Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930

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Name: ________________________
Generating H.W 1 Class: ________________________
Ba
Date: ________________________
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Time: 281 minutes
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Marks: 281 marks
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Comments:
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Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 1 of 101

OxfordAQA 2019
Figure 1 shows a 3-pin plug containing a 13 Amp fuse.
1.
Figure 1
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(a) Describe how a 13 Amp fuse protects an appliance.
h
___________________________________________________________________
if the current is greater than 13 amps in the fuse then the fuse breaks the circuit
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) The fuse is normally covered by a plastic cover that is easy to remove.
d
Suggest why the cover needs to be easy to remove.
ou
___________________________________________________________________
so the fuse can be replaced
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
Figure 2 shows a steam iron that the plug is attached to. The steam iron converts liquid
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water into steam.
The steam iron has different power settings. A current in the heating element heats the
metal plate.
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Figure 2
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(c) The steam iron is set to its lowest power which is 759 W.
The potential difference is 230 V.
Calculate the current in the heating element of the steam iron when on its lowest power
setting.
Use the Physics Equations Sheet.
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
759=Ix230
I= 759/230
h
___________________________________________________________________
I=3.3
___________________________________________________________________
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3.3
Current = ________________________________ A
(3)
(d) The steam iron is then set to its maximum power of 2530 W.
Calculate the maximum mass of water that can be converted into steam in one minute by
the steam iron.
d
specific latent heat of vaporisation of water = 2 300 000 J/kg
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Give your answer in grams.
m
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
E= 2530x60=151800
___________________________________________________________________
151800=mx2300000
___________________________________________________________________
m=151800/2300000
___________________________________________________________________
m=0.066
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___________________________________________________________________
0.066x1000=66
___________________________________________________________________
h
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Mass = ________________________________
66 g
(6)
d
(e) Explain why the actual mass of steam produced will be less than the maximum value
calculated in part (d).
ou
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
because not all the energy transferred by the steam iron changes the state of water as there is
___________________________________________________________________
an increase in the temperature of the water
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___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 14 marks)
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AQA 2014
A student finds some information about energy-saving light bulbs.
2.
(a) The Sankey diagram is for a 30 W light bulb over a period of time.
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(i) Calculate the energy wasted by the light bulb in this period of time.
______________________________________________________________
Wasted energy = ________________

150 J
(1)
(ii) What happens to the energy wasted by the light bulb?

d
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
the heat is dissipated onto the surrondings
(1)
(iii) Calculate the efficiency of this light bulb.

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Use the correct equation from Section C of the Physics Equations Sheet.
______________________________________________________________
(450/600)x100 75%
______________________________________________________________
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75%
Efficiency = ______________________________
(2)
(iv) Calculate the period of time, in seconds, during which the 600 J is provided to the
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30 W light bulb.
______________________________________________________________
600=30xt
t= 600/30=20
______________________________________________________________
20
Time = ____________ s
(2)

(b) A company that makes light bulbs provides information about some of their products.
The table shows some of this information.
Power in watts Lifetime in hours Cost of bulb in £
Filament bulb 60 1250 2.00
LED bulb 12 50 000 16.00
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(i) Suggest why it is important to confirm this information independently.
h
to avoid bias
______________________________________________________________
(1)
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(ii) A homeowner is thinking about replacing his filament bulbs with LED bulbs.
A 12 W LED bulb gives the same light output as a 60 W filament bulb.
Suggest reasons why the homeowner is likely to choose LED bulbs.
Use the information given in the table.

d
______________________________________________________________
because it uses lesser power and it lasts longer than the filament bulb and one LED bulb costs
______________________________________________________________
16 pounds while for the filament bulb for the same lifetimes as the LED it would require 40
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filament bulbs
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
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(iii) State one factor, other than efficiency, that is important when considering the choice
of a bulb for lighting in the home.
______________________________________________________________
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the colour output

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
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AQA 2014
If a fault develops in an electrical circuit, the current may become too great. The circuit needs to
3. be protected by being disconnected.
A fuse or a circuit breaker may be used to protect the circuit.

One type of circuit breaker is a Residual Current Circuit Breaker (RCCB).
(a) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
earth live neutral
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live
A fuse is connected in the ____________________ wire.
(1)
(ii) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
h
are bigger are cheaper react faster
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react faster
RCCBs are sometimes preferred to fuses because they ________________ .
(1)
(iii) RCCBs operate by detecting a difference in the current between two wires.
Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
earth and live

d earth and neutral live and neutral
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live and neutral
The two wires are the _______________________________________ wires.
(1)
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(b) An RCCB contains an iron rocker and a coil.
A student investigated how the force of attraction, between a coil and an iron rocker, varies
with the current in the coil.
She supported a coil vertically and connected it in an electrical circuit, part of which is
shown in the figure below .
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She put a small mass on the end of the rocker and increased the current in the coil until the
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rocker balanced. She repeated the procedure for different masses.
Some of her results are shown in the table below.

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Current needed for the
Mass
rocker to balance in
in grams
amps
m
5 0.5
10 1.0
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15 1.5
20 2.0
(i) State two extra components that must have been included in the circuit in the figure
above to allow the data in the above table to be collected.
M
Give reasons for your answers.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
a variable resistor to vary the current and a fuse to break the circuit if the current is too high
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(4)
(ii) A teacher said that the values of current were too high to be safe.
ig
Suggest two changes that would allow lower values of current to be used in this
investigation.
Change 1 _____________________________________________________
use smaller masses
h
______________________________________________________________
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Change 2 _____________________________________________________
move the small mass closser to the pivot
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 9 marks)
AQA 2014
(a) A company is developing a system which can heat up and melt ice on roads in the winter.
4. This system is called ‘energy storage’.
d
During the summer, the black surface of the road will heat up in the sunshine.
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This energy will be stored in a large amount of soil deep under the road surface.
Pipes will run through the soil. In winter, cold water entering the pipes will be warmed and
brought to the surface to melt ice.
The system could work well because the road surface is black.
m
Suggest why.
___________________________________________________________________
because black is a good absorber of radiation
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___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) (i) What is meant by specific latent heat of fusion?
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
the amount of energy required to change 1 kg of a state of a substance from solid
to liquid
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Calculate the amount of energy required to melt 15 kg of ice at 0 °C.
Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 × 105 J/kg.
Use the correct equation from Section B of the Physics Equations Sheet.
______________________________________________________________
3.4x10^5x15
______________________________________________________________
Energy = ____________________
5100000 J
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(2)
(c) Another way to keep roads clear of ice is to spread salt on them.
When salt is added to ice, the melting point of the ice changes.
h
A student investigated how the melting point of ice varies with the mass of salt added.
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The figure below shows the equipment that she used.
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The student added salt to crushed ice and measured the temperature at which the ice
melted.
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(i) State one variable that the student should have controlled.
______________________________________________________________
the mass of the ice

______________________________________________________________
(1)
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(ii) During the investigation the student stirred the crushed ice.
Suggest two reasons why.
Tick ( ) two boxes.
Tick ( )
To raise the melting point of the ice
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To lower the melting point of the ice
To distribute the salt throughout the ice
h
To keep all the ice at the same temperature
To reduce energy transfer from the surroundings to the ice
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(2)
(iii) The table below shows the data that the student obtained.
Mass of salt added in grams 0 10 20
Melting point of ice in °C 0 -6 -16

d
Describe the pattern shown in the table.
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as the mass of salt increases, the melting point decreases
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
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(d) Undersoil electrical heating systems are used in greenhouses. This system could also be
used under a road.
A cable just below the ground carries an electric current. One greenhouse system has a
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power output of 0.50 kW.
Calculate the energy transferred in 2 minutes.
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___________________________________________________________________
0.5x1000=500W
___________________________________________________________________
2x60= 120
___________________________________________________________________
500x120=60000
60000
Energy transferred = ____________________ J
(3)

(e) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.
A local council wants to keep a particular section of a road clear of ice in the winter.
Describe the advantages and disadvantages of keeping the road clear of ice using:
• energy storage
• salt
ig
• undersoil electrical heating.
___________________________________________________________________
h
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Ba
there are many advantages of energy storage as it does not affect the environment but it has an expensive
initial cost and maintenance cost and there are advantages of salt as it is cheap and can be found anywhere
___________________________________________________________________
in the sea but it needs to be cleaned before it is used which may be time consuming and lastly, undersoil
electrical heating can be beneficial as it can be switched on and off but it may be bad for the environment
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
(Extra space) _______________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
(Total 18 marks)

AQA 2013
The diagram shows a transformer with a 50 Hz (a.c.) supply connected to 10 turns of insulated
5. wire wrapped around one side of the iron core.
A voltmeter is connected to 5 turns wrapped around the other side of the iron core.
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(a) What type of transformer is shown in the diagram?
h
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
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step-down step-up switch mode
(1)
(b) The table shows values for the potential difference (p.d.) of the supply and the voltmeter
reading. d
p.d. of the supply Voltmeter reading
in volts in volts
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6.4 3.2
3.2 1.6
12.8 6.4
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(i) Complete the table.

(2)
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(ii) Transformers are used as part of the National Grid.
How are the values of p.d. in the table different to the values produced by the
National Grid?
______________________________________________________________
the potential difference is lower than 230V
M
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Transformers will work with an alternating current (a.c.) supply but will not work with a
direct current (d.c.) supply.
(i) Describe the difference between a.c. and d.c.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
an ac current is constantly changing direction while a dc current only flows in one direction
______________________________________________________________
ig
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) Explain how a transformer works.
h
______________________________________________________________
Ba
______________________________________________________________
an alternating current in the primary creates an alternating magnetic field in the iron core and so
______________________________________________________________
an alternating potential difference is induced across the secondary coil
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
d
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
AQA 2013
(a) The diagram shows the circuit used to obtain the data needed to plot the current–potential
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6. difference graph for a filament bulb.

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(i) Why is the component labelled ‘ J’ included in the circuit?
______________________________________________________________
to control the current
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) The resistance of the bulb increases as the potential difference across the bulb
increases. Why?
______________________________________________________________
because the temperature of the bulb also increases
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) The bulb is at full brightness when the potential difference across the bulb is 12 V.
The current through the bulb is then 3 A.
ig
Calculate the power of the bulb when it is at full brightness and give the unit.
Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.
h
______________________________________________________________
12x3=36W
______________________________________________________________
Ba
______________________________________________________________
36W
Power = ____________________
(3)
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(b) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
The table gives data about two types of light bulb people may use in their homes.
Energy Cost of one Average lifetime

Type of light bulb
efficiency light bulb in hours
Halogen 10% £1.95 2 000
ig
Light Emitting Diode
32% £11.70 36 000
(LED)
Both types of light bulb produce the same amount of light.
h
Evaluate, in terms of cost and energy efficiency, the use of the two types of light bulb.
Ba
To gain full marks you must compare both types of light bulb and conclude which light bulb
would be the best to use.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
there are many advantages of using both bulbs as LED uses a smaller current and it wastes lesser energy
___________________________________________________________________
d
and so they are more efficient but the halogen bulb is cheaper
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(6)
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(Total 11 marks)
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AQA 2012
The diagram shows the apparatus used by a student to investigate a transformer.
7.
ig
(a) The transformer made by the student would not have worked if the core had been made
h
from aluminium and not iron.
Why?
Ba
___________________________________________________________________
because aluminum cannot be magnetized
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(b) The student made changes to the number of turns used to make the secondary coil.
He then measured the potential difference across the secondary coil after each change.
d
The graph shows the student’s results.
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(i) What range of values was used for the number of turns on the secondary coil?
10 50
From _______________ to _______________
(1)

(ii) When he drew the line of best fit, the student ignored one of the data points.
Why?
because it is anomalous
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) What is the minimum number of turns needed on the secondary coil for the
transformer to act as a step-up transformer?
ig
______________________________________________________________
21
Give a reason for your answer.
h
______________________________________________________________
there must be more turns on the secondary coil than the primary coil
Ba
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) A radio can be used with a 9 V battery or it can be plugged into the 230 V mains electricity
supply using an adapter. The mains adapter contains a transformer.
d
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Why must the mains adapter contain a transformer?
___________________________________________________________________
ah
to reduce the potential difference

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
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AQA2011
(a) Complete the description of the device shown below by drawing a ring around the correct
8. line in each box.
h ig
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an electric motor.
(i) The device is being used as a generator.
a transformer.
d (1)
(ii) The coil needs a flick to get started. Then one side of the coil is pushed by the
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cell
coil and the other side is pulled, so that the coil spins.
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force
(1)
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(b) Suggest two changes to the device, each one of which would make the coil spin faster.
1. _________________________________________________________________
increase the number of turns on the coil
___________________________________________________________________
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2. _________________________________________________________________
use a more powerful magnet
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Suggest two changes to the device, each one of which would make the coil spin in the
opposite direction.
reverse the polarity of the magnet
1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
reverse the polarity of the cell
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
ig
(Total 6 marks)
AQA 2011
(a) The drawing shows the plug for operating a radio from the mains.
9.
h
Ba
This plug contains a transformer. There are 4600 turns on its primary coil and 200 turns on
d
its secondary coil. The plug is used on the mains supply and has a potential difference
(p.d.) of 230 V across its primary coil.
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Use the equation in the box to calculate the p.d. across the secondary coil of the
transformer.
m
Show clearly how you work out your answer.
230/Vs=4600/200
___________________________________________________________________
ah
Vs=(230x200)/4600=10
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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10
p.d. across secondary = _________________ V
(2)

(b) The coils of the transformer are made of insulated wire.
Why is the wire insulated?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
to prevent short circuiting
(1)
(c) (i) What material is the core of a transformer made from?
ig
soft iron
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(ii) Why is the core made from this material?
h
______________________________________________________________
because it can be magnetized easily
Ba
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
AQA 2011
Diagram 1 shows a hairdryer.
10. Diagram 2 shows how the heaters and fan of the hairdryer are connected to a 3-pin plug.
The hairdryer does not have an earth wire.
d
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(a) What colour is the insulation around the wire connected to the live pin inside the plug?
brown
___________________________________
(1)

(b) Why does the hairdryer not need an earth wire?
___________________________________________________________________
because the outside case is plastic

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(c) All the switches are shown in the OFF position.
(i) Which switch or switches have to be ON to make:
ig
S1
(1) only the fan work; ___________________________________
(2) heater 2 work? ___________________________________

S1 and S3
(2)
h
(ii) The heaters can only be switched on when the fan is also switched on.
Ba
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
because S1 needs to be on as S1 switched the fan on
______________________________________________________________
d
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
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(2)
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(d) The table shows the current drawn from the 230 volt mains electricity supply when different
parts of the hairdryer are switched on.
Current in amps
Fan only 1.0
Fan and heater 1 4.4
ig
Fan and both heaters 6.5
Use the equation in the box to calculate the maximum power of the hairdryer.
h
power = current × potential difference
Ba
Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.
___________________________________________________________________
6.5x230= 1495W
___________________________________________________________________
1495W
Maximum power = ____________________
d (3)
(Total 9 marks)
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AQA 2011
(a) A science technician sets up the apparatus shown below to demonstrate the motor effect.
11. He uses a powerful permanent magnet.
h ig
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The copper roller is placed across the metal rails. When the switch is closed, the copper
roller moves to the right.
(i) Complete the sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
d an electrical conductor.
This happens because copper is an electrical insulator.

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a magnetic material.
(1)
(ii) Suggest one change that the technician can make which will cause the copper roller
m
to move faster.
increase the current

______________________________________________________________
ah
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(iii) Suggest two changes which the technician can make, each of which will separately
cause the copper roller to move to the left.
M
1. ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
reverse the polarity of the power supply
______________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Many electrical appliances, such as vacuum cleaners, drills and CD players, contain
electric motors. As more electrical appliances are developed, more electricity needs to be
generated. Generating electricity often produces pollutant gases.
(i) Complete the sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
Generating more electricity to power the increasing number of
an ethical
electrical appliances used raises an environmental issue.
ig
a political
(1)
h
(ii) The number of electrical appliances used in the world’s richest countries is increasing
yet many people in the world’s poorest countries have no access to electricity.
Ba
What type of issue does this inequality between people in different countries raise?
ethical
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
OxfordAQA 2021
Solar panels can be used to charge the battery in an electric car.
12.
d
(a) A solar panel can provide an average power of 4.0 kW.
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Calculate the energy transferred to the battery in 1.5 hours.
Give your answer in kW h.

m
___________________________________________________________________
4x1.5=6
___________________________________________________________________
ah
___________________________________________________________________
6
Energy transferred = ______________________ kW h
(2)
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(b) A solar panel can cost $14 400.
The car can also be charged by connecting it to the mains electricity supply.
It takes 24 kW h of electricity to charge the battery from zero charge to full charge.
cost of 1 kW h of mains electricity = $0.15
Calculate the minimum number of charges needed to match the cost of the solar panels.
___________________________________________________________________
ig
___________________________________________________________________
24x0.15=3.6
___________________________________________________________________
h
___________________________________________________________________
14400/3.6= 4000
___________________________________________________________________
Ba
4000
Minimum number of charges = ____________________
(3)
(c) The figure below gives some information about two different cars.
Car A – An electric car that is charged by solar panels

d
Car B – A car with an engine that burns biofuel
ou
Compare the environmental benefits of car A and car B.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
m
___________________________________________________________________
both of them use a renewable energy source. car A needs no fuel and also it does not produce
carbon dioxide. car B produces carbon dioxide which can help plants to photosynthesize
___________________________________________________________________
ah
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
M
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

OxfordAQA 2020
Figure 1 shows how electricity is distributed from a power station to consumers.
13.
Figure 1
ig
(a) Give the names of the parts of the distribution system X, Y and Z.
Choose answers from the box.
h
generator pylon
Ba
step-down transformer step-up transformer transmission cable
step up transformer
X ___________________________________
transmission cable
Y ___________________________________
step down transformer

d
Z ___________________________________
(2)
(b) Why is the electricity distributed at a high voltage?

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✓) one box.
Tick (✓
The electricity distribution is more efficient.

m
The electricity distribution is faster.

ah
The electricity distribution is safer.
(1)
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Figure 2 shows how the voltage supplied to consumers varies with time.
Figure 2
h ig
Ba
d
ou
m
(c) Use Figure 2 to determine the time period of the voltage supplied to consumers.
✓) one box.
Tick (✓
ah
0.005 s
M
0.01 s
0.02 s
0.04 s
(1)

(d) Calculate the frequency of the voltage supplied to consumers.
Use your answer from (c).
Use the equation
frequency =
___________________________________________________________________
ig
___________________________________________________________________
1/0.02= 50
___________________________________________________________________
h
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Ba
50
Frequency = _______________ Hz
(2)
(e) The voltage supplied to consumers causes an alternating current.
What is meant by ‘alternating current’?

d
___________________________________________________________________
a current that is constantly changing direction
___________________________________________________________________
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(1)
A person watched television for 2 hours.
The power rating of the television was 0.40 kW.

m
(f) Calculate the energy transferred by the television.
Give your answer in kilowatt-hours.

ah
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2x0.4=0.8
M
___________________________________________________________________
0.8
Energy transferred = _________________kWh
(2)

(g) The cost of electricity is $0.12 per kilowatt-hour.
Calculate the cost of electricity used by the television in 2 hours.
Use your answer from (f).
___________________________________________________________________
0.8x0.12=0.096
___________________________________________________________________
ig
___________________________________________________________________
0.096
Cost of electricity = $ ______________
(2)
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(Total 11 marks)
OxfordAQA 2018
(a) A computer has a power rating of 0.30 kW.
14.
Ba
Calculate the energy transferred by the computer when it is used for 5.0 hours.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5x0.3=1.5
d
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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1.5
Energy = ____________________ kWh
(2)
(b) Suggest one reason why the computer may transfer less energy than you calculated in part
m
(a).
Tick (✓) one box.

ah
The computer may not always work at full power.

M
The computer wastes some energy.
The computer creates extra energy.
(1)

(c) During 1 week the computer transfers 12 kWh of energy.
cost per kWh = $0.15
Calculate the cost of using the computer for 1 week.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
12x0.15=1.8
___________________________________________________________________
ig
___________________________________________________________________
1.8
Cost = $ ______________________
h
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
OxfordAQA 2018
Ba
A student investigated how the resistance of an LDR varied with light intensity over a 24-hour
15. period.
(a) Figure 1 shows part of the circuit the student set up.
Figure 1
d
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m
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Complete the circuit diagram to show how the student could measure the potential
difference across the LDR.
Use the correct circuit symbol.

(2)
M
(b) How could the student use her measurements to calculate the resistance of the LDR?
___________________________________________________________________
use R=V/I
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The student decided to improve the investigation by connecting the LDR to a sensor and
data logger. The sensor measured the resistance of the LDR directly.
The data logger recorded the resistance of the LDR every second for 24 hours.
Explain why recording the resistance every second improved the investigation.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
because more data is collected and so it is easier to spot a trend
ig
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
h
(d) The student placed the LDR and data logger outdoors away from any shade.
Ba
Figure 2 shows the results from the student’s investigation.
d
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Figure 2
h ig
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d
Explain the shape of the graph in Figure 2.
ou
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
m
___________________________________________________________________
the resistance started to decrease at 6 hours as the light intensity increased as the sun rose in 6 hours and
there is constant resistance between 10 and 14 hours as the light intensity level was constant and the
___________________________________________________________________
resistance increases between 14 hours and 16 hours because there may have been rain
ah
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
M
(4)

(e) A girl is talking on a mobile phone.
The mobile phone contains a light sensor that works in the same way as an LDR.
When the girl is holding the phone to her ear, the phone’s screen stops emitting light.
Explain why this increases the time before the mobile phone needs to be recharged.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
ig
because lesser energy is transferred by the phone and so the chemical energy store in the battery takes a
longer time to decrease
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
h
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
AQA 2014
Ba
(a) Diagram 1 shows a magnetic closure box when open and shut. It is a box that stays shut,
16. when it is closed, due to the force between two small magnets.
These boxes are often used for jewellery.
d Diagram 1
ou
m
Diagram 2 shows the two magnets. The poles of the magnets are on the longer faces.
Diagram 2
ah
M
(i) Draw, on Diagram 2, the magnetic field pattern between the two facing poles.
(2)

(ii) The magnets in the magnetic closure box must not have two North poles facing each
other.
Explain why.
______________________________________________________________
because they will repel and so the box will not close
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ig
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) A student is investigating how the force of attraction between two bar magnets depends on
h
their separation.
She uses the apparatus shown in Diagram 3.
Ba
Diagram 3
d
ou
m
ah
M

She uses the following procedure:
• ensures that the newtonmeter does not have a zero error
• holds one of the magnets
• puts sheets of paper on top of the magnet
• places the other magnet, with the newtonmeter magnetically attached, close to the
first magnet
ig
• pulls the magnets apart
• notes the reading on the newtonmeter as the magnets separate
h
• repeats with different numbers of sheets of paper between the magnets.
The results are shown in the table.
Ba
Number of sheets
of paper between the 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 120
magnets
Newtonmeter reading
as the magnets 3.1 2.6 2.1 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1
separate
d
(i) Describe the pattern of her results.
ou
______________________________________________________________
as the number of sheets increases, the lesser force the force is need and so after 50 sheets, the
______________________________________________________________
force levels off
m
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
ah
(ii) No matter how many sheets of paper the student puts between the magnets, the
force shown on the newtonmeter never reaches zero.
Why?
M
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) The student is unable to experiment with fewer than 10 sheets of paper without
glueing the magnet to the newtonmeter.
Suggest why.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ig
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(iv) Suggest three improvements to the procedure that would allow the student to gain
h
more accurate results.
______________________________________________________________
Ba
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
d
______________________________________________________________
ou
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(3)
(v) The thickness of one sheet of paper is 0.1 mm.

m
What is the separation of the magnets when the force required to separate them is
2.1 N?
ah
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
30x0.1=3
______________________________________________________________
M
3
Separation of magnets = ________________ mm
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

AQA 2014
(a) A resistor is a component that is used in an electric circuit.
17.
ig
(i) Describe how a student would use the circuit to take the readings necessary to
h
determine the resistance of resistor R.
______________________________________________________________
Ba
______________________________________________________________
switch the circuit on by closing the switch then read the current from the ammeter and
______________________________________________________________
read the potential difference from the voltmeter hen adjust the variable resistor to change
the current and take more readings then use the equation R=V/I to calculate the
______________________________________________________________
resistance then plot a graph of V against I
______________________________________________________________
d
______________________________________________________________
ou
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
m
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ah
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(6)
M

(ii) Explain why the student should open the switch after each reading.
______________________________________________________________
because the resistor would get hot due to the resistor and so there will be an increase in resistance
______________________________________________________________
due to heat
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
(2)
ig
(iii) In an experiment using this circuit, an ammeter reading was 0.75 A.
The calculated value of the resistance of resistor R was 16 Ω.
What is the voltmeter reading?
h
Ba
______________________________________________________________
0.75x16=12
______________________________________________________________
12
Voltmeter reading = ____________________ V
(2)
(iv) The student told his teacher that the resistance of resistor R was 16 Ω.
d
The teacher explained that the resistors used could only have one of the following
values of resistance.
ou
10 Ω 12 Ω 15 Ω 18 Ω 22 Ω
Suggest which of these resistors the student had used in his experiment.
m
______________________________________________________________
ah
______________________________________________________________
15 ohms because it is the closest to 16 ohms
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
M
(2)

(b) The diagram shows a fuse.
Describe the action of the fuse in a circuit.
___________________________________________________________________
if the current through the fuse goes above 5A then the fuse breaks the circuit
___________________________________________________________________
ig
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
h
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Ba
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
d (Total 15 marks)
ou
m
ah
M

AQA 2014
The figure below shows a coil and a magnet. An ammeter is connected to the coil.
18.
ig
The ammeter has a centre zero scale, so that values of current going in either direction through
the coil can be measured.
h
(a) A teacher moves the magnet slowly towards the coil.
Explain why there is a reading on the ammeter.
Ba
because there is a magnetic field that goes around the magnet and so the magnetic field changes and
___________________________________________________________________
cuts through the coil and so a potential difference is induced across the coil and the coil forms a
complete circuit and so a current is also induced
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
d
___________________________________________________________________
ou
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
m
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
ah
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
M
___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(b) The table below shows some other actions taken by the teacher.
Complete the table to show the effect of each action on the ammeter reading.
Action taken by teacher What happens to the ammeter reading?
Holds the magnet stationary and moves it does not change

the coil slowly towards the magnet
ig
Holds the magnet stationary within the
coil zero
h
Ba
Moves the magnet quickly towards the
coil it will be greater
Reverses the magnet and moves it

slowly towards the coil
d it will be the same but in the opposite direction
(4)
(c) The magnet moves so that there is a steady reading of 0.05 A on the ammeter for 6
ou
seconds.
Calculate the charge that flows through the coil during the 6 seconds.
Give the unit.

m
___________________________________________________________________
ah
0.05=Q/6
___________________________________________________________________
Q= 6x0.05= 0.3
___________________________________________________________________
0.3C
Charge = ____________________
M
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

AQA 2014
(a) Figure 1 shows the inside of a three-pin plug and a length of three-core cable.
19.
The cable is to be connected to the plug.
Figure 1
h ig
Ba
(i) Complete Table 1 to show which plug terminal, A, B or C, connects to each of the
wires inside the cable.
Table 1
Wire Plug terminal
Live
d C
Neutral A
ou
Earth B
(2)
(ii) Name a material that could be used to make the case of the plug.
m
______________________________________________________________
plastic
(1)
ah
M

(b) Figure 2 shows an electric drill and an extension lead. The drill is used with the extension
lead.
Figure 2
ig
Electric drill Extension lead
h
(i) The drill is used for 50 seconds.
In this time, 30 000 joules of energy are transferred from the mains electricity supply
Ba
to the drill.
Calculate the power of the drill.
______________________________________________________________
d
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
30000/50=600
ou
600
Power = ____________________ W
(2)
m
ah
M

(ii) A second drill is used with the extension lead. The power of this drill is 1200 W.
The instructions for using the extension lead include the following information.
When in use the lead may get hot:
DO NOT go over the maximum power

• lead wound inside the case: 820 watts
• lead fully unwound outside the case: 3100 watts
ig
It would not be safe to use this drill with the extension lead if the lead was left wound
inside the plastic case.
Explain why.
h
______________________________________________________________
Ba
______________________________________________________________
because the power exceeds 820W and so the wire will overheat and so there is a risk of fire
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
d
______________________________________________________________
(3)
ou
m
ah
M

(c) Table 2 gives information about three different electric drills.
Table 2
Drill Power input Power output

in watts in watts
X 640 500
Y 710 500
ig
Z 800 500
A person is going to buy one of the drills, X, Y or Z. The drills cost the same to buy.
h
Use only the information in the table to decide which one of the drills, X, Y or Z, the person
should buy.
Ba
Write your answer in the box. X
___________________________________________________________________
d
because it is the most efficient
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
ou
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
m
ah
M

AQA 2020
A student is investigating the strength of electromagnets.
20.
Figure 1 shows three electromagnets.
The student hung a line of paper clips from each electromagnet.
Figure 1
h ig
Ba
Electromagnet A Electromagnet B Electromagnet C
No more paper clips can be hung from the bottom of each line of paper clips.
(a) (i)
d
Complete the conclusion that the student should make from this investigation.
ou
Increasing the number of turns of wire wrapped around the nail will
increase
____________ the strength of the electromagnet.
(1)
(ii) Which two pairs of electromagnets should be compared to make this conclusion?
m
A
Pair 1: Electromagnets __________ B
and __________
B
Pair 2: Electromagnets __________ C
and __________
ah
(1)
(iii) Suggest two variables that the student should control in this investigation.
size of nail
1. ____________________________________________________________
M
2. ____________________________________________________________
current
(2)

(b) The cell in electromagnet A is swapped around to make the current flow in the opposite
direction. This is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
ig
What is the maximum number of paper clips that can now be hung in a line from this
h
electromagnet?
Draw a ring around the correct answer.
Ba
fewer than 4 4 more than 4
Give one reason for your answer.
___________________________________________________________________
because direction of the current does not affect the strength of the electromagnet
___________________________________________________________________
d
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
ou
(c) Electromagnet A is changed to have only 10 turns of wire wrapped around the nail.
Suggest the maximum number of paper clips that could be hung in a line from the end of
this electromagnet.
m
2
Maximum number of paper clips = _________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)
ah
M

AQA 2013
(a) The diagram shows the structure of a traditional transformer.
21.
Use words from the box to label the diagram.
aluminium brass iron large primary secondary
iron
h ig
primary secondary
Ba
(3)
(b) Batteries inside laptop computers are charged using laptop chargers. The laptop charger
contains a traditional transformer.
d
ou
m
ah
The laptop charger contains a step-down transformer.
What does a step-down transformer do?

M
___________________________________________________________________
decrease the potential difference
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The transformer used in a modern mobile phone charger is a switch mode transformer.
This is different to the traditional transformer used in the laptop charger.
h ig
Ba
Give one advantage of using a switch mode transformer, rather than a traditional
transformer.
___________________________________________________________________
it is more efficient
___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(d)
d
Laptop batteries and mobile phone batteries can only be recharged a limited number of
times. When a battery cannot be recharged, it is better to recycle the battery than to throw
ou
it away.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
an environmental
m
(iii)The batteries are recycled mainly due to a political consideration.
a social
ah
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
M

AQA 2013
The diagram shows a ‘G-machine’. The G-machine is used in astronaut training.
22.
ig
The G-machine moves the astronaut in a horizontal circle.
h
(a) In which direction, A, B or C, does the centripetal force on the astronaut act?
Ba
Write your answer in the box.
(1)
(b) The centripetal force on the astronaut is measured.

d
Graph X shows how the centripetal force is affected by the speed of rotation.
The radius of rotation is kept the same.
ou
m
ah
M
Speed of rotation
in metres per second
(i) Use Graph X to determine the centripetal force on the astronaut when rotating at a
speed of 30 metres per second.
Centripetal force = _______________

9000 newtons
(1)

(ii) Complete the following sentence to give the conclusion that can be made from Graph
X.
increase
Increasing the speed of rotation of a G-machine will _____________________
the centripetal force on the astronaut.

(1)
(iii) Graph Y shows how the centripetal force is affected by the radius of rotation, when
the speed of rotation is kept the same.
h ig
Ba
d
Radius of rotation
ou
in metres
Complete the following sentence to give the conclusion that can be made from
Graph Y.
m
smaller
The greater the radius of rotation, the ____________________ the centripetal
force on the astronaut.

(1)
ah
M

(c) The G-machine is rotated by an electric motor. The diagram shows a simple electric motor.
h ig
Ba
The following statements explain how the motor creates a turning force. The statements
are in the wrong order.
M – The magnetic field interacts with the magnetic field of the permanent magnets.
d
N – A magnetic field is created around the coil.
O – The power supply applies a potential difference across the coil.

ou
P – This creates a force that makes the coil spin.
Q – A current flows through the coil.
Arrange the statements in the correct order. Two of them have been done for you.
m
N M
Q
(2)
ah
(d) The electric motor produces a turning force.
Give two ways of increasing the turning force.
1. _________________________________________________________________
M
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
It costs a lot of money to send astronauts into space.
an economic
This is an environmental issue.
a social
ig
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
AQA 2013
(a) The diagram shows the information plate on an electric kettle. The kettle is plugged into the
23. a.c. mains electricity supply.
h
230 V 2760 W
Ba
50 Hz
Use the information from the plate to answer the following questions.
(i) What is the frequency of the a.c. mains electricity supply?
50 Hz
______________________________________________________________
d (1)
(ii) What is the power of the electric kettle?

ou
______________________________________________________________
2760W
(1)
(b) To boil the water in the kettle, 2400 coulombs of charge pass through the heating element
m
in 200 seconds.
Calculate the current flowing through the heating element and give the unit.
ah
Choose the unit from the list below.
amps volts watts

M
___________________________________________________________________
2400/200=12
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Current = ____________________
12 amps
(3)

(c) The amount of charge passing through the heating element of an electric kettle depends on
the time the kettle is switched on.
h ig
Ba
d
ou
What pattern links the amount of charge passing through the heating element and the time
m
the kettle is switched on?
___________________________________________________________________
the charge is directly proportional to the time the kettle is switched on for
ah
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
M

AQA 2013
The pictures show six different household appliances.
24.
ig
(a) Four of the appliances, including the fan heater, are designed to transform electrical energy
into heat.
h
Name the other three appliances designed to transform electrical energy into heat.
Ba
1. _________________________________________________________________
iron
kettle
2. _________________________________________________________________
hair dryer
3. _________________________________________________________________
d (3)
ou
m
ah
M

(b) The bar chart shows the power of three electric kettles, X, Y and Z.
h ig
Ba
Kettle
(i) In one week, each kettle is used for a total of 30 minutes.
Which kettle costs the most to use?
Put a tick ( ) next to your answer.

d
X
ou
Y
m
(1)
ah
(ii) A new ‘express boil’ kettle boils water faster than any other kettle.
Draw a fourth bar on the chart to show the possible power of an ‘express boil’ kettle.
(1)
M

(c) The graph shows how the time to boil water in an electric kettle depends on the volume of
water in the kettle.
h ig
Ba
Volume of water in litres
A householder always fills the electric kettle to the top, even when only enough boiling
water for one small cup of coffee is wanted.
Explain how the householder is wasting money.

d
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
because the higher the volume of water, the more time it takes to boil the water and so more energy is
ou
transferred and so this costs more money
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
m
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)
ah
M

AQA 2013
(a) The diagram shows the inside of an incorrectly wired three-pin plug.
25.
ig
(i) What two changes need to be made so that the plug is wired correctly?
h
1. ____________________________________________________________
connect the earth wire
Ba
______________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
screw the cable grip
______________________________________________________________
(2)
(ii) The fuse inside a plug is a safety device.

d
Explain what happens when too much current passes through a fuse.
ou
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
the fuse gets hot and so it melts or breaks the circuit
______________________________________________________________
m
______________________________________________________________
(2)
ah
M

(b) Each of these pictures shows an electrical appliance being used in a bathroom.
ig
Using the hairdryer in picture A is dangerous. However, it is safe to use the battery-
operated radio in picture B.
h
Explain why.
Ba
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
because the hairdryer is plugged into the mains socket and so the water conducts electricity
and so there may be an electric shock
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
d (2)
(Total 6 marks)
ou
m
ah
M

AQA 2013
A student has made a simple electric motor. The diagram shows the electric motor.
26.
h ig
(a) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
Ba
the cell
Once the coil is spinning, one side of the coil is pushed by the coil and the other
d a force
side is pulled, so the coil continues to spin.

(1)
ou
(b) Suggest two changes to the electric motor, each one of which would make the coil spin
faster.

1. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
m

2. _________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
ah
(2)
(c) Suggest two changes to the electric motor, each one of which would make the coil spin in
the opposite direction.
1. _________________________________________________________________
M
___________________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________________
reverse the polarity of the cell
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

AQA 2012
(a) The diagram shows the traces produced on an oscilloscope when it is connected across
27. different electricity supplies.
ig
Which of the traces could have been produced by the mains electricity supply?
h
___________________________________________________________________
A
Ba
___________________________________________________________________
because it is alternating
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(b) The picture shows two adaptors being used to plug five electrical appliances into the same
socket.
d
ou
m
ah
Explain why it is dangerous to have all five appliances switched on and working at the
same time.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
because there is too much current and so the socket gets hot
M
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

AQA 2012
(a) The diagram shows a piece of two-core cable and a piece of three-core cable.
28.
ig
(i) Which one of the wires inside a three-core cable is missing from a two-core cable?
Draw a ring around your answer.
h
earth wire live wire neutral wire
(1)
Ba
(ii) Use a word from the box to complete the following sentence.
double extra totally
A pottery table lamp fitted with a two-core cable is safe to use because it is
d
____________________
double insulated.
(1)
ou
(b) The cables connecting the power sockets in a building contain wires 1.8 mm thick. The
maximum current that can safely pass through these wires is 20 amps. A fuse is included in
the circuit to protect the wiring.
m
Explain how a fuse protects the wiring of a circuit.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
ah
if there is current more than 20 amps flowing through the wire then the fuse melts and breaks the
circuit
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
M
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 5 marks)

AQA 2012
(a) The diagram shows the energy transformations produced by a television.
29.
h ig
When the television is working, 1200 joules of energy are supplied to the television every
second. The useful energy transferred by the television is 720 joules every second.
Ba
(i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the efficiency of the television.

d
(720/1200)x100=60%
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
ou
60%
Efficiency = ____________________
(2)
(ii) Use one word from the diagram to complete the following sentence.
m
The electrical energy that is not usefully transformed by the television is wasted as
___________________________________ .
heat
(1)
ah
M

(b) Drawn below are the Sankey diagrams for three televisions, J, K and L.
The diagrams are drawn to the same scale.
h ig
Ba
K
d
ou
L
m
ah
Which one of the televisions, J, K or L, is the most efficient?
Write your answer in the box.

M
___________________________________________________________________
because it has the smallest amount of wasted energy
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) A homeowner is sent an electricity bill every 3 months. The total amount of electrical
energy used during one 3-month period was 800 kilowatt-hours.
Electrical energy costs 15p per kilowatt-hour.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the cost of the energy transferred from the mains
electricity supply.
total cost = number of kilowatt-hours × cost per kilowatt-hour
ig
___________________________________________________________________
800x15=12000
___________________________________________________________________
h
12000p
Cost = ____________________
(2)
Ba
(Total 7 marks)
d
ou
m
ah
M

AQA 2012
The diagram shows a helicopter being used to rescue a person from the sea.
30.
h ig
(a) (i) The mass of the rescued person is 72 kg.
Ba
Use the equation in the box to calculate the weight of the rescued person.
weight = mass × gravitational field strength
gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg

d
ou
______________________________________________________________
72x10=720
______________________________________________________________
720
Weight = ____________________ N
(2)
m
(ii) An electric motor is used to lift the person up to the helicopter.

The motor lifts the person at a constant speed.
ah
State the size of the force, T, in the cable.
Force T = ____________________
720 N
(1)
M

(b) To lift the person up to the helicopter, the electric motor transformed 21 600 joules of
energy usefully.
(i) Use a form of energy from the box to complete the following sentence.
gravitational potential heat sound
The electric motor transforms electrical energy to kinetic energy. The kinetic energy
ig
gravitational potential energy.
is then transformed into useful ____________________
(1)
(ii) It takes 50 seconds for the electric motor to lift the person up to the helicopter.
h
Use the equation in the box to calculate the power of the electric motor.
Ba
Choose the unit from the list below.
coulomb (C)
d hertz (Hz) watt (W)
______________________________________________________________
ou
21600/50=432
______________________________________________________________
432W
Power = ____________________
(3)
m
(Total 7 marks)
ah
M

AQA 2012
The diagram shows an electric circuit used in a dolls’ house.
31. The switches are 2-way switches; this means that each switch has a connecting wire that can be
in one of two positions.
h ig
Ba
(a) (i) With the connecting wire in each switch in the position shown in the diagram, the
lamp is off. Why?
______________________________________________________________
d
because the circuit is not complete
______________________________________________________________
(1)
ou
(ii) When switched on, the lamp has a resistance of 18 Ω and draws a current of 0.5 A
from the power supply.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the potential difference of the power supply
used in the circuit.
m
potential difference = current × resistance

ah
______________________________________________________________
18x0.5=9
______________________________________________________________
M
9
Potential difference = ____________________ V
(2)

(iii) A second, identical lamp is added to the circuit. The two lamps are joined in series.
Calculate the total resistance of the two lamps.
______________________________________________________________
Total resistance = ____________________

36 Ω
(1)
(b) This type of circuit is also used in real houses. One of the switches is at the top of the
stairs, and the other switch is at the bottom of the stairs.
ig
What is the advantage of using this circuit to switch a lamp on or off, rather than using a
more simple circuit that has only one switch?
h
___________________________________________________________________
it can be switched on and off from the top of the stairs or bottom
___________________________________________________________________
Ba
(1)
(c) The diagram shows an old type of metal lamp fitting.
d
ou
m
The cable has been connected to the lamp fitting in a way that makes the lamp fitting
unsafe.
(i) What is the possible risk to someone touching the lamp fitting while the lamp is
ah
switched on?
______________________________________________________________
they can get an electric shock
______________________________________________________________
M
(1)
(ii) What should be done to make this lamp fitting safe to use?
______________________________________________________________
connect the earth wire
______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

AQA 2011
The diagrams show the inside of a 13 amp plug.
32.
(a) (i) Which one of the plugs, A, B, C or D, is correctly wired?
Write your answer, A, B, C or D, in the box.
A B
h ig
C D
Ba
dThe plug that is correctly wired is
ou
(1)
(ii) What material is the outside casing of a plug made from?
______________________________________________________________
plastic
(1)
m
(b) An electric drill draws a current of 2 amps from the 230 volt mains electricity supply.
Use the equation in the box to calculate the power of the drill.
ah
power = current × potential difference

M
___________________________________________________________________
2x230= 460
___________________________________________________________________
460
Power ____________________ watts
(2)

(c) A householder needs to replace a damaged plug. Most replacement plugs are sold with a
13 amp fuse fitted inside. The householder thinks it would be better for shops to sell the
plugs without a fuse. He could then buy either a 3 A, 5 A or 13 A fuse to fit inside the plug.
Explain an advantage of selling plugs without a fuse, rather than with a 13 amp fuse fitted.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
ig
___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
h
AQA 2011
The diagram shows part of the system used to supply a farm with electricity.
33.
Ba
d
ou
m
(a) The core of the transformer is made of metal.

ah
Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct word in the box.
copper.
M
The metal used for the core of the transformer is iron.
steel.
(1)
(b) (i) What sort of transformer is shown in the diagram?
______________________________________________________________
step down transformer
(1)

(ii) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.
In this transformer, the number of turns on the secondary coil is
less than
the same as the number of turns on the primary coil.
greater than
ig
(1)
(c) Transformers and other electrical equipment can be dangerous.
The following bar chart shows the numbers of children, aged 14 or under, killed or injured in
h
electrical accidents in the UK in 2000, 2001 and 2002.
Ba
d
ou
m
(i) In which of these years were most children killed or injured in electrical accidents?
ah
2000
______________________________________________________________
(1)
M

(ii) A newspaper claims that the number of children killed or injured by electrical
accidents will increase in 2011.
Which of the following gives a reason why the information given in the graph does not
support this claim.
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The pattern shows an upward trend.
ig
The pattern shows a downward trend.
h
There is no pattern.
Ba
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
d
ou
m
ah
M

Mark schemes
(a) If there is a current greater than 13 amps in the fuse
1. 1
the wire in the fuse melts

allow blows
or
breaks the circuit
ig
1
(b) so the fuse can be replaced

1
h
(c) 759 = I × 230
an answer of 3.3 scores 3 marks
1
Ba
1
I = 3.3 A
allow 3.30
d 1
(d) E = 2530 × 60
1
ou
E = 151 800
allow a correct substitution of an incorrectly / not converted
1
151 800 = m × 2 300 000

m
value of Lv
1
ah
allow a correct rearrangement using an incorrectly / not converted

value of Lv
1
M
m = 0.066
allow a correct calculation using an incorrectly / not converted value
of Lv
1
66 (g)
allow a correct conversion of their calculated value of m
1

(e) not all the energy transferred by the iron changes the state of the water
1
because
any one from:

• heats the parts of the iron
• increases the temperature of the water
• heats the surrounding air
1
[14]
ig
(a) (i) 150
2. 1
h
(ii) transferred to the surroundings by heating
reference to sound negates mark
1
Ba
(iii) 0.75
450 / 600 gains 1 mark
accept 75% for 2 marks
maximum of 1 mark awarded if a unit is given
2
(iv) 20 (s)
d
correct answer with or without working gains 2 marks
correct substitution of 600 / 30 gains 1 mark
ou
2
(b) (i) to avoid bias

1
(ii) use less power and last longer

m
1 LED costs £16, 40 filament bulbs cost £80
or
ah
filament costs (5 times) more in energy consumption

1
(iii) any one from:

M
• availability of bulbs
• colour output
• temperature of bulb surface
1
[10]
(a) (i) live

3. 1

(ii) react faster
1
(iii) live and neutral

1
(b) (i) ammeter

1
to measure current
accept to measure amps
ig
1
plus any one from:
• variable resistor (1)
h
to vary current (1)
accept variable power supply
Ba
accept change or control
• switch (1)
to stop apparatus getting hot / protect battery
or
to reset equipment (1)
• fuse (1)
d
to break circuit if current is too big (1)
2
ou
(ii) any two from:
• use smaller mass(es)

• move mass closer to pivot
• reduce gap between coil and rocker
• more turns (on coil) coil / loop
m
• iron core in coil

accept use smaller weight(s)
2
ah
[9]
(a) (black) is a good absorber of (infrared) radiation

4. 1
(b) (i) amount of energy required to change (the state of a substance) from solid to
M
liquid (with no change in temperature)

melt is insufficient
1
unit mass / 1kg

1

(ii) 5.1 × 106 (J)
accept 5 x 106
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie E = 15 × 3.4 × 105
2
(c) (i) mass of ice

allow volume / weight / amount / quantity of ice
1
(ii) to distribute the salt throughout the ice
ig
1
to keep all the ice at the same temperature

1
h
(iii) melting point decreases as the mass of salt is increased
allow concentration for mass
Ba
accept negative correlation
do not accept inversely proportional
1
(d) 60 000 (J)

accept 60 KJ
allow 2 marks for correct substitution ie E = 500 × 2.0 × 60
d
allow 2 marks for an answer of 1000 or 60
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie
E = 500 × 2.0 or 0.50 × 2.0 × 60
ou
allow 1 mark for an answer of 1
3
m
ah
M

(e) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Communication
(QC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should also apply
a ‘best-fit’ approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant content
Level 1 (1–2 marks)

There is an attempt at a description of some advantages or disadvantages.
ig
There is a basic description of some advantages and / or disadvantages for some of
the methods
h
There is a clear description of the advantages and disadvantages of all the methods.
examples of the points made in the response
Ba
extra information
energy storage
advantages:
• no fuel costs
•
d
no environmental effects
disadvantages:
ou
• expensive to set up and maintain
• need to dig deep under road
• dependent on (summer) weather
• digging up earth and disrupting habitats
m
salt spreading
advantages:
ah
• easily available
• cheap
disadvantages:
• can damage trees / plants / drinking water / cars

M
• needs to be cleaned away
undersoil heating
advantages:
• not dependent on weather

• can be switched on and off
disadvantages:

• costly
• bad for environment
6
[18]
(a) step-down
5. 1
(b) (i) 1.6

correct order only
1
ig
12.8
1
h
(ii) values of p.d. are smaller than 230 V
1
(c) (i) a.c. is constantly changing direction
Ba
accept a.c. flows in two / both directions
accept a.c. changes direction(s)
a.c. travels in different directions is insufficient
1
d.c. flows in one direction only

1
(ii)
d
an alternating current / p.d. in the primary creates a changing / alternating
magnetic field
ou
1
(magnetic field) in the (iron) core

current in the core negates this mark
accept voltage for p.d.
m
(and so) an alternating p.d.

1
ah
(p.d.) is induced across secondary coil

1
[10]
(a) (i) to obtain a range of p.d. values

6.
accept increase / decrease current / p.d. / voltage / resistance
M
accept to change / control the current / p.d. / voltage / resistance

to provide resistance is insufficient
a variable resistor is insufficient
do not accept electricity for current
1

(ii) temperature of the bulb increases
accept bulb gets hot(ter)
accept answers correctly
expressed in terms of collisions between (free) electrons and ions /
atoms
bulb gets brighter is insufficient
1
(iii) 36
ig
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 12 × 3 provided no
subsequent step shown
2
watt(s) / W
h
accept joules per second / J/s
do not accept w
Ba
1
(b) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners
should also refer to the information in the Marking guidance, and apply a ‘best-fit’
approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant content.
d
Level 1 (1-2 marks)
ou
There is a basic comparison of either a cost aspect or an energy efficiency aspect.
Level 2 (3-4 marks)

There is a clear comparison of either the cost aspect or energy efficiency aspect
OR
a basic comparison of both cost and energy efficiency aspects.
m
Level 3 (5-6 marks)

There is a detailed comparison of both the cost aspect and the energy efficiency
aspect.
ah
For full marks the comparisons made should support a conclusion as to which type of
bulb is preferable.
M

Examples of the points made in the response:
cost
• halogen are cheaper to buy

simply giving cost figures is insufficient
• 6 halogen lamps cost the same as one LED
• LEDs last longer
ig
• need to buy 18 / more halogen lamps to last the same time as one LED
• 18 halogens cost £35.10
h
• costs more to run a halogen than LED
• LED has lower maintenance cost (where many used, eg large departmental
Ba
store lighting)
energy efficiency
• LED works using a smaller current
• LED wastes less energy
• LEDs are more efficient

d
• LED is 22% more energy efficient
ou
• LED produces less heat
• LED requires smaller input (power) for same output (power)

6
[11]
m
(a) aluminium cannot be magnetised

7.
accept aluminium is not magnetic
“it” refers to aluminium
ah
do not accept aluminium is not easily magnetised

reference to conduction and aluminium negates mark
iron can be magnetised is insufficient
1
M
(b) (i) 10 to 50
either order
1
(ii) (data is) anomalous

accept does not fit the pattern
it is an error is insufficient
1

(iii) 21
accept 22
do not accept any fraction of a turn ie 20.1
1
secondary p.d. (just) larger than primary p.d.

accept output (just) larger than input/2V
or
there must be more turns on the secondary coil than primary coil
ig
do not accept coil for turns
1
(c) to reduce/step-down the (input) p.d./voltage
h
mains p.d. is too high is insufficient
step-down transformer is insufficient
answers in terms of changing/ stepping-up current or fuse blowing
Ba
or not working with 230 volts are insufficient
any mention of step-up negates mark
stepping down both voltage/p.d. and current negates mark
1
[6]
(a) (i) an electric motor

8.
d 1
(ii) force
ou
1
(b) any two from:
• more powerful magnet

do not allow ‘bigger magnet’
m
• reduce the gap (between magnet and coil)
• increase the area of the coil

ah
• more powerful cell

do not allow ‘bigger cell’
accept battery for cell
accept add a cell
M
accept increase current / potential difference
• more turns (on the coil)

allow ‘more coils on the coil’
do not allow ‘bigger coil’
2

(c) reverse the (polarity) of the cell
allow ‘turn the cell the other way round’
1
reverse the (polarity) of the magnet

allow ‘turn the magnet the other way up’
1
[6]
ig
(a) 10
9.
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie
h
2
(b) any one from:
Ba
• to prevent short circuiting
• to ensure that the current flows / goes round the coil
• to prevent the current entering the core

do not accept electrocution
d
answers including heat / energy loss negate mark
1
ou
(c) (i) (soft) iron
do not accept ‘steel’
1
(ii) can be magnetised

m
because it is magnetic
answers including it’s a conductor negate mark
1
[5]
ah
(a) brown
10. 1
(b) outside / case is plastic / an insulator

accept is double insulated
M
accept non-conductor for plastic

do not accept it / hairdryer is plastic
1
(c) (i) (1) S1

and no other
1

(2) S1 and S3
both required, either order
1
(ii) S1 must be ON (for either heater to work)

do not accept reference to ‘fan’ switch
1
S1 switches the fan on

1
ig
(d) 1495
allow 1 mark for correct substitution
ie, 6.5 × 230
h
2
watt(s) or W
an answer of 1.495 kW gains 3 marks
Ba
although the unit is an independent mark for full credit
the unit and numerical value must be consistent
accept joules per second or J/s
1
[9]
(a) (i) an electrical conductor

11.
d 1
(ii) increase current

ou
accept increase p.d. / voltage
or
use stronger magnets
accept move magnets closer
do not accept use larger magnets
m
(iii) reverse the poles / ends (of the magnet)

either order
ah
reverse the connections (to the power supply)

1
(b) (i) environmental

M
(ii) ethical
allow political (instability)
allow economic (migration)
1
[6]

(a) E = 4.0 × 1.5
12. 1
E = 6 (kWh)
allow 6.0 (kWh)
1
(b) cost / saving for 1 charge = 24 × 0.15

1
= $3.60
ig
1
number of charges =
h
allow max 2 marks if kWh is converted to Wh
1
Ba
(c) Level 2: Scientifically relevant features are identified; the way(s) in which they are
similar / different is made clear and (where appropriate) the magnitude of the
similarity / difference is noted.
3-4
Level 1: Relevant features are identified and differences noted.

1-2
No relevant content
d
0
ou
Indicative content:
• both cars use a renewable energy source

• car A needs no fuel
• car A produces no CO2
m
• electricity that charges car A is generated in a way that does not produce CO2
• car B produces CO2
• the CO2 produced by car B only comes from the carbon that was captured
• car B produces exhaust gasses that cause local air pollution
ah
• growth of fuel crops takes up a lot of space/resources

• neither car contributes to global warming
• neither requires mining / drilling
[9]
(a) X − step-up transformer

M
13.
Y − transmission cable
Z − step-down transformer
2 marks for 3 correct answers
1 mark for 1 or 2 correct answers
2
(b) the electricity distribution is more efficient

1
(c) 0.02 s
1
(d)
allow ecf from (c)
frequency =
1
50 (Hz)
ig
1
(e) the current continually changes direction

1
h
(f) 0.40 × 2
1
Ba
0.80 (kW h)
allow 0.8
1
(g)
allow ecf from (f)
0.80 × 0.12
d 1
$ 0.096
ou
allow 0.10
1
[11]
(a) 0.30 × 5.0

14. 1
m
1.5 (kWh)
1
an answer of 1.5 (kWh) scores 2 marks
ah
(b) The computer may not always work at full power.

1
(c) 12 × 0.15
1
M
$1.80
1
an answer of $1.80 scores 2 marks
[5]
(a) correct symbol for voltmeter

15. 1
voltmeter in parallel
1

(b) divide potential difference by current
allow correct equation ie
(c) (increased frequency of recording data)

more accurate results is insufficient
so more data collected
ig
1
easier to spot a trend/pattern.

1
h
OR
less chance of a random error (1)
Ba
caused by student collecting data for so long (1)
(d) Level 2: Relevant points (reasons/causes) are identified, given in detail and logically
linked to form a clear account.
3−4
Level 1: Points are identified and stated simply, but their relevance is not clear and
d
there is no attempt at logical linking
1−2
ou
No relevant content.
0
Indicative content
• resistance decreased at 6 hours caused by an increase in light intensity
• because the sun rose at 6 hours
m
• constant resistance between 10 hours and 14 hours

• because consistent level of light intensity between 10 hours and 14 hours
• resistance increases between 14 and 16
• therefore there was cloud/rain/dullness between 14 and 16 causing a decrease
ah
in light intensity
• resistance increased at 18 hours
• because the sun went down at 18 hours causing a decrease in light intensity
(e) less energy is transferred by the phone

M
allow phone uses less energy/power

1
the chemical energy store in the battery takes longer to decrease

allow current from the battery is less
1
[11]

(a) (i) field pattern shows:
16. some straight lines in the gap
1
direction N to S
ig
1
(ii) north poles repel

1
h
(so) box will not close
1
Ba
(b) (i) as paper increases (rapid) decrease in force needed
1
force levels off (after 50 sheets)

1
(ii) the newtonmeter will show the weight of the top magnet
d 1
(iii) (top) magnet and newtonmeter separate before magnets separate

ou
accept reverse argument
1
(because) force between magnets is greater than force between magnet and
hook of newtonmeter
1
m
(iv) any three from:
• means of reading value of force at instant the magnets are pulled apart
• increase the pulling force gently
ah
or
use a mechanical device to apply the pulling force
• clamp the bottom magnet
• use smaller sheets of paper
• fewer sheets of papers between readings (smaller intervals)
M
• ensure magnets remain vertical

• ensure ends of magnet completely overlap
• repeat the procedure several times for each number of sheets and take a
mean
• make sure all sheets of paper are the same thickness
3

(v) 3 (mm)
30 × 0.1 ecf gains 2 marks
2.1 N corresponds to 30 sheets gains 1 mark
3
[15]
(a) (i) any six from:

17.
• switch on
• read both ammeter and voltmeter
ig
allow read the meters
• adjust variable resistor to change the current
• take further readings
• draw graph
h
• (of) V against I
allow take mean
• R=V/I
Ba
allow take the gradient of the graph
6
(ii) resistor would get hot if current left on

1
so its resistance would increase

1
(iii) 12 (V)
d
0.75 × 16 gains 1 mark
ou
2
(iv) 15 (Ω)
1
16 is nearer to that value than any other

m
(b) if current is above 5 A / value of fuse

1
ah
fuse melts
allow blows / breaks
do not accept exploded
1
M
breaks circuit
1
[15]
(a) there is a magnetic field (around the magnet)

18. 1
(this magnetic field) changes / moves

1

and cuts through coil
accept links with coil
1
so a p.d. induced across coil

1
the coil forms a complete circuit

1
so a current (is induced)
ig
1
(b) ammeter reading does not change

must be in this order
h
accept ammeter has a small reading / shows a current
1
Ba
zero
1
greater than before

accept a large(r) reading
1
same as originally but in the opposite direction

d
accept a small reading in the opposite direction
1
ou
(c) 0.30
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 0.05 = Q / 6
2
C / coulomb
allow A s
m
1
[13]
ah
M

(a) (i)
19.
Wire Plug terminal
Live C
Neutral A
Earth B
ig
all 3 correct for 2 marks
allow 1 mark for 1 correct
2
(ii) plastic
h
or
rubber
Ba
accept:
ABS
UF / urea formaldehyde
nylon
PVC
1
(b) (i) 600

d
allow 1 mark for correct substitution,
ou
ie P =
provided no subsequent step
2
(ii) power is greater than 820 (W)

power is 1200 W is insufficient
m
the lead /cable / wire will overheat / get (too) hot

accept lead / cable will melt
ah
may overheat / get hot is insufficient

1
so there is a risk of fire

accept causing a fire
M
(c) X
any one from:
• most / more efficient
• smallest energy input (per second)
• cheapest to operate
mark only scores if X is chosen
mark is for the reason
accept smallest input (power) for same output (power)
accept wastes least energy
smallest (power) input is insufficient
uses least electricity is insufficient
1
[9]
ig
(a) (i) increase
20. 1
(ii) A and B
and
h
B and C
both required for the mark
Ba
either order
1
(iii) any two from:
• size of nail
or
nail material
allow (same) nail
d
• current
ou
allow (same) cell
allow p.d.
same amount of electricity is insufficient
• (size of) paper clip

m
• length of wire
accept type / thickness of wire
2
ah
(b) 4
1
B picks up the same number as C, so this electromagnet would pick up the same
number as A
M
or
direction of current does not affect the strength of the electromagnet
allow it has got the same number of turns as A
1
(c) 2
allow 1 or 3
1
[7]

(a) iron
21.
correct positions only
1
primary
1
secondary
1
(b) (it) decreases the p.d.
ig
accept it would increase current
the voltage goes from 230(V) to 20(V) is insufficient
h
do not accept decreases current / energy / power
do not accept decreases p.d. / voltage and current
1
Ba
(c) any one from:
• lighter
accept it is easier to carry around
• smaller
•
d
use (very) little power / current / energy when switched on and no load / phone
not connected
accept no power / current / energy is drawn
ou
do not accept electricity for power / current / energy
• more efficient
accept does not get as hot or less heat produced
1
m
(d) an environmental
1
[6]
ah
(a) A
22. 1
(b) (i) 9000

an answer of 9 k(N) gains 1 mark
M
(ii) increase
accept other comparative terms, eg give a bigger
affect / change is insufficient
1
(iii) smaller
accept other comparative terms, eg less
1

(c) QNM
all three in correct boxes
one statement in correct box gains 1 mark
2
(d) any two from:
• increase the current / p.d. (supplied to the coil)

accept reduce the resistance of the coil or increase cross sectional
area of wire
ig
accept more cells / batteries or turn up the power supply
increase power is insufficient
• increase number of turns (on the coil)
h
• increase the area (of the coil)
accept increase the width of the coil
Ba
increase width / size is insufficient
• increase the (strength of the permanent) magnetic field

accept move the magnets closer to the coil
accept use stronger magnets
do not accept use larger magnets
d 2
(e) an economic
1
ou
[9]
(a) (i) 50 (Hz)

23. 1
(ii) 2760 (W)

m
(b) 12
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 2400/200
ah
or
allow 1 mark for 2760/230 provided no subsequent step shown
2
amps
M
(c) the charge is directly proportional to the time switched on for

accept for 1 mark the longer time (to boil), the greater amount of
charge
or positive correlation
or they are proportional
2
[7]

(a) iron
24. 1
hairdryer
1
kettle
1
answers can be in any order
(b) (i) Y
ig
1
(ii) bar drawn with any height greater than Y

ignore width of bar
h
1
(c) (bigger volume) takes more time (to boil)
Ba
accept explanation using data from graph
1
(so) more energy transferred

do not accept electricity for energy
1
(and) this costs more money

d
ignore reference to cost of water
wasting more money because heating more water than needed is
insufficient
ou
1
[8]
(a) (i) connect the earth wire (to pin)

25.
answers must be in terms of correcting the faults
m
screw cable grip (across cable)

accept tighten the cable grip
ah
(ii) any two from:
• fuse gets (very) hot

• fuse melts
M
accept blows for melts

do not accept break / snap fuse / blow up
• circuit breaks / switches off

accept stops current flowing
2

(b) any two from:
• hairdryer is plugged into mains (electricity socket)

it refers to hairdryer
hairdryer works from the mains
or
hairdryer is using 230 V
accept 240 for 230
ig
• water conducts electricity
do not accept water and electricity don’t mix
• radio is low power / current / pd / voltage
h
accept radio not connected to the mains
do not accept radio is waterproof
Ba
• (the current in / pd across) hairdryer more likely to give a (fatal) electric shock
accept the idea of electrocution if hairdryer is wet
accept the idea of radio not causing electrocution if wet
2
[6]
(a) a force
26.
d 1
(b) any two from:

ou
• more powerful magnet
do not allow ‘bigger magnet’
• reduce the gap (between magnet and coil)

m
• increase the area of the coil
• more powerful cell

do not allow ‘bigger cell’
ah

accept add a cell
accept increase current / potential difference
• more turns (on the coil)

M
allow ‘more coils on the coil’

do not allow ‘bigger coil’
2
(c) reverse the (polarity) of the cell

allow ‘turn the cell the other way round’
1

reverse the (polarity) of the magnet
allow ‘turn the magnet the other way up’
1
[5]
(a) A
27.
only scores if A chosen
1
it is alternating / a.c.
ig
accept because B and C are d.c.
or
it changes direction/p.d.
h
it goes up and down is insufficient
it is constantly changing is insufficient
Ba
an answer B and/or C with the reason because it is direct
current/d.c scores 1 mark
1
(b) too much current (through socket)

accept electricity for current
accept too much power
d
accept socket/circuit overloaded
do not accept voltage/p.d for current
1
ou
wiring / socket gets hot
accept melts for gets hot
accept risk of fire
risk of fire in appliances is insufficient
m
ignore reference to sparking

overloaded plugs and plugs getting hot or fuses melting is
insufficient
1
ah
[4]
(a) (i) earth wire

28. 1
(ii) double
M
(b) if too much current flows through the wire

accept power for current
accept if more than 20 amps flows through the wire
1

the fuse (overheats and) melts
accept ‘blows’ for melts
do not accept explodes / breaks / snaps etc
1
breaking the circuit

accept stopping the current flow
1
[5]
ig
(a) (i) 0.6
29. or
60%
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie provided no
h
Ba
an answer of 0.6 / 60 with a unit gains 1 mark only
an answer of 60 gains 1 mark only
2
(ii) heat
allow thermal
1
(b) K
d
reason only scores if K is chosen
1
ou
smallest amount of wasted energy
reasons must be comparative
accept waste arrow is narrowest
or
m
largest amount of useful energy

accept useful arrow is widest
waste arrow is smallest is insufficient
1
ah
(c) 12 000 p
or
£120
to score both marks the unit must be consistent with the numerical
answer
M
answers 12 000 and 120 gain 1 mark only

allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 800 × 15 or 800 × 0.15
provided no subsequent step shown
2
[7]

(a) (i) 720
30.
allow 1 mark for correct substitution,
ie 72 × 10 provided no subsequent step shown
2
(ii) 720
or
their (a)(i)
1
ig
(b) (i) gravitational potential
allow gravitational
allow potential
1
h
(ii) 432
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie provided no
Ba
watt / W
1
[7]
31.
(a) (i) circuit not complete
d
accept circuit is broken
ou
accept switch / s are open / off
1
(ii) 9
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 0.5 × 18 provided no
m
(iii) 36
1
ah
(b) can be switched on / off from top or bottom of stairs

1
(c) (i) (electric) shock

accept fitting becomes live
M
accept answers giving a possible consequence of electric shock, eg

death
1
(ii) connect the earth wire

1
[7]
(a) (i) D
32. 1

(ii) plastic or rubber
accept a specific type of plastic
accept electrical insulator
1
(b) 460
allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 2 × 230
2
(c) any two from:
ig
• not all appliances need a 13 A fuse
idea that 13 A is (much) bigger than required by many appliances
do not accept some appliances require more than 13 A
h
do not accept 13 A fuse will blow
• can choose the most suitable fuse (for the appliance)
Ba
accept install correct fuse for the appliance
• (in the event of a fault) 13 A fuse may allow too much current to flow
through an appliance
or
fuse may not melt (before appliance is damaged)
d
• may already have the fuse
idea of reusing a fuse
do not accept cheaper unless explained correctly
ou
2
[6]
(a) iron
33.
accept any unambiguous correct indication
m
(b) (i) step-down (transformer)

do not accept down step or a description
ah
(ii) less than

accept any unambiguous correct indication
1
M
(c) (i) 2000

1
(ii) There is no pattern.

1
[5]

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930

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h ig

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 1 of 101

water into steam.

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 2 of 101

The potential difference is 230 V.

Use the Physics Equations Sheet.

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 3 of 101

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 4 of 101

Wasted energy = ________________

(ii) What happens to the energy wasted by the light bulb?

(iii) Calculate the efficiency of this light bulb.

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 5 of 101

The table shows some of this information.

Power in watts Lifetime in hours Cost of bulb in £

Filament bulb 60 1250 2.00

LED bulb 12 50 000 16.00

A 12 W LED bulb gives the same light output as a 60 W filament bulb.

Suggest reasons why the homeowner is likely to choose LED bulbs.

Use the information given in the table.

the colour output

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 6 of 101

A fuse or a circuit breaker may be used to protect the circuit.

earth live neutral

earth and live

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 7 of 101

Some of her results are shown in the table below.

Give reasons for your answers.

(b) (i) What is meant by specific latent heat of fusion?

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 9 of 101

Specific latent heat of fusion of ice = 3.4 × 105 J/kg.

the mass of the ice

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 10 of 101

Suggest two reasons why.

Tick ( ) two boxes.

To raise the melting point of the ice

To distribute the salt throughout the ice

To reduce energy transfer from the surroundings to the ice

Mass of salt added in grams 0 10 20

Melting point of ice in °C 0 -6 -16

power output of 0.50 kW.

Calculate the energy transferred in 2 minutes.

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 11 of 101

(Extra space) _______________________________________________________

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 12 of 101

(i) Complete the table.

(ii) Transformers are used as part of the National Grid.

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 13 of 101

(i) Describe the difference between a.c. and d.c.

(ii) Explain how a transformer works.

6. difference graph for a filament bulb.

(i) Why is the component labelled ‘ J’ included in the circuit?

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 14 of 101

Use the correct equation from the Physics Equations Sheet.

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 15 of 101

Energy Cost of one Average lifetime

Halogen 10% £1.95 2 000

Both types of light bulb produce the same amount of light.

Mahmoud Bahig 01010434930 Page 16 of 101