prey. Such attacks are
most common in areas where population growth, logging, and farming have put
pressure on tiger habitats and reduced their wild prey. Most man-eating tigers are old,
missing teeth, and unable to capture their preferred prey. [50] For example,
the Champawat Tiger, a tigress found in Nepal and then India, had two broken canines.
She was responsible for an estimated 430 human deaths, the most attacks known to be
perpetrated by a single wild animal, by the time she was shot in 1907 by Jim Corbett.
[171]
 According to Corbett, tiger attacks on humans are normally in daytime, when people
are working outdoors and are not keeping watch. [172] Early writings tend to describe man-
eating tigers as cowardly because of their ambush tactics. [173]
Man-eaters have been a particular problem in recent decades in India and Bangladesh,
especially in Kumaon, Garhwal and the Sundarbans mangrove swamps of Bengal,
where some healthy tigers have hunted humans. Because of rapid habitat loss
attributed to climate change, tiger attacks have increased in the Sundarbans. [174] The
Sundarbans area had 129 human deaths from tigers from 1969 to 1971. In the 10 years
prior to that period, about 100 attacks per year in the Sundarbans, with a high of around
430 in some years of the 1960s.[81] Unusually, in some years in the Sundarbans, more
humans are killed by tigers than vice versa. [81] In 1972, India's production of honey and
beeswax dropped by 50% when at least 29 people who gathered these materials were
devoured.[81] In 1986 in the Sundarbans, since tigers almost always attack from the rear,
masks with human faces were worn on the back of the head, on the theory that tigers
usually do not attack if seen by their prey. This decreased the number of attacks only
temporarily. All other means to prevent attacks, such as providing more prey or using
electrified human dummies, did not work as well. [175]
In captivity

Publicity photo of animal trainer Gunther Gebel-Williams with several of his trained tigers, promoting him as
"superstar" of the Ringling Brothers and Barnum and Bailey Circus circa 1969.

In Ancient Roman times, tigers were kept in menageries and amphitheatres to be

exhibited, trained and paraded, and were often provoked to fight gladiators and other
exotic beasts.[176][177] Since the 17th century, tigers, being rare and ferocious, were sought
after to keep at European castles as symbols of their owners' power. Tigers became
central zoo and circus exhibits in the 18th century: a tiger could cost up to
4,000 francs in France (for comparison, a professor of the Beaux-Arts at Lyons earned
only 3,000 francs a year),[178] or up to $3,500 in the United States, where a lion cost no
more than $1,000.[179]
In 2007, over 4,000 captive tigers lived in China, of which 3,000 were held by about 20
larger facilities, with the rest held by some 200 smaller facilities. [180] In 2011, 468 facilities
in the USA kept 2,884 tigers.[181] Nineteen US states banned private ownership of tigers,
fifteen require a license, and sixteen states have no regulation. [182] Genetic ancestry of
105 captive tigers from fourteen countries and regions showed that forty-nine animals
belonged distinctly to five subspecies; fifty-two animals had mixed subspecies origins.
[183]
 Many Siberian tigers in zoos today are actually the result of crosses with Bengal
tigers.[184]

Cultural depictions
Tiger-shaped jie (badge of authority) with gold inlays, from the tomb of Zhao Mo (175-124 BC)

Tigers and their superlative qualities have been a source of fascination for mankind
since ancient times, and they are routinely visible as important cultural and media
motifs. They are also considered one of the charismatic megafauna, and are used as
the face of conservation campaigns worldwide. In a 2004 online poll conducted by cable
television channel Animal Planet, involving more than 50,000 viewers from 73 countries,
the tiger was voted the world's favourite animal with 21% of the vote, narrowly beating
the dog.[185]
Mythology and legend
Further information: Tiger in Chinese culture and Tiger in Korean culture
See also: Tiger worship

Tiger and Magpie, a Korean minhwa (folk art) painting, late 19th century.

In Chinese mythology and culture, the tiger is one of the 12 animals of the Chinese

zodiac. In Chinese art, the tiger is depicted as an earth symbol and equal rival of
the Chinese dragon – the two representing matter and spirit respectively. The Southern
Chinese martial art Hung Ga is based on the movements of the tiger and the crane.
In Imperial China, a tiger was the personification of war and often represented the
highest army general (or present day defense secretary),[186] while the emperor and
empress were represented by a dragon and phoenix, respectively. The White
Tiger (Chinese: 白虎; pinyin: Bái Hǔ) is one of the Four Symbols of the Chinese
constellations. It is sometimes called the White Tiger of the West (Chinese: 西方白虎),
and it represents the west and the autumn season. [186]
The tiger's tail appears in stories from countries including China and Korea, it being
generally inadvisable to grasp a tiger by the tail. [187][188] In Korean myth and culture, the
tiger is regarded as a guardian that drives away evil spirits and a sacred creature that
brings good luck – the symbol of courage and absolute power. For the people who live
in and around the forests of Korea, the tiger considered the symbol of the Mountain
Spirit or King of mountain animals. So, Koreans also called the tigers "San Gun" (산군)
means Mountain Lord.[189]
In Buddhism, the tiger is one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolising anger, with
the monkey representing greed and the deer lovesickness. [186] The Tungusic
peoples considered the Siberian tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as
"Grandfather" or "Old man". The Udege and Nanai called it "Amba".
The Manchu considered the Siberian tiger as "Hu Lin," the king. [56] In Hinduism, the
god Shiva wears and sits on tiger skin.[190] The ten-armed warrior goddess Durga rides
the tigress (or lioness) Damon into battle. In southern India the god Ayyappan was
associated with a tiger.[191] Dingu-Aneni is the god in North-East India is also associated
with tiger.[192] The weretiger replaces the werewolf in shapeshifting folklore in Asia;[193] in
India they were evil sorcerers, while in Indonesia and Malaysia they were somewhat
more benign.[194] In Greco-Roman tradition, the tiger was depicted being ridden by the
god Dionysus.[195]

William Blake's first printing of The Tyger, 1794

Literature and media

See also: Bengal tiger §  Literature
In the Hindu epic Mahabharata, the tiger is fiercer and more ruthless than the lion.
[196]
 William Blake's poem in his Songs of Experience (1794), titled "The Tyger", portrays
the tiger as a menacing and fearful animal. [197] In Rudyard Kipling's 1894 The Jungle
Book, the tiger Shere Khan is the mortal enemy of the human protagonist Mowgli.
[197]
 Yann Martel's 2001 Booker Prize winning novel Life of Pi, features the title character
surviving shipwreck for months on a small boat with a large Bengal tiger while avoiding
being eaten. The story was adapted in Ang Lee's 2012 feature film of the same name.[198]
Friendly tiger characters include Tigger in A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and Hobbes of
the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, both represented as stuffed animals come to life.
[199]
 Tony the Tiger is a famous mascot for Kellogg's breakfast cereal Frosted Flakes,
known for his catchphrase "They're Gr-r-reat!". [200]
Heraldry and emblems
See also: Tigers (sports teams)

An early silver coin of king Uttama Chola found in Sri Lanka shows the Chola Tiger sitting between the
emblems of Pandyan and Chera

The tiger is one of the animals displayed on the Pashupati seal of the Indus Valley
civilisation. The tiger was the emblem of the Chola Dynasty and was depicted on coins,
seals and banners.[201] The seals of several Chola copper coins show the tiger,
the Pandyan emblem fish and the Chera emblem bow, indicating that the Cholas had
achieved political supremacy over the latter two dynasties. Gold coins found in
Kavilayadavalli in the Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh have motifs of the tiger, bow
and some indistinct marks.[202] The tiger symbol of Chola Empire was later adopted by
the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam and the tiger became a symbol of the
unrecognised state of Tamil Eelam and Tamil independence movement.[203] The Bengal
tiger is the national animal of India and Bangladesh.[204] The Malaysian tiger is the
national animal of Malaysia.[205] The Siberian tiger is the national animal of South Korea.
The Tiger is featured on the logo of the Delhi Capitals IPL team.
In European heraldry, the tyger, a depiction of a tiger as imagined by European artists,
is among the creatures used in charges and supporters. This creature has several
notable differences from real tigers, lacking stripes and having a leonine tufted tail and a
head terminating in large, pointed jaws. A more realistic tiger entered the heraldic
armory through the British Empire's expansion into Asia, and is referred to as the
Bengal tiger to distinguish it from its older counterpart. The Bengal tiger is not a
common creature in heraldry, but is used as a supporter in the arms of Bombay and
emblazoned on the shield of the University of Madras.[206]

See also
 Siegfried & Roy, two famous tamers of tigers
 List of largest cats
 Tiger King, a 2020 crime documentary series on the exotic pet trade
 Tiger versus lion
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Further reading
 Marshall, A. (2010). "Tale of the Cat". Time. Archived from the original on 26
February 2010.
 Millward, A. (2020). "Indian tiger study earns its stripes as one of the world's largest
wildlife surveys". Guinness World Records Limited.
 Mohan, V. (2015). "India's tiger population increases by 30% in past three years;
country now has 2,226 tigers". The Times of India.
 Porter, J. H. (1894). "The Tiger". Wild beasts: a study of the characters and habits
of the elephant, lion, leopard, panther, jaguar, tiger, puma, wolf, and grizzly bear.
New York: C. Scribner's sons. pp. 196–256.
 Sankhala, K. (1997). Indian Tiger. New Delhi: Roli Books Pvt Limited. ISBN 978-81-
7437-088-4.
 Schnitzler, A.; Hermann, L. (2019). "Chronological distribution of the tiger Panthera
tigris and the Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica in their common range in
 Asia". Mammal Review. 49 (4): 340–
353. doi:10.1111/mam.12166. S2CID 202040786.
 Yonzon, P. (2010). "Is this the last chance to save the tiger?". The Kathmandu
Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012.

External links
  Media related to Panthera tigris (category) at Wikimedia Commons
  Data related to Panthera tigris at Wikispecies
  Quotations related to Tigers at Wikiquote
  Tigers travel guide from Wikivoyage
 "Tiger  Panthera tigris". IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group.
show

Extant Carnivora species

Taxon identifiers

Wikidata: Q19939

Wikispecies: Panthera tigris

ADW: Panthera_tigris

ARKive: panthera-tigris

BioLib: 2045

BOLD: 73508

CoL: 4CGXS

ECOS: 1765

EoL: 328674

EPPO: PNTHTI

Fossilworks: 90651

GBIF: 5219416

iNaturalist: 41967

IRMNG: 10762914

ITIS: 183805

IUCN: 15955

MSW: 14000259

NBN: NHMSYS0000377066
 NCBI: 9694

Species+: 6047

TSA: 12803

Wikidata: Q41083521

EoL: 47054053
s
GBIF: 4969819

ZooBank: CB08F90C-6992-4001-A173-117D95630082

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BnF data

Germany

Authority control: Israel

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