Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management

Municipal Incinerated Solid Waste Bottom Ash as Sustainable Construction Material in

the Construction of Flexible Pavements
--Manuscript Draft--

Manuscript Number: JMCW-D-23-00046

Full Title: Municipal Incinerated Solid Waste Bottom Ash as Sustainable Construction Material in
the Construction of Flexible Pavements

Article Type: Original Article

Corresponding Author: Sachin Gowda, M.Tech

Central Road Research Institute CSIR
New Delhi, New Delhi INDIA

Corresponding Author Secondary

Information:

Corresponding Author's Institution: Central Road Research Institute CSIR

Corresponding Author's Secondary

Institution:

First Author: Sachin Gowda, M.Tech

First Author Secondary Information:

Order of Authors: Sachin Gowda, M.Tech

Vaishakh K, M.Tech

Aakash Gupta, PhD

Vasant Havanagi, PhD

G Kavitha, PhD

Order of Authors Secondary Information:

Funding Information: Principal Scientific Adviser to the Dr Vasant Havanagi

Government of India

Abstract: The main factors driving the reuse of construction waste in pavement are the rapid
decline in the availability of conventional aggregates, increasing haulage distances,
and the scarcity of landfill sites. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) is a popular
solid waste treatment method that can reduce landfill clogging. In an attempt to reduce
waste accumulation and conserve natural resources, this study evaluated the
effectiveness and feasibility of using MSWI-BA as a partial replacement for fine
aggregate in Bitumen Concrete Grade II (BC-II), a closely graded wearing course
widely used in India. The optimal asphalt content of asphalt mixes for different MSWI-
BA percentages was determined using the Marshall mix design. Tests to determine the
Resilient Modulus, Indirect Tensile Strength, Resistance to Moisture Induced Damage,
and rut resistance using a dynamic creep test were conducted to study the
performance of the asphalt mixes with various MSWI-BA contents. From research, it is
advisable to replace the fine aggregates with MSWI-BA up to 20% to obtain a
physically strong, higher performing, and economically efficient bituminous concrete
layer. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test results indicated that the
concentration of heavy metals and levels of toxicity were significantly reduced after it
was mixed with asphalt mixture.

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Assistant Professor, SVNIT: Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology
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Assistant Professor, IITH: Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
[email protected]

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1 3 Municipal Incinerated Solid Waste Bottom Ash as Sustainable
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2 6 Construction Material in the Construction of Flexible Pavements
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310 Sachin Gowda*, Vaishakh K, Aakash Gupta, Vasant G Havanagi and G Kavitha
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412 *Email: [email protected]
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5 Abstract
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618 The main factors driving the reuse of construction waste in pavement are the rapid decline in the availability of
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720 conventional aggregates, increasing haulage distances, and the scarcity of landfill sites. Municipal Solid Waste Incineration
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822 (MSWI) is a popular solid waste treatment method that can reduce landfill clogging. In an attempt to reduce waste accumulation
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924 and conserve natural resources, this study evaluated the effectiveness and feasibility of using MSWI-BA as a partial replacement
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1026 for fine aggregate in Bitumen Concrete Grade II (BC-II), a closely graded wearing course widely used in India. The optimal
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1128 asphalt content of asphalt mixes for different MSWI-BA percentages was determined using the Marshall mix design. Tests to
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1230 determine the Resilient Modulus, Indirect Tensile Strength, Resistance to Moisture Induced Damage, and rut resistance using a
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1332 dynamic creep test were conducted to study the performance of the asphalt mixes with various MSWI-BA contents. From
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1434 research, it is advisable to replace the fine aggregates with MSWI-BA up to 20% to obtain a physically strong, higher performing,
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1536 and economically efficient bituminous concrete layer. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test results indicated that the
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1638 concentration of heavy metals and levels of toxicity were significantly reduced after it was mixed with asphalt mixture.
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1740
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1842 Keywords: Asphalt mixtures, Municipal solid waste incineration-bottom ash, Marshall mix design and Leaching.
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 1 1 1. Introduction
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2 4 In India, with over 1210 million inhabitants, about 143,449 tonnes of household waste are daily generated, out of which
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3 6 about 111,000 tonnes are collected and about 35,602 tonnes are disposed off [1]. The Central Environmental Control Board
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4 8 (CPCB) of India claims that waste production per person has increased exponentially (0.26 kg/day to 0.85 kg/day). It is estimated
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5 10 that between 80 and 90 percent of municipal solid waste is disposed-off in landfills without the use of proper management
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612 techniques, polluting the air, water, and soil [2,3]. If municipal solid waste is not adequately managed, by the end of 2047, more
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7 than 1400 km2 of land would be needed for solid waste management. Our homes, schools, hospitals, and businesses all produce
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8 municipal solid waste (MSW), which includes leftover food, used clothes, newspapers, bottles, household appliances, furniture,
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9 paint, batteries, etc., are included. About 40 to 60 percent of municipal solid waste in India is biodegradable, 30 to 50 percent is
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10 inert, and 10 to 30 percent is recyclable. However, research has shown that the physical makeup of Indian MSW has changed over
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1123 time. Using biodegradable (biological treatment) or waste-to-energy (thermal treatment) technologies is the best way to utilise
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1225 combustible waste and compostable waste. In biological treatment, waste components are broken down by microorganisms in a
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1327 favourable environment. This process results in the breakdown of the biodegradable organic waste into gaseous products and
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1429 water molecules, leaving carbon-rich by-products (compost). However, in thermal processes such as incineration, waste parts are
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1531 burned in a controlled oxygenated environment to recover the maximum amount of thermal energy possible without polluting the
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1633 air. Incinerating municipal waste reduces it by 90–95 percent of its original volume and creates incinerated residue. Most of the
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1735 waste is incinerated during the incineration process and broken down into gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2), water vapor, and
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1837 hazardous gases, which are cleaned by a sophisticated flue gas cleaning system. Bottom ash and fly ash are two general categories
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1939 for the inorganic ferrous and non-ferrous metal wastes generated from waste incineration. Bottom ash is non-combustible and is
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2041 removed from the incinerator as a slag-like solid residue. Depending on the composition of the waste, 20 to 25 percent by weight
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2143 of the incinerated waste is BA. Most of the slag is disposed of in landfills, only a tiny part is recyclable. The disposal of MSWI-
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2245 BA bottom ash is expensive. The search for better, cheaper, and more environmentally friendly ways to recycle garbage has
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2347 become urgent due to concerns about landfills drying up and the soaring cost of waste disposal. The limited availability and high
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2449 cost of traditional paving materials have also prompted research into using waste products such as bottom ash as a supplement or
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2551 partial replacement for natural paving materials. Bottom ash consists mainly of oxides of Si, Fe, Ca, Al, Na and K, making it
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2653 compositionally comparable to traditional road material, and its effect on road surface properties can be demonstrated to be
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2755 technically, economically, and ecologically justifiable [4].
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 1 1 MSWI-BA may be dangerous due to high levels of water leachable components.The most typical procedures of
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2 3 stabilisation utilising bituminous binders are used to handle such hazardous materials [13].
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3 5 The aim of this research is therefore to see how well bottom ash can be used as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in
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4 7 bituminous mixtures. Bituminous Concrete Grade II, according to MoRT&H specifications, was used in this study.
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5 10 2. Materials Used
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6 The viscosity graded binder VG-40 was used in this study. Table 1 summarises the basic properties of aggregates used. It
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7 was discovered that the Nominal Maximum Aggregates Sizes (NMAS) of coarse aggregates (10 mm NMAS and 20 mm NMAS),
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8 and fine aggregates (stone dust), acquired from a local quarry, met the requirements of the MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport
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920 and Highways) [15]. The basic properties of bitumen are tabulated in Table 2.
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1022 The MSWI-BA consists of irregularly shaped particles with significant surface roughness and a porous microstructure,
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1124 supporting previous density and absorbance results. It was observed that MSWI-BA contained some and ceramic fragments, sheet
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1226 metal and broken glasses. When used in the wearing course of the pavement, the rough texture of the material should increase its
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1328 skid resistance, although irregularly shaped particles can still affect a material's compatibility. Table 3 summarises the basic
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1430 properties of MSWI-BA. The gradation results indicated in Table 4 show that the particle diameter range of MSWI-BA was
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1532 between 0 and 9.5 mm. The grain size distribution of MSWI-BA is exhibited in Figure 1. Because the gradation requirement of
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1634 particles passing a 4.75 mm sieve matched the particle size distribution of MSWI-BA particles, the finer grade for wearing coarse
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1736 BC-II was selected in this study which is represented in Figure 2. MoRT&H has laid out the requirements for these gradations.
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1838 The BA was procured from Timarpur-Okhla Waste Management Co. Pvt. Ltd. (TOWMCL), Delhi.
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1941 3. Experiments
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2044 3.1. Bituminous Mix Design
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2147 Six different percentages were employed to replace the fine aggregates (passing a 4.75 mm IS sieve) in the asphalt mixes in
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2249 order to study the effects of MSWI-BA on those combinations: 0% (control mixtures), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% The BC-II
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2351 complies with MoRT&H is considered for the study. After that, hot bitumen is added to the mixture to create the MSWI-BA
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2453 asphalt mix. Compaction was applied to Marshall Specimens for 75 blows on each side at 155° Celsius mixing temperature. The
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2555 Marshal mix design approach was used for the mix design (ASTM D 6927-15) [19]. Three specimens were created for each ash
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2657 replacement and asphalt cement amount. Thus, a total of 90 specimens were produced.
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 1 1 Due to the increased porosity of the MSWI-BA and the higher asphalt absorption of the aggregate blend, full covering of
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2 3 the aggregate particles was not achieved. And hence, the mixture also disintegrated once compacted. As a result, until an
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3 5 acceptable coating was noticed, tests were conducted for each percentage of ash concentration in increments of 0.5 percent asphalt
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4 7 content. Using trial and error, the initial proportion of asphalt material was raised as the ash content rose. As a consequence, the
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5 9 asphalt concentration for the various combinations ranged from 4.25 to 8 percent and the specimens were cooled to the room
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611 temperature.
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713 The loose mix was used for determining the bulk specific gravity (G mb) as per ASTM D 2041-03a [20]. A separate, loose
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815 mix with a binder content near the expected OBC was prepared for the determination of the theoretical maximum specific gravity
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9 (Gmm) as per ASTM D 2041-03a [20]. Specimens were then shifted to preheated water bath having controlled temperature of 60
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10 °C for about 30 to 40 minutes. Marshall stability and flow tests were performed on these samples following the specification laid
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11 out in ASTM D6927-15 [19]. As indicated by the test technique, the Marshall sample is set underneath the Marshall testing head.
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12 Compressive loading is applied at a consistent pace of 51 mm/minute until the failure of the sample. Marshall stability is the
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1326 maximum load at which the specimens fails where as the flow value is the measure of deformation of the sample, which is
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1428 measured using flow meter.
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1530 Similarly, the entire process is repeated at different binder contents, and a series of Marshall stability, flow, G mm, Gmb,
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1632 percent air voids (Va), and density values were obtained. Separate graphical plots of each parameter were made against different
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1734 bitumen contents. In this study, the bitumen content with respect to 4 percent air void was considered the optimum, and the other
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1836 obtained parameters like VMA, stability, unit weight, and flow values were checked to be under the specified limits as per the
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1938 Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORT&H) Specifications [15].
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2041 3.2. Bituminous Mix Performance Tests
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2144 The most widely used test methods for determining the moisture sensitivity of a bituminous mixture are the AASHTO T-
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2246 283 indirect tensile test protocols, also known as modified Lottman tests. The indirect tensile test (ASTM D 6931-17, 2017) [21]
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2348 involves loading a cylindrical specimen along its vertical diametral plane. According to AASHTO T 283, a total of six Marshall
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2450 samples were prepared at 7±0.5 % air voids (by volume of mix); out of these, three were tested as unconditioned, and the other
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2552 three were tested as conditioned specimens. The tensile strength ratio (TSR) is the ratio of the average indirect tensile strength of
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2654 the conditioned specimens to the average indirect tensile strength of unconditioned specimens. It is expressed as a percentage.
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2756 Conditioning of the specimen was done by keeping the specimens in a water bath maintained at 60 °C for 24 hours and then
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2858 curing them at 25 °C for 2 hours before starting the test. The unconditioned test was conducted at 25 °C. MORT&H suggests a
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2960 minimum of 80% TSR to make the mix resistant to moisture damage.
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 1 1
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2 3 The resilient modulus was calculated as per ASTM D4123-82 [22]. The test was run using the IPC Global Universal
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3 5 Testing Machine. For each replacement percentage, three Marshall samples were tested. A Haversine loading waveform, 0.1
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4 7 seconds of loading followed by 0.9 seconds of rest and an assumed Poisson's ratio of 0.35 were used to complete 100 conditioning
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5 9 cycles. A load equivalent to 10% of the indirect tensile strength of the mix was applied during the MR test. The MR test was
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611 performed at two different temperatures of 25°C and 35°C. This was done to assess how well the blend performed in terms of
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713 stiffness as the temperature increased.
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815 The dynamic creep test was carried out according to European standards at 40 °C (EN 12697-25, 2005) [27]. As per Indian
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9 conditions, a recommended tyre pressure of 560 kPa (IRC 37-2018) was applied in the uniaxial creep test at 40 °C to simulate
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10 stress in an asphalt concrete surface layer. A seating load of 100 kPa was applied to ensure that the actuator and sample make firm
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11 contact. 1800 cycles are used as a termination condition. The samples must first be preconditioned for at least two hours at 40 °C.
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12 The conditioning time should be increased if there is a discrepancy between skin and core temperatures.
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1327 3.3. Environmental Evalation
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1430 The samples of MSW-BA and asphalt mixtures were analysed for the presence of lead (Pb) using the toxicity characteristic
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1532 leaching procedure (TCLP) adopted by both the Central Environmental Control Board (CPCB) of India and the U.S.
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1634 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The extraction of the leachable elements is done using USEPA Test Method 1311, and
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1736 the testing procedure will be based on TCLP. TCLP is an analytical method which simulates sanitary landfill contaminant
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1838 leaching in waste samples.
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1940 This test was performed to simulate the leaching that may occur if MSWI-BA is used in bituminous mixes. The solid waste
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2042 samples can be classified as hazardous or non-hazardous based on the concentrations of the TCLP constituents and the guidelines
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2144 set forth by the CPCB, India TCLP regulatory standard as per Schedule II of Hazardous and Other Wastes, Rules, 2016.
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2247 4. Results and Discussion
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2350 4.1. Marshall Mix Design
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2453 Five Marshall technical indexes (Marshall Stability, Flow, % Air voids and Voids in Mineral Aggregates and Marshall
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2555 Quotient) are exhibited in Figures 3 to 7. Table 5 indicates the OBC values for different mixes. It is noted that the results
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2657 illustrated are the average of three samples. The binder demand increases with an increase in the MSWI-BA replacement. The
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2759 aggregate blend in the MSWI-BA asphalt mixture had higher asphalt absorption due to the higher porosity of the IBA particles.
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 1 1 The bitumen fills the pores of the aggregates, which are present in the aggregates; thus, there is higher absorption of bitumen over
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2 3 the surface of aggregates. Hence, there is a significant rise in the optimum binder content of the mix as the BA replacement
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3 5 increases. Mixes prepared with the least percentage replacement, that is 10 % has the least OBC for the BC-II mix. The mix with
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4 7 50 % replacement being the highest replacement dosage considered in the study yields a higher optimum binder content. The
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5 9 bitumen required for 10 % replacement of MSWI-BA was 4.0% more than that required for the control mix. This accounted for
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611 3.84 % increase in the optimum binder content compared to the control mix.
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713 Marshall stability value was highest for the mix with 10% MSWI-BA replacement with an increase of 4.16 %. Whereas
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815 higher MSWI-BA replacement corresponding to 50 % resulted in 20.10% lesser stability compared to the Marshall stability
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9 obtained for the control mix. The higher asphalt binder content leads to the lesser bonding due to the increased film thickness and
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10 rough surface of aggregates becoming smooth. Other than for 40% replacement mix, a substantial decreasing trend in the Marshall
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11 stability can be observed with further addition in the MSWI-BA content. For an effective asphalt pavement, the flow value should
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12 be in range of (2-5) mm. The mixes with 40 and 50% replacement of MSWI-BA showed a flow value more than 5 mm which is
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1326 beyond the permissible limit. The results obtained from other mix dosages are well within the tolerance limits specified by
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1428 MORT&H specifications [15].
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1530 The Marshall Quotient is a sort of pseudo-stiffness that measures the material's resistance to permanent deformation. From
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1632 figure 7, it can be observed that the mix containing 20% of MSWI-BA as fine aggregate replacement is the stiffest among other
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1734 mixes, followed by the 10% replaced mix and the Control Mix. The results show that the mixes containing MSWI-BA with lower
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1836 replacement percentages are stiffer than conventional BC-II mix. They tend to have more resistance to permanent deformation
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1938 when compared with the control mix. By analysing these Marshall parameters, the mix with 20% replacement yields better results
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2040 compared to other mixes due to its better stability, low flow value, and compatible optimum binder content required. Also, other
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2142 volumetric properties are well within the limits set as per MoRT&H.
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2244 From the ITS test, it can be observed that bituminous mixes with 10% MSWI-BA replacement as fine aggregate resulted in
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2346 the lowest tensile strength and crack resistance of any other mix. It has been observed that the indirect tensile strength of the mix
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2448 increases with an increase in ash content. At higher ash content (= 50%) ITS value was the highest. This is due to the fact that
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2550 with an increase in ash content, the optimum binder content also increased subsequently, which increased the tensile strength. The
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2652 tensile strength ratio (TSR) values were also plotted on the secondary axis in Figure 8. MoRT&H suggests a minimum of 80%
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2754 TSR, so those mixes offer good resistance to moisture damage. The TSR values are higher for mixes containing MSWI-BA,
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2856 which shows that these mixes offer more resistance to moisture induced damage. This may be due to the presence of calcareous
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2958 materials in the MSWI-BA, which naturally act as filler. As a result of the stronger bond between the bitumen and the aggregates,
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 1 1 removing the bitumen from the coated aggregates becomes difficult. All six mixes satisfy the specifications given by MORT&H
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2 3 [15].
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3 6 4.2. Modulus of Resilience
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4 9 From Figure 9, it has been observed that the modified mix with 20 % MSWI-BA replacement is the stiffest among all other
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5 mixes. The mixes containing BA are stiffer when compared with the control mix. Thus, they offer more resistance to permanent
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6 deformation when compared to control mixes. The MR value decreases when the temperature increases to 350C. Essentially, the
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7 MR value of the mix must increase as the OBC content increases for each % increase in BSWI-BA replacements. The modulus of
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8 resilience, on the other hand, significantly decreases as the temperature rises. This effect is predictable given that it is well-known
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920 that a material's stiffness reduces as its temperature rises.
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1022 The material expands and the free volume rises as a result of the molecules' movement and collision at higher
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1124 temperatures. Temperature causes both the space between the molecules that make up a substance and atomic vibration to
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1226 increase.
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1329 4.3. Rutting evaluation using dynamic creep test
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1432 The dynamic creep test for both the control mix and the bituminous mix whose fine aggregates are replaced has been done
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1534 at 40 °C. From Figure 10, the increment in stiffness for the mixes having bottom ash percentages of 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50 % as
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1636 fine aggregate replacement is less than the control mix. Due to the decrease in stiffness, the resistance to permanent deformation
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1738 increases. It has been observed that as BA replacement dosages increase by 20% the resistance to permanent deformation
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1840 decreases. Thus, Rutting resistance shows a negative correlation with the % of MSWI-BA replacement. In CM, 40% and 50%
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1942 replacement mixes, the secondary deformation is linear, which shows the continuous and ductile failure throughout the 1800
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2044 cycles. However, in the case of 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement mixes, it shows the slightest deformation; the deformation
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2146 increases suddenly and then stabilizes, which leads to an increase in the slope of the deformation curve. This might happen due to
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2248 the brittle failure of the mix, whereas other mixes show progressive failure throughout the test cycles.
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2351 4.4. Environmental Evaluation
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2454 Table 6 summarises the heavy metal concentrations (Lead as Pb) of leachates from TCLP tests that were performed on the
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2556 MSWI-BA. The results clears that Lead is present, but the TCLP results of MSWI-BA showed that all Lead concentrations in
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2658 leachates were below the CPCB, India TCLP regulatory standard as per Schedule II of Hazardous and Other Wastes Rules, 2016.
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2760 As a result, the MSWI-BA used in this study could be classified as non-hazardous waste. Also, after being mixed with bitumen,
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 1 1 the heavy metal concentration (Lead as Pb) of leachates was undetectable (less than 0.1 mg/L). This means that the trace element
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2 3 and heavy metal concentrations in MSWI-BA could be controlled after mixing it with bituminous binder, as the binder is highly
4
3 5 hydrophobic and prevents any pollutant from leaching out. The test results indicate MSWI-BA would be well encapsulated by
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4 7 bituminous binder and could be used as an aggregate substitute for bituminous mix. The results obtained are in good agreement
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5 9 with those of other researchers.
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12 5. Conclusions
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7 By replacing the fine aggregate of wearing course BC-II with MSWI-BA the following results were observed.
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8 The stability of the mix increased for a 10 percent BA replacement and then started reducing substantially for a further
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920 increase in replacement dosages. With the addition of MSWI-BA, the optimum binder requirements of the mixes increased,
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1022 increasing bitumen costs, while aggregate costs also decreased since BA is free of cost. According to the results, blends containing
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1124 MSWI-BA at lower replacement percentages are stiffer than the traditional BC-II blend. When compared to the control mix, they
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1226 often exhibit greater resistance to permanent deformation. The mixes with 20% MSWI-BA as a substitute for fines is found to be
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1328 the stiffest among all mixes considered. Bituminous mix with 10% MSWI-BA replacement as fine aggregate produced the lowest
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1430 ITS and TSR values of any mix tested. It has been observed that the indirect tensile strength and tensile strength ratio of the mix
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1532 increase with the increase in MSWI-BA replacement. At higher ash content (= 50%) ITS value was the highest. With the addition
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1634 of MSWI-BA, the affinity of coated aggregates towards bitumen is increased, thus offering more resistance to moisture damage.
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1736 Bituminous mix with 50 % BA as fine aggregate replacement provided higher resistance to moisture induced damage due to the
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1838 presence of higher bitumen content, and BA being a calcium rich material, itself acts as an anti-stripping agent. All of the mix
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1940 varieties were found to be capable of resisting moisture induced damage as they have a TSR value > 80%. The cost evaluation
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2042 provided an economic insight to different mix varieties. The mix with 30 % MSWI-BA replacement resulted in an economic mix
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2144 with 0.96 % cost reduction compared to the control mix.
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2246 The heavy metal concentrations (Lead as Pb) were within legal limits, according to the TCLP data for the MSWI-BA. It
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2348 was also shown that using MSWI-BA instead of natural aggregate in bituminous mixes would pose minimal environmental
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2450 problems since the bituminous binder is good at lowering metal concentrations in leachates. The test findings of the current study
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2552 showed that, in terms of both physical qualities and environmental safety, the use of MSWI-BA in hot-mix asphalt mixes is
53
2654 viable.
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2756 As a result of this work, the researcher recommends replacing up to 20% of the fine aggregates with a physically strong,
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2858 better performing, and more economically efficient bituminous mix to be used as a wearing course.
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 1 1 5.1.1. Acknowledgements
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3
2 4 The authors would like to acknowledge Principal Scientific Advisor (PSA), Government of India and IIT-Delhi for
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3 6 fundung the project to CSIR-CRRI under Delhi Cluster-“Delhi Research Implementation and Innovation” (DRIIV), Theme Solid
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4 8 Waste Management, WP-6 Use of construction & demolition wastes, incinerated residues in road construction scheme.
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5 10 5.1.2. Data Availability
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613 Data will be made available on reasonable request.
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15
716 Reference
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819 [1] Kumar, S. (2016) Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries. CRC Press, Boca Raton.
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921 https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315369457
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1023 [2] Ahluwalia, I, J. Patel, U. (2018), Solid Waste Management in India An Assessment of Resource Recovery and
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1227 https://icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_356.pdf
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1329 [3] Joshi, R. and Ahmed, S. (2016) Status and Challenges of Municipal Solid Waste Management in India: A Review.
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1533 [4] A, K, Mandal., O, P, Sinha., “Review on Current Research Status on Bottom Ash: An Indian Prospective”, 2014, The
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1635 Institution of Engineers (India) Ser. A (October–December 2014) 95(4):277–297. DOI: 10.1007/s40030-014-0100-0
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1737 [5] Amalendu Bagchi and Dennis Sopcich, “Characterization Of M S W Incinerator Ash”, 1989, Journal of Environmental
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19 [6] Asphalt Institute MS-2 7th Edition. (2015). MS-2 7th Edition Asphalt Mix Design Methods.
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2248 [7] Colonna et al., “Application of Bottom Ash for Pavement Binder Course”,2012, SIIV - 5th International Congress -
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2350 Sustainability of Road Infrastructures. DOI: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.945
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2452 [8] Eleni Vassiliadou Churchill and Serji N. Amirkhanian, (1999) “Coal Ash Utilization in Asphalt Concrete Mixtures”,
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2554 Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering November. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:4(295)
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2656 [9] Goh & You, “A preliminary study of the mechanical properties of asphalt mixture containing bottom ash”, 2008,
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2758 Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1139/L08-071
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 1 1 [10] Gunalaan Vasudevan, “Performance On Coal Bottom Ash In Hot Mix Asphalt”, 2013, International Journal of Research
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2 3 in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319 1163 pISSN: 2321-7308. DOI:10.15680/IJIRSET.2021.1010032
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3 5 [11] R. Forteza, M. Far, C. Segu, V. Cerda, “Characterization of bottom ash in municipal solid waste incinerators for its use in
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4 7 road base”, (2004), Waste Management 24 (2004) 899–909. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/sjce-2020-0024
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5 9 [12] Ogunro, V. O., Inyang, H. I., Hooper, F., Young, D., & Oturkar, A. (2004). Gradation Control of Bottom Ash Aggregate
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611 in Superpave Bituminous Mixes. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 16(6), 604–613. DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)0899-
12
713 1561(2004)16:6(604)
14
815 [13] Yan, Kezhen & Li, Lanlan & Long, Zhengwu & Xiao, Leling & Liu, Kai & Zhou, Wujun & You, Lingyun & Ou,
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9 Jianliang & Wu, Shenghua. (2022). Conversion of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash in Asphalt
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10 Pavements. Advances in Civil Engineering Materials. 11. 20210032. DOI:10.1520/ACEM20210032
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11 [14] Fang, Peng-Fei & Zhu, Xiang-Rong & Chen, Hong-Shui & Chen, Wei. (2010). Engineering Characteristics of Bottom
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12 Ash in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators. DOI:10.1061/41105(378)14
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1326 [15] Spestry Of Road Transport & Highways (MORT&H) Specifications. (2013). Specifications for Road and Bridge Works
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1428 for State Road ASTMAuthorities, Fifth Revision.
29
1530 [16] ASTM C 127 - 15 Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate
31
1632 [17] ASTM C 128 – 15 Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate.
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1734 [18] ASTM D 113 – 17 Standard Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt Materials
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1836 [19] ASTM D 6927-15. (2015). Standard Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow of Bituminous Mixtures. Annual Book
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1938 of American Society for Testing materiasl ASTM Standards, 1–7.
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2040 [20] ASTM: D 2041-03a. (2003). Standard Test Method for Theoretical Maximum Specific Gravity and Density of
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2142 Bituminous Paving Mixtures. ASTM International, 1–7.
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2244 [21] ASTM D6931-17. (2017). Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile ( IDT ) Strength of Bituminous Mixtures 1. 3–7
45
2346 [22] ASTM D 4123 – 82 (Reapproved 1995) Standard Test Method for Indirect Tension Test for Resilient Modulus of
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2448 Bituminous Mixtures.
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2550 [23] ASTM D4402-06. (2006). Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using
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2652 a Rotational Viscometer. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, 1–4
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2754 [24] Khaled Ksaibati, Shiva Rama Krishna Sayiri, (2016), “Utilization of Wyoming Bottom Ash in Asphalt Mixes”,
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2856 Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, University of Wyoming. Utilization of Wyoming Bottom Ash in
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2958 Asphalt Mixes (MPC-06-179) (ugpti.org)
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2 3 and Potential for Use in Road Pavements. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology.
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3 5 DOI:10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.12.003
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4 7 [26] Sawada, Kayo & Matsuda, Hitoki & Mizutani, Makoto. (2001). Immobilizatoin of Lead Compounds in Fly Ash by
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5 9 Mixing with Asphalt, Sulfur and Sodium Hydroxide. Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan - J CHEM ENG JPN.
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611 DOI:10.1252/jcej.34.878
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713 [27] EN 12697-25, 2005, Bituminous mixtures - Test methods for hot mix asphalt - Part 25: Cyclic compression test.
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 1 1 List of Figures
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2 4 Fig. 1. Grain Size Distribution of MSWI-BA
5
3 6 Fig. 2. Gradation for BC-II
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4 8 Fig. 3. Marshall Stability v/s Binder Content
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5 10 Fig. 4. Marshall Flow v/s Binder Content
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612 Fig. 5. % Air Voids v/s Binder Content
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7 Fig. 6. % VMA v/s Binder Content
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8 Fig. 7. Marshall Quotient for different mixes
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9 Fig. 8. ITS & TSR Values for different mixes
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10 Fig. 9. MR values at 25 ˚C and 35 ˚C
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1123 Fig. 10. Permanent Actuator deformation for different mixes
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1 1 List of Tables
2
3
2 4 Table 1 Basic properties of Aggregates
5
3 6 Table 2 Basic properties of VG 40 Binder
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4 8 Table 3 Basic properties of MSWI-BA
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5 10 Table 4 Gradation of MSWI-BA
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612 Table 5 Optimum Binder Content for different mixes
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7 Table 6 Metal concentrations (Lead as Pb) of leachates from TCLP tests
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Figure

1 Fig. 1.
2 Grain Size Distribution of MSWI-BA

4
5
6
7
8 Fig. 2.
9 Gradation for BC-II

10

11
12
13

1|P age
 1
2 Fig. 3.
3 Marshall Stability v/s Binder Content

4
5
6
7
8
9
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11 Fig. 4.
12 Marshall Flow v/s Binder Content

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 1
2 Fig. 5.
3 % Air Voids v/s Binder Content

5
6
7
8
9 Fig. 6.
10 VMA v/s Binder Content

11

12

13

14

15

3|P age
 1 Fig. 7.
2 Marshall Quotient for different mixes

3
4
5
6 Fig. 8.
7 ITS & TSR Values for different mixes

10

11 Fig. 9.
1 MR values at 25 ˚C and 35 ˚C

4 Fig. 10.
5 Permanent Actuator deformation for different mixes

5|P age
Table

1 Table 1
2 Basic properties of Aggregates

3
Test Name Reference Results
4 Specific Gravity ASTM C 127 – 15 2.7
5
Water Absorption ASTM C 127 – 15 0.50 %
6
Combined Flakiness and
IS 2386(Part 1):1963 45.66 %
7 Elongation index
Aggregate Impact Test IS: 2386 Part-4 (1963) 17.71 %
8

9 Los Angeles abrasion test ASTM C 131 27.1 %

10
11 Table 2
12 Basic properties of VG 40 Binder

13
Test Name Reference Results
14
Softening Point, ˚ C ASTM D 36 51
15
Ductility, cm ASTM D 113-17 > 100
16
Penetration, mm ASTM D5-20 42
17

18 Specific Gravity ASTM D70-21 1.06

19 Viscosity at 135 ̊ C, cS ASTM D4402-15 450

20

21 Table 3
22 Basic properties of MSWI-BA

23
Test Name Reference Results
Specific Gravity ASTM C 127 – 15 2.11

Liquid Limit AASHTO T90 33.60

Plastic Limit Non-Plastic

Modified Proctor Density, KN/m3 ASTM D1557 17.06

OMC, % 14.04

CBR, % ASTM D1883 100

Permeability, cm/sec ASTM D2434 1.74x10-4

1|P age
 1 Table 4
2 Gradation of MSWI-BA

3
I.S Sieve (mm) % Finer
4
4.750 100
5
2.360 90.8
6
1.180 68.8
7

8 0.600 56.8

9 0.425 46.4

10 0.300 38.4
11
0.150 21.2
12
13 0.075 13.2
14
15
16
17 Table 5
18 Optimum Binder Content for different mixes
19
Mix type OBC (%)
20 Control Mix 5.73
21
50% Replacement 7.40
22
40% Replacement 6.70
23
30% Replacement 6.36
24
20% Replacement 6.16
25
10% Replacement 5.95
26

27 Table 6
28 Metal concentrations (Lead as Pb) of leachates from TCLP tests

MSWI-BA with Threshold Limit as per Schedule II of Hazardous

Parameter MSWI-BA
Bituminous Mix and Other wastes, Rules, 2016, Mg/L
Lead as Pb (Mg/L) 0.77 0.08 5.0
29